‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪Page 1 of 5‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻴﻞ ﻻﻣﺒﺮﺕ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﺮﻱ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﮎ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ .١٣٨٠‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ‪ ..‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﭼﺎﭖ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻝ )‪(١٣٨٠‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺖ‪ ٥٥٠٠ :‬ﺭﻳﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺑﻚ‪٩٦٤-٧٥١٩-٠١-× :‬‬

‫‪ . ٦‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻜـﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋـﻼﻭﻩ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤـﺘﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴـﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﮔـﺮ ﭼـﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ ﺧـﻮﺏ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧـﻮﺏ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺩﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺷـﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﻳﮕـﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭘـﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺷﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺁﺳـﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﻣﺆﺛـﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﻢ ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﻂ ﺳﻤﺞﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺎﻕﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺯﺣﻤﺖ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻭّﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﻛـﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﺧﺮﺝﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﺄﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫• ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳﻪ)‪ (platform‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ـ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ـ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪" :‬ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ"‪" ،‬ﺍﻡﺍﺱـ ﺩﺍﺱ" ﻭ "ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎﺵ"؛ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﻧﻈـﻴﺮ "ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻜﺲ " )‪ ( UNIX‬ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠـ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻄـﻮﺭ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ)‬
‫‪ ((Graphical User Interface (GUI‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ" ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ "ﺳﻮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ" ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺍﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻱ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺕﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺷﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺴـﺘﻪ ﻛـﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺯﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖﻫـﺎ )=ﻣﻨﻮﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫"ﺩﺍﺱ" ﺗـﺎ ﭼـﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ـ "ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺭﭘﻼﺗﺮ")‪ ، (Silver Platter‬ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴـﻚ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛـﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﻫـﻴﭻ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ "ﺍﻡﺍﺱـﺩﺍﺱ" ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ "ﻛﻬﻨﻪ ﻭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ" ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﺍﮔـﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﭘﺴﻨﺪﻱ")‪ (Userfriendliness‬ﻣﻤﻜـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺗـﺎ ﺣـﺪﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪file://D:\IRANDOC\Data\Books\Resource\resource-6.htm‬‬ ‫‪29/05/1381‬‬
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‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﻪﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﺗﺮ ﻃﺮّﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ "ﺩﺍﺱ" ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﺩﻳﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺁﻧﺪﻳﺴﻚ")‪Knight – Ridder’s‬‬
‫‪ (DIALOG On Disc‬ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ "ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ "ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ" ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻼ "ﻓﺎﻳﻨﻨﺸﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ" ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗـﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗـﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﻌﻄـﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮّﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪" :‬ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ" ﻛـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ "ﺩﺍﺱ" ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ "ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺭﺍﻩ" ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫"ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ"‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻥ "ﺭﺍﻫﻴﺎﺑﻲ" ﻳـﺎ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑـﺪﻭﻥ ﻓـﻨﻮﻥ ﺧـﻮﺏ ﺭﺍﻫﻴـﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺧﻴﻠـﻲ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ "ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ" ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﺗﺤـﺖ "ﺩﺍﺱ" ـ ﻛﻨـﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻢﺗـﺮﻱ ﺑـﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻟـﻲ ﺍﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﻧـﻨﺪ ﭼﻜـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻜﻨـﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ "ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ـ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﻮﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ـ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻـﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻠﻮﻏﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻫﻢﺭﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺶﺍﺯﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﺩﺭﮔﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ" ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻـﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺗﺮﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻼ ﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺭﺍﻡﺗﺮ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﻩﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ـ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗـﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﭙﺮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﺍﻥ ﻛـﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـ ﹰﺎ ﻧﺒـﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬـﺎﺭ ﺭﻧـﮓ ﺑﻪﻛـﺎﺭﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫• ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﺍﮔـﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛـﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺳﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺁﺯﻣـﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪education‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘﺪ‪ :‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩ ـ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳـﻚ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﻔﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻱ "ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ /‬ﺧﺮﻭﺝ" ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺁﻳﺎ "ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ" ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﻗﻄـﻊ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻚ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺴـﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩﻱ ﺭﻭﺵﻫـﺎﻱ ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺮ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩﻱ ﺧﻄﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ؛ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻧﻈـﻴﺮ "ﻧﺤـﻮ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ" ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻚ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ‬

‫‪file://D:\IRANDOC\Data\Books\Resource\resource-6.htm‬‬ ‫‪29/05/1381‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪Page 3 of 5‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻤﻨﺰﻟﻪﻱ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﭼﺎﭘﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ "‪ "read me‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻛﺘﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕـﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ "ﻓﻴﻢ " )‪ ( FAME‬ﻛﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻃﻴﻒ ﮔﻤﺮﺍﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻴﺞﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ـ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺳﻴﻠﻮﺭ ﭘﻼﺗﺮ"‬
‫ﻳـﺎ "ﻧﺎﻳﺖﺭﻳﺪﺭ" ﺗـﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ [ﻭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ] ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻳـﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ ﻫﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻛـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ "ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ" ﭼﻪﺑﺴﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻢ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻛـﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻴـﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻭﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺘﺮﺱ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ "ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ " ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻳـﻚ ﻣﻨـﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﭘﺴﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺰ ـ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻫﺰﻳﻨـﻪ ﺑﺎﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ـ ﻫﺴﺖ ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻛـﺮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫـﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ "ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ" ـ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻜﺘـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸـﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣّﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺭّﻗـﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ )ﻫﺎ ( ﺑـﻪ ﻋـﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺨـﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ـ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘ ﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ ﺗﻮﺭﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﺳﺎﻥﺗﺮﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ﹰﺎ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳـﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﻼﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣّﺎ ﻃﻴﻒ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺗﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ ﺑـﺎﻳﺪ ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻱ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﻼﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫـﺎ ﻫـﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺣـﺎﻟﺖ ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫـﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺﺗـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ـ ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣـﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﻟـﻲ ‪ AND، OR‬ﻭ ‪ NOT‬ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺗـﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ )‬
‫‪(truncation‬ﺩْﻡﺑﺮﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ )‪(ending‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﻛـﺎﺭ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻃﺮﺍﺣّﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ )‪Word‬‬
‫‪ (Proximity‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﻧـﺎﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺪ )ﺷﻴﻮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ‬

‫‪file://D:\IRANDOC\Data\Books\Resource\resource-6.htm‬‬ ‫‪29/05/1381‬‬
‫ﺍﻨﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﺎﺘﻰ‬ ‫‪Page 4 of 5‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﮔﺎﺭﺩﻳﻦ" ﻳﺎ "ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ"‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﻳـﻚ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ( ﻧـﻴﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣـﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ "ﺍِﺭﻳﻚ "‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﺨﻄﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ ﺗﺼـﺎﺩﻓﻲ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﺭﺟﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻳـﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﻔﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ) ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ(‬
‫ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ "ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﺮﺩﻥ")‪ (Flag‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ)ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ )ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ( ﺗﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺪ(؟‬
‫ﺑﻨـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻮﺍﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٥‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ ـ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲﺗﺮ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺒﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ ﭼـﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ ﺟﺴـﺘﺠﻮ ﺁﺷـﻜﺎﺭﺍ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ـ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺷﮕﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﺤﻮﻩﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﺩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫ﺑـﺎ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦﻛـﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺭﺗﺒﻪﺑـﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨـﺎﻱ ﺭﺑـﻂ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻨﻮﺯ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ًﹶﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻜـﻮﺱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ـ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲﻛﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫• ﭼﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻈـﺎﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳـﻚ ﻛـﺎﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺎﻳﻲ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻳﺎ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺿﺒﻂﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶﺗـﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻓـﺮﺽ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺗﻲ ﻧـﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ـ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫"ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ" ﻋﻤﻮﻣـ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻣﻜـﺎﻧﭙﺬﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼـﻮﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺑﺮ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻦ‬
‫"ﺍﹶﺳﻜﻲ")‪) (ASCII‬ﻛﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬
‫• ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ؟‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ﻣﻜـﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺤﺼﺎﺭﻱﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤـﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨـﻨﺪ؛ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓـﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫـﺎﻱ ﭼـﺎﭘﻲ ﻧـﻴﺰ ـ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ـ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻔـﻴﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ؛ ﭼـﺮﺍ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻢﺗﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻱ ﺁﻥ "ﻣﺪﻻﻳﻦ" ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗـﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬

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‫ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﻳـﺎﺑﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ؛ ﻧﻪﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭ ـ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ـ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

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