, ee Working of Institutions Fastracl« Revision > Governing a country requires the performance of various tasks such as to take and implement decisions, to see what is wrong and what is right in case of disputes regarding the decision, etc. To attend to all these tasks, several arrangements are made in modern democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions. The Constitution lays down basic rules on the powers and Functions of each institution. > The important institutions in India are Parliament, Political Executive, the President and the Judiciary > Parllament Is an assembly of elected representatives and it exercises suprame political authority on behalf of the people. The Following points are Important regarding this. instltutlon: BOOSTER (By The Parliament is the highest forum for debate and Si< discussion on public issues and national policy. > Its the Final authority For making laws in the country. This task of legislation Is go cruclal that It Is also roforred to as ‘Legislacure’. > Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. > Parliamonts control monetary power all over the world, Public money can be spent only ifthe Parliament sanctions It > The powers of our Parliament are divided among two Houses, wz, the Lower House called Lok Sabha or the House of People, and the Upper House called Rajya Sabha or the Council of States. > Lok Sabha is elected directly for 5 years whereas Rajya Sabha is a permanent house. > Lok sabha controls the Councils of Ministers through novconfidence mation, If the Lok Sabha calls for ‘no-confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all the ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. > at different levels of any government we find Functionarles who take day-to-day decisions on behalf of people. All these functionaries are collectively known as the executive, The important points related to executive are as Follows: > The executive that is elected by the people for a specific perlod Is called the Political Executive. Political leaders who take big decisions Fall In this category. > People appointed on a long-term basis to assist In the governing of a country form the Permanent Executive cr is commonly referred to as Civil Services. > The Prime Ministar Is the most important political institution of the country. The President appoints the leader of the majority party, or the leader of the coalition, of parties that command a majority in the Lok Sabha, as the Prime Minister. > After, the Prime Minister Is appointed, the President appoints council of ministers, on his advice. The Council of Ministers Is an official name for the body that Includes, all the ministers, t usually has 60 to 80 ministers of the Following ranks: ig@ BOOSTER Important decisions are usually taken at the Cabinet @) meetings. Due to this, parliamentary democracy Is also known as the Cabinet form of Government. > The Cabinat Ministors which are usually the top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties, and are in-charge of the major ministries. The Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers and Is the Inner ring of the Council. It comprises of about 20 ministers > The Ministers of State with Indopendent Charge are in-charge of smaller ministries. They participate in the Cabinet meetings only when specially Invited. > The Ministors of Stato are attached to and are roqulrad to assist the Cabinet Ministers. > The President is the Head of the State. Although all decisions oF the government are taken in the name of the Presidont, he is just a titular head of the govarnment. His role can be understood through the following points > The President is not elected directly by the people. The elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and the elected Mombers of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect the President > Any bill which Is passed by the Parllament needs the signature of the President to become a law. > All the major orders of tho government naed the President's assent before they can be enacted. ledge BOOSTER All international treatles are signed in the name of the President. > The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, ChleF Justices of the High Courts and Judges of the Lower Courts. He also appoints the Governors of the States, the Election Commissioners, Ambassadors to other countries, etc. All major appointments are made by the President.Presidents the supreme commander of the armed courts at different levels in a country put together ed the judiciary. An independent and powerful flary Is considered essential for democracies. The Following are important points related to Judiciary: > India has an integrated judiciary, which Is composed of the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts and various local level courts. > The Supreme Court is the apex court that controls the judicial administration in the country and hence its decision is binding on all other courts of the country. > The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country. ‘They can determine the constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it Is challenged before them. This is called as the Judiclal review. The independent judiciary’s main role is in protecting the Fundamental Rights as enshrined in the Constitution of india, The Independence of the judiclary ensures that no government can behave in an autocratic way. Any one can approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actions of government. This is called Public Interest Litigation. There are many cases In which litigations have been filed on behalf of public against laws enacted by the government. x Practice Exercise Q Multiple choice Questions y Q10. The Prime Minister must have support of a ma} QL When was the Second Backward Class Commission of: appointed? a. Rajya Sabha b, States 01969 = -b 1976 979. 1989 Lok Sabha d. Cabinet Ministers Q2. Who Is the highest formal authority In the country? —_q 1), Which of the following Is called as'Upper Chamber’ a. Prime Minister b. President ae ern Auditor General 4. Chief Justice of India a alake bs BeaaltentiiGteee 8. Whaisithaiheadiofithe:Siate? . Prime Minlstor's OFfice d. Rajya Sabha 0. The President b, The Prime Minluter © Cabinet Ministers. Counclt of Ministers —~«QU. Which of the following Is called as'Lower Chamber’ Q4, Who is the head of the Government? of Parllamant? a. The President b. The Prime Minister a, Prasident's Office b. Lok Sabha c. Cabinet Ministers d. Council of Ministers ¢. Prime Minister's Office d. Rajya Sabha Q8. How many mombers are there in Lok Sabha? Q18. Any ordinary law naeds to be passad by which of 2245 -b530 SMB. 552 the following? 6. Who holds the most important and powerful a. Lok Sabha b, Cabinet Ministers position in the government? «Rajya Sabha 4. Both a. and c a. Prime Minister b. President Sao emai. o Chief dntice of india 14+ Which of the following political institutions take(s) Q7. For how long can the Ralya Sabha delay a Money Bi? a.7days —b. Wdoys c. 1Sdays d. 1Month Q6. What happens when the Prime Minister In India quits? 2. President will choose any leader as tho Prime Minister. b. Any leader from the ministry can be chosen os ministry, © The entire ministry quits, d. None of the above Q9. If there is a difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, in what way the final decision is taken? a. Under the guidance of the President. b. Under the guidance of the Prime Minister. C Ina joint session of bath the houses, d. Under the guidance of the speaker of Lok Sabha, Qs. all Important policy decisions? a. The Prime Minister —_b. The Cabinet Botha and b. d. The Parliament Study the picture and answer the question that follows:gis. qu. & g Qe. Qu. Q20. Qa. zz za , ee [oowedee BOOSTER The Supreme Court is given the power to interpret the *) Constitution, declare the fawand enforce the principle "X6 of and balances prevalent in the Constitution. "5 administering the oath of the offico of Prime er to Shri Narendra Modi? i Ram Nath Kovind | Pranab Mukherjee Shri Jaipal Reddy d. None of the above By whom was the Mandal Commission headed? a. VP.Singh b. Janata Dat BP. Mandal 4. Rajiv Gandhi Which body acts as the guardian of Fundamental Rights? a Executive b. Supreme Court 4. Election Commission © Legislature How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed? ‘. By the Supreme Court through impeachment b. By the Parliament through impeachment By the President alone 4. None of the above Which of the following institutions can make changes to the existing law of the country? The Suprame Court b. Council of Ministers ©. The Prime Minister ¢. The Parliament What Is the procedure through which Judges of the Suprome Court or the High Courts are removed, called? a Coalition b. Impeachment ©. Public Interest Litigation 4. No-confidence Motion Which one of the following Is not a part of Indian Judicial System? ‘8. High Courts in the States b. The Supreme Court . Village Panchayat . District Courts The dacisions of which one of the following courts is binding to all other courts of the country? @. District Courts b. The High Courts of the States . The Supreme Court d. None of the above What is Public Interest Litigation? a Filing 2 case in the court In the Interest of the public. b. Procedure of removal of President. Reviewing of Supreme Court judgements. d. None of the above Q24, gas. 026 a7. 28. 929, Q30. Which organ(s) of the government has/have the power to interpret the Constitution? a. Supreme Court b. Parliament High Court . Both a. and c Who Is the Supreme Commander of the dofence forces of India? a. The Chief Justice —_b, The Prime Minister The President 4. All of these Which of the following disputes is/are taken up by the Supreme Court? a. Between citizens and government b. Between two or more State governments Between governments at the Union and State level d. All of the above Which one of the following Is incorract about the Supreme Court of India? a. It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases b. It cannot take up any dispute between citizenship of the country, ¢ It'can hear appeals against the detisions of the High Courts 4. None of the above ‘Which House Is better placed with regard to control over the executive? 2. Lok Sabha b. Rajya Sabha Supreme Court 4. High Court Match the followin, Columnt Columall 1 Parliament [A Allcourts put together. 2. Political. |B. Final authority for making Executive lve. 3. President |C. Take day-to-day decisions but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of people. 4, Judiciary — | D. Not elected directly by the people. 1234 1234 2 CBDA b ABCD c BCDA 4 BACD Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option: Statement (I): The Parliament can remove the Council of Ministors by passing a vote of no- confidence against them. Statement (ll): The Parliament can exercise control ‘over the Council of Ministers by rejecting any ‘government bil. 2. Statement (!) Is correct and (il) Is Incorrect. b. Statement (i) is incarrect and (I) is correct € Both statements are incorrect, d. Both statements are correct.32. 936. Qu. , ee -® Asse Directions (0, Nos. 32 to 37): In the following questions given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) ond Reason (R).Read the statements ond choose the correct option: 33. Qa, 35. rad the following statements carefully and \oose the correct option: atement (I): The Prime Minister distributes and distributes work to the general public. Statement (II): The Prime Minister coordinates the work of different departments and his decisions are final in case of disagreements between departments. a. Statement (\) is correct and (il) Is incorrect, b. Statement ()'s incorrect and (I) Is correct. Both statements are incorrect. 4. Both statements are correct. in & Reason type Questions y a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) isthe correct explanation of Assertion {A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) Is not the corract explanation of Assertion (A) Assertion (A) ie true, but Reason (R) Is False. . Assertion (A) fs false, but Reason (R) Is true. ‘Assortion (A): India has integrated judiciary, which Is composed of tho Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts and various local level courts. Reason (R): The dependence of judiciary ensures that government can behave In an autocratic manner. Assertion (A): The Prime Minister In India Is not directly elected by the people, Reason (R): In a Parliamentary democracy, only the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister. Assortion (A): Awrit Isa logal instrumont to enforce obedience to the orders of a court, Reason (R): The resolution for impeachment of a judge should be passed only by Lok Sabha. Assertion (A): The political execuitives are elected by the people for a specific period of time. Reason (R): The political executives remain in office even when the ruling party changes. Assertion (A): The Prime Minister is the line of communication between the cabinet and the President. Reason (R): The Prime Minister advises the President to summon and prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. Assertion (A): The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Fundamental Rights. Reason (R): A citizen whose Fundamental Rights have been violated by any Individual, government or institution, may move to the Supreme Court for tha protection of his Fundamental Rights. Answers Li) 2 (dt) 3) 4 (b) 5. (c) (2) 72) 8 9% 10 u.(d) 12 (6) 12) (15. (O} 16. (c) 1% (bd) 18. (0) 19. () 20. (D} 2c) 22 (co) 23. (0) 24 (d) 25. (c) 26.(d) 2%. (0) 28. (a) 29. (©) 30. (0) BL (b) 32 () 33. (2) 34 (9) 35. (C) 36. (b) 37. (a) @) Source Based Questions w Source Qu 2. a3. 94. Read the source given below and answer che questions that follow by choosing the most Appropriate option. The Office Memorundum was the culmination of a long chain of events, The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979, It was headed by BLP. Mandal. Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. [twas asked todetermine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement, The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of these was that 27 per cent of govornmant jobs be reserved for the socially and educationally backward classes. The Report und recommendations were discussed in the Parliament. When was Second Backward Classes Commission appointed? a9 671879. 1881 Why was this commission called the Mandal Commission? 2, Itwas headed by BP. MandaL bt was the highest formal authority appointed by the Government of india ©. Botha. and b. d. None of the above When did the commission give its report? 4.1969 b. 1971 ©1979 0. 1980 Why was Mandal Commission appointed by the Indian Government? a. To determine the criteria to identify the socially and economically backward classes In India b, To ensure security to the citzens © To see the welfare of all and keep In view the overall objectives. 4. Allof the above, ee O85. Q6. Wh did people reacted strongly on approval of the mendations of Mandal Commission by Indian ment? iffected the lives of people. affected thousands of job opportunities of the people belonging to general category. ¢ It brought inequality among the people of india. 4. tthampered the national unity of india There are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read them and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): According to Mandal Commission, 28 per cent of government jobs are reserved for soclally and educationally backward classes. Reason (R):Many parllamentarlans and parties kept demanding the implementation of commission's recommendations. a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). bs, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). €. Aasertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) Is False d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) Is true Answers }——+ LQ 2(a) 3) 4 (a) 5(b) 6d) Source 2 Qu Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most appropriate option: Since Parliament plays a central role in modem democracies, most lange countries divide the role and powers of Parliament in two parts. They are called Chumbers or Houses. One House is usually directly clected by the people and exercises the real power on behalf of the people, The second House is usually clected indirectly und performs some special functions. The most common work for the second House is to look after the interests of various states, regions or federal units. In our country, Parliament consists of two Houses, The two Houses are known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). The President of India is « part of Parliament, although she is not u member of either House, That is why all laws made in the Hous come into force only after they receive the ass of the President. Which of the following Houses Is directly elected by the people and exercises the real power on behalf of the people? a. Lok Sabha ¢, Parliament at b. Rajya Sabha d. Cabinet az. Q3, 94. Qs. 6. Whose assent is required to be received to enforce all laws made in the Houses? a. Prime Minister b. President © Cabinet d. Political Executive Identify the incorrect statement regarding the financial powers of the Lok Sabha. a. It controls the national finances. b. Ithas the power to pass the annual budget of the Union Government for the financial year. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters 4. It cannot reject a Money Bill but can only make recommendations for changes in the BilL Which of the following looks after the interests of varlous states, regions or federal units? a. Lok Sabha b, Rajya Sabha © Parliament 4d. Permanent Executive Why!s the view of Lok Sabha becomes important in case of any conflict? a, It controls the Council of Ministers. b. Ithas large number of members Its more powerful than Rajya Sabha. 4. exercisos the real power an behalf of the people. ‘Thora are two statemonts marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read them and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): The members of tho Lok Sabha are nominatad by the President. Reason (R): It can be dissolved bofore the expiry of the tenure. 2. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) Assertion (A) ig true, but Reason (R) Is false. 4. Assertion (A) Is false, but Reason (R) Is true. Answers - 1 (a) 2(>) 3 (4) 4 lb) 5.() Gd) Source 3 Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: ‘The President is not elected directly by the people. ‘The elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and the elected Members of the Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) clect her. A candidate standing for President's post has to get a majority of votes to win the clection. This ensures that the President cun be seen to represent the entire nation, At the same time the President can never claim the kind of direct popular mandate that the Prime MinisterPEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE IEEE EIDE IE III EI III IDI II II II II II II IIE EE ET Qu. ‘Ans. ae Ans. a3. Ans. ‘Ans. Q2. Ans. a3. Ans. Q4. Ans. Qs. Ans. 1, This ensures that she remains only a nominal ecutive, ve same is true of the powers of the President. you casually read the Constitution you would think that there is nothing that she cannot do. All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. Who elects the President? The President is not elected directly by the people but by the elected Members of Parliaments (MPs) and the elected Members of the Legislative Assemblies (Mag) How can it be sald that the President remains only a nominal executive? The President remains only a nominal executive because of the following reasons: (i) He represents the entire nation, (i) He can never claim the kind of direct popular SneTEte ERR Rie MINEMAcon, What are the activities performes the name of the President? The President can perform the follawing activities in his name: (i) All governmental activities take place in his name. (il) All laws and major policy decisions of the government are issued in her name. (lil) All major appointments are made in the name of the President such as that of Chief Justice of India, the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of the states, the Governors of the States atc. @ Very Short Answer type Questions w QL Name any three Institutions responsible to run the democratic government in India, The three institutions are: ()) The Prime Minister and the Cabinet (i) The Civil Servants, (lil) The Suprema Court, What is a Partiamont? Its the supreme law: making body of India What are the three main institutions in a Parllamentary democracy? The three main institutions In a Parllamentary democracy are: () Legislature, () Executive, (ll) Judlelary. Name the two Houses of the Parliament. The two Houses of the Parllament are. () Lok Sabha, (i) Rajya Sabha In which matter does the Lok Sabha exercise more powers? The Lok Sabha exercises more powers In money matters 96. Q7. Ans. 8. Ans. Qo Ans. Qu. Ans. Qs. Ans. Qi6. Ans. qu. Ans. Que. Qs. Ans. By how many days can the Rajya Sabha delay the Money Bill? The Rajya Sabha can delay the Money Bill by 14 days. Who Is the Prime Minister? Prime Minister is the Head of the Government and actually exercises _all_governmental_powers. He takes most of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings. Who is the most powerful person within the Cabinet? The Prime Minister Is the most powerful person within the Cabinet Who is the head of the state and who is the head of the governmant in our country? Head of State--President Head of Government—Prime Minister Which house is referred to as permanent house’? Rajya Sabha is referred to as ‘permanent house Who chairs the Cabinet meetings? The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet meetings Who appoints the Prime Minister? The Prime Minister is appointed by the President What is the Council of Ministers? The Council of Ministers Is the officlat name for the body that includes all the ministers. It generally has 6D to 80 ministers of different ranks. Who are Cabinet Ministers? Cabinet Ministers are usually the top-level leaders of tho ruling party or parties. who are in-charge of the major ministries Uke Defence. Railway. Foreign Affairs. etc. Normally, all the major decisions are taken by these ministers, What is a Coalition Government? A.government formed by an alliance of two or more political parties. usually vihen no single party enjoys majority support of the members In a legislature Is Teferred to as the Coalition Government. What is the role of the Prosident in India? The President isthe Executive Head of the State and is the highest formal authority In the country. Who Is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India? The President Is the supreme commander of the defence forces of india What is called asthe judlclary? All the courts at different levels in a country are Cogether called, the judiciary Name the institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled. The Supreme Court is the institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled ee, ee ‘on any two functions of the Supreme Court of vo functions are he Supreme Court of india acts as the guardian Gf the Constitution. (I) decides on disputes between state governments What is the tenure of a judge of the Supreme Court? The |udges of the Supreme Court of indla remain in office til they retire after having completed the age of 85 years: Who appoints the Chief Justice of India? The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of ladda Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts? ‘The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and In consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Q24, What Is impeachment? gal. Ana, gee. Ans. 23 Ans, Q28. Why did people reacted strongly when the recommendations of Mandal Commission were approved by the Government of India? People reacted strongly because this decision of the Government of india affected thousands of job opportunities of the people belonging to general category. When government officers work in election duty, are they under the control of the Election Commission or the government? Give reason. ‘Thoy work under the control of Election Commission, This ig done to conduct free and fair elections. so that the party In power is not in a position to misuse the governmant machinery -@ Short Answer type Questions QL State any three features of Office Memorandum. Ans. The following are the three features of Office Memorandum ()) thas a number and date (i) te is Uke an ordinary circular but possesses the Ans. Q20. Ans. Ans, Impeachment is a pracedure through which judges power of governmant anforcemant behind it of the Supreme Court or the High Courts are (li) The govornment iswuea hundrads of office removed Memorandums everyday on different Q.28. What is the procedure for the removal af Judges of the Supreme Court? ‘Ans, A Judge can be romoved by the Presidant on the yrounds of ‘proved _misbehaviour_or_incapacity’ but the rasalution far his Impeachment chould bo pasied by both the Houses, Q26. When did the Government of India appoint the Second Backward Classes Commission? Who was its head? Ans. The Government of India appointed the Second Backward Commission In 1973. It was headed by 8. Mandal and hence, was known as the Mandal Gonrintesiey Q27. Study the picturo and answer the question that follows: What does the above picture depicts? Ans. The above picture depicts the dominance of Indira Gandhi in the government in the early 1970s. 2, Why was the Mandal Commission uppolntad by the Indian Government? The Government of India had appointed the Secand Baclwvard Classes Commission in 1979.1twas headed by BP Mandal. Hence, it was popularly called the Mandal Commission. it was appointed t ine the criteria ta identify the socially and economically bocioward classes in India and recommend steps ta be taken for thuir advancement Enumerate the activities Involved In governing a country. Governing a country involves various activities some of the Important ones are as follows: ()) To ensure security of the citizens, (i) To provide facilities for education and health to all (li) To collect taxes and spend the money raised on administration. defence and development programmes: (iv) To formulate and implement welfare schemes. Mention any three measures through which Parllament exorcises control over tho Councit of Ministers. Three measures by which Parliament can exercise control over the Council of Ministers are as follows (i) The Parliament can remove the Council_of Ministers by passing 2 vote oF no-confidence against them. Ans. a3. Ans. Q4 Ans., ee I) The Parllament can exercise control over the Council of Ministers by rejecting an government bill. i) The Parliament can exercise control over the Council of Ministers by Adjournment Motion. BOOSTER Adjournment Motlon Is the procedure for adjournment of the business of the Portioment for the opposition parties In the Parliament feel that the government has lost majority in the Lok Sabha as Its pollcles are opposed to public interest and are unpopular. In that case. they can introduce a ‘no-confidence _motion_against_the Councl_of Ministers. If the majority in the Lok Sabha votes against the motion. the government stays. If the majority votes for the motion, the government has toresign (i) The President_may Issue_an_ardinance during the recess of the Parllamant which must be approved by both the Houses of the Parliament when they reassemble, The ordinance ceases to operate six weeks after the re-assembly of the Parliament unless approved by the latter earlies. Q7. Write a short note on no-confidence motion. ‘Ans. The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. It remains In office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the Lok Sabha. Sometimes the purpose of discussing a definite matter of urgent | 8. Name the ranks of ministers which are a part of the public importance. Council of Ministers. oR Q8. In what ways does the Lok Sabha exercise more ; . ; powers than the Rajya Sabha? Explain the composition of Council of Ministers. fans. Lok Sabha exerclses mare powers than the Rajya ANS: The Counct of Ministers isan official name for the Sabha Inthe Following manner: body that includes all the ministers. It usually has of 1p Anjontinarylawincorls take pucced il Goth 60 to 80 ministers of the following ranks: the Houses. But if there Is a difference of opinion ()) Cabinet Ministers: They are usually the top-level between the two Houses, the final decision leaders of the ruling party or parties. and are i taken in a joint session. However, since the in-charge of the major ministries. The Cabinet Fmuraber at riveree nthe Lak Sabha te rare Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of thelr view ar decision is more Ukely to prevall the Council of Ministers and is the inner ring of (i) The Lok Sabha exercises more powers in mone the:Counall-It compefsss afahout20 rolntetark ‘matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget (il) Ministers of State with Independent Charge: of the government or any other money related They are in-charge of smaller ministries. The law. the Rajya Sabha cannot reject kt The Rajya articipote in the Cabinet meetings only when Sabha can delay It only by 14 days or can suggest specially invited Saga TT LOW SADR NYP OF ey TR (ill) Ministers of State: They are attached to and are acceptitiechanges required to assist the Cabinet Ministers. (il) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. iF the majorty of the Lok Sabha membors say 99. Why do the Political Executive has moro power that they have no-confidence’ inthe Councl of than the Permanent Executive? Ministers: all the ministers including the Prime Ans. Political Executive Is elected by the people and has ‘Minister. Rave to quit The Rajya Sabha does not ‘Tore power than the Permanent Executive because hava those poveers of the below mentioned reasons: () Inademocracy, the will ofthe people's supreme ae Ee Soon as Sabha. and the Political Executive. being elected by the s pepams ciore |e. Is empowered to exercise the wil of the Oh Tz Lo Sto cant th nlonl aces peoples rnpoweredto exerci te wl of controls the natlonal finances: peopl if e power to pas al bud i 1 the Bower fo pa the enna pudeet of me (i) The Polltical Executive is answerable to the Union Government for the financint year scarctlisdeclone: people for all the consequences of ts decisions (i) The elected members of both the Houses of the olin Een eh Parllamont along with members of the States (i) Nen-palltesL Betcutive Is an expert In Is Feld ee eet but Political Executive has to ensure the welfare gislative Assemblies constitu 7 SU eee ab sre Ve college to elect the President of Indla, The Vice- of all and keep in view the overall objectives President of India Is elected by MPs of both the Q10. What are the characteristics of permanent Houses. The Lok Sabha also elects its Speaker executive? and Deputy Speaker. Ans. The following are the characteristics of permanent executive: (i) Persons working In Permanent Executive are ‘ealled Chil Servants (i) itworks under Political Executive andassistthem in carrying out the day-to-day administration (i) Ie cemalns In office even when the ruling party changes. (Wv) The persons working In Permanent Executive are highly educated and have expert knowledge about the department in which he works, i ‘entiate between the Political Executives and ermanent Executives. ‘ence between the Political Executives and the anent Executives are: 3) wasis of Permanent No.| pitterence | Potleat executives | evecutives () [Period | &xecutives who | The Permanent are elected by the | Executives are people for a specific | salaried Civi period are called the | Servants who Political Executives. | are appointed on a long-term basis (i) | Authority | They remain in pow- | They remain er only solongas | in power even they command the | when the ruling confidence of the | party changes majority Members of | Their tenure of Parliament office is Fixed {il) | Answera- | They are answerable | They are not ble or not | to people for all | answerable to the consequences | the people of thelr decisions, (lv) | amples | Poltical leaders Parsons, Wo the Prime working in Civil Ministor,Councit | Services. Far of Ministors and | example. IAS, o.0n) Qi2. “The Prime Minister Is the real executive head of our country: Elucidate. ‘Ans. The Prime Minister is the roal executive head of our country and this can be elucidated with the help of the following paints: (\) The Prime Minister controls the Cabinet and the Parliament (li) Power is concontrated in the hands of the Prime Minister (lil) The President. also takes decision as por the advice of the Prime Minister. COMMON] ERROR Students mention the role of Prime Minister as a general only but it has to be mentioned in the context ‘of coatition government. Q13. How Is the President of India elected? ‘Ans. The President of India Is not elected directly by the people. All the Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect ‘A candidate standing for the post of President has to get majority of votes to win the election. Q14. Explain the limitations on the powers of the President. The powers of the President are subject to the Following limitations: (i) The President exercises all his powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers, (i) The President can ask the Council of Ministers to reconsider their decision. But if the same decision is given again. he/she is bound to accept It (ii) Similarly, a bill_passed_by the Parliament becomes a law only after the President gives assent to it, If the President wants, he/she can send the bill back to the Parliament for reconsideration. Gut if the Parliament passes the bill again, he/she has to sign i Ans. Q15. How does the Presidential Powers differ between India and America? The following differences are abserved in tho Presidential powers In Indla and America: Ans, Presidential Powers In America Presidential Powers in India Basis of S.No.) pifference () |stotus | Prosident is ony | Prosidont is the nominal the real id head. He does not He possesses 1055055 the power the power toveto. Toveto (il) | Power to veto He does not has the power To appoint ‘minist (il) | Power to appoint ministers He personally chooses and appoints all the minister: ® Long Answer Type Questions w Q1. Why is there a need for political institutions? ‘Ans. Political institutions are needed because of the below mentioned reasons: {) Countries need political institutions _to take_docislons regarding the welfare of the people (i) The decistons which have been taken are to be implemented In_a rightful way. So. countries ‘need institutions to implement the decisions, (i) Ins needed to solve the disputes beiween various institutional bodies (lv) Institutions help the government to take the right decisions. (uv) Institutions follow a proper procedure to take decisions. thereby ensuring that_a_proper decision is taken,hy do we need a Parliament? rliament is needed because of antioned reasons 1) Ie is the Final authority for making laws in the country Parllaments all over the world make itew Taws and change or abolish existing lav. (i) Parliaments all over the world exercise some ‘control over those viho run the government In india, this controt is direct and full the below (ii) Partiaments control monetary power all over the world In most of the countries. public money can be spent only IF the Parliament sanctions it ((v) Parliament is the highest forum for debate and Hiscaaler on pable ses ord raters! pay Kea coy Parlement ean ase Infrenatlon about any matter. 0. Explain the major powers and functlons of the Prime Minister. The major powers and functions of the Prime Minister are as under: ()) Chairman of the Cabinet : The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Cabinet and takes most ofits decisions. The agenda of Cabinet mootinge i also proparad by the Prime Minister (i) Link between the Presidantand the Cabinat It's, - the duty of the Prime Minister to communicate {othe bresdont about aT decBlane oF The Ans. Council oF Ministers He 1s also requirad to Supply to the President such information as he may seek (il) Coordination : The Prime Minister coordinates the work of different departments and bis decisions are final in case of disagreements between departments, (Wv) General Supervision : The Prime Minister exercises _gencral_supervision_of differant ministrias_and_all_ministers werk undor_hi (eadership, He even free to choose ministers ‘a6 long as they are membors of Parllament (v) Distribution of Work : ‘The Prime Minister distributes and_redistributes_work_to_the ministers, He also has the powor to dinmiss ministers, The entire ministry has to quit If he quits. Q4. Explain the major powars and functions of the President. The major powers and functions of tha President are as follows () The President is the head of the state. All government activities take place In his name Al laws and malor policy decisions of the government are Issued In his name. (i) He_appoints the Prime Minister_and_on_his Baca he opps the other mites TE Cocreter Milsons Pe ciiriistere nw oath ot ‘afficetothem. (ll) He is responsibte for other major appointments such a6 those of the Chief Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Ans. Courts of the states, the Governors of the states, the Election Commissioners, the Ambassadors toother countries, etc. (iv) Hesummons both the Houses of the Parlament tosession He directs a joint session of both the Houses to be held He can also prorogue the Parilament. (¥) All international treaties and agreements are ‘made in his name, The President is the Supreme Commander of the defence forces of India, (v) The President has emery wers, powers to deal with an unexpected and critical situation such as power to declare emergency or President's rule and Issuing an ordinance. Q5. Who appoint the Council of Ministers? What are the differonces betwoen the Lok Sabha and tho Rajya Sabha? ‘Ans. After the appointment of the Prime Minister, the President _appoints the Ministers of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The ministers are usually from the party or the coalition that has the majority inthe Lok Sabha. In other words, the President appoints the Couneil of Ministers on the jathciecehe prima aia gtr, The difference between Lok Sabha and the Rajya ‘Sabha are: Basis of No] gyreet | Loksabha | Rajya Sabha () [Appointment |The members | The members of members | af the Lok of the Rajya Sabha are Sabha are directly elected | indirect purr ecars members of the Legislative Assamblles. (i) [Strongth | the strongth | The Rajya Sabha of Lok Sabha | can have a Is 552 out maximum of cof which 2 250 members. members are out of which 12 nominated by | are nominated’ iheProsident. |bythe President (i) | Tenure ‘The tenure of | The tenure oF Lok Sabha Is | Rajya Sabha 5 years. The members Is. House can | G years but be dissolved one-third before the members retire expiry of the | after every tenure 2years. Tr cannot be dissolved. it Is a permanent House eeMult Qu gz. Q3. Qa. Qs. , ee TiP Give the difference in tabular form and not in paints so a5 to gain marks. rover | Money Bills can_| The Rajya tary | only be Sabha does not Introduced in | exercise much, The Lok Sabha, | power over Money Bilis. Explain briefly the powers and functions of the Supreme Court. . The powers and functions of the Supreme Court are as Fallows: (i) The Supreme Court can take up disputes between the governments: citizens. citizens and the government: and the governments at the union and state level (i) Supreme Court hears appeals against the High Tourt decisions both in criminal and civil cases. (ii) Supreme Court _is_the guardian of _our Constitution. It has the power to Interpret the Constitution of the country. (Iv) The Supreme Court gives legal_advice to the President of India on any legal ar constitutional matter referred to it (v) The powers and Independence af judiciary allows It to act as the guardian of Fundamental Rights too, xB Chapter Test Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q Nos. 6-7): n the following questions given below, ‘there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the correct option: le Choice Questions Which of the following institutions can make changes to the existing law of the country? a, The Supreme Court —_b. The President c. The Prime Minister d. The ParUament If thore is a diffrence between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, in what way the final decision Is taken? a. Under the guidance of the President b. Under the guidance of the Prime Minister C. In jaint session of both the Houses d, Under the guidance of the Speaker of Lok Sabha Which of these option(s) is/ara incorroct regarding the powers of the Prime Minister? a, He chalrs the cabinet meetings. b. He distributes work to the different departments, He can summon [olnt sitting of the both Houses af Parliament. d. He can dismiss ministers, ‘What Is the procedure through which judges of the Supreme Court or the High Courts are removed, called? a. Coalition b. Impeachment . Public interest Utigation d. No-confidence mation Which one of the following Is incorract about the Supreme Court of India? a. it is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. b. Itccannot take up any dispute between citizenship of the country. ¢. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts. d. None of the above Q6. Q7. ‘a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reeson (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (a). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. but Reason (R) ii not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (A) Is false. d. Assertion (A) Is false, but Reason (A) Is true. Assertion (A): President appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts on the advice of the PM In consultation with the Chief Justice of India. Reason (R): Parllamont can amend the basic structure of the Constitution. Assertion (A): The Suprome Court Is the guardlan of the Fundamental Rights. Reason (R): A citizen whose fundamental rights have been violated by any individual, government or institution, may move the Supreme Court for the protection of his Fundamental Rights. Source Based Question Qo. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the most oppropriate option. The Constitution does not say very much about the powers of the Prime Minister or the ministers or their relationship with each other. But as head of the government, the Prime Minister has wide ranging powers, Ho chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of different departments.ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET 0 (i) ii) (iv) «decisions are final in case disagreements xe between departments, He exercises general --vervision of different ministries. All ministers Work under his leadership. The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers He also has the power to dismiss ministers. When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits. Thus, ifthe Cabinets the most powerful institution in India, within the Cabinet itis the Prime Minister who is the most powerful. The powers of the Prime Minister in all parliamentary democracies of the world have increased so much in recent decades that parliamentary democracies are some times seen as Prime Ministerial form of government. Who Is the head of the government and actually exorcises all the governmont powers? a. the Prime Minister —_b. The Prasident © The Parliament d. The Lok Sabha In which of the following cases, the President appoints the parson most likely to secure a majority support? a. Ife wants to dismlas a minister b. If no single party gets a majority If he has ‘no-confidence’ in. the Ministers. 4. If he Is not satisfled by the decisions of the coalition party. Why is the Prime Minister in India not directly elacted by the people? a. There is no need for it as the Prime Minister is appointed by the President. b. Direct election of the Prime Minister will involve (ot of expenditure on election. ¢ Only the leader of the majority party In the Lok Sabha can become the Prime Minister In a Parlamentary democracy. 4. Lok Sabha can remove the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers even before the expiry of thelr term, The Prime Minister must have support of a Council of majority of: a. Lok Sabha b. Rajya Sabha States d. Cabinet Ministers (¥) How are parliamentary democracies seen in recent decades? a, As Parlamentary form of government b. As Presidential form of government CAs Prime Ministerial farm of government d. As coalition form of government Thero are two statemants marked as Assertion (A) ‘and Reason (R), Read them and choose the correct option: Assertion (A): The Prime Minister cannot act and take decisions all by himself or become a dictator. Reason (R): The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party. a, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A), b, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true. but Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), Assertion (A) Is true, but Reason (A) Is false. d, Assertion (A) Is false, but Reagon (R) Is true. Very Short Answer Type Question Q9. Who appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court and, the High Courts? Short Answer Type Questions Q10. Mention any three measures through which Parllament exercises control over the Council of Ministers, QL Distinguish between the political executives and the permanent executives. Q12, What isthe composition of the Council of Ministers? How Is the ‘Cabinet’ different from the ‘Council of Ministers’? Long Answer Type Questions 13. Explain the major powers and functions of the Prime Minister. Q14. What do you mean by the independence of judiclary? How can it be justified? (wi)