TOPICS
- Propaganda Movement
- Execution of GomBurZa
- Secularization Movement
- Cavite Mutiny
Timeline (19th Century)
1861 – Jun 19 Jose Rizal was born
1872
The Propaganda 1860s The Secularization Movement
Movement - Father Pedro Palaez, one of the earliest advocates,
Propaganda was died in the 1863 Manila earthquake
a patriotic socio-
political
organization 1872 – Jan 20 The Cavite Mutiny – 200 Filipino soldiers and workers at Fort
founded by San Felipe in Cavite revolted against the Government
Filipinos who
had settled in
Europe. Execution of GomBurZa – the Filipino priests (creole) who were arrested, tortured,
Members were and executed by garrote in Bagumbayan (now Luneta) due to false accusation and
1872 – Feb 17
mainly Filipino
rigged trial
liberals exiled in
1872 + Filipino
students
studying in Edmond Plauchut released his historical account “L’archipel des Philippines” (The Philippines
Europe’s unis at 1877
archipelago)
the time
1880 (late 19th The Propaganda Movement
Reformist views Century)
Jose Montero y Vidal’s “Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta
1887 nuestros dias A general history of the Philippines from the discovery of these islands to our days
1889 – Feb 15 La Solidaridad was founded
Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina (a civic association) in the house of
1892 – Jul 3 Doroteo Ongjunco at Ilaya Street, Tondo, Manila
1892 – Jul 6 Jose Rizal was arrested & imprisoned
1892 – Jul 7 Katipunan was officially founded by Andres Bonifacio and his compatriots
1892 – Jul 7 Jose Rizal was deported to Dapitan (Mindanao)
1895 Bonifacio became Katipunan’s Supremo
Bonifacio supervised a council meeting of Katipunan leaders in Pasig; Bonifacio sent Pio
1896 – May 3 Valenzuela to Dapitan to consult Jose Rizal before launching a revolution
1896 – August 1/2 Spanish authorities had known the existence of the Katipunan while Rizal was quarantined
aboard a ship in Manila Bay (on the way to Cuba to serve as volunteer doc)
1896 – August 2/2 Bonifacio led the launching of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of August
1896 – Sep 3 Rizal left for Cuba but later declared as prisoner onboard
1896 – October Rizal reached Spain and was imprisoned in Monjuich. He was then returned to Ph and
imprisoned in Fort Santiago.
1896 – December Jose Rizal’s criminal hearing; he was charged with being the principal organizer & living
soul of Filipino insurrection that was launched by Bonifacio’s group + other cases
1896 – Dec 30 Rizal’s execution – intensified the Katipunan’s revolution
The Tejeros Assembly of 1897 – the revolutionary government led by Emilio
1897 – Mar 22
Aguinaldo was created
1897 – May 10 Bonifacio and his brother, Procorpio, were executed in the Maragondon mountains
in Cavite
Present
TOPICS
- Propaganda Movement
- Execution of GomBurZa
- Secularization Movement
- Cavite Mutiny
Secularization Movement
Secularization = (religious) refers to the transfer of control over parishes from Spanish friars (regular clergy) to Filipino priests (secular clergy)
What is the issue?
Regular clergy (Spanish friars) Secular clergy (Filipino priests)
Belonged to religious orders like Trained under the Catholic Church but were not part of
- Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans these religious orders.
They had control over the parishes & were Secular clergy was supposed to administer local parishes,
directly linked to Spanish colonial rule. but Spanish authorities preferred Spanish friars.
Key secular priests
- Father Pedro Palaez
- Father Jose Burgos
Key Figures in the Movement
- Fr. Pedro Palaez = one of the earliest advocates of secularization
o Died in 1863 Manila earthquake
- Fr. Jose Burgos = a vocal leader in the movement, know for his strong arguments against Spanish discrimination toward Filipino priests.
Why did the Spaniards oppose secularization?
1. They wanted to maintain their power over the churches and Filipino communities
2. They feared that Filipino priests would encourage nationalism and resistance against colonial rule
3. They saw Filipino priests as inferior and unfit to lead parishes.
Cavite Mutiny
JANUARY 20, 1872 = 200 Filipino soldiers and workers at Fort San Felipe in Cavite revolted against the Spanish government.
CAUSES OF MUTINY
1. Unfair taxes and forced labor – the Spanish govt had withdrawn tax exemptions and required Filipino soldiers to pay tribute and do
forced labor (polo y servicios). This angered many soldiers.
2. Mistreatment of Filipino soldiers and workers – Filipinos in the military and shipyard were poorly treated, given low wages, and denied
promotions.
3. Influence of the Secularization Movement – many mutineers were aware of the injustices against Filipino priests and saw the Spanish
friars as oppressors.
4. Inspiration from Liberal Ideas – the liberal reforms in Spain and the ideas of equality and freedom inspired some Filipinos to resist
Spanish rule.
WHY DID THE MUTINY FAIL?
- Mutiny quickly suppressed by Spanish forces
- Some reports suggest that it was poorly planned and lacked enough support
- A Spanish officer, Gen Felipe Ginoves, tricked the rebels into thinking he would negotiate, only to have them executed or imprisoned
once they surrendered.
SPANISH RESPONSE
- Spanish Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo exaggerated the mutiny, portraying it as a large-scale conspiracy to overthrow Spanish
rule.
- He used this as an excuse to arrest, exile, or execute many Filipino intellectuals and priests.
GomBurZa
EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA (1872)
GOM Fr. Mariano Gomez A senior priest known for advocating Filipino rights.
BUR Fr. Jose Burgos A young and brilliant priest who actively promoted the secularization movement.
ZA F. Jacinto Zamora A priest with nationalist sympathies who was also falsely accused.
THE TRIAL AND EXECUTION
- They were arrested, tortured, and given a rigged trial without proper evidence.
- On February 17, 1872, they were executed by garrote (strangulation) in Bagumbayan.
- Many Filipinos watched in shock and began questioning Spanish rule.
IMPACT
- Awakened Filipino Nationalism – their unjust execution made Filipinos realize the oppression of Spanish rule.
- Inspired the Propaganda Movement – later reformists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena were motivated by
their martyrdom
- Rizal’s tribute – Jose Rizal dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to Gomburza, highlighting their role in the fight for justice.
The Secularization Movement, the Cavite Mutiny, and the execution of Gomburza were the turning points in Philippine history. They exposed the cruelty of
Spanish rule and ignited the Filipino spirit to fight for freedom. While these events ended in tragedy, they planted the seeds of nationalism that would later
bloom into the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Propaganda Movement
Propaganda movement was a reformist movement in the late 19th century led by Filipino expatriates in Spain. It aimed to expose the injustices
of Spanish rule in the Philippines and advocate for political and social reforms. The movement played a crucial role n awakening Filipino
nationalism, laying the foundation for future revolutionary, known as Illustrados, sought reform, sought reforms rather than experience.
WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
Propaganda – refers to the systematic dissemination of information, ideas, or opinions aimed at influencing public perception and behavior. It
can be used to promote a cause, shape public opinion, or mobilize people toward a particular movement.
Key Objectives the movement aimed for
1. Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain.
2. Equal rights for Filipinos and Spaniards.
3. Secularization of parishes and expulsion of friars.
4. Freedom of speech, press, and assembly.
5. Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (parliament).
6. Reforms in the government to ensure fair treatment of Filipinos.
Prominent figures and their works
1. Jose Rizal – a novelist and essayist, his books exposed Spanish abuses and awakened Filipino nationalism. His essays analyzed the
conditions of the Philippines under Spanish rule
a. Noli Me Tangere - Book
b. El Filibusterismo - Book
c. The Philippines: A Century Hence - essay
d. The Indolence of the Filipinos – essay
2. Marcelo H. del Pilar – writer and journalist; replaced Rizal as the leader of the movement.
His notable works:
a. Dasalan at Tocsohan – satirized religious hypocrisy
b. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas – exposed friar abuses
3. Graciano Lopez Jaena – FOUNDER of La Solidaridad, he was known for his eloquent speeches and writings against Spanish rule.
His famous works include
a. Fray Botod – a satirical portrayal of corrupt friars
b. La Solidaridad – numerous articles
4. Mariano Ponce – a historian and propagandist; contributed to nationalist writings.
a. Ang Wika at Lahi – emphasized the importance of language and national identity
He edited many historical works documenting the struggles of Filipinos.
La Solidaridad
Propaganda’s primary platform, published in Spain. It featured articles advocating reforms and exposing colonial injustices.
- Founded in February 15, 1889 by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena, and Ponce
- Became the voice of the Filipino reformists
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
1. Lack of unity among the Illustrados
2. Limited financial support
3. Spanish government’s indifference to reforms
4. The exile and prosecution of its leaders
Although the Propaganda Movement did not achieve its goals, it inspired the next generation of Filipinos to fight for independence. The ideas it promoted
laid the groundwork for the Philippine Revolution of 1896, spearheaded by the Katipunan.
The Propaganda Movement was a significant step in the history of Philippine nationalism. While it did not succeed in securing reforms, it awakened a sense
of identity among Filipinos, leading to the eventual struggle for independence.
