MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRIES
Handwritten Notes

Gaurav Suthar
1 Gaurav Suthar

‘ MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

What is manufacturing?
जब raw materials से बड़ी
Production of goods in large
quantities after processing from मात्रा में उपयोग़ी च़ीजें बनाय़ी
raw materials to more valuable जात़ी है , तो इस परू ी प्रक्रिया को
products is called manufacturing. Manufacturing कहा जाता है ।

Do you know ?
• Paper is manufactured from wood.
• Sugar from sugarcane.
• Iron and steel from iron ore and
• aluminium from bauxite.

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Manufacturing industries belong to the secondary sector.

The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing sector is considered the
backbone of development. Why?

1. Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising

agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy.
They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.

2. Industrial development is a necessary condition for

eradication of unemployment and poverty from our
country. If industries grow, people will get jobs and
poverty will decrease. Eradication – ख़त्म करना

It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities

by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

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3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and

commerce.
Export brings foreign currency to the country, which
is important for the nation's economy.

4. Countries that transform their जो दे श अपने raw

raw materials into a wide variety materials को, उच्च मूल्य
of finished goods of higher value वाले product में बदलते हैं,
are prosperous. वे अधिक अम़ीर होते हैं।
India should develop industries that produce a variety
of products so that more valuable goods can be made,
strengthening the country's economy.

Agriculture and industry are dependent on

each other. How?
In India, agro-industries have supported agriculture by
helping increase its productivity.
These industries produce raw materials for agriculture
(such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools,
etc.) and sell them to farmers.

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On the basis of source of raw materials used :

• Agro based : cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber

and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based : iron and steel, cement, aluminium,
machine tools, petrochemicals.

According to their main role :

Basic or key industries are those which supply their
products as raw materials to manufacture other
goods.
e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminium
smelting.
Consumer industries that produce goods for direct
use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing
machines, fans etc

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On the basis of capital investment :

• Small scale industry : The identification of a small-scale
industry is based on the maximum amount of capital
that can be invested in that industry.
• If an industry invests less than 1 crore rupees, it is
considered a "small scale industry."

On the basis of ownership :

Based on ownership industries divides into four types :
• Public sector
Operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector
Operated by individuals or a group of individuals –
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

• Joint sector
industries which are jointly run by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals.
Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly Operated by public and
private sector.
• Cooperative sector
Operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both.
e.g. sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry
in Kerala.

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Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and

finished goods :
• Heavy industries such as iron and steel.
• Light industries that use light raw materials and
produce light goods such as electrical goods
industries.

Agro-based Industries
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil,
etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry
The textile industry has an important place in the
Indian economy because it helps in many key areas :
• Industrial production
• employment generation and
• foreign exchange earnings.
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-
reliant and complete in the value chain.
i.e. Produces goods from raw materials to the highest
value-added products.

The first successful textile mill was established in

Mumbai in 1854.

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Cotton textiles
In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with
hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
After the 18th century, power-looms came into use.
Our traditional industries could not compete with the
mill-made cloth from England.

The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was

a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K.
hence, they gave a boost to the development of the
cotton textile industry.

In the beginning, the cotton textile industry was

Located in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Reasons for localization:
• Availability of raw cotton
• Nearby markets
• Transportation and port facilities
• Availability of labour
• Humid climate

The textile industry is close link with agriculture. It provides

livelihoods for farmers, cotton pickers, and people engaged
in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging,
tailoring, and sewing.
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Spinning is mainly concentrated in Maharashtra,

Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
India has world class production in spinning, but
weaving uses less quality yarn, which reduces the
quality of the fabric.

Jute Textiles
The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at
Rishra.
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute
goods and stands at second place as an exporter after
Bangladesh.
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, near
Hugli river.

Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli

basin are :
• Inexpensive water transport
• Supported by a good network of railways
• Roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of
raw material to the mills
• Abundant water for processing raw jute

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• Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states

of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.

• Kolkata is a major urban center that provides

banking, insurance, and port facilities for the export
of jute products.

Sugar Industry
India stands second as a world producer of sugar but
occupies the first place in the production of gur and
khandsari.
The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in
transportation its sucrose content reduces.
The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Mineral-based Industries

What are Mineral-based Industries?

Industries that use minerals and metals as raw
materials are called mineral-based industries.

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Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel industry are the basic industry.

What are basic industries? Give an example.

Basic industries are industries that produce raw
materials used in the production of other goods.
Example: The iron and steel industry are basic industry
as it supplies raw materials used in making various
products like machines, vehicles, etc.

Steel is used in the manufacturing of :

• Engineering goods
• Construction material
• Defence
• Medical
• Telephonic
• Scientific equipment and
• a variety of consumer goods.

Why iron and steel industry is a heavy industry?

The iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because
both its raw materials and finished products are heavy
and bulky, leading to high transportation costs.

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This industry requires iron ore, coking coal, and

limestone in a ratio of approximately 4:2:1.
Manganese is also needed to harden the steel.

Where should the steel plants be ideally located?

Iron and steel plants should be located in areas where
raw materials are easily available, and where there is
a good transportation network for the distribution of
finished products so that they can reach markets and
consumers easily.

Chhota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum

concentration of iron and steel industries. Why?
In this region, iron ore is available at low prices.
high-quality raw materials such as coking coal and
limestone are also nearby, which are essential for
making steel.
Cheap labour is available.

Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India.

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Properties of aluminium :
• Light
• prevent from corrosion
• Good conductor of heat
• Malleable
• Becomes strong when mixed with other metals

Uses of Aluminium
It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils, and wires.
Due to its properties, it is being used in many industries
as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead.

Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in

Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Bauxite is the raw material used to make aluminium.

It is a heavy, dark red-coloured rock.
Factors required for the industry are :
• regular supply of electricity and
• Assured source of raw material at minimum cost.

4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite 2 tonnes of alumina 1 tonne of aluminium

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Chemical Industries
Chemical industry in India is growing rapidly.
This industry is mainly growing in two types of
chemicals :
1. Inorganic chemicals : Include sulfuric acid, nitric acid,
alkalis, soda ash, and caustic soda.
Sulfuric acid is used in the production of fertilizers,
synthetic fibres, plastics, paints, and dyes.
Soda ash is used in making glass, soaps and detergents,
and paper.
2. Organic chemicals : include petrochemicals, which
are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibres,
synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries
or petrochemical plants.

Fertilizer Industry
The fertilizer industry mainly produces three types of
fertilizers:
1. Nitrogen-based fertilizers (mainly urea)
2. Phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP)
3. Complex fertilizers that contain a mixture of nitrogen
(N), phosphate (P), and potash (K)

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Potash is not found naturally in India, so it has to be

imported from other countries.
After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to
several other parts of the country.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
contribute towards half of the fertilizer production.

Other producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,

Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal,
Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

Cement Industry
Cement is essential for construction activity such as
• Building houses
• factories
• bridges
• roads
• airports
• dams and
• for other commercial establishments.
This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials
like limestone, silica and gypsum.
Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail
transportation.

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The industry has located plants in Gujarat.

The first cement plant was set-up in Chennai in 1904.

Automobile Industry
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of
good services and passengers.
Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-
wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured
in India at various centres.
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram,
Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.

Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of
products - transistor sets to television, telephones,
cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
computers and many other equipments.
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of
India.
The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru,
Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Pune.

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Other important centres for electronic goods are

Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
A major impact of this industry has been on
employment generation.
The continuing growth in the hardware and software
is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution :

(1) Air Pollution
(2) Water Pollution
(3) Land Pollution
(4) Noise Pollution
The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.

1. Air Pollution : It is caused by the presence of high

proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide.
The air also contains solid and liquid particles, which
are called dust, spray mist, and smoke.

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Smoke (smoke) comes from the following sources :

• Chemical and paper factories
• Brick kilns (ईंट भट्टटयााँ)

• Refineries and smelting plants

• Burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.

Toxic gas leaks, can also release harmful chemicals

into the air, which can have long-term effects.
For example, the Bhopal gas tragedy was a
major disaster in which toxic gases spread
into the air, causing the loss of many lives.

2. Water pollution : It is caused by organic and inorganic

industrial wastes discharged into rivers.
The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp,
chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries.
These industries release harmful substances like
dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc into
water bodies.

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These pollutants increase the pollution of water

sources, which is harmful to the environment and
human health.
Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are
the major solid wastes in India.

Thermal pollution of water : It occurs when hot

water from factories and thermal plants is drained
into rivers and ponds before cooling.
It increases the water temperature, which reduces the
amount of oxygen available for aquatic life, which is
essential for their survival.
Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and
weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth
defects and miscarriages (गभभपात).

3. Land Pollution : Dumping of wastes specially glass,

harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging,
salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
Rainwater can wash these pollutants into the ground,
which not only harms the soil but also contaminates
groundwater, making it unsafe for drinking and
irrigation.

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4. Noise Pollution
The effects of noise pollution are as follows:
• Noise pollution can cause irritation and anger.
• hearing problems or even hearing loss.
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure.
• Physiological effects - Noise pollution can lead to
various physical health issues such as stress and
sleep disturbances.
Industrial and construction activities, machinery,
factory equipment, generators, electric drills also
make a lot of noise.

Control of Environmental Degradation

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry
pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater.
How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be
reduced?
Some suggestions are-
पाऩी का उपयोग कम करने के ललए,
• minimising use water for
इसे पुन: उपयोग और पुन:चिण
processing by reusing and
(recycling) करके ववलभन्न प्रक्रियाओं
recycling it in two or more
में दो या उससे अधिक चरणों में
successive stages.
इस्तेमाल क्रकया जा सकता है।

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• Collecting rainwater and storing it for future use.

• Treating hot water and नटदयों और तालाबों में छोडने

effluents before releasing से पहले गमभ पाऩी और गंदे
them in rivers and ponds. पाऩी का Treatment करके

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three

phases :
1. Primary treatment by mechanical means.
This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
2. Secondary treatment by biological process.

3. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and

physical processes.
This involves recycling of wastewater.

• Matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke

stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

• Smoke can be reduced in factories by using oil or

gas instead of coal.

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• machinery can be redesigned to increase energy

efficiency and reduce noise.
• Generators should be fitted with silencers.
• Earplugs and headphones can be used to protect
against the harmful effects of noise.

NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

• NTPC is a leading power generation company in India.
• It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment
Management System) 14001.

NTPC has adopted various measures for the

conservation of the environment and natural resources
like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is
setting up power plants.
This has been possible through –

 Using the latest technologies and upgrading old

equipment to ensure efficient energy production.
 Reducing the amount of waste by maximizing the
utilization of ash.
 Creating green belts and planting trees to maintain
ecological balance.

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 Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond

management, ash water recycling system and liquid
waste management.
 Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database
management for all its power stations.

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