CURTAINWALL

Products, Performance
and Practicality
(A Wausau AIA-CES Program)

Cecil College Engineering and Mathematics Building – North East, MD

 PROGRAM SPECIFICS

Length: One hour

Credits: 1 learning unit (LU)/HSW
Cost: Free - There is no cost to bring this
program to your firm or chapter
meeting, or to take the online course
Description: Curtainwall selection, design,
manufacture, and installation are
explored at a basic technical level.
Recommendations for specifications
and application are included. Learn how
CURTAINWALL curtainwall impacts building
Products, Performance LEED® certification.
Objective: Provide design professionals
and Practicality with valuable information on different
(A Wausau AIA-CES Presentation) types of aluminum curtainwall, ease of
installation, movement
accommodation, performance, and
structural integrity.
Point of Contact: For more information, or
to schedule a presentation, contact
Wausau at info@wausauwindow.com or
call toll-free at 877.678.2983
Wausau Window and Wall Systems
is an architectural business unit of
Apogee Enterprises
From cost-competitive architectural
windows to custom-engineered high-
performance curtainwall, new
construction to historically accurate
renovation, sustainable designs to
resilient protection – We help you
achieve your design visions and
construction goals, on time and
within budget with support from our
experienced technical team and a
warranty of up to 10 years.

(Stock symbol APOG on the

NASDAQ exchange)
Wausau Window and Wall Systems is a Registered Provider with the
American Institute of Architects’ Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES).
Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
CES records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for
non-AIA members available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for

continuing professional education. As such, it does
not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the AIA of any material of construction or any
method or manner of handling, using, distributing,
or dealing in any material or product.

Questions related to specific materials, methods,

and services will be addressed at the conclusion
of this presentation.

© 2020 Apogee Wausau Group

 CURTAINWALL
Products, Performance and Practicality

Learning Objectives
1. Recognize and differentiate different types of aluminum curtainwall.
2. Understand design parameters for curtainwall anchorage to the building, to
ensure ease of installation, movement accommodation, and structural integrity.
3. Optimize energy efficiency and thermal performance of curtainwall.
4. Mitigate blast hazards through curtainwall design.
5. Design for seismic movements and induced inertial loads.
6. Understand LEED® impacts of curtainwall selection and design.
 Section One

Curtainwall Types

Shepard Hall – Joint Base Andrews, MD

 In strictest architectural parlance, a
Curtainwall Types “curtainwall” is any non-load-bearing
exterior wall that hangs, like a curtain,
from the face of floor slabs, regardless
of construction or cladding material.
However, in common usage, the term
curtainwall usually refers to aluminum-
framed systems carrying glass, panels,
louvers, or occasionally, granite or
marble. Curtainwall supports only its
own dead load.
Storefront Stick Wall
The distinctions between the system
I-Beam Wall Pressure Wall types discussed in the following slides
are not absolute. It’s often difficult to
Unitized Wall Window Wall clearly differentiate between one
system type and another.
Face width sightline ranges from
2” to 4”; system depth from 4 ½”
to 10” or more.
Two-side structural silicone glazing can
be done in the field, however, four-side
silicone glazing should always be done
under factory-controlled conditions.
 Storefront “Storefront” is a non-load-bearing
glazed system that occurs on the
ground floor, which typically includes
commercial aluminum entrances. It
is installed between floor slabs, or
between a floor slab and the building
structure above.
Typically, field-fabricated and -glazed
storefront employs exterior glazing
stops at one side only. Provision for
Storefront is appropriate for use in
anchorage is made at the perimeter.
ground-floor applications
While sometimes used as a low-cost
Commonality between manufacturers’
alternative to curtainwall systems for
systems helps ensure basic installer
low-rise buildings, performance
familiarity with fabrication and
requirements for storefront are
installation processes
generally less stringent, and
materials may require more-
frequent maintenance.
Typical Performance:
Air less than 0.06 cfm per sqft at 1.57 psf
6 to 8 psf Water Test Pressure
 Stick Wall “Stick wall” systems are shipped in
pieces for field-fabrication and/or
-assembly. These systems can be
furnished by the manufacturer as
“stock lengths” to be cut, machined,
assembled, and sealed in the field, or
as “knocked down” parts pre-
machined in the factory, for field-
assembly and -sealing only.
Shipped in pieces as:
All stick curtainwall is field-glazed.
Stock Lengths
-or- Frame assembly requires the use of:
Knocked Down (KD) a) “shear blocks” to connect vertical
and horizontal framing elements, or
Shear b) “screw-spline” construction, in which
Block assembly fasteners feed through
holes in interlocking vertical
stacking mullions into extruded
races in horizontals.
Typical Performance:
Air less than 0.06 cfm per sqft at 6.24 psf
8 to 10 psf Water Test Pressure
 I-Beam Wall
Once very popular, “I-Beam wall” has
seen market penetration decrease.
“I” or “H” shaped, structural, vertical
back members are set into openings
in the field, with horizontals then
clipped to verticals.
Field assembled After glazing, extruded aluminum
Structurally-efficient interior trim is cut and snapped into
I-Beam vertical members place at vision areas. Since unexposed
Interior trim at vision areas spandrel areas receive no interior trim,
No finish required at spandrel areas. savings in material and finish
(painting or anodizing) can result,
partially offset by added field labor.
Maintaining vapor retardant
continuity at interior trim joints can be
challenging, in the presence of
positive building pressure.
Typical Performance:
Air less than 0.06 cfm per sqft at 6.24 psf
8 to 10 psf Water Test Pressure
 Pressure Wall Some stick curtainwall is called
“pressure wall,” because exterior
extruded aluminum plates are screw-
applied to compress glass between
interior and exterior bedding gaskets.
A snap-on cover or “beauty cap” is then
used to conceal fasteners.
Can be stick or factory-assembled Performance of any field-assembled or
Field glazed using zone dams field-glazed curtainwall is only as good
at frame corners as field workmanship allows, limited by
variables such as weather, access, and
Pressure plates and snap-on job site dirt and dust. Many critical
covers at exterior, with joints allowing seals are necessary, even in systems
thermal expansion that are designed to drain or “weep”
rain penetration from the system
back to the exterior.
“Compartmentalization” of each lite is
strongly recommended to
isolate glazing pockets.
Pressure
plate and
Typical Performance:
snap-on Air less than 0.06 cfm per sqft at 6.24 psf
cover
10 to 15 psf Water Test Pressure
 Unitized Wall
To accomplish as many critical seals as
possible under controlled factory
conditions, and to minimize
dependence on field labor, “unitized
wall” systems have been developed.
Unitized wall is factory-assembled and
-glazed, then shipped to the job site in
units that are typically one lite wide by
one floor tall.
Most unitized wall systems are
installed in a sequential manner
around each floor level, moving from
the bottom to the top of the building.

Typical Performance:
Air less than 0.06 cfm per sqft at 6.24 psf
Factory-assembled and factory–
12 to 15 psf Water Test Pressure
glazed under controlled conditions

Units are hung from the floor

Play unitized curtainwall
above on pre-set anchors
installation video
 Unitized Wall (continued)
Only one unit-to-unit splice, usually a
translucent silicone sheet or patch,
needs to be field-sealed. Seal bedding
is visible through the sheet.
Only one anchor per mullion needs
to be attached to the exterior face or
top surface of the floor slab.
HDR Architects – Omaha, NE

The horizontal gutter weather-seal is

sometimes called a “chicken head”
Chicken
Head
detail, due to its unique configuration.
Interlocking unitized wall frame
members are weather-stripped to seal
to one another, both horizontally and
vertically. This accommodates thermal
expansion and contraction, inter-story
differential movement, concrete
creep, column foreshortening, and/or
seismic movement.
Only one
field seal
 Unitized Wall (continued)
Product Selection Summary
 Window Wall “Window wall” spans from the top
Based on a window system of one floor slab to the underside
A SILL of the slab above.
UPPER
RECEPTOR
AND
MANAGES Window wall employs large, side-
LOWER
WATER stacking window or curtainwall
UNITS
REST ON units, contained in head and sill
THE receptors, also called “starters,”
FLOOR
which accommodate movement
BELOW
and drainage, but require field-
applied sealants.
Slab covers can be fabricated from
TWO
aluminum extrusions, sheet,
FIELD
SEALS panels, or even glass.
Window walls easily accept operable
SLAB A HEAD RECEPTOR windows, and unlike curtainwall,
COVER ACCOMMODATES can be installed non-sequentially.
MOVEMENT
“Hybrid” systems combine
characteristics of multiple wall
types. For example, some four-side
silicone wall systems use stick wall
grid frames, with factory-glazed
“cassettes” or “carrier frames.”
 Section Two

Structural Design

Slate – Portland, OR
 ASCE7-10 Buildings and their components are
Design Loads on Structures designed to withstand code-specified
wind loads.
Loads depend on the building Calculating wind loads is important in
Risk Category design of wind force-resisting
When citing design loads, differentiate between
systems, against sliding, overturning,
Strength Design and uplift actions. Wind loads are
(LRFD - load and resistance factor) or often quantified using the American
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) at 60% of LRFD
Society of Civil Engineers’ “ASCE 7”
The non-hurricane-prone eastern 2/3 of the U.S. is publication and the International
in the same mph contour. The leeward slope of Building Code.
mountains are special wind regions.
Determining wind loads is the job of
the building design team’s engineer of
115 mph (II) or record, not the window manufacturer.
120 mph (III or IV)
Criteria should be listed on the first
sheet of the structural drawings.
Differing interpretation of corner
zones, insurer mandates, and local
code peculiarities could result in
Factors applied to basic velocity pressure
formulae include: costly re-design if wind load
Gust effects, internal pressures, building height, determination is left ambiguous
corner zones, exposure, and partial enclosure. in bid documents.
 Wind Load (continued)
Designed to withstand wind loads and
provide adequate glass edge flexural
support, curtainwall can be:
a) “simply supported,” with
curtainwall mullions anchored only at
their ends;
b) “twin span,” with mullions
spanning two floors and anchoring at
the intermediate floor or other
structure; or
c) “continuous span,” with the
system’s vertical mullions spliced at
points of zero moment (inflection
points).
For adequate glass support: These are listed in order of increasing
structural efficiency, but before
Limit deflections perpendicular
deciding on an appropriate strategy,
to the wall to L/175
movements and the ability of the
-or-
structure to support dead loads must
L/240+0.25” for spans greater than 13’-6”
be considered.
IBC cites 0.75” maximum for any single glass lite
Wind Load (continued)
The ideal splice location is typically
20% to 22% of span, occurring at the
“zero moment” point, where flexural
Ideal splice location is stresses reverse from compression to
20-22% of span tension at mullion flanges.
Only shear loads This can be important in locating interior stools,
need to be transferred interior finishes, shadow boxes, or spandrel areas.
The zero moment point will be the most economical
location for the splice.

Designers need to be aware of the

maximum deflections for both vertical
and horizontal frame members. The
typical unit is hung from the top,
therefore drywall and other interior
finishes only can be attached in a
manner allowing freedom of vertical
movement with the floor above, and
freedom of horizontal movement with
the upper unit mullion.
For tall “free span” atrium walls, be sure to check
additive deflections of glass, horizontal members
and vertical mullions.
Vertical Movements
Live load movements result from all
occupants, materials, equipment,
construction, or other elements of
weight supported in, on, or by
structural elements likely to move.
Live load movements can cause
upward or downward motion. For
example, a downward live load on a
floor below can result in
Aluminum curtainwall is a disengagement of improperly
dynamic assembly designed curtainwall anchors on a
floor above that remains static, while
resulting in a “crushing” action at the
floor below.
It is most helpful to quantify
movements separately in
specifications. List live load, column
foreshortening, thermal, drift, etc.
 Section Three

Anchorage

Recreation and Wellness Center – University of MN

 Dead Load Anchors
Curtainwall anchorage must be
designed for each individual project’s
conditions, due to almost unlimited
combinations of loads, tolerances,
movements, and substrates.
However, there are basic anchor
types and design principles that are
applicable to a wide range of
conditions.
Curtainwall anchor systems must
carry the dead load weight of the
curtainwall. This load is transferred
from horizontal framing members to
vertical mullions, then up or down to
anchor points, where it is transferred
to the building structure. Dead load
In some applications, the acts vertically.
curtainwall dead load weight is
transferred to the base of the Wind loads primarily act
wall, through vertical mullions. perpendicular to the plane of the
wall, both inward (positive) and
Dead load can also be picked up outward (negative).
at intermediate floor slabs.
 Standard Slab Anchors
In one standard anchorage method,
“double angle” mullion anchors
straddle both sides of the vertical
mullion, and are secured with a through-
bolt and pipe spacer.

The pipe spacer allows for vertical and

side-to-side building movement of
mullions, even when anchor bolts are
securely tightened.

The double angles are attached to the

face of the slab using insert weld plates,
channel-shaped embeds, or expansion
bolts drilled into the floor slab.

If embeds are used, it is recommended

that the curtainwall manufacturer supply
Three-way adjustment is critical. the embed layout drawings, to help
Can be bolted or welded in place avoid excess coordination time
and costly errors.
“Jack Bolt” Slab Anchors
One of the most economical ways to
anchor curtainwall is through the use
of three-way adjustable anchors.
These anchors allow for in-and-out,
up-and-down, as well as side-to-side
adjustment during installation, and
feature a “jack bolt” for fine vertical
adjustment.
The jack bolt stops the movement of a
“saddle plate” attached to the side of
the mullion, thus allowing the hoist to
unhook and pick another unit, while
the curtainwall unit is being dropped
into its final position.
This saves field labor by utilizing hoist
“travel time” for concurrent
Three-way adjustment is critical fine adjustments.
Minimize time “on the rig” by Jack bolt anchors can pre-set to the
allowing manual fine-tuning to top-of-slab or edge-of-slab.
level and plumb
 Anchor Design If planning to field-drill into floor slabs
Considerations or other concrete structural elements,
it is necessary to consider where rebar
or post-tensioning cables are to be
located. This requires close
coordination between architectural
and structural disciplines.
A building will move during the daily
temperature and use cycle. Care must
be taken in the design of the wall and
its anchorage to accommodate the full
range of movements.
The construction process is not one of
perfection. If the anchorage cannot
accommodate specified building
tolerances, time and money is lost.
In design, do not expect perfect visual
alignment. For example a ½” reveal
Consider substrate strength and that varies by ½” can be rather
normal construction tolerances objectionable, but a 1 ½” reveal
Allow for movements that varies by the same ½” is
more visually forgiving.
 Section Four

Energy Efficiency

Advocate Christ Hospital – Oak Lawn, IL

 Thermal Performance
There are three basic thermal
U-Factor performance parameters for wall
systems. Expectations for curtainwall
performance are listed on each of the
following slides.
Thermal Transmittance: A measure
of heat flow per unit time, area and
temperature difference. U-Factor is
expressed in inch-pound units as
BTU/hr.sqft.°F.
Don’t confuse center-of-glass (COG)
U-Values with overall system U-
Factors, which include edge-of-glass
(EOG) and framing effects.
U-Factor is used by the building
mechanical engineer for code For most cooling-mode-dominated
compliance, equipment sizing commercial buildings, U-Factor is a
and/or energy performance marginally impactful thermal
modeling. performance parameter.
Prescriptive maximums are given in
Model Energy Codes such as ASHRAE
90.1 and IECC.
Solar-Optical Performance
SHGC Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC):
A dimensionless ratio of the total
visible, infrared and ultraviolet energy
flowing through glazing, divided by
incident energy.
Overall system SHGC is always
less than COG SHGC.
SHGC is affected by the shading
“Projection Factor” (PF), which is vision
glass setback or overhang depth;
divided by height, or PF = d/h
SHGC = Solar Heat Gain For most cooling-mode-dominated
Coefficient commercial buildings, SHGC is the
Prescriptive maximums are most impactful thermal performance
given in Model Energy Codes parameter.
such as ASHRAE 90.1 and IECC. State-of-the-art, spectrally-selective,
low-e coatings can yield low SHGC
with relatively high Visible Light
Transmission (VT) for effective natural
daylighting.
 Thermal Performance
AAMA CRF

Condensation Resistance Factor

(CRF): A dimensionless ratio of surface
temperature to ambient temperature
difference.
CRF is useful in comparing design
options, but less useful in predicting
CRF = Condensation field condensation. Condensation is a
Resistance Factor local phenomenon, and average
surface temperatures are less
Determined through surface
important than local “cold points.”
temperature measurement in
guarded hot box testing Condensation resistance is especially
important in cold-climate, high-
humidity applications such as high-rise
residential buildings, hotels, hospitals,
computer rooms, museums,
laboratories, and kitchens.
 Thermal Performance
Finite Element Modeling Finite element thermal modeling
software is widely used to predict
U-Factor and SHGC of fenestration
systems of all types.
THERM modeling is also widely used
to predict interior surface
temperatures, for condensation
prediction in critical occupancies.
Interior ambient air relative humidity
and temperature yield an expected
dew point temperature for
comparison purposes.
AAMA 515-19 sets forth a
standardized voluntary procedure for
consistency in THERM modeling’s
Modeling with DoE-sponsored application to surface temperatures.
WINDOWS and THERM software is
the basis of NFRC energy labeling. AAMA 501.9-19 addresses surface
temperature assessment in full-size
Guarded hot box testing has been laboratory wall mockups.
used to validate modeled U-Factors.
 Solar-Optical Performance
Sun Control The use of aluminum sun shades is a
growing trend in architectural design
on buildings of all types. Architects
are exercising their creativity with sun
shades using louvers, blades, catwalk
grids, and solid panels to accomplish
aesthetic and daylight control goals.
In the most innovative designs, sun
shades are combined with interior
light shelves to control glare, while
maximizing daylight penetration.
Sun shades present some engineering
challenges in wind loading, snow
loading, ice accretion and discharge,
Exterior sun shades are used to as well as loads imparted by
block solar heat gain and maintenance operations.
increase Projection Factor (PF).
Close coordination of solar control
Interior light shelves are used to accessories with curtainwall
redirect visible light deeper into manufacture is critical to maintain
interior spaces color match, continuity of line, and
with southern exposure. structural integrity.
Shadow Box Spandrels Incorporating shadow boxes can lend
spandrel areas a degree of depth and
transparency. However, under certain
transient weather conditions, internal
condensation may form.
Recommendations for venting the
shadow box cavity to the exterior
vary with different applications
and locations. Check all materials and
finishes for maximum service
Carver Arena – Iowa City, IA temperature.

Be aware of heat build-up and The shadow box’s air cavity must be
internal condensation risks, and of sealed nearly air tight relative to
“Moire effect” with certain interior air in cold climates, since
silk-screened patterns condensation forms when moist
warm air comes into contact with
cold surfaces.
In all cases, the use of mineral wool
insulation is recommended because it
contains no organic materials, and is
resistant to the formation of
mold and mildew.
 Section Five

Other Performance
Parameters

Third and Harrison – Seattle, WA

Other Performance Parameters
Acoustics In addition to basic air, water,
structural, and thermal performance,
certain sites and occupancies require
other performance characteristics.
When adjacent to highways, rail
tracks, airports, or other noise sources,
acoustic design of curtainwall
systems can be vital.
A typical curtainwall glazed with 1”
insulating glass exhibits a Sound
Transmission Class (STC) of 30 to 34.
Anaheim Convention Center CA
Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class
(OITC) is more appropriate for exterior
Use laminated glass to increase
wall products. 1” insulating glass
acoustical damping, and avoid
exhibits an OITC of 25 to 26.
resonance at high frequency.
If fairly air-tight and providing rigid
Acoustic Transmission Loss (TL)
glass support, frame type and design
is expressed in decibels (dBs), a
have little impact on STC or OITC,
logarithmic measure of sound
which are governed by glass type and
pressure level difference.
air space.
 Other Performance Parameters
When curtainwall is exposed to the
Blast Hazard Mitigation extreme pressures created by an
explosion, all components of the
assembly work together. Modern blast-
hazard-mitigating designs are intended
to be flexible and absorb blast energy.
Threat assessment provides a starting
point; charge weight, standoff distance,
and level of protection.

The most-commonly cited blast Photos show inward-acting peak

protection standard is DoD’s Unified pressure and outward rebound, in an
Facilities Criteria UFC 4-010-01. open arena curtainwall test at 10 psi
peak pressure; 91 psi-msec impulse.
System performance can be
analytically determined, or tested in a Always contact an experienced
shock tube or open arena facility. manufacturer or blast consultant to
discuss design requirements.

Play open arena blast test video.

Play shock tube blast test video.

Other Performance Parameters
Seismic Design
Seismic drift is expressed as a ratio of
floor height (L/200), percentage of
floor height (0.5%) or absolute
magnitude (0.75 in.)
Adequate glass edge clearance must
be maintained. Racking, tipping, and
sliding all occur to varying degrees.
Elastic movement is usually 1% or less
in a relatively frequent seismic event,
“Story drift” is horizontal after which curtainwall must remain
displacement that can be induced weather-tight – This is an owner’s
by wind or seismic events. serviceability concern; and is not
code-mandated.
Test Methods:
AAMA 501.4 Inelastic movement is usually 2% or
AAMA 501.6 more in a major seismic event. Glass
must remain in place, and no
In California, seismic design of components may fall off, as code-
hospitals must be approved by the mandated for safety.
State OSHPD office, well in advance
of manufacture and construction.
Other Performance Parameters
Seismic Design (continued)

The most important seismic design

criterion:

Make sure curtainwall and

surrounding materials move at the
same locations, or if not, that
differential movements are
considered in the design of the wall.

Menlo Gateway Phase II – Menlo Park <CA

Also, remember that significant
inertial forces can be imparted by
seismic movements.
Early coordination between all
exterior wall components and
subcontractors is key to effective
seismic movement
accommodation.
 Section Six

Sustainable Design

Menlo Gateway Phase I – Menlo Park, CA

 Sustainable Design
Environmentally-responsible,
sustainable building design and
operation is a top-of-mind issue for
anyone in architecture, construction,
or real estate.

Buildings represent about 1/3 of the

energy consumption in the U.S., along
with the corresponding amount of
greenhouse gas emissions.

Since its inception in 2000, the

voluntary, consensus-based U.S.
Green Building Council LEED®
(Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) Rating
Bren School of Environmental Sciences System™ has emerged as the leading
University of California at Santa Barbara sustainable building “scorecard.”
LEED® Platinum
 The LEED® Scorecard
There are both environmental and
financial benefits to earning LEED
certification. These include:
Lowering operating cost and
increasing asset value
Reducing waste sent to landfills
Conserving energy and water
Increasing health and safety
1001 17th Street – Denver, CO for occupants
Reducing harmful greenhouse
gas emissions
The USGBC LEED® system rates and
certifies buildings, not building Qualifying for tax rebates, zoning
products such as curtainwall. allowances and other incentives in
hundreds of cities through energy
Many of the total credits available are benchmarking
affected directly by window and
Demonstrating an owner’s
curtainwall selection and design.
commitment to environmental
stewardship and social responsibility
 The LEED® Scorecard
(continued)

Combined with spectrally-selective

high-performance low-e glass, the
“right” curtainwall for the building
type and climate zone is a significant
opportunity to impact any
building’s LEED® rating.
Design for natural daylight harvest is
the ultimate “integrated design”
activity, as many fenestration
parameters affect lighting, HVAC,
occupant comfort and
Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
programmatic outcomes.
Prescriptive building envelope Involve the entire design team early,
requirements are based on ASHRAE 90.1 and keep coordinating as the design
compliance for U-Factor and SHGC. evolves. The use of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) can
Employ natural daylighting with artificial facilitate this cooperation.
lighting controls to maximize benefits,
as verified through whole-building
energy modeling.
 The LEED® Scorecard
(continued)
Aluminum is the ultimate recycled
material. The Aluminum Association
reports that:
• Annual U.S. aluminum can consumption is
100 billion units, the equivalent of one per day
for each citizen
• It requires only 5% of the energy to recycle
aluminum as it does to smelt new aluminum
• Because of recycling, more than 2/3 of the
aluminum ever smelted is still in use
Materials and Resources (MR) • Upon demolition, 90% of the aluminum in
buildings is recycled
• One case of un-recycled aluminum cans
For products, recycled content is wastes the energy in a gallon of gas
• On average, aluminum cans are back in use
calculated based on weight of 60 days after recycling
constituent materials. Glass represents • The aluminum industry has cut carbon
about 70% of the weight of a typical emissions by 53% in the last 15 years
curtainwall assembly. Most curtainwall manufacturers can
For contribution to a building’s LEED® provide frame extrusions fabricated
points, recycled content is from secondary billet, containing
proportioned by value, as defined by more than 40% LEED “combined”
the general contractor’s recycled content.
Schedule of Values.
The LEED® Scorecard The joint industry “Window Product
(continued)
Category Rule (PCR)” ensures a level
playing field for manufacturer-specific
and industry-wide curtainwall EPDs.
Generic environmental profiles are
available from www.quartzproject.org
for anodized and PVDF-coated
aluminum curtainwall extrusions,
EPDM curtainwall seal gaskets, and
laminated glass.
ARTIC – Anaheim, CA EPDs for insulating glass units may be
available from the glass fabricator.
Materials and Resources (MR)
Product transparency reports
disclosing potential material hazards
Building Product Disclosure and may be self-declared using the Pharos
Optimization: online database (a project of the
Healthy Building Network), or third-
Environmental Product
party certified through Health
Declarations (EPDs)
Products Collaborative™ HPDs,
Sourcing of Raw Material International Living Futures Institute
Declare™ labels , or Cradle-to-Cradle™
Material Ingredients
certification, among others.
 The LEED® Scorecard Operable windows can be part of an
(continued)
effective, natural ventilation strategy,
when incorporated per the Carbon
Trust “Good Practice Guide 237”[1998]
and ASHRAE 62.1-2004.
To achieve both Daylight and Views
points, the design must provide
daylight and a view to the outdoors for
90% of the regularly occupied spaces.
Ultra-clear glass is not required.
Credits for low-emitting materials,
including paints and coatings,
specifically exempts factory baked-on
finishes used on curtainwall framing.
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Eco-friendly anodizing, powder
painting and VOC-capture incineration
Ventilation, Comfort and Control spray painting are all environmentally-
responsible processes.
Daylight and Views All primers, structural glazing
adhesives, and metal-to-metal sealants
Low-Emitting Materials recommended for use on-site must
meet VOC limits.
 Section Seven

Summary

Anschutz Hospital – Denver, CO

 A Final Word… Product selection and design criteria
almost always include:
Code Compliance
Structural Integrity
Weather-ability
Energy Efficiency
Condensation Resistance
Building Movements
Ventilation and Cleaning Access
Sustainable Design
Durability
Ease of installation
Cost
Aesthetics
…and on some projects, also:
Balanced Design Emergency Egress
Hurricane Impact
Curtainwall selection and design Blast Hazard Mitigation
should be based on all applicable Noise Control
criteria, not on any specific single- Seismic Movements
number rating system. Smoke Evacuation
Consider all that apply to your project.
 CURTAINWALL
Products, Performance and Practicality

Learning Objectives
1. Recognize and differentiate different types of aluminum curtainwall.
2. Understand design parameters for curtainwall anchorage to the building, to ensure
ease of installation, movement accommodation, and structural integrity.
3. Optimize energy efficiency and thermal performance of curtainwall.
4. Mitigate blast hazards through curtainwall design.
5. Design for seismic movements and induced inertial loads.
6. Understand LEED® impacts of curtainwall selection and design.
 For buildings using curtainwall systems as design elements, it is
important to consult with an experienced manufacturer early in
the process. Teamed with a reputable, local glazing subcontractor,
manufacturers can provide design input, budget pricing,
sequencing, and schedule information that may prove
valuable to the design team.

From cost-competitive architectural windows to custom-

engineered high-performance curtainwall, new construction to
historically accurate renovation, sustainable designs to resilient
protection – We help you achieve your design visions and
construction goals, on time and within budget with support from
our experienced technical team and a warranty of up to 10 years.

Learn more at http://www.wausauwindow.com or call toll-free 877-678-

2983.
 Course Evaluations
In order to maintain high-quality learning experiences,
please access the evaluation for this course by logging
into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course
Evaluation link on the left side of the page.
 Click here to take Test

Apollo Riverpoint – Phoenix, AZ