Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2019; 7(4): 173-178

ISSN (E): 2320-3862

ISSN (P): 2394-0530 Jujube, a super-fruit in traditional Chinese
NAAS Rating: 3.53
JMPS 2019; 7(4): 173-178
© 2019 JMPS
medicine, heading for modern
Received: 04-05-2019
Accepted: 08-06-2019
pharmacological science
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
(a) Biotechnology Research Institute, Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, Mehdi Khoshkharam, Peiman Zandi,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Wenli Sun and Qi Cheng
(b) Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi
Institute, Building C4, No. 555
Chuangye Road, Jiaxing 314000,
Abstract
Zhejiang, China Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujube Mill.) and Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) are largely use in
(c) Department of Agronomy and traditional Asian medicine because of high nutritional composition. Its fruit is an edible oval drupe 1.5-3
Plant Breeding, Faculty of cm long, varying from round to elongate and from cherry-size to plum-size depending on cultivar. The
Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, immature fruit is green in color and the fully mature fruit is entirely red. Under dry conditions, jujubes
Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch,
Isfahan, Iran lose moisture, shrivel and become spongy inside. Jujube trees have stronger adaption to various biotic
and abiotic stresses, especially salinity and drought. Chinese jujube is grown in temperate regions while
Mehdi Khoshkharam Indian jujube is cultivated in hot arid regions of India. Jujube is cultivated from ancient time in China and
Department of Agronomy and Plant reported that cultivated for last 5000 years. Chinese jujube is found in subtropics of Asia and largely in
Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture,
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan
China. The jujube leaf, which is the main byproduct of jujube, has also been used in TCM for thousands
(Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran of year to improve sleep, to nourish the heart and soothe the nerves, and to reduce hemorrhaging and
diarrhea. Jujube contains 23 types of amino acids that are not found in most other kinds of fruits, and it
Peiman Zandi has numerous health beneficial so it has famous as traditional and functional Chinese food. The major
Institute of Environment and
Sustainability, Development in
minerals in jujube is phosphorus, potassium, calcium and manganese. Also, there are also high amounts
Agriculture, Chinese Academy of of sodium, zinc, copper and iron. It has also contains vitamin C, riboflavin and thiamine. Jujube usage in
Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, combination with other medicinal herbs and fruits have been used safely and effectively in traditional
China Chinese medicine for many years for various indications. What is necessary is more and better education
on traditional Chinese medicine, fruits and herbs by experts and researchers as well as reasonable
Wenli Sun
(a) Biotechnology Research Institute, regulation by responsible government agencies. The development of a jujube industry will be beneficial
Chinese Academy of Agricultural in managing salinity and drought which are main challenges facing sustainability of production of this
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China ancient Chinese fruit in the world. Jujube has numerous important pharmacological activities and it can
(b) Nitrogen Fixation be considered as a valuable source of nutraceuticals.
Laboratory, Qi Institute,
Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye Road,
Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China Keywords: Jujube, pharmacological science, traditional Asian medicine, super-fruit

Qi Cheng
(a) Biotechnology Research Institute,
Introduction
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Jujube occurrence
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China In order for Chinese medicine, and in particular, Traditional Chinese medicine to become more
(b) Nitrogen Fixation
Laboratory, Qi Institute, integrated into medical practice in the world, there is a need to bridge the many conceptual and
Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye Road, practical differences between western medicine and Chinese medicine [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China The Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) which originates from China with a history of over
4000 years is recognized as the most important fruit species belongings to the Rhamnaceae
family (60) [12]. It was first described scientifically by Carlous Linnaeus as Rhamnus zizyphus,
in Species Plantarum in 1753. Later in 1768, Philip Miller concluded it was sufficiently
distinct from Rhamnus to merit separation into a new genus, in which he named it Ziziphus
jujube, using Linnaeus species name for the genus but with a probably accidental single letter
spelling difference, i for y; for the species name he used a different name, as tautonyms
(Repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical
Correspondence naming. However, because of Miller’s slightly different spelling, the combination correctly
Qi Cheng using the earliest species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, Ziziphus zizyphus, is not a
(a) Biotechnology Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name; this combination was made by
Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Hermann Karsten in 1882 [13]. Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and Indian jujube
(b) Nitrogen Fixation
Laboratory, Qi Institute,
(Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) are largely use in traditional Asian medicine as super fruit. Indian
Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye Road, jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) is known as ber, desert apple or Indian plum, and it also
Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China belongs to family Rhamnaceae; it is a tropical/subtropical fruit native to the northern
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

hemisphere [14]. Li et al. [15] discovered that the Chinese jujube cultivars. Its pulp is eaten mostly fresh, but may be dried or
(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) originates from sour jujube (Ziziphus processed into confectionary recipes in bread, cakes,
acidojujuba Mill.) and is an economically important genus in compotes, and candy [16].
the Rhamnaceae family. They also concluded that most jujube Description of flower, fruit and trunk, branches, culture and
cultivars have a certain correlation with their origin, and there other characteristics of jujube is shown in Table 1. World
are obvious gene exchanges between sour jujube and jujube distribution of Chinese jujube is shown in Table 2.

Table 1: Description of flower, fruit and trunk, branches, culture and other characteristics of jujube.
Height 457 to 1070 cm
Spread 305 to 915 cm
Crown uniformity Irregular outline or silhouette
Crown shape Oval, round
Crown density Open
Growth rate Medium
Texture Fine
Foliage
Leaf arrangement Alternate
Leaf type Simple
Leaf margin Crenate, serrulate
Leaf shape Lanceloate, ovate
Leaf venation Bowed
Leaf type and persistence Deciduous
Leaf blade length 5 to 10.5 cm, less than 5.5 cm
Leaf color Green
Fall color Yellow
Fall characteristic Showy
Flower
Flower color Yellow
Flower characteristics Inconspicuous and not showy; spring flower
Fruit
Fruit shape Oval, Round
Fruit length 2.5 to 12.5 cm
Fruit covering Fleshy
Fruit color Black, red
Fruit Characteristics It attracts squirrels and other mammals; fruit, twigs, or foliar cause significant litter, showy
Trunk and Branches
Grow mostly upright and will not droop, not particularly showy, should be grown with a single
Trunk/bark/branches
leader, thorns are present on the trunk or branches
Breakage Resistant
Current year twig color Brown
Current year twig thickness Medium
Culture
Light requirement Tree grows in part shade/part sun; and also grows in full sun
Soil tolerances Clay, loam, sand, slightly alkaline, acidic, well-drained
Drought tolerance High
Other characteristics
Roots Surface roots are usually not a problem

Table 2: World distribution of Chinese jujube.

Region Country
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, bengla, Burma, China, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kyrguzstan,
Asia
Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Palestine, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Czech, Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain,
Europe
Ukraine, Yugoslavia
Africa Egypt, Tanzania, Tunisia
North America Canada, USA
Oceania Australia, New Zealand

Jujube nutritional composition and chemical constituents their experiment, total phenols, minerals and vitamins were
Kader et al. [17] stated that relative to most other fresh fruits, also determined for fruits of Jinsixiaozao, Yazao, Jianzao,
Chinese jujubes are lower in water content and titratable Junzao, Sanbianhong cultivars. Significant variations were
acidity, and higher in total sugars (Mostly reducing sugars) recorded for moisture (17.38-22.52%), carbohydrate (80.86-
and phenolics. Chinese jujubes are very rich in ascorbic acid 85.63%), proteins (4.75%-6.86%), lipids (0.37-1.02%),
(Vitamin C) content which increased with maturation to 559 soluble (0.57-2.79%), and insoluble (5.24-7.18%) fibers,
mg/100 g fresh weight. Fruits held at 0o for 26 days exhibited reducing sugar (57.61-77.93%) and ash (2.26-3.01%).
sheet pitting due to chilling injury. Li et al. [18] provided the Glucose and fructose were identified as major soluble sugar in
proximate composition of five cultivars of Chinese jujube. In all the five cultivars, while rhamnose, sorbitol and sucrose
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

contribute in lesser amount. They have also found that Traditional medicinal uses and potential health benefits of
vitamin C content is very high in Chinese jujube. Yan et al. jujube in modern medicine industry
[19]
found that five essential elements and two toxic elements The jujube leaf, which is the main byproduct of jujube, has
(Except cadmium) varied widely in their contents in the four also been used in TCM for thousands of year to improve
jujube fruits. They announced that knowledge of the contents sleep, to nourish the heart and soothe the nerves, and to
of these elements would provide consumers with information reduce hemorrhaging and diarrhea [26]. On the basis of Iranian
on the quality of jujube fruits. Chen et al. [20] reported the traditional medicine, local traditional healers [27] used powders
Junzao cultivar contained relatively low level on the total of stem bark and leaves of jujube to cure wounds and oral
dietary fiber, protein, total sugar, and total titratable acids. wounds as aphthous. Hamedi et al. [27] also discovered that
The Huizao cultivar possessed the mediate level of the sugar- fruits are widely used in Iranian folk medicine as antitussive,
to-acid ration and ascorbic acid. The Dazao cultivar showed laxative agent and blood pressure reducer. Jujube has also
high level of the total dietary fiber, protein, sugar, and total been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for many
acids. In their experiment, principal components analysis years with its various and numerous health benefits such as
indicated that the parameters that differentiated these jujube anti-inflammatory [28], anti-cancer [29], gastrointertinal
cultivars appeared to be the total dietary fiber, protein, total protective, anti-oxidant, anti-insomnia, and neuroprotective
[30]
sugar, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and total titratable acids. . Mill Goetz [31] reported that the fruits and seeds of Jujuba
Rahman et al. [21] noted that Chinese jujubes consist of 51.99- are used in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine, where
71.75% edible part, 82.35-89.63% carbohydrates, 4.43-6.01% they are believed to alleviate stress. In Persian traditional
protein, 0.48-0.63% lipid, 2.80-4.80% polysaccharide, 45.64- medicine, it is used in combination with other herbal
88.97 mg/100 g ascorbic acid, 132.16-196.58 mg/100 g medicines to treat colds, flu and coughing. Jujube fruit
phenolics and 101.17-132.04 mg/100 g flavonoids in dry contains flavonoids, vitamins, amino acids, organic acids,
matter. Ertop and Atasoy [22] found that the jujube fruit is rich polysaccharides, and microelement, which found useful in
in mineral content, fiber and a good source of food for direct spleen diseases and nourishment of blood in Chinese system
consumption and maybe a good additive for different foods of medicine [32]. Tahergorabi et al. [33] stated that different
when dried. In their study, they found that jujube fruit, parts of jujube can be used for curing different kinds of illness
especially in dried and powder form can be valorized in future such as diabetes, diarrhea, skin infections, liver complaints,
studies as fortifying and hydrocolloid ingredient due to its urinary disorders, obesity, fever, pharyngitis, bronchitis,
high carbohydrate content in a different type of products. anemia, cancer, insomnia, and of course for blood purification
Huang et al. [23] also found that the fruits are nutritious, being and tonification of the gastrointestinal tract. Hemmati et al.
[34]
high in flavonoids and vitamins C, B1, and B2, and because reported that jujube causes a decrease in the blood levels
of that it can be considered as a so-called functional food, of glucose and lipids and it has been reported to make a
having nutritional as well as medicinal uses. Islam et al. [24] significant decline in triglyceride, LDL and cholesterol levels.
found that jujube as a nutritious fruit is important especially Mahajan & Chopda [35] found that roots and the bark are used
for low-income group people because of it, s cheaper value of to treat dysentery, and the bark cures boil is good for the
cost than other available fruits. Besides, it is grown treatment of diarrhea. They have also considered the aqueous
successfully in unfertile land and drought prone areas. It is paste of the leaves is applied externally to relieve a burning
also a less perishable fruit and cultivating this fruit with large sensation. Furthermore, they did report that seeds cure eye
scale famers can be economically benefits and also helpful for diseases and are also useful in leucorrhoea, and the kernels
maintaining national economic level. increase flesh and strength and are sedative in activity. Beavo
Proximate composition of Ziziphus mauritiana seeds is shown & Brunton [36] found that jujube fruits contain a certain
in Table 3. Mineral composition of seeds of Ziziphus amount of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which
mauritiana is shown in Table 4. has positive effect on the heart muscle, nutritional
myocardium, diastolic blood vessels, anti-arrhythmia, and
Table 3: Proximate composition (g/100 g dry weight) of Ziziphus anti-platelet aggregation. Recent phytochemical researches of
mauritiana seeds [25]. jujube fruits have revealed their effects, such as the
Content Dry weight (g/100 g) anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity,
Mositure 4.21±0.30 immunostimulating, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and
Ash 2.79±0.27 gastrointestinal protective activities and inhibition of foam
Protein 36.10±0.57 cell formation in macrophages [37]. Cosmulescu et al. [38] noted
Crude fiber 11.04±0.88 that the impact of maturity stage was significant on organic
Lipids 27.40±0.11 acid distribution of jujube extracts, and ascorbic acid is the
Carbohydrate 21.26±0.63 major organic acid found in jujube fruits, followed by malic
Carbohydrates were estimated by difference. The values are means acid and lactic acid. They have also mentioned that jujube
and standard deviation (SD) for those determinations. fruits are rich in bioactive compounds and can be complement
in human, s healthy eating. Shi et al. [39] indicated that the skin
Table 4: Mineral composition of the seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana color of jujube fruit during maturation is due to changes in the
(in mg/100 g) [25].
levels of flavonoids, cartenoids, and anthocyanins. They
Content Dry weight (mg/100g) concluded that the color changes are also associated with
Sodium (Na) 154.79±10.50 changes in antioxidant activity. Hoshyar et al. [40] indicated
Magnesium (Mg) 6.23±0.12 that the Z. jujube ameliorates the adverse effects of NMU
Potassium (K) 589.08±10.69 carcinogenesis and could be useful for treating mammary
Zinc (Zn) 3.52±0.05 tumours in humans. Betulinic acid and jujuboside B could be
Manganese (Mn) 1.15±0.14 the active components showing beneficial effects on
Iron (Fe) 1.21±0.15 cardiovascular system [41]. Motevali et al. [42] stated that jujube
Phosphorus (P) 585.43±41.29
is a valuable medicinal plant, is consumed either as fresh fruit
The values are means a standard deviations for three determinations.
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies

or dried product in Iran. Drying jujube guarantees a longer anti-nephritic effect, cardiovascular activity,
shelf time while preserving its quality to be used in medical immunostimulant effects, anti-oxidant effects and wound
and pharmaceutical industries. Ivanisova et al. [43] reported healing activity. Traditional Chinese Medicine included fruits
that jujube fruit is rich in bioactive compounds and can be and herbs are increasingly and extensively used by a
used in food, medicine and pharmacy industry. substantial part of the population. Jujube has numerous
Taechakulwanijya et al. [44] have found that all jujube seed important pharmacological activities and it can be considered
extracts were not toxic to Vero cells, all jujubes cultivars as a valuable source of nutraceuticals.
tested are promising candidates for more elaborate study of
their anticancer mechanisms. Vafaei and Abdollahzadeh [45] Table 5: The most important pharmacological properties of jujube.
indicated that the jujube fruit extract could accelerate burn 1- Anti-diabetic effects
wound healing among Balb/c mice. It has been reported that 2- Hypnotic-sedative and anxiolytic effect
triterpenic acids were considered as active ingredients for the 3- Neuroprotective activity
effect on anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities [46]. The 4- Sweetness inhibitor
aqueous ethanol extract of the jujube leaf were used as 5- Anti-cancer activity
energetic constituent for hepatosis and wound healing in 6- Antimicrobial activity
animal trials [47]. Shahrahmani et al. [48] showed that Zizuphus 7- Anti-ulcer activity
Jujube Fruit lotion can treat sore nipples faster than breast 8- Anti-inflammatory and anti-spastic effect
milk over a period of 10 days. Also, nipple pain in the jujube 9- Anti-allergic activity
lotion group was less than the breast milk group. Gheibi et al. 10- Permeability enhancement activity
[49]
found that the accessibility and affordability of jujube fruit 11- Cognitive activities
and the side effects of routine drugs, taking a combination of 12- Anti-fertility/contraceptive property
jujube fruit with low doses of routine pharmaceutical drugs 13- Hypotensive and anti-nephritic effect
can improve and cure ulcerative colitis disease. Neuronal 14- Cardiovascular activity
15- Immunostimulant effects
beneficial properties of jujube are shown in Table 5.
16- Anti-oxidant effects
Safizadeh et al. [50] concluded that BUN, cratinine, urate and
17- Wound healing activity
liver enzymes in all extracts increased. They have suggested
that administration of high doses of jujube (up 5000 mg/kg) is
Financial disclosure: No financial disclosure was declared
nearly safe and did not exert hepato and nephrotoxicity in
by the authors.
rats. Combination of Zizyhpus jujube and green tea extracts
exerts excellent cytotoxic activity in HepG2 cells via reducing
Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest was declared by
the expression of APRIL; also, jujuba extract and green tea
the authors.
extract mixture might provide a lead to a new drug design to
treat hepatocellular carcinoma in the future APRIL [51]. Dahiru
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