CHEMISTRY PROJECT
On
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL
ANTACIDS
For
CBSE 2024-2025 Examination
As a part of the CHEMISTRY
Submitted By
Yatin Mrityunjay S Thasma
Class XII
Under the Guidance of:
Mr. Tejas Javeri
Mr. Narendra Sharma
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dissertation entitled,
‘COMPARITIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS’ is a bonafide
work done by Yatin-Mrityunjay S Thasma of class XII CBSE
during the academic session 2024-2025 is partial fulfilment of CBSE’s
Practical Examination 2025 and has been carried out under my direct
supervision and guidance. This report or a similar report on the topic has
not been submitted for any other examination and does not form a part of
any other course undergone by the candidate.
___________________________ _________________________
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner
______________________
Signature of Principal Seal of the School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project.
All that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance
and I would not forget to thank them.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to
our principal, Dr. Rao for providing us with state of the art
laboratories and infrastructure and also providing his valuable
suggestions and feedback, which were instrumental in shaping up
the project work.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my chemistry
teachers who gave me the golden opportunity to do this project. I
am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant
encouragement, support and guidance from her which helped me
in successfully completing my project work. He further helped me
with understanding the theory behind the reactions.
Also, I would like to extend my sincere esteems to all staff in
laboratory for their timely support.
I would like to thank my parents who morally supported me.
I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the authors
and publishers of the books and managements of the websites, I
referred to (as in Bibliography), for having provided me with
valuable information.
Signature of the student
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Index
1. Title Page No: 5
2. Introduction Page No: 6
3. Aim Page No: 10
4. Apparatus/Materials Page No: 11
Required
5. Theory Page No: 12
6. Procedure Page No: 13
7. Observation Table Page No: 16
8. Result Page No: 20
9. Conclusion Page No: 21
Page 4
10. Bibliography Page No: 22
TO DETERMINE THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF
COMMERCIAL ANTACIDS
(Tablets)
Page 5
INTRODUCTION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid, which
includes secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous, and hydrochloric acid.
The acidic environment of the stomach makes it possible for inactive
forms of digestive enzymes to be converted into active forms (i.e.
pepsinogen into pepsin), acid is also needed to dissolve minerals and kill
bacteria that may enter the stomach along with food. However, excessive
acid production (hyperacidity) results in the unpleasant symptoms of
heartburn and may contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach lining.
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Antacids are weak bases (most commonly bicarbonates, hydroxides,
and carbonates) that neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alleviate
symptoms of heartburn. The general neutralization reaction is:
Antacid (weak base) + HCl (stomach acid)—> salts + H2O + CO2
The hydrochloric acid solution used in this experiment (0.1 M)
approximates the acid conditions of the human stomach, which is typically
0.4 to 0.5% HQ by mass (pH ~ 1). Antacids help people who have or get
heartburn. The following information will help people understand how
stomach acid works and what antacid will help those most.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANTACIDS
Antacid Formula Unwanted Effects
Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Fluid retention, Alkalosis
Magnesium Diarrhoea, Magnesium
Mg(OH)2
Hydroxide toxicity
Constipation, Drug or
Aluminium Hydroxide Al(OH)3 phosphate binding (inhibits
absorption)
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Acid rebound
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MECHANISM OF ACTION
Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid,
raising the pH to reduce acidity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric
acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain
to the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are
exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the
oesophagus or the duodenum. Other mechanisms may contribute, such
as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell contraction
and delaying gastric emptying.
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AIM
To Determine the Effectiveness of Commercial
Antacids (Tablets) by conducting a quantitative
analysis.
Motives behind selecting this research project:
Consumerism, in the era of global industrialization, plays a very important
role. There are various product options available for consumers to choose
from. Different manufacturers selling their products, attempting to sway
public opinion in their favor, marketing their products regardless of their
effectiveness in functionality. Hence it becomes the consumer’s right to
experiment and know the most effective, efficient, and value for money
product. There are various methods to conclude that a product out of all
the given competitors is the best. Experimental research is the most
rational and convincing one of those methods. The result of this analysis
could be used to inform oneself as to which antacid is the best and
provides best relief.
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MATERIAL AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED
i. BURETTE
ii. PIPETTE
iii. DIFFERENT ANTACID TABLETS
iv. BEAKERS
v. NaOH(sol)
vi. HCL(conc.)
vii. DISTILLED WATER
viii. SPATULLA
ix. BURETTE STAND
x. WEIGHING MACHINE
xi. GLASS ROD
xii. BUNSEN BURNER
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THEORY
The efficiency of antacid tablets may be determined and compared by
finding the number of grams of HCl that can be neutralized by 1 gram of
the tablet, The higher the amount of HCl that can be neutralized by 1
gram of the tablet, the more efficient the antacid. In determining the
efficiency of an antacid tablet, the volume of un-reacted HCl in the antacid
mixture is titrated with NaOH.
The chemical equation that describes the reaction between HCl and
NaOH is:
HCL + NaOH NaCI + H2O
The equation to calculate for the amount of HCl neutralized is:
MHCL X VHCL = MNaOH X VNaOH
Acid-base titration is the combination of an acid solution with a base
solution until one fully neutralizes the other. The one that is fully
neutralized is of unknown concentration. At the point of neutralization, the
amount added to reach neutralization determines how much base or acid
was in the solution of unknown concentration. The solution of known
solution is called the “standard solution” or the “titrant.” Acid-base
titrations are not the only type of titration but they are the most common.
Antacids increase the pH of the stomach almost immediately to relieve
acid indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux
disease (GERD). Antacids, like all medications, are attached to a base.
Antacids are attached to sodium, calcium, magnesium, or aluminium.
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Procedure
PART – I: Standardization of HCl solution
i. A solution of NaOH, of known strength was provided. This NaOH
solution was used to determine the strength of the supplied HCl
solution (10 ml of HCl was used for titration).
ii. Phenolphthalein (2 - 3 drops) indicator was used.
iii. This solution was titrated till appearance of pink colour was
observed.
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PART – II: Estimation of the strength of the given Antacid
solution
i. Given antacid solution (10 ml) was pipette out into a 250 ml conical
flask. 20 ml of distilled water and 2–3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator was added. The solution become pink in color.
ii. 20 ml of the given HCl solution was added from the burette. The
solution turned colorless.
iii. It was mixed thoroughly, and the mixture was warmed carefully
on a hot plate. Bubbling occured because of the liberation of CO 2
gas. When the red color returned, flask was cooled.
iv. 1 ml of HCl was added at a time, until the color disappeared. The
solution was boiled for 2 minutes.
v. The flask was cooled under the tap.
vi. Excess HCl was back titrated against NaOH solution ( taken in the
burette), whose strength was known. The first appearance of the
pink color gave the end point.
vii. This procedure (Steps 1 to 5 above) was repeated with 10 ml of the
antacid solution.
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ANTACID TABLETS USED
Antacid 1: Antacid 2:
Digene Zantac 150
Antacid 3:
Pantaprazole
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OBSERVATION TABLE
TABLE 1: Standardization of HCl solution
Strength of NaOH solution = 0.1 N
Volume of HCl used = 10 ml
S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)
1 0 6.5 6.5
2 6.5 13 6.5
3 13 19.5 6.5
Strength of HCl = VNaOH X SNaOH = 0.065N
__________
V HCl
Strength of HCl = 0.065 N
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TABLE 2: Determination of strength of Antacid Tablets (SA)
Volume of antacid solution used = 10 ml
ANTACID 1 (DIGENE)
S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)
1 0 11.5 11.5
2 11.5 23 11.5
3 23 34.5 11.5
(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH) = (20 x S HCl)
Strength of antacid (SA1) = 0.015N
ANTACID 2 (ZANTAC)
S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)
1 0 5 5
2 5 10 5
3 10 15 5
(10 x SA) + (v x S NaOH ) = (20 x S HCl)
Strength of antacid (SA2) = 0.08N
ANTACID 3 (PENTACID)
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S. No. Initial Reading Final Reading Titre Value (ml)
1 0 12 12
2 12 24 12
3 24 36 12
(10 x SA) + (v x SNaOH) = (20 x S HCl)
Strength of antacid (SA3) = 0.01N
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REACTIONS INVOLVED
(i) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H20
(ii) CaCO3 + 2H3O+Ca2+ + 2H2O + H2CO3 H2O(l) + CO2(g)
For this particular experiment, back- titration occurs when an antacid is
dissolved in excess HCl(aq) and the remaining acid is then neutralized by
the standardized NaOH(aq) (Swartz, 2013). From this, the change in
molarity between the initial concentration of HCl(aq) and the moles
neutralized will determine the mass of the active ingredient in the antacid
that can later prove the effectiveness of antacid brands as buffers.
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RESULT
1. Strength of HCl = 0.065 N
2. Strength of Antacid Tablet (1) = 0.015 N
3. Strength of Antacid Tablet (2) = 0.08 N
4. Strength of Antacid Tablet (3) = 0.01 N
The antacid which requires the least amount of Sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) is the best antacid. From the recorded observation, Zantac
requires the least (5 ml), and is therefore the best Antacid.
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Antacids are the substances used to neutralize stomach acids. The active
ingredients of most of the antacids are bases of calcium, magnesium and
aluminium. In our work we used three solid tablets for the investigation of
acid neutralization efficiency. 1 g of each solid sample was taken and it
was neutralized with 10ml of HCl .The mixture was then titrated against
NaOH to neutralize the remaining acid. The volume of of NaOH required
for the neutralization of acid left in each sample indicated its neutralization
efficiency. From the volume of HCl required for neutralizing a definite
amount of antacid matter was calculated. This study lead to the
conclusion that in case of solid antacids Zantac is the most effective. This
project provides some idea about the ingredients of various antacids. The
information gained from this project will help people to realize the fact that
it is not the price or brand name or the external appearances that works.
Thus people can save money also.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. Patel , T. Baheliya, VK, Prajapati, RK, Yadav, VK, Yadav, AK, Jaiswal, 2014,
Heart burn OTC drugs, Pharma tutor, 2 (11): 16-21,
https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/antacids-heart-burn-otc-drugs
ii. Lullmann H, Mohr K, Hein L, Bieger D: Color Atlas of Pharmacology. 3rd
Edition. Thieme, Stuttgart Germany. 2005
iii. Katakam, P., Tantosh, N. M., AIEshy, A.M., Rajab, L. J. and Elfituri A. A. 2010
A Comparative Study of the Acid Neutralizing Capacity of Various
Commercially Available Antacid Formulations in Libya, Libyan journal of
medical Research 7(1): 41-49.
iv. Practical chemistry for class XII
v. www.google .com
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