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c5315 157.00 569 65.60 569 88.10 684
c1355 49.60 177 32.20 179 34.30 177
c1908 41.30 144 21.70 146 22.70 149
c2670 101.50 321 60.30 310 39.60 312
c3540 123.10 400 57.20 410 38.20 416
c6288 519.90 1849 216.90 1865 170.70 1839
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s344 21.36 86 10.85 85 7.97 86
s349 20.70 89 11.67 96 9.44 92
s386 25.02 81 9.97 85 4.92 85
s420 26.65 97 13.43 84 12.11 80
s382 29.87 114 15.59 113 10.85 112
s444 32.94 116 16.23 117 10.72 120
s400 32.92 119 17.16 117 11.46 119
s510 42.83 145 21.83 150 11.05 146
s526 36.69 130 16.62 130 11.90 129
s526n 34.54 128 16.07 129 12.61 129
s641 34.57 111 19.29 116 10.70 116
s713 34.57 111 19.29 116 10.70 116
s820 56.55 172 27.04 180 11.64 181
s832 60.25 179 26.01 187 11.00 185
s838 52.09 187 30.90 188 24.66 181
s953 81.02 254 36.66 272 22.68 281
s1238 97.08 310 34.44 316 21.38 318
s1196 97.19 312 39.78 306 21.38 311
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s1494 106.70 324 45.30 344 23.90 348
s5378 212.80 729 101.50 856 102.60 738
s15850 643.60 2090 347.00 2221 310.60 1961
s9234 150.80 571 79.60 669 82.20 586
s38417 1334.30 5302 746.10 5998 845.10 5208
s35932 2232.40 8381 961.20 5631 10.86.0 5701
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Library Name Slope (S ) Intercept (C )
Slow 0.966 -1.032
Fast 0.946 -1.633
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Component # Cells % error
Experimental Linear Model
ALU 7548 1.92 1.98 3.12
AGU 6500 1.59 1.71 8.22
PCU 3436 0.87 0.92 5.74
Bus Switch 458 0.16 0.14 -12.50
Core 17962 4.53 4.58 1.10