JOSE ABAD SANTOS Commonwealth government

(February 19, 1886 –May 7, to Corregidor, where on

1942)
December 30, 1941, he
José Abad Santos y Basco was administered the oath of office to
the fifth Chief Justice of the Sup President Quezon and Vice-
reme Court of the Philippines. He President Osmeña for the second
briefly served as the Acting term to which they had been
President of the Commonwealth elected in November of that
of the Philippines and Acting- year.
Commander in Chief of the GOMBURZA:
Armed Forces of the Philippines Mariano Gomez,
during World War II, on behalf of José Burgos, and
President Quezon after the Jacinto Zamora
government went in exile to the
United States. After about two Gomburza, alternatively
months, he was killed by the stylized as GOMBURZA or
Japanese forces for refusing to GomBurZa ( "Gom" for
cooperate during their Gómez, "Bur" for Burgos, and
occupation of the country. "Za" for Zamora), refers to
Abad Santos, in his capacity as three Filipino
chief justice, was given the Catholic priests, Mariano
responsibilities previously
Gómes, José Burgos,
handled by the secretary of
and Jacinto Zamora, who were
justice (the position of secretary
executed by a garrote on
of justice was abolished for the
February 17, 1872, in
duration of the war). Abad
Bagumbayan, Philippines
Santos accompanied the
by Spanish colonial
authorities on charges of colonizers. He is considered a

subversion arising from national hero (pambansang bayani)

of the Philippines. An
the 1872 Cavite mutiny.
ophthalmologist by profession,
Gomburza incurred the Rizal became a writer and a key
hatred of Spanish authorities member of the Filipino Propaganda

for fighting for equal rights Movement, which advocated

political reforms for the colony
among priests and leading the
under Spain.
campaign against the Spanish
friars. They fought on the He was executed by the Spanish
issues of secularization in the colonial government for the crime
Philippines that led to the of rebellion after the Philippine
conflict of religious and church Revolution broke out; the revolution

seculars. was inspired by his writings. He

wrote the novels Noli Me
Tángere (1887) and El
José Rizal filibusterismo (1891), which
(June 19, 1861 – December 30, together are taken as a national
1896)
epic, in addition to numerous
José Protasio Rizal Mercado y poems and essays.
Alonso Realonda is one of the
Gregorio del Pilar
most revered figures in Philippine (November 14, 1875 – December
2, 1899)
history. He was a multifaceted
intellectual and a political activist, Gregorio del Pilar Sempio was a
best known for his political writings Filipino general of the Philippine
that inspired the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the
revolution and ultimately led to his Philippine–American War . He was
execution by the Spanish one of the youngest generals in the
Philippine revolutionary Forces and considered a national hero of the
was nick named boy General due Philippines.
to his youthful age. Gregorio was
the youngest general to die during He was a co-founder and later

the wars. Gregorio was also known Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish:

as Goyo and he joined the Presidente Supremo, “Supreme

insurgency when war broke out President”, often shortened by

contemporaries and historians to
between the Philippine Revolution
Supremo) of the Kataastaasan,
against the Spanish rule under
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga
Andres Bonifacio.
Anak ng Bayan more commonly
known as the "Katipunan", a
He died in the Battle of Tirad Pass
movement that sought the
where he was fighting against
independence of the Philippines from
Texas Regiment and Infantry
Spanish colonial rule and started the
Regiment. An American officer, Lt.
Revolution.
Dennis P. Quinlan ordered his men
to give honor to the fallen but
Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by
valorous foe. Likewise, the National
Major Lázaro Macapagal under
Historical Institute and his town orders of the Consejo de la Guerra
mates in Bulacan also gave him the (Council of War) led by General
highest recognitions. Mariano Noriel, on the basis of
committing sedition and treason
against the government.
Andres Bonifacio
(November 30, 1863 – May 10,
1897)

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was Emilio Aguinaldo

a Filipino revolutionary leader. He is (March 22, 1869 – February 6,
often called "The Father of the 1964)
Philippine Revolution", and
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Apolinario Mabini
Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and
(July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903)
military leader who became the
first president of the Apolinario Mabini y Maranán was a

Philippines (1899–1901), and the first Filipino revolutionary

leader,educator, lawyer,
president of an Asian constitutional
and statesman who served first as a
republic. He led the Philippine forces
legal and constitutional adviser to
first against Spain in the Philippine
the Revolutionary Government, and
Revolution (1896–1898), then in
then as the first Prime Minister of the
the Spanish–American War (1898),
Philippines upon the establishment of
and finally against the United
the First Philippine Republic. He is
States during the Philippine–American
regarded as the "utak ng himagsikan"
War (1899–1901). Though he was not
or "brain of the revolution" and is also
recognized outside of
considered as a national hero in the
the revolutionary Philippines, he is
Philippines. Mabini's work and thoughts
regarded in the Philippines as having on the government shaped the
been the country's first president Philippines' fight for independence over
during the period of the First the next century.
Philippine Republic.
Mabini performed all his revolutionary
Aguinaldo is known as a national and governmental activities despite
hero in the Philippines. However, he is having lost the use of both his legs
also known to be somewhat to polio shortly before the Philippine
controversial in the country due to his Revolution of 1896.
alleged involvement in the deaths of
Mabini's role in Philippine history saw him
the revolutionary leader Andrés
confronting first Spanish colonial rule in
Bonifacio and general Antonio Luna,
the opening days of the Philippine
and for his collaboration with Revolution, and then American colonial
the Japanese Empire during rule in the days of the Philippine–
their occupation of the American War. The latter saw Mabini
Philippines in World War II. captured and exiled to Guam by
American colonial authorities, allowed to
return only two months before his Barcelona. He later died in a public
eventual death in May 1903. hospital and was buried in a
pauper's grave.
Marcelo H. del Pilar
(August 30, 1850 – July 4,
1896) Juan Luna
(October 23, 1857 – December 7,
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y 1899)
Gatmaitán, commonly known Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio
as Marcelo H. del Pilar and also was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a
known by his nom de plume political activist of the Philippine
Pláridel, was a Filipino writer, Revolution during the late 19th
lawyer, journalist, and freemason. century. He became one of the first
Del Pilar, along with José recognized Philippine artists.
Rizal and Graciano López Jaena,
His winning of the gold medal in the
became known as the leaders of
1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts,
the Reform Movement in Spain.
along with the silver win of fellow
He went to Spain in 1888 after an Filipino painter Félix Resurrección
order of banishment was issued Hidalgo, prompted a celebration
against him. Twelve months after which was a significant highlight in
his arrival in Barcelona, he the memoirs of members of
succeeded López Jaena as editor of the Propaganda Movement, with the
the La Solidaridad (The Solidarity). fellow Ilustrados toasting the two
Publication of the newspaper painters' good health and the
stopped in 1895 due to lack of brotherhood between Spain and the
funds. Losing hope in reforms, he Philippines.
grew favorable of
Well regarded for work done in the
a revolution against Spain. He was
manner of European academies of
on his way home in 1896 when he
his time, Luna painted literary and
contracted tuberculosis in
historical scenes, some with an
underscore of political commentary. she received names such as "Woman

His allegorical works were inspired of Revolution", "Mother of

Balintawak, "Mother of
by classical balance, and often
the Philippine Revolution",
showed figures in theatrical poses.
and Tandang Sora (Tandang is
derived from
Melchora Aquino the Tagalog word matandâ, which
(January 6, 1812 – February 19, means old). She and her son, Juan
1919) Ramos, were present in the Cry of
Melchora Aquino (January 6, 1812 – Balintawak and were witnesses to
February 19, 1919) was the tearing up of the cedulas.
a Filipino revolutionary. She became
known as "Tandang Sora"
("tandang" meaning "old") because Gabriela Silang
of her age during the Philippine
(March 19, 1731 – September 20,
Revolution. 1763)

She was known as the "Grand María Josefa Gabriela Cariño de

Woman of the Revolution" and the Silang was a Filipino military
"Mother of Balintawak" for her
leader best known for her role as
contributions.
the female leader of
In her native town, Tandang Sora the Ilocano independence
operated a store, which became a
movement from Spain. She took
refuge for the sick and wounded
over from her second
revolutionaries. She fed, gave
husband Diego Silang after his
medical attention to and encouraged
the revolutionaries with motherly assassination in 1763, leading her
advice and prayers. people for four months before she
was captured and executed by the
Secret meetings of
the Katipuneros (revolutionaries)
colonial government of
were also held at her house in the Captaincy General of the
August 1896. Due to the maternal Philippines.
nature of her help for the revolution,
She is remembered as the “Joan of Spanish occupation of the islands by
Arc of Ilocandia” The Order of over forty years until the expedition
Gabriela Silang is the sole third of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564.
class national decoration awarded
Modern Philippine society regards
by the Philippines whose
him as the first Filipino hero because
membership is restricted to
of his resistance to Spanish
women. The organization and party
colonization. Monuments of Lapulapu
list Gabriela Women's Party
have been built all over the
("General Assembly Binding
Philippines to honor Lapulapu's
Women for Reforms, Integrity,
bravery against the Spaniards.
Equality, Leadership, and Action"),
The Philippine National Police and
which advocates for women's
the Bureau of Fire Protection use his
rights and issues, was founded in
image as part of their official seals.
April 1984 in her honour.

Lapu-Lapu Emilio Jacinto

Lapulapu or Lapu-Lapu, whose name (December 15, 1875 – April 16,
1899)
was first recorded as Çilapulapu, was
a datu (chief) of Mactan, an island Emilio Jacinto y Dizon was a Filipino

now part of the Philippines. Lapulapu general during the Philippine

is known for the 1521 Battle of Revolution. He was one of the

Mactan, where he and his men highest-ranking officers in the

defeated Spanish forces led by Philippine Revolution and was one of

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand the highest-ranking officers of the

revolutionary society Kataas-
Magellan and his native allies Rajah
taasang, Kagalang-galang na
Humabon and Datu Zula. Magellan's
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan,
death in battle ended his voyage of
or simply and more popularly called
circumnavigation and delayed the
Katipunan, being a member of its
Supreme Council.

He is popularly known in Philippine

history textbooks as the Brains of
the Katipunan (Filipino: Utak ng
Katipunan) while some contend he
should be rightfully recognized as
the "Brains of the Revolution"
(Filipino: Utak ng Himagsikan, a title
that is usually given to Apolinario
Mabini). Jacinto was present in the
so-called Cry of Pugad Lawin (or Cry
of Balintawak) with Andrés Bonifacio,
the Supremo (Supreme President) of
the Katipunan, and others of its
members which signaled the start of
the Revolution against the Spanish
colonial government in the islands.