MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated to the parents of

researchers who gave their outmost support and never-ending

inspiration throughout the study. They are the ones who

provided the resources needed for this study. This is

dedicated the teachers who are behind in making this research

possible by guiding the researchers to complete this study.

The researchers would also like to dedicate this study to the

students who may need help battling their mental health

issues. Also, this study is dedicated to the school, which

gives the researchers the opportunity to nurture, test their

skills, and to finish this study.

We look up and dedicated this whole study to our Almighty

God who gave the strength, knowledge, wisdom, protection, and

will continue and keep positive to finish this research.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost,we the researchers would like to extend our

gratitude and heartfelt obligation toward all the personages

who have helped in this study. Without their active guidance,

outmost help, cooperation, and encouragement, the researchers

wouldn't come this far.

The researchers would like to express their extreme

gratitude to the research adviser Mrs. Agnes Silva for sharing

her knowledge, guidance, and support for the completion if

this study. She taught the researchers very well about all

these chapters, on how to make them properly.

To the classmates, respondents, friends, and other people

that has helped and supported the researchers when they needed

advice, recommendations and second opinions.

To the beloved families of the researchers, for their

unending financial, emotional, moral and spiritual support.

And most of all, the researchers would like to extend

wholeheartedly the gratitude and praise to ever loving and

merciful God for touching and bringing.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

ABSTRACT

This study examined and identified the Effects of Social

Media Use to the Mental Health of Grade 12 Humanities and

Social Sciences Students of Mabinay National High for school

year 2022-2023. It also explored about the Effects of Social

Media to their Academic Performances. The researchers gathered

data by conducting survey among the 50 Grade 12 students of

the above-mentioned institution in a random basis. Using the

survey questionnaire as their primary tool, the respondents

had been asked to answer 10 questions related to Effect of

Social Media Use to the Mental Health of G-12 students.

Additionally, data were analyzed and interpreted using

the Analysis Tool named frequency distribution table, pie

graph, bar graph. The result showed that there are positive

and negative effects of Social Media to the students.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ---------------------------------------------- i

DEDICATION ---------------------------------------------- 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ----------------------------------------- 2

ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------ 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS --------------------------------------- 4-5

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -------------------------- 6-9

STATEMENT OF THE PROPLEM ------------------------- 9

HYPOTHESIS --------------------------------------- 10

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ---------------------------- 10-11

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ----------------------- 11-12

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION --------------------------- 12

DEFINITION OF TERMS ----------------------------- 13-14

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ---------------- 15-25

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ------------------------- 26

RESEARCH DESIGN ---------------------------------- 27

RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT ---------------------------- 27-28

RESPONDENTS ------------------------------------- 28-29

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ---------------------------- 29-30

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ------------------------- 30

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE ----------------------- 30-31

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE -------------------------- 32

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

FIGURE 1 ---------------------------------------- 33-34

FIGURE 2 ---------------------------------------- 34-35

FIGURE 3 ---------------------------------------- 35-36

FIGURE 4 ---------------------------------------- 36-37

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATON –----- 38

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ----------------------------- 39-40

CONCLUSION -------------------------------------- 41

RECOMMENDATION ---------------------------------- 42

REFERENCES --------------------------------------------- 43-45

APPENDIX A --------------------------------------------- 46-47

APPENDIX B --------------------------------------------- 48-49

LIST OF FIGURE ----------------------------------------- 50-51

CURRICULUM VITAE --------------------------------------- 52-58

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Social Media has explored as a category of online

discourse where people create content, share it, bookmark it

and network at a prodigious rate. Because it ease of use,

speed, and reach, social media is fast changing the public

discourse in society and setting trends and agenda in topic

that range from the environment and politics to technology and

the entertainment industry (Asur and Huberman). Social Media

has become a ubiquitous presence in the lives of young people,

particularly those in the G-12 Humss level. While it has

revolutionary the way we communicate, socialize and access

information, it has also raised concerns about its impact on

mental health. The constant pressure to present an idealize

version of oneself online, the incessant notifications and the

tendency to compare oneself to others can all take a tool on

young minds.

Social media is computer-based technology that

facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information

through the building of virtual networks and communities. By

design, social media is internet-based and gives users quick

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

electronic communication of content, Social Media is taking

part in different types of online networking; it is a routine

movement that inquires about the children and teenagers by

upgrading communication, social association, and even

specialized skills (Horst H, 2010). Social networking sites

offer different day by day openings for interfacing with

companions, schoolmates, and individuals with common

interests. (Eytan., 2010). Social Media has been defined as

websites which allow profile creation and visibility of

relationship between users (Boyd & Ellison, 2008); web-based

applications which provide functionality for sharing.

relationships, group, conversation and profiles (Kietzmann et

al., 2011).

This study focused on Grade 12 HUMSS students as their

respondents on gathering data about the impact of social media

on mental health of students. Through HUMSS students develop

key skills including academic strand covering virous fields

that deal with the exploration of the human condition using

analytical, critical, and empirical ways. This strand is one

of curriculum made by DepEd in K-12. Mental health is a state

of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own

abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work

productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

community (World Health Organization 2017). While many of us

enjoy staying connected on social media, excessive use of

social media can trigger feelings of depression, anxiety,

anger and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) relates to a feeling that

friends and connections are leading more interesting and

rewarding lives, creating a desire to stay continually

connected with what others are doing online.

During this time of social distancing and isolation,

social media can be an invaluable tool for keeping you in

touch with friends, loved ones, and the wider world. Human

beings are social creatures. People need the companionship of

others to thrive in life and the strength of our connections

has a huge impact on our mental health and happiness. Being

socially connected to others can ease stress, anxiety and

depression, boost self-worth, provide comfort and joy and

prevent loneliness. On the other side, lacking strong social

connections can pose a serious risk to our mental and

emotional health. Therefore this research undergoes the impact

of social media on mental health of grade 12 HUMSS students

enrolled in Mabinay National High School. The objective of the

study is to determine the Impact of social media on mental

health issues such as anxiety and depression. This study will

divert the attention of individuals and will help them analyze

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

their over indulgence on social media within the most valuable

time of their lived and the possible consequences to their

mental health status.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of

social media usage on students mental health. Especially it

attemps to answer the following questions:

1. How does the social media usage affects the mental health

of the students?

2. What are its effect to the students health condition?

3. In what way do younger and older respondent influence the

use of social media?

4. What are the positive and negative effects of social media

to students?

5. Do all students maintain to care about themselves from all

the negative effects?

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

HYPOTHESIS

The aim of this study is to examine if high social media

use is correlated with self-esteem levels in young adults.

RESEARCH QUESTION: How does social media affect high school

students' self-esteem?

Hypothesis 1: When a young adult uses social media frequently,

they will report low self-esteem levels.

Null-Hypothesis 1: When a young adult uses social media

frequently, they will not report low self-esteem levels.

Hypothesis 2: When a young adult does not use social media

frequently, they will report higher self-esteem levels.

Null-Hypothesis 2: When a young adult does not use social

media frequently, they will not report higher self-esteem

levels.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study show the impact of

social media to the mental health of the G-12 HUMSS student

in Mabinay National High School.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Figure 1: Shows the Schematic Diagram of a

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

SOCIAL MEDIA MENTAL HEALTH

PROBLEM/ISSUES OF
- Facebook INDIVIDUALS
- Tiktok/Instagram
- Youtube - Depression/
- Mobile Legends Stress
- Decreased
Self-Esteem
- Feeling of
Loneliness

DEPENDENT VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was significant to the students, Teachers and

the Future researchers.

Students- This students will be benefits to the students to

know how to proper way of using social media. They can be

particularly difficult for students with mental health

conditions.

Teachers- This study help the teachers to give their students

on how social media can be use in effective way. Fortunately,

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

there are lots of things that we can do to look after our own

mental health and to help others who may need some extra

support and care.

Future Researcher- This Study will help the future researcher

to guide them if they want to do the same research.

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION

This study tends to know the impacts/effects of social

media (such as facebook, Instagram, twitter, etc.) addiction

in academic performance of the students. This is selected only

for the Mabinay National High School grade 12 HUMSS students.

A limitation of this study related to the external

validity of the findings, is the participants were only

selected from undergraduate students. Similarly, it is unknown

how social media usage of undergraduate students at other

institutions would impact those student’s mental health.

Participants self-reported the time they spent on social

media, thus, a limitation was the potential for participants

to not accurately self-disclose. Students’ mental health could

be compromised for reasons not relating to social media usage;

therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Anxiety- is your body's natural response to stress. It's a

feeling of fear or apprehension about what's to come. The

first day of school, going to a job interview, or giving a

speech may cause most people to feel fearful and nervous.

Depression- is a mood disorder that causes a persistent

feeling of sadness and loss of interest and can interfere with

your daily functioning.

Health- the state of being free from illness or injury.

Virtual- being such in essence or effect though not formally

recognized or admitted, of relating to, or being a

hypothetical particle whose existence is inferred from

indirect evidence.

Social Media websites and applications - that enable users to

create and share content or participate in social networking.

Impact-have a strong effect on someone or something.

Health Condition-means a physical or mental illness, injury,

impairment, or condition.

Inadequate - lacking the quality or quantity required;

Insufficient for a purpose, unable to deal with a situation or

with life.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Judicious- having, showing, or done with good judgement or

sense.

Crucial-decisive or critical, especially in the success or

failure of something.

Informed- having or showing knowledge of a particular subject

or situation.

Failure- lack of success.

Research- research is defined as the creation of new knowledge

and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way

so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and

understandings.

Study- the devotion of time and attention to acquiring

knowledge on an academic subject, especially by means of

books.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

The use of online social networks (OSNS) has

increasingly attracted attention from scholars' in different

disciplines. Recently, student behaviors in online social

networks have been extensively examined. However, limited

efforts have been made to evaluate and systematically review

the current research status to provide insights into previous

study findings. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, schools all over the

world have gone from full face-to-face to online lessons. It

started in modular distance learning and now we have the

online classes were students join to a meet/links so that they

can proceed to an online class. But not every student have

their Internet at home, some needs to load their phones so

they can access the online class. Online social networking

(OSN) sites among individuals, OSNS such as Facebook are used

almost every day by millions of users (Brailovskaia et al.

2020). OSNS allow individuals to present themselves via

virtual communities, interact with their social networks, and

maintain connections with others (Brailovskala et al. 2020).

Therefore, the use of OSNS has continually attracted

young adults, especially students (Kokkinos and Saripanidis

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2017: Paul et al. 2012). Given the popularity of OSNS and the

increased number of students of different ages, many education

institutions (e.g.. universities) have used them to market

their educational programs and to communicate with students

(Paul et al. 2012). The children of the twenty-first century

are technology- oriented, and thus their learning style

differs from previous generations (Moghavvemi et al. 2017a,

b). Students in this era have alternatives to how and where

they spend time to learn. OSNS enable students to share

knowledge and seek help from other students.

Lim and Richardson (2016) emphasized that one important

advantage of OSNS as an educational tool is to increase

connections between classmates, which increases information

sharing. Furthermore, the use of OSNS has also opened new

communication channels between students and teachers. Previous

studies have shown that students strengthened connections with

their teachers and instructors using OSNS (e.g. Facebook, and

Twitter). Therefore, the characteristics and features of OSNS

have caused many students to use them as an educational tool,

due to the various facilities provided by OSN platforms, which

makes learning more fun to experience (Moghavvemi et al.

2017a). This has caused many educational institutions to

consider Facebook as a medium and as a learning tool for

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

students to acquire knowledge (Ainin et al. 2015). OSNS

including Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter have been the most

utilized platforms for education purposes (Akçayır and Akçayır

2016).

Since online social networks such as Facebook were

introduced last decade, they have attracted millions of users

and have become integrated into our daily routines. The

concept of OSNS is a combination of technology, Information,

and human interfaces that enable users to create an online

community and build a social network of friends (Borrero et

al. 2014). Kum Tang and Koh (2017) defined OSNS as "web-based

virtual communities where users interact with real- life

friends and meet other people with shared Interests". A more

detailed and well-cited definition of OSN was introduced by

Boyd and Ellison (2008) who defined OSNS as "web- based

services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or

semipublic profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a

list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3)

view and traverse their list of connections and those made by

others within the system". Due to its popularity, many

researches have examined the effect of OSNS on different

disciplines such as business (Kujur and Singh 2017),

healthcare (Chung 2014; Lin et al. 2016; Mano 2014),

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

psychology (Pantic 2014), and education (Hamid et al. 2016,

2015; Roblyer et al. 2010).

Yet, the educational activities conducted on OSNS are

dependent on the nature of the OSNS used by the students

(Benson et al. 2015). Moreover, for teaching and learning,

instructors have begun using OSNS platforms for several other

purposes such as increasing knowledge exchanges and effective

learning (Romero-Hall 2017). On the other hand, previous

studies have raised some challenges of using OSNs for

educational purposes. For example, students tend to use OSNS

as a social tool for entraining rather than an educational

tool (Baran 2010; Gettman and Cortijo 2015).

Moreover, the active use of OSNS on daily basis may

develop students' negative behavior such as addiction and

distraction. In this context, Kitsantas et al. (2016) found

that college students in the United States reported some

concerns such as the OSNS usage can turn into addictive

behavior, distraction, privacy threats, the negative impact on

their emotional health, and the inability to complete the

tasks on time. Another challenge of using OSNS as educational

tools is gender differences. Kim and Yoo (2016) found some

differences between male and female students concerning the

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

negative impact of OSNS, for example, female students are more

conserved about issues related to security, and the difficulty

of task/work completion.

Furthermore, Innovation is a key aspect in the education

process (Serdyukov 2017), however, using OSNS as an

educational tool, students could lose creativity due to the

easy access to everything using these platforms

(Mirabolghasemi et al. 2016). The use of OSNS has become a

daily habit among young adults and adolescents these days

(Brailovskaia et al. 2020).

Social Networking Sites (SNSS) are virtual communities

where users can create Individual public profiles, interact

with real-life friends, and meet other people based on shared

interests. They are seen as a 'global consumer phenomenon with

an exponential rise in usage within the last few years.

Therefore, this literature review is intended to provide

empirical and conceptual insight into the emerging phenomenon

of addiction to SNSS by: (1) outlining SNS usage patterns, (2)

examining motivations for SNS usage, (3) examining

personalities of SNS users, (4) examining negative

consequences of SNS usage, (5) exploring potential SNS

addiction, and (6) exploring SNS addiction specificity and

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

comorbidity. The findings indicate that SNSS are predominantly

used for social purposes, mostly related to the maintenance of

established offline networks. Moreover, extraverts appear to

use social networking sites for social enhancement, whereas

introverts use it for social compensation, each of which

appears to be related to greater usage, as does low

conscientiousness and high narcissism.

Negative correlates of SNS usage include the decrease in

real life social community participation and academic

achievement, as well as relationship problems, each of which

may be indicative of potential addiction. An extensive

literature search was conducted using the academic database

Web of Knowledge as well as Google Scholar. The following

search terms as well as their derivatives were entered social

network, online network, addiction, compulsive, excessive,

use, abuse, motivation, personality, and comorbidity. Studies

were included if they: (1) included empirical data, (ii) made

reference to usage patterns, (iii) motivations for usage, (iv)

personality traits of users. (V) negative consequences of use.

(vi) addiction, (vil) and/or comorbidity and specificity. A

total of 43 empirical studies were identified from the

literature, five of which specifically assessed SNS addiction.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

The term addiction is mainly related to alcohol, drugs

and gambling (Nayak, 2018). However, with the increasing use

of computers and the Internet, technology addiction has become

a social problem since the mid-1990s (Shaw & Black, 2008). In

recent decades, internet addiction has attracted the attention

of academia, which refers to the obvious social and

psychological damage caused by excessive use of the Internet,

and brings serious harm to users' physical and mental health

(Jie et al., 2014; Shaw & Black, 2008). At present, social

media use has become an important part of college students'

Internet use.

Psychological research points out that if individuals

overuse social media and cannot control their activities on

social media, they are considered to have symptoms of social

media addiction (Kimberly. 2009; Tang et al., 2016). Ryan et

al. (2014) argued that using social media can bring

satisfaction to users, which is the main reason for the

addiction disorder developed on social media. Due to the

diversity of social media functions, users may be addicted to

social activities, such as posting, sharing content, or other

activities, such as playing games (Griffiths et al., 2014).

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Some studies have pointed out that college students are

more likely to become addicted as the intensity of social

media use increases (Blachnio et al., 2016; Brailovskaia et

al., 2018). For example, Busalim et al. (2019) indicated that

higher the frequency of social media use, the more likely

college students are to become addicted to it. In other words,

the use intensity of social media is closely related to

college students' social media addiction. Compared with non-

addicted users, addicted users spend more time on social media

(Hormes et al., 2014).

The results of a meta-analysis indicated that the time

spent online is considered a component of problematic social

media use, and the more time spent online is indicative of

potential addiction (Marino et al., 2018). Generally,

according to the function of service users, the types of

social media use can be divided into social use and

entertainment use (Wang et al., 2014). Whether it is social

use or entertainment use, users need to spend a lot of time on

social media, which may lead to social media addiction.

Based on this, the following hypotheses are proposed: H1

When a young adult uses social media frequently, they will

report low self-esteem levels. H2 When a young adult does not

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

use social media frequently, they will report higher self-

esteem levels. Subjective well-being usually refers to an

Individual's overall perception and evaluation of his or her

own living conditions or specific areas of life (Felce, 2010;

Pang, 2018a). As a multi-factorial construct, subjective well-

being mainly includes cognitive judgment of overall life

satisfaction and emotional assessment of emotions and feelings

(Chan, 2013, pp. 96-113: Goswami, 2012).

Due to these different dimensions of the concept (le,

life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions)

reflect a person's subjective view of life experience, well-

being is often defined as subjective well-being. Many studies

have focused on the social use of various social media

services, and the results show that social use has a positive

impact on users' subjective well-being (Chen & LI, 2017; Pang,

2018a: Wang et al., 2014). For example, Guo et al. (2013) has

confirmed that the social use of social media could enhance

users' perceived bridging social capital and subjective well-

being. In a recent study, Kim et al. (2020) demonstrated that

college students communicate with a wide range of people on

social networks, which is positively related to their

subjective well-being. Social media can promote interactions

with strong and weak social relationships, so that users feel

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

that they have received care or attention, and get the

necessary resources and support from them (Chen & Li, 2017:

Johnston et al., 2013).

Many students were aware of counselling services and

symptoms related to depression, but fewer recognized other

campus resources and types of mental health conditions. Health

promotion and prevention of mental health issues were under-

recognized; students only endorsed help-seeking actions when

symptoms were severe. Additionally, students experiencing high

levels of depression and distress were less likely to

recognize symptoms of mental illness than others. Various

mental health literacy campaigns have been implemented in

post-secondary settings. Feedback collected through surveys

tended to be positive, though response rates were often low

and outcomes following exposure were minimal. Mental health

training programs are associated with short-term increases in

self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy.

Training programs that included components such as

experiential learning exercises and scenarios tailored to

post-secondary settings were the most effective at improving

outcomes. Limitations of studies on training programs include

low participation and response rates, lack of long-term

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follow-up assessments, and the use of instruments that have

not been empirically validated.As part of a mental health

literacy strategy, training programs need to be available to

all members of the university community. Training programs

that are specialized for post-secondary settings, incorporate

experiential exercises, and which receive institutional

resources and ongoing support, are likely to have the most

impact.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Presented in this chapter are the methods and processes

used by the researchers to conduct study such as research

design, research environment, respondent, research instrument,

data collection procedure, data analysis procedure.

Research Design

The study will use the descriptive kind of research. For

the purpose of this study a quantitative research method will

be used. A survey-questionnaire will be carefully prepared by

the researchers to gather data. Quantitative research design

allows for data to be obtained from a larger number of

participants and is structured to provide statistical and

computational results of data.

A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of

research methods to investigate one or more variables.

Population & Sample The respondents are the Grade 12 HUMSS

students of Mabinay National High School located in Naranghita

St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental. They found that

social networks are associated with high levels of anxiety,

depression, and a "fear of missing out (FOMO)." They can also

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

foster a negative body image and poor sleep habits. It was

also revealed that the more social media young adults consume,

the more likely they are to report depression or anxiety

(Lopacinski, 2018). The result of the survey will be subjected

to analysis. negative body image and poor sleep habits. It was

also revealed that the more social media young adults consume,

the more likely they are to report depression or anxiety

(Lopacinski, 2018). The Mabinay National result of the survey

will be subjected to analysis.

Research Environment

This study was conducted in Mabinay National High

School, which is located in Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros

Oriental the campus has a land area of 32,778 sqm. Mabinay

National High School was established in 1972, It was first

named as Mabinay Municipal High School. It was first headed by

Mr. Ricardo Tan being the district supervisor. Some elementary

teachers at that time also handled classes in this high

school. The lot used by the school was donated by the

Municipality of Mabinay to the Department of Education.

However, the teachers are creative enough to have implemented

pot gardening/urban gardening Mabinay National High School is

implementing the Revised Basic Education Curriculum for the

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

third and fourth year levels and K to 12 Basic Education for

grade VII and VIII for school year 2013-2014 until such time

the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum will be fully

implemented.

Map of Figure 1. Mabinay National High School

Respondents

The respondents in this study are G-12 HUMSS students. A

total of 50 students responded to our survey. The respondents

were Grade 12 HUMSS students since they are the ones who are

affected by the factors mentioned. Aside from the study's

topic being related to mental health. The researchers also

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wish to tell Grade 12 HUMSS students that dealing with a

mental health issues.

Total Population Sampling were used in this study. It is

a type of descriptive Sampling technique that involves

choosing the entire population that have a particular set of

characteristics or experiences. In this sampling, researchers

chose to study the entire population of Grade 12 HUMSS

students because the size of the population that we interest

in was typically very small . The participants were informed

through survey.

Research Instrument

A survey questionnaire we're used to gather data

(Question 1), (question 2). (question 3), (question 4) and

(question 5) because it is relatively simple and it is the

most appropriate tool to gather information. It also

facilitates the process of tabulating and summarizing the data

gather. The formulation of questionnaire was based on.

The survey questionnaire includes the Impact of social

media to the mental health of students in Mabinay National

High School wherein it was also used to measure the level of

effect of social media in their mental health. The

questionnaire is an information gathering five main questions

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in the pertinent area of the research problem are set-up for

the purpose of obtaining answers from the respondent involved

in the study.

Validity and Reliability

This study is further validated through the use of survey

questionnaires personally made by the researchers which had

undergone corrections from their mentor, before it was

administered to a group respondents. Data were also

interpreted and analyzed by the aid of analysis. Therefore the

survey questionnaires used and the data gathered are declared

varied and variable.

Data Collection Procedure

Prior to data collection, participants were provided with

an survey of the study’s and to protect the anonymity of the

participants and encourage responses, a waiver of consent was

solicited by the researcher and completion of the survey

represented the participants’ informed consent. A modified

survey instrument—referred to as the Social Media and Mental

Health Survey was used to collect responses and collected

information related to participants’ demographics, social

media usage behaviors, and self-reported perception mental

health related to depression, anxiety, and suicidality.

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For the purpose of this study, social media was defined

as a website that individuals use to make or maintain

connections with others by interacting with user-generated

content (Boyd & Ellison, 2010; Obar & Wildman, 2015). This

study examines the social media platforms: mobile games,

Facebook, Instagram, Tiktok, and YouTube because of the sites

popularity with senior high school aged students (Knight-

McCord, et al., 2016). Mental health was defined by a

participant’s level of depression, anxiety, and suicidality

because these conditions are “some of the most prevalent in

college populations,” (Hefner & Eisenberg, 2009, p. 493).

For the purpose of this study, the researcher sought to

discover if there is a correlation between the amount of time

a student spends on social media and perceived mental health.

By including questions from the Senior High School Students

regarding mental health assessment and adding questions

regarding a student’s social media usage, the researcher was

able to answer the research questions. During the pilot test,

feedback was requested about the clarity and appropriateness

of the survey questions with regard to the purpose of this

study.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Data Analysis Procedure

There is a positive correlation between feeling anxious

and serious active on Social media than in real life. This

study concludes that more usage of social media, number, and

too much of time spent on social networking sites is affecting

the student's mental health such as depression and anxiety.

However, multiple studies have found a strong link

between heavy social media and an increased risk for

depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-harm, and even suicidal

thoughts. Social media may promote negative experiences such

as: Inadequacy about your life or appearance. If you're

spending an excessive amount of time on social media and

feelings of sadness, dissatisfaction, frustration, or

loneliness are impacting your life, it may be time to re-

examine your online habits and find a healthier balance. The

first part of the deliberation on the research outcome focuses

on providing an overview of the theoretical background of

discourse analysis.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results of the data gathered by

the researchers with their corresponding statistical and

interpretations.

Figure 1. Respondents answers to the 7 questions asked

regarding effects of social media to the mental health.

NUMBERS YES PERCEN NO PERCEN MAYBE PERCEN SOME PERCEN

OF TAGE TAGE TAGE TIME TAGE

QUESTION (%) (%) (%) S (%)

NAIRE

1 48 96% 2 4% 0 0 0 0

2 18 36% 9 18% 8 16% 15 30%

3 14 28% 10 20% 6 12% 20 40%

4 24 48% 10 20% 1 2% 15 30%

5 29 58% 2 4% 19 38% 0 0

6 34 68% 10 20% 6 12% 0 0

7 31 62% 4 8% 15 30% 0 0

Figure 1 shows the respondents who responded to our

questionnaire. In number 1, out of 50 respondents the ‘YES’

answers amounts to (96%) which numbers 48 and ‘NO’ answers

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(4%) which equates to 2, and the MAYBE and SOMETIMES are none.

Question number 2 has answer YES amounting 18 or (36%), the

number of respondents who answered NO are only 9 which is

(18%), the number of respondents who answered MAYBE are 8 or

(16%),while the number of respondents who answered SOMETIMES

are 15 which is (30%). Question 3 has YES answers which is 14

or (28%) and NO answers are 10 or (20%), and MAYBE answers are

6 or (12%) while SOMETIMES answered 20 or (40%).The YES answer

of question number 4 are computed and it amounts to 24 or

(48%) and no answers are 10 or (20%) and MAYBE answered 1or

(2%) while SOMETIMES answered 15 or (30%). In number 5, the

respondents answered 29 or (58%) YES, and 2 or (4%) NO, and 19

or (38%) MAYBE while SOMETIMES are none. The respondents in

number 6 replied 34 or (68%) YES and 10 or (20%) for the NO

and 6 or(12%) for the MAYBE category, while SOMETIMES are

none. Question number 7 answers for the YES category sums up

to 31or (62%) and answers for NO category is equal to 4 or

(8%) and MAYBE category answers 15 or (30%) while SOMETIMES

are none.

Figure 2. Respondents answers to the no. 8 question asked

regarding effects of social media to the mental health.

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Figure 2

ANXIETY STRESS DEPRESSION SELF-ESTEEM TARDINESS N/A

2%

20%
25%

14%
34%

5%

This figure presents the respondents’ answers to the no.

2 questions asked regarding the effects of social media to the

mental health. Out of 50 respondents the stress is the highest

amount (34%) effects of social media to the mental health.

Tardiness has (25%) effects to mental health by the

respondents, anxiety has (20%) effects to mental health, self-

esteem has (14%) effects, and lowest effect is depression

which has (5%). Some of the respondents answered N/A ( Not

Applicable) got (2%) based on the questionnaire floated.

Figure 3. Respondents answers to the no. 9 question asked

regarding effects of social media to the academic

performances.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Figure 3

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Agree Disagree Slightly Agree

Figure 3 presents for respondents who responded to our

questionnaire. Out of 50 respondents, most of them slightly

agree (42%) that social media affects to their academic

performances, some of them agree (38%) that social media has

affected to their performances, while the lowest is (20%)

Disagree that social media has no effect on their academic

performances. This analysis suggest that majority of the

respondents who responded to the questionnaire is slightly

agreeing and agreeing.

Figure 4. Respondents answers to the no. 10 question asked

regarding the overall effects of social media to the mental

health.

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Figure 4
10%

Positive
Negative
52% No Effects

38%

Figure 4 shows the overall answers to the questionnaires

based on their experience, there are 26 which makes (52%) of

the total respondents of the Positive effects and there are 19

which makes (38%) of the total number of respondents in

Negative effects, while the No effects only have 5 which makes

only up to (10%)

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings,

conclusion, and further recommendations drawn from the

interpreted data.

This study was taken with the general objective of

presenting the relationship of the Grade12 Humanities and

Social Sciences student’s of the Effects of Social Media to

the Mental Health with their frequency of effects.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following

question:

1. How does the social media usage affects the mental health

of the students?

2. What are its effect to the students health condition?

3. In what way do younger and older respondent influence the

use of social media?

4. What are the positive and negative effects of social media

to students?

5. Do all students maintain to care about themselves from all

the negative effects?

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Summary of findings

1. Respondents answers to the 7 questions asked regarding

effects of social media to the mental health.

The respondents to our survey are depicted in Figure 1.

Out of 50 respondents, 48 "YES" responses (96%) and 2 "NO"

responses (4%) were given in response to question number 1,

while there were no MAYBE or SOMETIMES responses. Question

number 2 received a YES response from 18 respondents, or 36%,

a NO response from just 9 respondents, or 18%, a MAYBE

response from 8 respondents, or 16%, and a SOMETIMES response

from 15 respondents, or 30%. Question 3 received YES answers

of 14 or (28%) and NO responses of 10 or (20%), MAYBE

responses of 6 or (12%), and SOMETIMES responses of 20 or

(40%). Question 4's YES response was calculated.

2. Respondents answers to the no. 8 question asked

regarding effects of social media to the mental health.

The second question about the impact of social media on

mental health is answered by the respondents in this graph.

Out of 50 responders, stress has the greatest impact on mental

health (34%) and is caused by social media. According to the

respondents, tardiness has a (25%) negative impact on mental

health, anxiety has a (20%) negative impact, self-esteem has a

(14%) negative impact, and depression has a (5%) negative

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impact. According to the questionnaire that was circulated, a

small percentage of respondents (2%) selected N/A (Not

Applicable).

3. Respondents answers to the no. 9 question asked

regarding effects of social media to the academic

performances.

For respondents who filled out our survey, Figure 3 is

shown. Out of 50 respondents, the most (42%) agree somewhat

that social media has an impact on their academic success,

some (38%) believe that it has, and the least (20%) disagree

that social media has no impact on their academic performance.

According to this study, the majority of survey respondents

who provided feedback were slightly in agreement and

agreement.

4. Respondents answers to the no. 10 question asked

regarding the overall effects of social media to the mental

health.

Figure 4 displays the overall responses to the

questionnaires based on respondents' experiences. Positive

effects respondents made up 26 of the total respondents, or

52%, while negative effects respondents made up 19 of the

total respondents, or 38%. No effects respondents made up only

5 of the total respondents, or 10%.

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Conclusion

This study was to investigate the effects of social media

use to the mental health of HUMSS Students of G-12 in Mabinay

National High School. Based on the data gathered from the 50

respondent of the research study which was further analysis

and interpreted using the appropriate frequency distribution

table and pie graph, the researchers concluded that there are

significant effects of social media use on the mental health

of G-12 students of Mabinay National High School that can be

both positive and negative.

On the other hand, social media offers opportunities for

communication, self-expression, and connection with peers,

which can enhance their well-being. It provides a platform for

sharing experiences, seeking support, and accessing valuable

educational resources.

However, excessive or problematic social media use can have

detrimental effects on the mental health of G-12 HUMSS

students. The constant exposure to carefully curated and

idealized representations of others' lives can lead to

feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and increased social

comparison.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend that students should limit their

usage and must regulate it to avoid it’s negative effects to

their academic performances. The researchers also provides

information that gathered from the survey and it was conducted

in Mabinay National High School G-12 HUMSS students. To the

future researchers, they must study further and widen this

topic about the Effects of Social Media Use to the Mental

Health of HUMSS 12 students and must conduct a more intense

and scrutinized study since this is the most common issue in

todays advent of social media. The researchers wishes that

the readers of this research would have an in depth

understanding and knowledge about the effects of social media

on student's changing mindset and emotional behavior, and some

would be encouraged to start a way to fade this problem that

can worsten the youth.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

REFERENCES

Richards, R., Caldwell, P.H., & Go, H. (2017), Impact of

social media on the health of children and young people.

Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26607861/

Marino, C., Gini, G., Vieno, A., & Spada, M.M. (2017) The

associations between problematic Facebook use, psychological

distress and well-being among adolescents and young adults. A

systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved from

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024900/

Peterson, L. (2019) The Negative Effect of Social Media on

Society and Individuals. Retrieved from

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-

society- individuals-27617.html

The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396

(e) ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 4, Issue 3. DIP:

18.01.134/20170403 DOI: 10.25215/0403.134 http://www.ijip.in

April-June, 201

Bashir, H. & Bhat, S.A. (2017) "Effects of Social Media on

Mental Health". The International Journal of Indian

Psychology. Vol 4 Issue 3,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323018957

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

McLean. (2020). Like it or Not Social Media is affecting your

mental health. Harvard Medical School, Retrieved February 26,

2020 from https://www.mcleanhospital.org/news/it-or-not-

social-medias-affecting-your-mental- health.

Karim F, Oyewande A A, Abdalla L. F, et al. (June 15, 2020)

Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A

Systematic Review. Cureus 12(6): e8627.

Kim, H.H. (2017). The impact of online social networking on

adolescent psychological well-being (WB): a population-level

analysis of Korean school-aged children. Int J Adolese Youth.,

22:364-376. 10.1080/02673843.2016.1197135.

Feder, K.A., Richm. K.E., and Mojtabai, R. (2019). Is there an

association between social media use and mental health? The

timing of confounding measurement matters-reply [Online ahead

of print]. JAMA Psychiatry. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry 2019.4499.

Berryman, C., Ferguson, C. J., Negy, C. (2018). Social media

use and mental health among young adults. Psychiatric

Quarterly, 89, 307-314.

Bekalu, M.A., McCloud, R.F., and Viswanath, K. (2019),

Association of Social Media Use with Social well-being,

Positive Mental-Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling

Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. PubMed.

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Retrieved November 19, 2019 from

https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768

Bashir and Bhat, (2016) Effects of Social Media on Mental

Health: A Review. Retrieved Save on October 28, 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323018957 Effects of

Social Media_on_Men

tal_Health_A_Review/link/5a7c9e97aca272341aeb7472/download.

Glazzard and Stones, (2019) Social Media and Young People's

Mental Health. Retrieved on October 28, 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335549577 Social

Media and Young People' s Mental

Health/link/5dod111492851c853885cbfc/download.

Jacqueline Nesi. (2020)The Impact of Social Media on Youth

Mental Health. Retrieved on October, 28, 20202

https://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/81/2/116

NC Med J. (2020) The Impact of Social Media on Youth Mental

Health. Retrieved on October 28, 2020

https://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/content/nem/81/2/116.full.pdf

Rajesh and Priya, (2020) IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON MENTAL

HEALTH OF STUDENTS. Retrieved on October 28, 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340779328 IMPACT OF

SOCIAL_MEDIA_ ON MENTAL HEALTH OF STUDENTS

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Appendix A

MARCELL ACABAL
Mabinay National High School
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental
May 15, 2023

Subject: Seeking permission to conduct survey in the

Department of Mabinay National High School

Sir:

This is to inform you that I Johnfel Labrador a representative

of our group, is planning to conduct survey in our school,
particularly in the Senior High School Department on May 16,
2023. The aim of the survey is to attain knowledge on “The
Effects of the Social Media Use to the Mental Health of HUMSS
12 in Mabinay National High School”.
I’ am writing this letter in order to seek, your kind
permission for conducting the survey. The above said survey
could help us gain better knowledge about the user’s
experience/user’s internet in the required fields.
We look forward to a quick and positive response from your
side. For any inquries feel free to contact us on 09659089308.
Thank you,

Yours truly,

JOHNFEL LABRADOR
Researcher

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

AGNES SILVA
Adviser in HUMSS A

MARCELL ACABAL
TIC, MNHS

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Appendix B

THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE TO THE MENTAL HEALTH OF HUMSS

STUDENT IN G-12 IN MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Name (Optional): __________________________ Grade: _________

Strand: ____________

Date: ______________

Direction: Please read the questions and check the box that
corresponds to your answer.

1. Do you believe that social media can have effects to an

individual mental health?

Yes No

2.Regarding the previous question no. 1, If you answered yes,

what would be the effects of social media use on individuals
mental health? Choose any of the choices you have encountered,
if No, write N/A.

Anxiety Depression Stress Self-esteem

Tardiness
Others please specify: _____________________
3. As a student, do you agree that social media affects your
academic performances?

Agree Disagree Slightly agree

4. Have you ever experience feeling of anxiety or stress to

your social media use?

Yes No Maybe Sometimes

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

5.Have you ever experienced FOMO ( fear of missing out) or

feelings of exclusion when seeing posts from peers of social
media?

Yes No Sometimes Maybe

6.Have you ever taken a break from social media for mental
health reasons?

Yes No Sometimes

7.As a student, can social media use affect the interpersonal

relationships and social skills?

Yes No Maybe

8. Have you ever lost sleep because of social media use?

Yes No Maybe
9. Do you think social media affects your ability to
concentrate or stay focused on tasks?

Yes No Maybe

10. Overall, do you feel social media has positive or

negative effects on your mental health?

Positive Negative No effects

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Figure 1

NUMBERS YES PERCEN NO PERCEN MAYBE PERCEN SOME PERCEN

OF TAGE TAGE TAGE TIME TAGE

QUESTION (%) (%) (%) S (%)

NAIRE

1 48 96% 2 4% 0 0 0 0

2 18 36% 9 18% 8 16% 15 30%

3 14 28% 10 20% 6 12% 20 40%

4 24 48% 10 20% 1 2% 15 30%

5 29 58% 2 4% 19 38% 0 0

6 34 68% 10 20% 6 12% 0 0

7 31 62% 4 8% 15 30% 0 0

Figure 2

Figure 2

ANXIETY STRESS DEPRESSION SELF-ESTEEM TARDINESS N/A

2%

20%
25%

14%
34%

5%

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Figure 3

Figure 3

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Agree Disagree Slightly Agree

Figure 4

Figure 4
10%

Positive
Negative
52% No Effects

38%

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: CLARENCE ABRASALDO

Age: 19

Address: Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: March 23, 2003

Place of Birth: Bais City

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09754283532

Email Add: None

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Bais City National High School

(Junior High School)

Bais City, Negros Oriental (2021)

Elementary Education Bais City Elementary School

Bais City, Negros Oriental (2017)

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: RHEA MAE M. AMADA

Age: 26

Address: Bulibulihan, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: September 11, 1996

Place of Birth: Bulibulihan, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Married

Contact Number: 09915014351

Email Add: amadarheamae@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Mabinay National High School

(old curriculum graduated)

Mabinay, Negros Oriental (2013)

Elementary Education Bulibulihan Elementary School

Bulibulihan, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2009)

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: JEVIEN BOBON

Age: 18

Address: Abis, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: October 22, 2004

Place of Birth: Brgy. Bantayan, Kabankalan City, Negros

Occidental

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09638809833

Email Add: jevienbobon2@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Locotan National High School

(Junior High School)

Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental

(2019)

Elementary Education Locotan Elementary School

Kabankalan City,Negros Occidental(2016)

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: CIELO M. GENELASO

Age: 19

Address: Bulibulihan, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: March 08,2004

Place of Birth: Bulibulihan, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09659089308

Email Add: cielogenelaso8@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Mabinay National High School

(Junior High School)

Mabinay, Negros Oriental (2021)

Elementary Education Mabinay Central School

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2017)

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: JOHNFEL C. LABRADOR

Age: 18

Address: Banban, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: September 05, 2004

Place of Birth: Banban, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Gender: Male

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09067491098

Email Add: azehlabrador77@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Mabinay National High School

(Junior High School)

Mabinay, Negros Oriental (2021)

Elementary Education Banban Elementary School

Banban, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2017)

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 MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: MAE A. LAGON

Age: 18

Address: Barras, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: May 7, 2005

Place of Birth: Barras, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09298787737

Email Add: lagonmae8@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Mabinay National High School

(Junior High School)

Mabinay, Negros Oriental (2021)

Elementary Education Barras Elementary School

Barras, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2017)

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Naranghita St., Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name: RICHEL VILLARIN

Age: 23

Address: Bato, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Date of Birth: December 19, 1999

Place of Birth: Bato, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Gender: Female

Civil Status: Single

Contact Number: 09298787539

Email Add: villarinrichel14@gmail.com

Education Attainment

Secondary Education Mabinay National High School

(Senior High School)

Poblacion, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2023)

Mabinay National High School

(Junior High School)

Mabinay, Negros Oriental (2019)

Elementary Education Bato Elementary School

Bato, Mabinay, Negros Oriental

(2015)

58