M 178M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

Standard Specification for

Concrete Drain Tile (Metric)

AASHTO DESIGNATION: M 178M-931

(ASTM DESIGNATION: C 412M-90)

1. SCOPE1 4. CLASSIFICATION 5.2 The purchaser shall specify in writing

the class or classes of concrete tile to be
supplied, whether Standard-Quality,
1.1 This specification covers concrete 4.1 Drain tile manufactured according to Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty Extra-
drain tile with internal diameters from this specification shall be of the Quality, or Special-Quality. Unless
100 to 900 mm, that are intended to be following four classes: Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty Extra-
used for surface and subsurface drainage. 4.1.1 Standard Quality Concrete Drain Quality, or Special-Quality concrete
1.2 This specification is the metric Tile, intended for land drainage of drain tile have been specified, Standard-
counterpart of AASHTO M 178. ordinary soils where the tile are laid in Quality drain tile shall be accepted.
trenches of moderate depths and widths.
NOTE 1-This specification is a manufacturing
and purchase specification only and does not Standard-Quality concrete drain tile are
not recommended for use where internal 6. MATERIALS
include requirements for bedding, backfill, or
the relationship between field load condition diameters in excess of 300 mm are
and the strength classification of drain tile. required. 6.1 Concrete-The concrete shall consist
However, experience has shown that the 4.1.2 Extra-Quality Concrete Drain of cementitious materials, mineral
successful performance of the product depends
upon the proper selection of the class of drain
Tile, intended for land drainage of aggregates, and water.
tile, type of bedding and backfill, and care that ordinary soils where the tile are laid in 6.2 Cementitious Materials:
the installation conforms to the construction trenches of considerable depths or
widths, or both. 6.2.1 Cement-Cement for concrete
specifications. The purchaser of the reinforced
concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that
drain tile shall conform to the
4.1.3 Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality- requirements for portland cement of
the field requirements must be correlated with
Concrete Drain Tile, intended for land AASHTO M 85 or shall be portland
the class of pipe specified and provide
inspection at the construction site. drainage of ordinary soils where the tile blast-furnace slag cement or portland-
are laid in trenches of large depths or pozzolan cement conforming to the
widths, or both. requirements of AASHTO M 240, except
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 4.1.4 Special-Quality Concrete Drain that the pozzolan constituent in the Type
Tile, intended for land drainage where IP porland pozzolan cement shall be fly
2.1 AASHTO Standards: special precautions are necessary for ash and shall not exceed 25 percent by
concrete tile laid in soils that are weight.
M6 Fine Aggregate for Portland
markedly acid or contain unusual 6.2.2 Fly Ash-Fly ash shall conform to
Cement Concrete
quantities of sulfates (see Section 7), and the requirements of AASHTO M 295,
M 80 Coarse Aggregate for where the tile are laid in trenches of Class F or Class C.
Portland Cement Concrete considerable depths or widths, or both.
6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of
M 85 Portland Cement 4.1.4.1 Where the calculated loads are in Cementitious Materials-The combination
M 240 Blended Hydraulic Cements excess of the crushing strengths of cementitious materials used in the
M 262 Terms Relating to Concrete prescribed in the physical requirements concrete shall be one of the following:
Pipe and Related Products for extra-quality and special-quality
concrete drain tile, tile strengths must be 6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
M 295 Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined specified in advance by the purchaser. 6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag
Natural Pozzolan for Use as a cement only,
Mineral Admixture in
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,
Portland Cement Concrete 5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE
or
T 280 Testing Concrete Pipe,
6.2.3.4 A combination of portland
Sections, or Tile 5.1 The acceptability of drain tile shall be cement and fly ash wherein the
determined by (1) the results of the proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25
3. TERMINOLOGY physical tests as specified in Section 8 percent by weight of total cementitious
and in AASHTO T 280, (2) material (portland cement plus fly ash).
measurements and inspection to ascertain
3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms whether the tile conform to the 6.3 Aggregates-Aggregates shall
relating to concrete pipe, see AASHTO requirements regarding dimensions, conform to AASHTO M 6 and M 80,
M 262. shape, and freedom from visible defects, except that the requirement for gradation
and (3) the manufacturer's certification in shall not apply.
writing that the tile have been made in 6.4 Admixtures and Blends-Admixtures
accordance with any special provisions, and blends may be used with the
such as strength, absorption, approval of the purchaser.
1
permeability, type of cement, admixture,
Agrees with ASTM C 112M-90, except for limiting
absorption leasing to the 5-hour boil method. curing conditions, etc.

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7. CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS individual tile of each size ranging from 8.4.4 For Special-Quality concrete
100 mm through 300 mm diameters; two drain tile the boiling absorption test shall
individual tiles of each size ranging from meet the requirements given in Table 4.
7.1 Acid and Sulfate Resistance: 350 mm through 600 mm diameters; or 8.4.5 Specimens for the boiling
7.1.1 The purchaser may specify on one tile of each size exceeding 600 absorption tests shall be selected in
special requirements in order to increase mm in diameter. The manufacturer, or accordance with the following
the durability of the drain tile in cases other seller, shall furnish tile without provisions:
where the soils, soil waters, or drainage separate charge up to 0.5 percent of each
waters are markedly acid (Section size. The purchaser shall pay for all the 8.4.5.1 For the tile with inside diameters
7.1.1.1) or contain moderate or severe tile in excess of 0.5 percent at the same of 300 mm or less, and lengths of 300
quantities of soil sulfates (Section price as paid for other tile of the same mm, the absorption test shall be made on
7.1.1.2). Without a specific agreement in size and quality. one full-length quarter segment taken
advance, no drain tile shall be rejected by from each of the five tile broken in the
8.3 External Load Crushing Strength strength test, constituting a standard
reason of its composition as determined Test Requirements:
later by chemical analyses. sample as defined in Section 8.2. By
8.3.1 For Standard-Quality concrete quarter segment is meant one of the four
7.1.1.1 Soils or drainage waters with a drain tile, the three-edge-bearing pieces into which a tile usually breaks in
pH of 6.0 or lower shall be considered to crushing strength shall meet the the strength test. If a tile breaks in such a
be markedly acid. requirements given in Table 1, Column manner that a satisfactory quarter
7.1.1.2 Where the sulfates are chiefly A, where no absorption test is required, segment cannot be obtained, then the
sodium or magnesium, singly or in or the threeedge-bearing crushing absorption test shall be made of two or
combination, from 400 to 2000 ppm in strength shall more pieces that approximate the area of
the soil or drainage water samples may meet the requirements given in Table 1, a quarter tile of that size selected so that
be considered to constitute moderate Column B, where an absorption test is both ends and the center portion of the
sulfate quantities, while in excess of 2000 required of the limits noted in Table 1. tile are represented. The average
ppm shall be considered to be severe absorption of the pieces so selected shall
sulfate quantities. 8.3.2 For Extra-Quality concrete drain be considered the absorption for that tile.
tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing
7.1.2 Concrete drain tile that will be strength shall meet the requirements 8.4.5.2 For nonreinforced tile with inside
installed in markedly acid soils shall given in Table 2, Column A, where no diameters or lengths in excess of 300
meet the physical requirements given in absorption test is required, or the mm, the absorption test shall be made on
the table for Special-Quality concrete threeedge-bearing crushing strength shall three specimens; one of the specimens
drain tile. meet the requirements given in Table 2, shall be taken from one end of the tile,
Column B, where an absorption test is another specimen from the opposite end,
7.1.3 Tile that will be exposed to
required of the limits noted in Table 2. and the third specimen from near the
moderate or severe sulfate quantities
center. The average absorption of the
(Section 7.1.1.2) may be specified to 8.3.3 For Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality three specimens shall be considered the
meet the physical requirements for concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing absorption for that tile.
Special-Quality concrete drain tile crushing strength shall meet the
(Section 8.3.4). Tile that will be exposed requirements given in Table 3. 8.4.5.3 For reinforced tile the absorption
to moderate sulfate quantities (Section test shall be made on one specimen taken
8.3.4 For Special-Quality concrete from each test tile.
7.1.1.2) may be specified to be made with drain tile, the three-edge-bearing
Portland Cement (AASHTO M 85) crushing strength shall meet the 8.4.5.4 The specimens shall be the full
containing not more than 8 percent requirements given in Table 4, or the thickness of the tile, as broken or cut
tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Tile that will higher specified load. from segments that result from the
be exposed to severe sulfate quantities strength test. Each specimen shall have a
(Section 7.1.1.2) may be specified to be NOTE 2-To meet the crushing strength minimum area of not less than 0.016 m2
made with Portland Cement (AASHTO requirements shown in the tables, the tile may as measured on one wall surface.
M 85) containing not more than 5 percent be supplied using designs with increased wall
thickness, high-strength concrete, or 8.4.5.5 The average absorption for
C3A. If mutually agreed by the Standard-Quality, Extra-Quality, and
reinforcing, or a combination.
manufacturer and purchaser, other Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality tile shall be
cements, as described in Section 6, that 8.4 Absorption Tests: the average of the absorption tests for the
have been proven to be adequately sulfate 8.4.1 For Standard-Quality concrete standard sample as defined in Section 8.2
resistant may be used. drain tile, the boiling absorption test shall or the average of the absorption tests for
meet the requirements given in Table 1. the strongest and the weakest tile as
8. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS No absorption tests are required if the measured by the crushing strength of the
strength requirements of Table 1, column standard sample. When drain tile fail to
A. are met. meet the absorption test requirement as
8.1 Test Specimens-The drain tile to be computed by averaging the absorptions
8.4.2 For Extra-Quality concrete drain
tested shall be selected at random by the from the weakest and the strongest tile of
tile, the boiling absorption test shall meet
purchaser or his representative at the a standard sample, then the average
the requirements given in Table 2 No
point or points specified in the order. If absorption test shall be computed by
absorption tests are required if the
agreeable to the purchaser, the tile may averaging the absorption tests from all
strength requirements of Table 2, Column
be inspected and tested in advance of the tile from the standard sample. The
A, are met.
shipment. Any additional expense for average absorption for the Special-
making tests and inspection in advance of 8.4.3 For Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality
Quality tile shall be the average of the
shipment shall be paid by the concrete drain tile, the boiling absorption
absorption tests for the tile constituting
manufacturer or other seller. test shall meet the requirements given in
the standard sample.
Table 3.
8.2 Standard Sample-Each standard
physical test shall be made on five
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M 178M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

TABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tile

Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tile
Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthA Absorption
Internal Designated Maximum Wall
Minimum Average, Minimum Average, Minimum for
Diameter, mm Thickness for Indicated Maximum Average, Maximum for
kN/linear m kN/linear m Individual Tile,
Strength,B mm Percent Individual Tile, Percent
A B kN/linear m
100 - - 11.5 10.0 10 11
125 14 13.0 11.5 10.0 10 11
125 16 14.5 11.5 10.0 10 11
150 16 13.0 11.5 10.0 10 11
150 19 14.5 11.5 10.0 10 11
200 19 13.0 11.5 10.0 10 11
200 22 14.5 11.5 10.0 10 11
250 22 13.0 11.5 10.0 10 11
250 25 14.5 11.5 10.0 10 11
300 25 13.0 11.5 10.0 10 11
300c 29 14.5 11.5 10.0 10 11
A
Drain tile meeting the above strength requirements are not necessarily safe against cracking in deep and wide trenches.
B
Maximum wall thickness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength. Column A, when no absorption test is required.
C
Tile with diameters greater than 300 mm shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2 for Extra-Quality. Table 3 for Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality, or Table 4 for
Special-Quality concrete drain tile.

TABLE 2 Physical Test Requirements for Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile

Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile
Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthA Absorption
Internal Designated
Wall Maximum Wall Minimum Average, Minimum Average Minimum for Maximum for
Diameter, mm Maximum Average,
Thickness, mm Thickness for Indicated kN/linear ft kN/linear mm Individual Tile, Individual Tile,
Percent
Strength,B in. A B kN/linear ft Percent
100 13 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
125 14 14 17.5 16.0 14.5 9 10
125 14 16 19.0 16.0 14.5 9 10
150 16 16 17.5 16.0 14.5 9 10
150 16 19 19.0 16.0 14.5 9 10
200 19 19 17.5 16.0 14.5 9 10
200 19 22 19.0 16.0 14.5 9 10
250 22 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
300 25 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
350 29 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
375 32 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
400 35 - - 16.0 14.5 9 10
450 38 - - 17.5 16.0 9 10
500 41 - - 19.5 17.5 9 10
550 44 - - 21.5 19.0 9 10
600 50 - - 23.5 21.0 9 10
650 54 - - 25.0 23.0 9 10
700 60 - - 27.5 24.5 9 10
750 63 - - 29.0 26.5 9 10
800 66 - - 31.0 28.0 9 10
850 72 - - 33.0 30.0 9 10
900 75 - - 35.0 31.5 9 10
A
For crushing strengths greater than or equal to those shown in the above table, tile may be supplied using designs with increased wall thickness, higher strength concrete,
or reinforcing.
B
Maximum wall thickness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength. Column A, when no absorption test is required.

TABLE 3 Physical Test Requirements for Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile
Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile
Internal Designated Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthA Absorption
Diameter, mm Wall Thickness mm Minimum Average,B Minimum for Individual Maximum Average. Maximum for Individual
kN/linear m Tile, kN/linear m Percent Tile, Percent
100 13 19.0 17.0 9' 10
125 14 19.0 17.0 9 10
150 16 19.0 17.0 9 10
200 19 19.0 17.0 9 10
250 22 20.5 18.0 9 10
300 25 22.0 19.5 9 10
350 29 25.5 23.0 9 10
375 32 27.5 24.5 9 10
400 35 29.0 26.5 9 10
450 38 33.0 29.5 9 10
500 41 36.5 33.0 9 10
550 44 40.0 36.0 9 10
600 50 44.0 39.5 9 10
650 54 47.5 43.0 9 10
700 60 51.0 46.0 9 10
750 63 54.5 49.5 9 10
800 66 58.5 52.5 9 10
850 72 62.0 55.5 9 10
900 75 65.5 59.0 9 10
A
For crushing strengths greater than or equal to those shown in the above table, tile may be supplied using designs with increased wall thickness, higher strength concrete
or reinforcing.
B
Calculated average crushing strengths, for tile sizes above 250-mm diameter, are based on a minimum ultimate three-edge-bearing load of 22.0 D, where D is the interna.
diameter of the tile in units of 300 mm.

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TABLE 4 Physical Test Requirements for Special-Quality Concrete Drain Tile

Special-Quality Concrete Drain Tile (for tile exposed to corrosive waters)
Internal Designated Minimum Individual Three- Absorption
Minimum Wall
Diameter, mm Edge-Bearing Crushing Maximum Average, Maximum for
Thickness, mm Sulfate Exposures
Strength,A kN/linear m Percent Individual Tile. Percent
For sulfate exposures, sulfate-resistant cement
100 13 16.0 8 9 should be specified (see Section 7).
125 14 16.0 8 9
150 16 16.0 8 9
200 19. 16.0 8 9
250 22 16.0 8 9
300 25 16.0 8 9
350 29 16.0 8 9
375 32 16.0 8 9
400 35 16.0 8 9
450 38 17.5 8 9
500 41 19.5 8 9
550 44 21.5 8 9
600 50 23.5 8 9
650 54 25.0 8 9
700 60 27.5 8 9
750 63 29.0 8 9
800 66 31.0 8 9
850 72 33.0 8 9
900 75 35.0 8 9
A
For crushing strengths greater than or equal to those shown in the above table, the tile may be supplied using designs with increased wall thickness, higher strengtt
concrete, or reinforcing.

TABLE 5 Permissible Variation in Internal 9.2 Wall Thickness: 9.4 Shape-All drain tile shall be circular
Diameter
9.2.1 No wall thickness is specified for in cross section, except when otherwise
Permissible Variation in Internal Standard-Quality concrete drain tile specified in advance. They shall be
Designated
Diameter of Tile, Diameter of Tile
where the crushing strength and the approximately straight, except in the case
mm Minimum, mm Maximum, mm absorption tests are used to determine the of special connections. The ends of tile
100 95 110 tile quality. When only the crushing shall be so regular and smooth as to
125 120 135
strength is used to determine readily permit the making of satisfactory
150 140 160 close joints and shall be so formed that
200 190 210 StandardQuality tile then the wall
250 240 260 thickness for Standard-Quality tile shall when the tile are laid together the
300 290 310 be as indicated in Table 1. The wall effective space at the joints will be
350 340 360 satisfactory for good drainage.
375 360 390 thickness of Extra-Quality and Heavy-
400 385 415 Duty ExtraQuality concrete drain tile at
450 435 465 any point shall not be less than the full
500 480 520 10. INSPECTION
550 530 570
thickness specified in Tables 2 or 3 by
600 580 620 more than 2 mm for the tile having inside
650 625 675 diameters of 100, 125, and 150 mm; 2 10.1 All drain tile shall be given a
700 675 725 mm for tile having inside diameters of thorough inspection at the agreed
750 725 775
800 775 825 200 to 250 mm; 3 mm for tile having delivery point by an inspector approved
850 825 875 inside diameters of 300 to 600 mm; and 4 by the purchaser, unless a satisfactory
900 875 925 mm for tile having inside diameters of inspection has been made in advance of
8.5 Retests: 650 to 900 mm. The minimum thickness delivery as specified in Section 8.1. The
of SpecialQuality drain tile walls at any purpose of the inspection shall be to
8.5.1 Should the tile first selected fail
point shall be not less than shown in determine whether the tile, independently
to conform to the test requirements, the
Table 4. of meeting the physical test requirements,
seller may, at his expense, cull the tile
9.2.2 The tile wall thickness shall be conform to the specifications as regards
and have other tile selected for retest
recorded as the average of 12-wall shapes and sizes as prescribed in Section
from the remaining stock. For such
thickness measurements as made at the 9 and to eliminate defective tile as
retests, the number of tile shall be twice
top, center, and bottom locations on each defined in Section 11. The manufacturer,
the number of tile used for each standard
of the four quarter tile segments that or other seller, of the drain tile shall
physical test. In the event of failure of the
usually result w ien a tile is tested for afford the inspector all reasonable
tile after retest, reject the tile without
crushing strength. If a tile breaks in such facilities for his work-both as to the
further test. The manufacturer, or other
a manner that a satisfactory quarter selection of tile for tests and as to
seller, shall pay all cost for any retest
segment is not obtained, then the 12-wall inspection of the tile. Inspection shall be
demanded and made.
thickness measurements shall be made on completed and reported promptly and full
8.6 Apparatus-All apparatus used shall reports of all tests and inspection shall be
be in accordance with that described in the broken pieces that best represent the
top, center, and bottom on the four furnished the manufacturer or other seller
AASHTO T 280. upon his request.
circumferential location of the tile.
8.7 Test Methods-The test methods shall
be as described in AASHTO T 280. 9.3 Length of Tile-The length of drain
tile smaller than 300 mm in diameter 11. REJECTION
shall be not less than 300 mm. Tile of
9. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 300 to 900 mm in diameter, inclusive,
11.1 The inspector shall plainly
shall have lengths not less than the
designate all drain tile that he rejects, and
diameters. The underrun of individual tile
9.1 Internal Diameter-Permissible such rejected tile shall be removed
shall not exceed 3 percent of the length.
variations utilizing SI units are as promptly by the manufacturer, or other
prescribed in Table 5.
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M 178M SPECIFICATIONS FOR MATERIALS

seller, from any job to which the tile have hammer, or that are observed to have discarded. Outside surface irregularities
been delivered. cracks that extend through the tile wall that do not affect the tile strength shall
11.2 Drain tile that, when placed in a and are of a length in excess of 13 mm, not be considered reason for rejection of
vertical position, do not give a metallic or other defects in the form or the tile.
ring when struck with a light metal dimensions in excess of the limits
permitted in this specification, shall be

184