INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY

EVOLUTION

➢India’s foreign policy has evolved over time with

each Prime Minister.

➢India’s foreign policy has evolved from the:

•Nehruvian Era
•Indira Era
•Rajiv Era
•Narsimha Era
•Vajpayee Era
•Manmohan Era, and
•Modi Era
Nehruvian Era

➢“multipolar, cooperative world order”

➢Peace, antiracism, international cooperation and

disarmament

➢Nehru wanted to establish India as a great or world

power through international cooperation and the
“irresistible” Indian civilization and culture and not
through use of force.
➢ China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965 show that his objective
of not using force was not entirely successful and were the
limitations of the Nehruvian Policy.

➢ Nehru’s foreign policy had two objectives:

• End colonial rule

• good relations with both blocs

➢ This belief of not aligning with either bloc led to the formation of
the ‘Non-Alignment Movement’ or the ‘NAM’.
Run up to Non-Alignment Movement.

➢ First signs in Nehru’s speech in 1946 in the ‘Provisional

Government’.

➢ There he said, “India would put as much distance as possible

between itself and any political group of bloc”.

➢ Nehru also chaired the Asian Relations Conference held in New

Delhi in March-April 1947.
➢ In 1955, a conference of newly independent Afro-
Asian nations took place in Bandung, Indonesia.

➢ This is also known as the ‘Bandung Conference’.

BANDUNG CONFERNCE
➢This Bandung Conference was a precursor to the
Non-Alignment Movement.

➢‘Ten Principles of International Peace and

Cooperation’ issued.

➢The Principles of ‘Panchsheel’ were incorporated.

Panchsheel Principles

➢Panchsheel are also called the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-

existence.

➢They were enunciated in the “Agreement on Trade and

Intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India”.

➢It was signed on April 29, 1954.

➢These principles were developed by Pandit Nehru and the first

Chinese Premier or the Prime Minister, Chou En-lai.
Pandit Nehru with Chou En-Lai
➢The Panchsheel principles are:

▪Mutual respect for each other’s territorial

integrity and sovereignty

▪Mutual non-aggression

▪Mutual non-interference

▪Equality and mutual benefit, and

▪Peaceful co-existence
BIRTH OF NAM

➢Non-Aligned Movement was launched as an organization in

Belgrade in 1961.
➢It was not about staying neutral on important issues, but to
adopt common and joint positions based on merits of each case.
➢This movement was to fight issues such as:
•colonialism,
•imperialism,
•racism, and
•apartheid
➢It was decided that member countries will not be part of any
multilateral military alliances of that time.
➢Some of the prominent members of this
movement were

▪ Jawaharlal Nehru of India,

▪ President Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt
▪ Sukarno of Indonesia,
▪ Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and
▪ Yugoslav State Premier Josep Broz Tito.
 WHY IN NEWS??

From L-R: Nehru, Nkrumah, Nasser, Sukarnno and Tito

 WHY IN NEWS??
➢The Purpose enumerated in what is called the Havana
Declaration of 1979.

➢It reads:, “the national independence, sovereignty, territorial

integrity and security of non-aligned countries in their struggle
against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all
forms of foreign subjugation.

➢Headquarters of NAM is in Central Jakarta, Indonesia

➢First ever summit of NAM was held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in

1961.
 WHY IN NEWS??
➢In 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first full time
Indian PM to skip the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit held in
Venezuela .

➢Before PM Modi, it was Charan Singh, the caretaker PM, who had
skipped the NAM summit in Havana, 1979.

➢Prime Minister Modi for the first time attended a virtual NAM
meeting in May, 2020.

➢The meeting was convened at the initiative of President Ilham Aliyev

of Azerbaijan

➢The title of the meeting was “We stand together against COVID-19 ”.
 WHY IN NEWS??

➢There have been two NAM summits which have been

attended by the Indian Vice-Presidents.

➢2016 Venezulea Summit was attended by Vice-President,

Mr. Hamid Ansari

➢2019 Summit held in Baku, Azerbaijan was attended by

Vice-President, Mr. Venkaiah Naidu
 WHY IN NEWS??

➢ The 19th Summit of the NAM was held in Kampala, Uganda, with
the theme of "Deepening Cooperation for Shared Global Affluence".
➢ Uganda has taken over as chair from Azerbaijan, to run until 2027.
➢ The summit adopted the Kampala Declaration, slamming Israeli military
aggression and calling for the implementation of the UNSC resolution to
allow humanitarian aid into the besieged Gaza Strip.
➢ The External Affairs Minister (EAM) of India led the Indian delegation at the
19th NAM Summit, calling for a sustainable solution to the Gaza crisis. He
emphasised the need for immediate relief in the humanitarian crisis and
urged the prevention of the conflict's spread in the West Asian region.
 WHY IN NEWS??

Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, who hosted the 19th Summit of the
NAM in Kampala, expressed his regret over the expulsion of Indians by Idi
Amin in the 1970s.
•In August 1972, Idi Amin, the dictator of Uganda, ordered the expulsion of Indians and
other Asians who were living and working in Uganda.
• Around 80,000 Indians were forced to leave the country within 90 days, leaving
behind their properties and businesses.
•The expulsion had a devastating impact on the Ugandan economy, which suffered
from a loss of skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and investors.
 WHY IN NEWS??

• Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, who hosted the 19th Summit of the
NAM in Kampala, expressed his regret over the expulsion of Indians by Idi
Amin in the 1970s.
•In August 1972, Idi Amin, the dictator of Uganda, ordered the expulsion of Indians and
other Asians who were living and working in Uganda.
• Around 80,000 Indians were forced to leave the country within 90 days, leaving
behind their properties and businesses.
•The expulsion had a devastating impact on the Ugandan economy, which suffered
from a loss of skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and investors.
 WHY IN NEWS??

•The Indian community presents the strongest and most durable economic
and cultural links with Uganda.
•Indian Nationals/PIOs who constitute less than 0.1% of Uganda’s population,
contribute about 70% of Uganda’s direct taxes as per statistics of the Bank of
Uganda and the Uganda Revenue Authority.
•‘India Day’, an annual feature, showcases Indian culture and attracts
thousands of visitors. The event serves to bring together the Indian and
Ugandan communities.
 LBS PHASE

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second Prime Minister of Independent India in the time period of 1964 to
1966. He previously served as the sixth home minister of India from 1961 to 1963. He was a great leader and
a man of great integrity and competence.
1.Minister of Police: As a Minister of Police in Uttar Pradesh, he started the use of waterjets instead of
lathis to disperse unruly mobs.
2.White revolution – He promoted the White Revolution, a national campaign to increase milk production.
The National Dairy Development Board was established in 1965.
3.Jai-Jawan, Jai Kisan – His slogan of Jai-Jawan, Jai kisan, inspired both the farmers and the soldiers. The
farmers worked hard to ensure the food security in that situation of drought and famine, and the Soldiers
protected the border areas and gave a befitting reply to Pakistan’s aggression in 1965.
4.Sirimavo-Shastri Pact – In 1964, he signed an agreement with the Sri Lankan Prime Minister Sirimavo
Bandaranaike, in concern with the status of Indian Tamils in Ceylon.
5.Tashkent declaration – He signed the Tashkent Declaration on 10 January 1966 with the Pakistan
President, Muhammad Ayub Khan to end the 1965 war, this halted the tension in the border areas.
 INDIRA GANDHI TIME
➢In 1966.

➢India shifted towards USSR.

➢Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Co-operation in August

1971.

War with Pakistan

➢In 1971, Pakistani forces ushered inhuman brutality in East

Pakistan and created a huge refugee problem in India.
 1971 WAR
➢10 million refugees

➢Indira Gandhi went on a tour of Western countries

➢However, Pakistan was an ally of the USA

➢However, in December 1971, despite the US President Nixon

supporting Pakistan , India won the war against Pakistan and
Bangladesh was formed as a result.

➢USSR greatly helped

WHY IN NEWS??
 SMILING BUDDHA

➢“Smiling Buddha” in 1974 at Pokhran.

➢self-independent in matters of national security.

Reasons
➢Resistance to the international pressure to sign the Nuclear Proliferation
Treaty or the NPT.

➢Sanctions were imposed

➢Lost a war to China in 1962 and by 1964 China had developed nuclear
weapons of its own
 ANNEXATION OF SIKKIM
Annexation of Sikkim

➢India made Sikkim its part in 1975.

➢On April 22, 1975, the 36th Amendment to the Constitution

making Sikkim the 22nd state of India with effect from April 26.
 ASSESSMENT OF IG PERIOD

Assessment of Indira Gandhi

➢Mrs. Gandhi was realistic to a great extent.

➢India focused on a policy of regional domination, which had as its

objective the hegemony of India in South Asia.

➢Under the so-called called Indira Doctrine, India insisted that the
problems in the region must be resolved bilaterally and that external
powers should have no role in the region.
 JANTA GOVERNMENT PHASE
➢1977 and 1980.

➢Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent

India's history.

➢PM, Morarji Desai had said that India’s foreign policy would revert to "genuine"
non-alignment and that India would not allow any previous agreement to "come
in the way of friendship with other countries".

➢This statement was also an invitation to the US to dissolve the largely frigid
relations that had developed between the two nations in the aftermath of the
1971 Bangladesh war.
 RAJIV GANDHI ERA

➢Rajiv Gandhi : 1984-89.

Foreign relation :

➢Rajiv Gandhi visited USA in 1985 , Ronald Regan to let India have the
supercomputer for processing weather data.
➢modernization in telecommunication sector, reforms in education, science &
technology
➢He introduced computer in consultation with Sam Pitroda.
➢C-DAC
 USA AND IT

Rajiv Gandhi with Ronald Reagan

Rajiv Gandhi with Sam Pitroda
 CHINA AND PAKISTAN
➢ US support Pakistan to promote the Mujahidin against the USSR in Afghanistan.

➢ However, relations dramatically changed for the better after his visits in 1985 and
1986.

➢ USA actually began to encourage India to play a bigger role in its neighbourhood
(save for Pakistan).

➢ China and Pakistan in 1988 - first visit by an Indian prime minister since Nehru’s visit
in 1950’s.
 CHINA AND PAKISTAN

Rajiv Gandhi with Deng Xiaoping Rajiv Gandhi with Pakistani PM Benazir Bhutto
 AFRICA AND APARTHEID
➢Rajiv very much interested in struggle against apartheid in
South Africa.

➢Rajiv was successful in setting up of the AFRICA (Action for

Resisting Invasion, Colonialism and Apartheid) Fund at the Non-
Aligned Summit at Harare in 1986.

(Gandhi ji was the first to take up the issue of apartheid in

South Africa in 1893, and Nehru the first to raise it in the UN in
the late 1940s, and India the first country to apply sanctions by
breaking off trade and diplomatic links.)
 DISARMAMENT
➢In 1984, Rajiv held the first summit of Six-Nation Five-Continent
Initiative, which Indira had formed in 1984, bringing together
heads of government of Argentina, Greece, Mexico, Sweden,
Tanzania and India.

➢The aim was to reduce weapons and eliminate nuclear

weapons.
 RUSSIA

➢Rajiv met Gorbachev found in him a believer in

disarmament.

➢In November 1986, in Gorbachev’s visit, he and Rajiv gave

a call for a non-violent world, and the Delhi Declaration
which enumerated ten principles for building a nuclear-
weapon-free world.
 RUSSIA

Rajiv Gandhi with Gorbachev

 MALDIVES
India’s Intervention in Maldives and Operation Cactus
 MALDIVES

➢A group of 80-200 Sri Lankan militants from the People’s Liberation

Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), backed by Maldivian businessman
Abdulla Luthufi, mounted a coup in the Maldives in November 1988 in an
attempt to overthrow the then President Abdul Gayoom.

President Abdul Gayoom

 MALDIVES
➢President Abdul Gayoom reached out to India, Pakistan, the
United States, Britain, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and other states.

➢Operation Cactus as India’s intervention to save the then

president of the Maldives, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom from a coup
attempt in 1988.

➢West supported Indian forces after they were despatched to the

Maldives.
 MALDIVES

Arrest of Abdullah Luthufi by Indian soldiers

 SRI LANKA AND LTTE

➢Thousands of Tamils from Sri Lanka fled to Tamil Nadu in India in

1983 when the Sri Lankan government launched heavy repression on
Jaffna, the base of the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam (LTTE).
V P SINGH AND CHANDRA SHEKHAR
➢In quick succession.

➢First was Vishwanath Pratap Singh, of National Front (Rashtriya Morcha),

a coalition of political parties, led by the Janata Dal. He was the PM from 2
December 1989 till 10 November 1990.

➢This government was supported from outside by the Left Front and the
Bharatiya Janata Party.

➢After him, Chandra Shekhar Singh served as the eighth Prime Minister of
India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991.

➢He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the Janata

Dal with outside support from the Indian National Congress.
V P SINGH and CHANDRA SHEKHAR
Narsimha Rao Era
Forced Economic Reforms :

➢1991 to 1996.

➢Rao era highlights :

✓ Transformation on the economic front wherein India had balance of

payment crisis which was taken off by the sole superpower-US in the
absence of a trusted friend in Soviet Union (as USSR had disintegrated by
then).

✓ The USA arm twisted the Rao government to accede to various

conditionalities in return for loans and open up India’s economy for various
US businesses.
Economic situation and Manmohan Singh in as FM :

➢ India was also forced to shelve its nuclear programme under pressure
from the Americans.

➢ India close to bankruptcy.

➢ Suprising move was to bring in a career economist, Manmohan Singh,

to serve as his Finance Minister.

➢ India's move from a socialist-style economy to greater privatisation,

engineered by Mr Singh who was to go on to become Prime Minister
himself.
Look East Policy :

➢Build up a relationship with the USA and allies of the USA in Southeast
Asia as USSR is no more.

➢Narasimha Rao launched Look East Policy in 1992, for South-East Asia
region.

➢It focused on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

countries and economic integration.

➢India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1996 and summit level

partner in 2002.
Look East Policy :
 1 June 1996 21 April 1997

H D Deve Gowda
Gujral Era

21 April 1997 19 March 1998

Gujral Era

➢Indra Kumar Gujral from April 1997 to March 1998.

➢Gujral Doctrine.

➢It was a set of five key principles to guide the conduct of foreign
relations with India’s immediate neighbours (in South Asia).

➢It was created by Inder Kumar Gujral in September 1996 (as

Minister of External Affairs in the Deve Gowda government).
Gujral Doctrine :

➢The five principles of Gujrat Doctrine were:

i. With the neighbours like Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives and Sri Lanka,
India does not ask for reciprocity but gives all that it can in good faith and trust
ii. No South Asian country will allow its territory to be used against the interests of
another country of the region
iii. No South Asian country will interfere in the internal affairs of another
iv. All South Asian countries must respect each other’s territorial integrity and
sovereignty
v. All South Asian countries will settle disputes through peaceful bilateral
negotiations
Achievements of Gujral Doctrine :

➢Reason for the doctrine was India had to be at total peace with
all other immediate neighbours in order to leverage over
Pakistan’s and China’s influence in the region.

➢Some of the achievements due to Gujral Doctrine were the

resolution of the Ganga water-sharing dispute with Bangladesh
in 1996-97, successful Mahakali river agreement with Nepal in
1996 .
Non signing CTBT :

➢India refused to sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 20

June 1996 at the Geneva Conference.

➢It had implications that would change the foreign policy of India as a
whole.

➢Nuclear powers had been pressurizing non-nuclear countries to sign

CTBT, but it was discriminatory, as its aim was to keep other countries
from going nuclear while refusing any commitment on the part of the
nuclear powers towards nuclear disarmament, not even within a fifty -
year time-frame.
Vajpayee Era :

➢16 days Pm in 1996.

➢Full term 19 March 1998 – 22 May 2004.

Operation Shakti

➢In May 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear

tests in the Pokhran desert in Rajasthan, 24 years after its
first nuclear test (Smiling Buddha) in 1974.

➢Vajpayee declared, India was now a nuclear weapons

state.

➢Prithvi and Agni surface-to-surface missiles could now carry

nuclear warheads.
Operation Shakti :
Response to Pokharan 2 :

➢In two weeks , Pakistan responded with its own nuclear tests making it the
newest nation with declared nuclear capability.

➢West response:

✓ US imposed sanctions
✓ Japan, Norway , Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands and Canada
suspended aid to India
✓ US, however, did not succeed in getting the G-8 countries to take
collective action against India
✓ France, Russia and Germany continued their normal economic links
with India.
✓ Britain as the current President of the European Union failed to get the
EU to adopt a strong, anti-India stance
PAKISTAN :

➢The Delhi–Lahore Bus, officially known as Sada-e-Sarhad,

first passenger bus service connecting Delhi to Lahore,
Pakistan via Wagah, was launched.

➢First 19 February 1999, the bus carried Atal Bihari

Vajpayee, and was received by his Pakistani counterpart,
Nawaz Sharif at Wagah.
Vajpayee Era :
KARGIL WAR :

➢Intruded deep across the LoC in Kashmir and had occupied key
strategic peaks in the Kargil area.

➢Key locations

➢Indian Army launch “Operation Vijay”, a mobilisation of 200,000

Indian troops.
Vajpayee Era :

➢Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar in support of

the mobilisation of Indian land forces on 26 May.

➢Indian Navy also prepared to block the Pakistani ports (primarily

the Karachi port) to cut off Pakistan sea trades under Operation
Talwar.

➢Pakistani intrusions took place in the following areas:

•in the heights of the lower Mushkoh Valley,

•along the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras, in Kaksar near Kargil,
•in the Batalik sector east of the Indus River,
•on the heights above of the Chorbatla sector where the LOC turns
North and
•in the Turtok sector south of the Siachen area
Vajpayee Era :
Kargil War

➢The IAF, both by day and night, in their totally successful

Operation Safed Sagar; as soon as the Drass subsector had
been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on 26
July,1999.

➢The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas

(Kargil Victory Day) in India.

➢By the end of the war, Pakistan had to withdraw under

international pressure.
Plane Hijack

➢An Indian Airlines plane on its way from Kathmandu to

Delhi on Christmas Eve of 1999 was hijacked by terrorists
who demanded the release of 36 captured militants and a
ransom.

➢Minister for External Affairs Jaswant Singh, personally

escorted Maulana Masood Azhar, a major leader of the
terrorists, in a special plane to Kandahar.
Plane Hijack
Plane Hijack

Captured aeroplane at Kandhar

Parliament Attack

➢Masood Azhar was involved in attack on Parliament in

2001.

➢Both these incidents led to decline in Indo-Pak relations.

India-USA:

➢Sanctions that were imposed on India by the US after the

Pokhran nuclear tests were removed in October 2001 in the
wake of the new situation created by 9/11.

➢Even before that, Bill Clinton visited India in March 2000.

➢George Bush was fairly well-inclined towards India.

India-USA:

➢A dialogue had also begun in 2002 on civilian nuclear

technology, nuclear safety, and high-tech trade.

➢In January 2004, Bush and Vajpayee issued a joint

statement pledging cooperation in these areas.

➢These discussions were taken to a new stage altogether

during the tenure of the Manmohan Singh government
which took office in May 2004.
Manmohan Era :

.➢2004-2014
➢He led a coalition government UPA-I (2004-09) and UPA II (2009-2014).

➢Congress was able to manage a majority of more than 335 seats out of
543.

➢In the 2009 elections, UPA won 262 seats was able to secure the
majority with support of parties like SP, BSP etc.
About Manmohan Singh:

.•Chief Economic Advisor , Finance Ministry (1972-1976)

•Finance Secretary (1976-1980)

•Governor of Reserve Bank (1982-1985),

•Head of the Planning Commission (1985-1987),

•Finance Minister under Prime Minister Narsimha Rao, and

•Leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha during the Prime

Ministership of Atal Behari Vajpayee (1998-2004)
INDIA-US NUCLEAR DEAL :

.
➢India-US nuclear deal was initiated in 2005.

➢On 18 July, 2005, Manmohan Singh visited Washington, and in a

joint statement with George W Bush India and the United States
agreed to enter into a civil nuclear agreement, also called 123
Agreement.

➢This landmark agreement saw an implicit recognition --- for the

first time – of India as a nuclear weapons power.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NUCLEAR DEAL

➢Emphasis on non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.

.
➢Even though India did not officially join the Non-Proliferation Treaty,
through this agreement it was afforded the same benefits and advantages
as other leading nuclear powers, like the United States.

➢Facilities will beunder the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

safeguards.

➢After 2 years, for more negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA
Nuclear Supplier group (NSG) and the US congress, India and the US signed
the agreement on 10 October 2008 with India represented by Pranab
Mukherjee.
Manmohan Era :

External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee and US Secretary of State

Condoleezza Rice signing the 123 Agreement in October 2008
RESULTS OF THE CIVIL NUCLEAR DEAL

. ➢India has been allowed into the following multilateral arms

control groups:

✓ Missile Technology Control Regime in 2016

✓ Wassenaar Arrangement in December 2017 and
✓ Australia Group in January 2018.
OTHER COUNTRIES

➢Singh
. carried forward the momentum which was established after
the “Brasilia Declaration” in 2003 and IBSA Dialogue Forum was
formed.

➢IBSA- India, Brazil and South Africa

➢India-Africa summit in 2008and 15 African countries attended

the summit.

➢Improved relations especially with Brazil and South Africa.

INDIA AND PAKISTAN

➢India
. and Pakistan managed to avoid another conventional war
in the 10 years that UPA was in charge, but concomitantly
stagnated in matter of Kashmir or a broader peace.

➢The 2008 Mumbai attacks

➢10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba stormed buildings in Mumbai,

killing 164 people in 2008.

➢Hafiz Mohammed Saeed, the leader of a group associated with

Lashkar-e-Taiba, was placed under house arrest in Pakistan for his
suspected role in the Mumbai attacks.
Manmohan Era :

LOCATIONS OF 2008 MUMBAI ATTACKS

INDIA AND BANGLADESH

.➢India’s border with Bangladesh, at 4,096 km,covering the five states of

West Bengal, Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya and Mizoram.

➢The 2015 agreement was signed on 6 June 2015 in Bangladesh

wherein a transfer of 111 enclaves was facilitated from India to
Bangladesh and 51 enclaves were transferred from Bangladesh to
India.

➢Popular belief suggests that chhits/enclaves were created when the

Maharaja of Cooch Behar (West Bengal) and the Foujdar of Rangpur,
while playing chess, staked each other’s villages.
TRADE RELATIONS WITH OTHER NATIONS

➢The biggest victory for India under Singh was passage of

.
World Trade Organization’s “Bali Package” trade deal in 2013. In
this deal:

✓ Indian negotiators succeeded in pursuing India’s

protectionist agenda.

✓ The deal satisfied India’s concerns about its domestic

food security.

➢Over 10 years India concluded numerous free trade

agreements, including with South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, and
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

➢ASEAN is a strategic partner of India since 2012.

Conclusion of India's foreign policy under Manmohan
Singh

.
➢ Dr. Manmohan Singh had always drawn on the early “Nehruvian
Realism”.

➢He said, “whatever policy we may lay down, the art of conducting the
foreign affairs of a country lies in finding out what is most
advantageous to the country.”

➢He was of the opinion that India’s economic rise and its regional and
global profile would increase India’s standing within the international
community.

➢Dr. Singh also stressed that the foreign policy should evolve from time
to time in response to the changing realities of the world.
Manmohan Era :

➢His
. emphasis on India’s economic interests, its economic
relations with the other Asian economies, other developing and
developed economies, in shaping Indian Foreign Policy became
the leitmotif of the ‘Manmohan Singh Doctrine’

➢Therefore, one can say that Singh was an economist and his
doctrine was that India’s foreign policy should privilege
economic goals as the driver of India’s national interest.

➢During his tenure, India weathered the global economic crisis

of 2008.

➢After the financial crisis in 2008, India’s annual GDP growth

stood at 3.9% when many countries went in to recession.
Modi Era :

➢May 26, 2014.

.
➢Focused on improving relations with neighboring countries in
South Asia, engaging the extended neighborhood of Southeast
Asia and the major global powers.

➢Visits to Bhutan, Nepal, and Japan within the first 100 days of his
government, followed by visits to the United States, Myanmar,
Australia, and Fiji.
Look East and Act East Policy :

➢. It is an effort to cultivate extensive economic and strategic

relations with the nations of Southeast Asia to bolster its standing
as a regional power and a counterweight to China.

➢ Initiated in 1991, it marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective

of the world.

➢ It was enacted during the Minister Narsimha Rao (1991–1996)

and rigorously pursued by the successive administrations of Atal
Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004) and Manmohan Singh (2004–2014).
Look East and Act East Policy :

➢The success of Look East policy more action oriented, project and
outcome
. based policy.

➢Under this India-Japan strategic partnership has been lifted to an

entirely new level, underscoring the importance of Indo- Pacific
cooperation.

➢India believes in an Indo-Pacific that is free, open and inclusive, and

one that is founded upon a cooperative and collaborative rules-based
order.
Towards ASEAN :
➢ ASEAN’s centrality remains the abiding contemporary characteristic of the
Indo-Pacific at the regional level.
.
➢ India has placed the ‘Indo-Pacific’ at the heart of its engagement with the
countries of South, Southeast and East Asia.

➢ India joined the ASEAN in 1992 as a sectoral partner

➢ It is now an active member of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the East
Asian Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus.

➢ Gradually, Act ‘East’ is getting transformed into Act ‘Indo-Pacific’.

2+2 Dialogues

.
➢India and Japan have institutionalised 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue.
Neighborhood First Policy:

➢Even before becoming the Prime Minister Modiji hinted that his
.
foreign policy will actively focus on improving ties with India's
immediate neighbours which was termed as neighbourhood first
policy in the media.

➢He started well by inviting all heads of state/heads of

government of South Asian countries in his inauguration and on
the second day on office he held bilateral talks with all of them
individually which was dubbed as a mini SAARC summit by the
media.

➢Later during a launch event at ISRO he has asked Indian scientists

to take the endeavour to develop a dedicated SAARC satellite.
Neighborhood First Policy:

➢Develop
. friendly and mutually beneficial relations with all its
neighbours.

➢India’s policy of ‘Neighbourhood First’ focuses on creating mutually

beneficial, people-oriented, regional frameworks for stability and
prosperity.

➢India’s engagement with these countries is based on a consultative,

non-reciprocal and outcome-oriented approach, which focuses on
delivering benefits like greater connectivity, improved infrastructure,
stronger development cooperation in various sectors area, security and
broader people-to-people contacts.
Pakistan:

➢With
. Pakistan, the Government of India desires normal
neighbourly relations and is committed to the Simla Agreement
and the Lahore Declaration.

➢However, any meaningful dialogue can only be held in an

atmosphere free from terror, hostility and violence.

➢The onus is on Pakistan to create such a conducive atmosphere.

India and QUAD:

➢Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (also known as the Quad) is a strategic dialogue

.between the United States, Japan, Australia and India that is maintained by talks
between member countries.

➢The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan

➢The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises Exercise Malabar.

➢The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to

increased Chinese economic and military power.

➢Tensions between Quad members and China have led to fears of what was dubbed by
some commentators as "a new Cold War" in the region.

➢In a 2021 joint statement, "The Spirit of the Quad," Quad members described "a
shared vision for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific," and a "rules-based maritime order in
the East and South China Seas," which Quad members state are needed to counter
Chinese maritime claims.
Greater emphasis on global socio-politics and soft power :

.➢ Another change is a greater emphasis on global socio-politics and

“soft power”, the third dimension of national power.

➢ This includes the expansion of common ground based on

religious and cultural heritage & history of India (e.g.
Hinduism viz. Nepal, Buddhism viz. E & SE Asia, Yoga viz. West,
modern Islam viz Indonesia, democracy viz Australia, Canada),
as well as the Indian diaspora across the World.
Link West policy :

.➢ In an attempt to strengthen ties with India's western

neighbours specially the gulf countries Modi proposed this
policy to complement his Act East policy concerning East Asia.

➢ Although it is called 'Link West' (west of India) which gives it

a bigger geographical connotation, it is most likely to focus
on the middle-east and some of the India's strategic thinkers are
calling it as Modi's middle-east policy.
Indian Ocean Outreach :

➢ Through this policy initiative, India started to reach out its

.
maritime neighbours in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) with
proposals of enhanced economic and security cooperation.

➢ This policy was unfolded during the recent visit of Modi to Sri
Lanka, Mauritius, and Seychelles.

➢ With this India can project that it commands a strategic supremacy

over the IOR and its relations with its maritime neighbours are far
more cordial than that of China's with particular reference to South
China sea.
India First :

. “India First” means that what India needs/wants from each

➢
economic and technology power will be expressed with
greater clarity and specificity and these counties have to respond
in the way think appropriate.

➢ India’s decisions will then be based on comparative benefit-

cost ratio of dealing with different countries on a defined set of
issues, not on philosophical and/or ideological consideration of (non-)
alignment.
 RAISINA DIALOGUE

• An annual multilateral conference.

• Brings together policymakers, experts, scholars, and leaders from
various fields.
• Discussing geopolitical, economic, and strategic issues facing the
world.
• Modelled after Singapore’s Shangri-La Dialogue.
• Started in March 2016.

• Observer Research Foundation (ORF) organises .

• The name “Raisina Dialogue” -

• To discuss India’s –Choices , Priorities , Partnerships.

 ABOUT RAISINA DIALOGUE 2024?

• 9th Editition - Greece’s Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis is the

chief guest

• Chaturanga – Chess – 4C –

• Conflict – Russia-Ukraine,Israel-Palestine

• But India did not take side and not time of War

• EU-Want India take stand and Invited to Switzerland

• Contest- China with everyone creating divisions like CW-Derisking-
Reduce dependence on China which India already maintain

• Co-Operate- G20,BRICS, QUAD- Global South Co-operation in

geopolitics , economy and others.

• Create – Diversifying Supply Chain

• The participants engaged with each other over six “thematic pillars”. These include:
➢ Tech Frontiers: Regulations & Realities
➢ Peace with the Planet: Invest & Innovate
➢ War & Peace: Armouries & Asymmetries
➢ Decolonising Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusion
➢ The Post 2030 Agenda: People & Progress
➢ Defending Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.
 DIALOGUES

• Conference booklet released first.

• Main Panel discussion
• Track 1 talks- Direct Between Ministries
• Track 1.5 – Govt as well as Civilian institution like NGO,Businesses
• Track 2 – No govt officials
• All come by Invite
 HIGHLIGHTS OF DIALOGUE

• China had a big mention but no name of Pakistan

• Reforms in UNSC – UN from 50 to 193 resulting in small block

• Russia-Ukraine Crisis- Give Russia options or will go to China

 OUTCOMES OF 2024?

• 2024 could be year of ”Techonology”

• A “multi-vector” policy, and playing the role of
a “Vishwamitra” or friend of the world.
• Presence of Baltic-Nordic Forum - 8 member- the Nordic countries
(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and the Baltic
states (states along the Baltic Sea) (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania).
• The Greek Prime Minister spoke about the importance of
connectivity projects such as the India-Middle East-Europe Economic
Corridor.
 INDIA’S FP FOR NEXT 5 YEARS

• From Non Alignment to Multi to All Alignment(Multi might mean

some).
• Focus on Cultural and Civilizational ties to use Soft Power.
• People centric model , Technology driven and women empowerment
focused era where there war is not a solution.
• Make India a bridging power – Between North and South.
• Sustainable race to resource.
• Geoeconomics without good geopolitics is a dream.
 SIMILAR DIALOGUES

• Shangri-La Dialogue: Security summit in Singapore organized by

the IISS.
• Munich Security Conference: International conference in Germany
focusing on security issues.
• Halifax International Security Forum: Forum in Canada addressing
global security threats.
• Doha Forum: Dialogue platform in Qatar exploring global peace,
security, and cooperation trends.
• Valdai Discussion Club: Russian think tank organizing annual
meetings on global politics and economics.