CULMINATING

PORTFOLIO

JOHNFEL C. LABRADOR

HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL

SCIENCES
TITLE PAGE
 Mabinay National High School

Naranghita St. Poblacion, Mabinay

Senior High School

Humanities and Social Sciences

CULMINATING PORTFOLIO

Presented to the Work Immersion Teacher of the G-12 HUMMS A

Mabinay Nattional High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the subject required

WORK IMMERSION

Submitted by: Johnfel C. Labrador

Submitted to: Mrs. Agnes Silva

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Title Page
II. Introduction
III. Dedication
IV. Acknowledgement
V. Preliminaries
- Application Letter
- Resume
- Birth Certificate
- Medical
VI. School Profile
- School logo
- School Mission and Vision
- History
VII. Eight Major Subject of Humanities and Social Sciences
VIII. Report Activity
- Narrative Essay
- Documentation doing the Portfolio
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction

Work immersion is one of the course requirements for graduation. A Senior High School
Students has to undergo work immersion in an industry that directly relates to the students post
secondary goal. Through work immersion the students are exposed to and become familiar with
work-related environment related to their field of specialization to enhance their competence.
Specifically, the students are able to gain relevant and practical industrial skills under the
guidance of industry experts and workers, appreciate the importance and application of the
principles and theories taught in social, enhance their technical knowledge and skills enrich their
skills in communications and human relations and develop good work habits, attitudes,
appreciation and respect for work. These prepare them to meet the needs and challenges of
employment or higher education after graduation.

Academic institutions are faced with challenges particularly on the skills they produced,
which do not match the needs of the industry. A significant number of graduates today are
unable to fill the job openings due to job Skills mismatch. A great number of these skills found
lacking by companies are taught in the academic that is, technical, human resources and
conceptual skills. In addition to that, these same skills can also be reinforced through on the job
training programs.

A study conducted by the people management associations, emphasized the importance of

an effective on the job training program. Achievement of the immersion program objectives the
possibility of good performer graduates. The opposite will most likely produced poor performer
graduates this, promoting job Skills mismatch.

A one of the goals of the k to 12 basic education management program is to develop in

learners the competencies, work ethic and values relevant to pursuing further education and or
joining the world of work. To achieve greater consequence between basic education and the
nations development targets work immersion, a required subject has been incorporated into the
curriculum. This subject will provide learners with opportunity, to become familiar with the
work place l, for employment simulations and to apply their competencies in areas of
specialization/applied subjects in authentic work environment.
 On work Immersion, you can learned a lot of things that I can surely bring and use
someday. One of those things is that inspite of many tasks you have to continue and finish those
because it's my duty that I need to follow. To achieve the above objectives work immersion is a
requirement for graduation from secondary education. learners are immersed in actual work
environments such as workshops offices and laboratories in which their prior, trainings is
relevant, other possible venues for work immersion.
DEDICATION
 DEDICATION
I am honored to dedicate this compilation to my parents. The two persons who gave the
tools and values necessary to be where I am standing today. My parents supported me every step
I make and decision I take, for let me take my decisions alone in order for me to learn from my
personal mistakes and as my father say's, to learn and grow from each seatback. I will never
finish to thank my father and my mother for all the opportunities that they have given me, for all
the teachings that they have told me and for every advice that come out of their mouth. I am so
greatfull for trusting me that I would do a good job in the university, and letting me achieve a
higher education.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my greatest appreciation to all those who guided me to complete this
work immersion. I humbly give thanks to the people who patiently helped me in making my on
the job training possible and all that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance
that I would not forget to thank them.

First, I would like to thank our almighty God for giving me strength and for guiding me
throughout my journey. He taught me how to deal different kinds of people everyday and to
make friends with them. Our almighty God also motivates me to finish the work immersion. I
want extend my heartily thanks to the most powerful, our God for the life that he gifted upon me,
and for the good health that he gave me in this world.

Second, I would like to thank my parents for giving encouragement, enthusiasm and
invaluable assistance. Without all of these, I might not be able to complete my work immersion.
Thank you to my parents for their unending love and support, for providing all my needs, for
their patience and understanding, for their pieces of advice, for being there at all times and for
the care during my whole life.

Third, my deepest appreciation to our work immersion adviser Mrs. Agnes Silva for guiding
me during my work immersion, for providing me an opportunity to do the work immersion and
for giving us all the support and guidance, which made me complete this immersion. I am
thankful to her for providing such a nice support and guidance. Thank you for always being with
me.

Fourth, To my sibling who served as my inspiration. Thank you for keeping me inspired to
push myself to the limits and to make the best out of everything.

Fifth, To my classmates who were there for me , thank you for your encouraging words and
for always there I needed someone to talk. Thank you for being always there in times of my
struggles in life.
PRELIMINARIES
APPLICATION LETTER
March 7, 2023

Johnfel C. Labrador
Banban, Mabinay
Negros Oriental

ENGR. Arcie Nogra

Campus Administrator
Norsu, Mabinay Campus
Mabinay, Negros Oriental

Sir:

Good day:
I wish to apply for any vacant position commensurate my qualification. I am Johnfel C.
Labrador, a humanities and social sciences students at assigned anywhere within Negros Oriental
are.
Attached is my resume and a photocopy of my other credentials needed for my assessment.
If given a chance, I am willing to report for an interview at your most convenient time. You may
reach me at 0905-772-8702.
Thank you very much and God bless.

Sincerely yours,

JOHNFEL C. LABRADOR
Applicant
LETTER OF INTENT
March 9,2023

Johnfel C. Labrador
Banban, Mabinay
Negros Oriental

Ranjel D. Estimar
Principal I, MNHS
Naranghita St. Poblacion, Mabinay
Negros Oriental

Sir:

Good day.
Work Immersion Program of Depend involves hands-on experience or work simulation on which
students can apply their competencies and acquired knowledge relevant to their track. With this,
I am writing to express my strong interest to be accepted establishment/institution. Your
institution, I believe can be of great help in honing my skills and abilities to become an effective
and productive employee someday.
Attached is my resume and a photocopy of my other credentials needed for your assessment.
If given a chance, I am willing to report for an interview at your most convenient time. You may
reach me at 0905-772-8702.

Sincerely yours,

JOHNFEL C. LABRADOR
Applicant
RESUME
 JOHNFEL C. LABRADOR
Banban, Mabinay Negros Oriental
@azehlabrador
09057728702
OBJECTIVE
To get an opportunity where I can make the best of my potential and contribute to the
organizations growth.

EDUCATION Expected Graduation:

Senior High July 2023
Mabinay National High School
Naranghita St. Poblacion Mabinay Negros
Oriental

HONORS/AWARDS August 2021-January 2023

Grade=11 With Honors
Grade=12 With Honor (1st Quarter)
Bayle sa kalye-Champion

ON CAMPUS INVOLVEMENT: August 2022-Present

Mabinay National High School Member
Classroom Officer

VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE: March 2023-Present

Brgy. Banban
Volunteer
Paint in Basketball Covered Court.
In Covered Court have art painting and
produced a mixed painting.

VOLUNTEER EXPERIENCE: March 2023-Present

Brgy. Banban
Volunteer
Paint in Basketball Covered Court.
In Covered Court have art painting and
produced a mixed painting.
SMARTEAM BASKETBALL: April 2021
Volunteer assistant coach
I instruct my team to improve their game.
My team is produced of 10 to 15 years old.

SMARTEAM BASKETBALL: April 2021

Volunteer assistant coach
I instruct my team to improve their game.
My team is produced of 10 to 15 years old.

SKILLS:
Computer: PowerPoint, Microsoft word
Language: English and Filipino
Social media: Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and Twitter

PERSONAL REFERENCES:

Name: Address: Phone Number:

Joevely R. Bajar Banban, Mabinay Negros 0905-742-8028
Brgy. Captain Oriental
Agnes A. Silva Tumapa St. Poblacion 0955-182-0412
SHST II, MNHS Mabinay, Negros Oriental
Javelyn Cadayona Siaton, Negros Oriental 0926-503-2470
SHST II, MNHS
SCHOOL PROFILE
MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
LOGO
 THE MNHS MISSION

Fully implement the curriculum as a strategy to equip students with life skills for increased
productivity and global competitiveness.

Give students quality instructions catered by competent and committed administrators, teachers
and other school personel.

Provide students access to modern technologies to prepare them for the world of work.

Provide opportunities for students to develop their academic abilities and multiple intelligences.

Enhance student's personality and well-being through training, role-modeling and spiritual
guidance.

THE MNHS VISION

Mabinay National High School is a learning institution with technologically equipped

classrooms and other modern facilities, whose students are God-fearing, value-laden, globally
competitive and productive members of society natured by competent administrator and teachers,
supported by education-oriented cooperative and selfless other internal and external stakeholders
all for the attainment of quality education.

OUR CORE VALUES

Maka-diyos

Maka-tao

makakalikasan

makabansa
 HISTORY OF MABINAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Mabinay National High School was established in 1972. It was first named as Mabinay
Municipal High School. It was first headed by Mr. Ricardo Tan being district supervisor. Some
elementary teachers at that time also handled classes in this high school. The lot used by the
school was donated by the Municipality of Mabinay to the department of Education. The school
has a land area of 32,778 sq. m that has recently accommodated 32 classrooms. The school does
not have enough space for gardening and other activities of the TLE-Plant Production. However,
the teachers are creative enough to have implemented pot gardening/urban gardening. Mabinay
National High School is implementing the Revised Basic education Curriculum for the third and
fourth year levels And K to 12 Basic education for grade VII and VIII for school year 2013-2014
until such time the K to 12 Basic education Curriculum will be fully implemented.

Mabinay National High School is also catering special education students specifically the
hearing impaired. The class is now on its fourth year of implemented. There are eight subjects in
the R-BCE and still 8 subjects in the K to 12 Basic Education curriculum. However, time
allotment and grading system in the current curriculum greatly varu from the previous one
especially with the inclusion of the independent Cooperative Learning. Moreover, the grading
system is quite different. ICT integration is on its full implementation. The school is also
implementing the Alternative Delivery Mode using the EASE modules for students at risk of
dropping-out.

Mabinay National High School is headed by a Secondary School Principal 1 and supported
by 53 teaching personnel and 3 non-teaching staff who are all nationality funded. Teacher aides
and school aides are also supporting the school's operation and their honoraria are taken from the
local.
Government Unit of Mabinay. The school is an implementing unit. Cash allocations are
received, disbursed and directly managed at the school level. Personal services, MOOE and other
funds are directly downloaded to the schools account, this authorizing the principal to exercise
fiscal autonomy.

Teacher have been trained at the school, district, division, regional and national levels.
Although for Higher training activities, all the personel could not be sent at one time, yet as
much as possible, everybody is given a chance. Enrollment as reflected in the School Report
Card has been increasing for the last 2 years.
EIGHT MAJORSUBJECT OF
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES
Introduction to world religion
st
and 21 century literature
Introduction to world religion and 21st century literature

World View and Belief Systems

Since childbirth there are rules or traditions that are imposed to you by your parents and society
where you belong. “Do this because this is right.” “Be good to others!” “Huwag kang gumawa
ng masama kung ayaw mong ma-karma“. These are simple reminders of our parents. When you
are brought to the school for your education, same values or beliefs are being strengthened. In
some period in your life you became a member of a religious organization or perhaps by
tradition. The beliefs and values that you learned from your parents and school are reinforced by
the teachings of that specific religion. All that you have learned from your parents, school,
religious affiliation and other influences became your belief system and your worldview.

Often times you are not conscious of your own worldview unless it is challenged or dared by
other belief system. A very simple definition of a “worldview” is given by Matt Slick. According
to him a worldview is a set of beliefs used to understand the world. Everyone has a set of
principles by which to judge right and wrong and which guides them in everyday living. The
basic way of interpreting things and events that pervades a culture so thoroughly that it becomes
a culture’s concept of reality-what is good, what is important, what is sacred, what is real.

Belief systems are the stories we tell ourselves to define our personal sense of ‘reality’ (the way
things actually exist). Every human being has a belief system that he/she utilizes and it is through
this mechanism that we individually “make sense” of the world around us.” It could be a set of
beliefs or a philosophy of life.

Belief system shapes your worldview about the world, your existence, and relationships with
your fellowmen. In other words, “ a worldview whether religious or nonreligious, is a personal
insight about reality and meaning, often termed a “life understanding” which I may call a product
of belief systems. Most often worldviews are shaped by religions. Inside the box are worldviews
about man’s perspective of God. (Serapio,2016).
Religion and Theology

Most often theology and religion brought confusion in terms of meaning and practice. Theology
also believes about God just like religion but it utilizes more the intellect to understand
everything about God rather than faith alone. Theology is a systematic study of God just like
other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, sociology and other sciences. The priests,
pastors, ministers or even lay people must undergo theological trainings before they are ordained
to become a priest or pastor or minister. Theology is normally taken in the Seminaries or
theological schools as an academic subject. A priest who is a major in theology should undertake
a four-year course to get an AB Theology degree. Then he precedes his masters and doctoral
degree in theology to become full pledge theologian. There is a saying that most theologians lost
their faith in God because they use only their mind in knowing God more than faith.

Philosophical theology

Philosophy uses reason to explain the essence or the ultimate reasons why things exist and where
they come from. Philosophical theology uses reason alone in knowing about God. A famous
theologian in the Catholic Church in the 13th century, St. Thomas Aquinas exemplifies this
approach. His work is called the “Summa Theologiae” wherein one summa is devoted to the
“Five Ways of Knowing God.” Here the existence of God can be proven in five ways using
logical argumentation.

Religion and Spirituality

When you become a member of a religious organization, you normally sacrificed your personal
worldview in favor of the religious world view or set of beliefs offered by that organization.
Religion invites a person into a spiritual relationship with some divine entity. This spiritual
relationship stemmed from the belief that there is a life after this world which is more important
than physical life. Hence it is the role of religion to invite all persons to believe in God for them
to be saved from this world.

Religion etymologically is defined as coming from the Latin world, “religare” or which means
“to bind” or “to tie. “However, Oxford English Dictionary points out though that the etymology
of the word is doubtful. Early writers like Cicero connected the term with “relegere” which
means “to read all over again.” Some persons even gave a negative definition of religion like
Karl Marx, the founder of Communism. He said the religion is the opium of the people. It means
we become so dependent with God that we rely everything to him and we undermine our
capabilities as human beings.

Popular view holds that you should become a member of a religious organization to cultivate
your spiritual life. Their views lead to the misunderstanding between Religion and Spirituality.
The question is: Is religion the same as spirituality? Can you become a spiritual person without
being a member of a religious organization?

The table below shows the difference between re The term literature is derived from the Latin
word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to the website Britannica,
literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative
works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as
language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. Literature can either be in
oral or written form. The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, then later
on transformed into written form. The products of written literature are called literary text. A text
can be considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and
chronology. Also, literature uses literary devices such as metaphor and symbolism. Reading for
entertainment and learning is the most common reason why people read literature. Simply, the
best way to describe the characteristics of literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it
expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real
life experiences of the author or other people; and (3) it delivers significant information and
crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages. Also, literature contains specific
structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the
most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition,
rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). In a much broader context,
literary structure is not only limited to content and form but this may also refer to "the general
features or characteristic of genre, style, a specific literary trend, literature as an art form, and
finally, art as a whole" (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia). For Murphy , literary structure may
involve arrangement of various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively
convey the intended meaning for the audience. Two Major Forms of Literature 1 Poetry. This
literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm,
sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be
divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry
tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc. b.
Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is
intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric
Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than
telling a story. 2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech
and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically
and sequentially in a paragraph form. 7 CO_Q1_21st Century Lit SHS_

This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the
characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its
three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance,
science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. b. Non-fiction. These are
stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences
based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in
the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like.ligious and being
spiritual.

Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and written. The main types are
prose and poetry. There are many other forms that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it
is defined in the curriculum guide as something that “may be determined by literary technique,
tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The distinctions between genres and
categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in
literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They
can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral
might appear in any of the above, not only as a sub-genre, but as a mixture of genres. Finally,
they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were
composed. Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which literature may be
classified as either adult, young-adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format,
such as graphic novel or picture book.” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide) Literary elements refer “to
particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors;
they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms.
For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view,
etc. In order to be discussed legitimately as part of a textual analysis, literary elements must be
specifically identified for that particular text.” The common elements of a story are setting,
character, conflict, theme, point of view, and plot. Plot also has its own elements such as
exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution or denouement / In poetry, there
are four essential elements: form, imagery, rhythm, and sound. Poetry comes in different forms
such as whether it is free verse, couplet, limerick, etc. Imagery on the other hand is the reason
why we see pictures in words and it adds color in any types of literature especially in poetry.
Rhythms and sounds are somehow similar. In fact, rhythm falls under the broad category sound.
While sound deals with the common use of rhymes and other literary devices such as repetition
(repeating of words, phrases, or lines), alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), assonance
(repeating same vowel sounds), and onomatopoeia (the use of the actual sound to represent
someone or something), rhythm is more concerned with the flow of the beat such as whether it is
fast or slow. In general, both sounds and rhythms are the key ingredients that give poetry a
musical effect (Encyclopedia Britannica). The term "Traditions" refers to the specific traits of
literary works that define a generation or period in history. A literary tradition “is a collection of
works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than
simply a group of works sharing geography or group. Irish poetry and drama, for example,
extend over several centuries, involving writers with a range of voices and preoccupations; and
yet it is often thought that they are distinctively "Irish." This means that you can have someone
who doesn't come from Ireland, perhaps doesn't even have Irish ancestors, but they can write in
the Irish Literary Tradition because they will draw on the same references, structure, mythology,
focal points for cultural meanings and historical moments.”

An Overview of Philippine Literature Historically speaking, Philippine literature can be divided

into three most important periods: pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial. All literary works
produced before the Spanish colonization such as chants, proverbs, songs, and folk narratives are
considered under pre-colonial period which are mostly of oral traditions. This is not because
early Filipinos did not have system of writing yet but due to the unavailability of printing
materials. Life was simple and so is literature during this period. If we have phones and other
forms of technology to entertain us, our ancestors had literature for recreation who were noted
for being music lover as more than 10 types of songs in various Philippine languages were
discovered. Our forefathers also valued words of wisdom for teaching values as evidenced by
numerous proverbs or salawikain. Story telling was used to explain phenomenon and to teach
lessons as well. Having bugtong or riddles was also a favorite past time and listening to
narratives of bravery, magic, and heroism in epics was a box office hit. The focus of literature
suddenly changed upon the arrival of Spaniards. An emphasis on morality and religion was
common in literary forms such as Corrido, Pasyon, and Cenaculo. The production of printed
materials started but it was mostly of religious purposes and themes. It was made in an attempt to
instill traditional Spanish ways and cultures among the native Filipinos. Despite this
indoctrination, native tradition still survived and flourished especially for areas where the
colonial power was less popular. Literacy paved the way to develop sense of nationalism among
Filipinos during the latter part of Spanish colonization. Filipinos started to write about
oppression, corruption, and other social ills such as in the works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal entitled Noli
Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo. The literary production during the American Period
was inspired by the developments in education and culture. Knowledge and information became
accessible to all Filipinos because of the free public education. During the apprenticeship period,
the Filipino writers imitated English and American models. All forms of literature were explored
by Filipino writers. During this period, short stories were the most prevalent literary form. With
the new knowledge of English language, many writers started to gain recognition both locally
and internationally like Jose Garcia Villa who earned the International title, “Poet of the
Century" as an example. Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when we were
conquered by Japan between 1941-1945 since freedom of expression was uncommon back then.
Filipino writers in the Philippines were forbidden to write anything against the government and
only those who were in exile had the privilege to do so. As a result of banning the English
language, short stories written in the vernaculars flourished in the country. The three most
influential foreign invaders to the types of literature produced during colonial periods are
Spanish, American, and Japanese wherein the common themes and subject mostly tackle about
oppression, religion, freedom, or anything that reflects the experiences of Filipino people under
the colonizers. The influences brought to us by colonial periods are said to have been extended
up to the postcolonial periods especially in social and cultural dimensions. Post-colonial is the
period after the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most
unforgotten and controversial periods during this era is having Martial Law during the Marcos
regime. All of the periods mentioned are essential towards understanding the types of literature
being produced in the Philippines.
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
 DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

Institutions provide
social legitimacy and
survival through
Isomorphism.
Isomorphism refers to
the similarity in form,
shape or structure.
Institutions arise,
change, and persist due
to their regulative,
normative and cognitive
functions. These
functions are
isomorphic in nature as
they adopt in form,
shape or structure to
provide social legitimacy,
survival or both.
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers
to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to
their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature
as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both. In
order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define institutions in this theoretical
perspective. Institutions are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and direct social
thought and action. Institutionalism, therefore, is an approach that aims to understand and
analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness deeply
enough to embed themselves into social psyche. There are different types of institutionalism,
but their common concern is to find out the effects of these institutions and determine how
these affect the manner by which the society functions.

Three functions of Isomorphism:  regulative function operates through coercive

isomorphism, which places value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either
happens or not depending on external factors such as rules and laws.  normative function
operates through normative isomorphism, which places value on complying with social
obligations. Change either happens or not depending on external factors such as accreditations
and certifications.  cognitive function operates through mimetic isomorphism, which
places value on factors such as uncertainty and prevalence of others? performance. Formal and
Informal Institutions Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules,
practices and norms they derive authority from. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies
and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or
organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
Informal institutions, on the other hand, are equally known rules and norms but are not
commonly written down. Informal institutions are social practices that have been commonly
viewed as acceptable and are more persistent than codified laws like that of formal
institutions. Examples: Informal institutions, social norms, attitudes, traditions, self-enforced
morals.

Important Theorists on Institutionalism

David Mitrany  David Mitrany (1888-1975) was a Romanian-born British scholar,

historian, and political theorist. Mitrany is considered as the father of functionalism in
international relations, which is classified under liberal institutionalism. Functionalism, as
applied to the study of states, proposes an alternative to territorialism, which is the
foundation from which states derive their power of authority from territory. Functionalism
explains that a state authority lies in functions and needs, and the ability to provide for
those needs. Its sees scientific knowledge and technological advancements as sources of
authority from which the state can derive its power. Territory then becomes negligible
and focuses instead on expertise and the ability to produce what is needed by the people
or by other states.

Jean Monnet  Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was a French political economist and diplomat. As
one of the originators of the European Union, he saw how the needs of the state are to be
achieved through the principle of supranationality. As Mitrany argued against territory
being the source of authority, Monnet used the argument to erase country borderlines.
During Monnet time, coal production was abundant in Germany, which was still under
the sanctions imposed by the Allies? victory after World War II. France at that time also
needed some coal. Given the situation, Germany needed some sanctions to be lifted so as to gain
some economic growth, while France needed coal to get back to its pre-war economic status.

Types of Institutionalism:
1. Normative institutionalism- is a sociological interpretation of institutions and holds that
a logic of appropriateness guides the behavior of actors within an institution. It predicts that
the norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the actions of those acting within them.

2. Rational Choice Institutionalism- is a theoretical approach to the study of institutions

arguing that actors use institutions to maximize their utility. However, actors face rule-based
constraints which influence their behavior.

3. Historical institutionalism – is a new institutionalist social science approach that

emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions, and shape social,
political, economic behavior and change.

4. Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns the way in

which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important theoretical building
blocks for normative institutionalism within political science.

5. Institutional Economics – focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and
the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.

6. Discursive institutionalism – is an umbrella concept for approaches that concern

themselves with the substantive content of ideas and the interactive processes of discourse
in institutional context.

7. Constructivist institutionalism – According to multiple theorists, this is so whether the

field in question is directly denoted as or has to do more with bringing constructivist
ideas into some other field, or with bringing ideas back into the theory in contrast against
structuralist and/or system.

8. Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how gender norms
operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct and maintain gender
power dynamic.

Anthropology From the two Greek words “anthropos” which means “manor human being” and
“logos” or “logia” which means “to study”.Anthropology is the exploration and study of human
diversity around the world. It gathers and analyzes data on cross-culturaland inter-societal
differences in social institutions, cultural beliefs and practices, and communication styles.In
simpler words, Anthropology pertains to the study of humanity and its society. It presents a
picture of humankind and seeks to answers the differences of people and their similarities. Ithas
various branches such as Physical or Biological Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology, Cultural
Anthropology, Linguistics andArcheology.2.EconomicsFrom the Greek word “oikonomia”
meaning “household management”. According to Fajardo, economics is the proper allocation
and efficient use of available resources for the maximum satisfaction of human
wants .Economics is a study that focuses on how the society or human being will allocate limited
resources to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs. It has two branches the microeconomics and
macroeconomics. Microeconomics refers to the individual components such as household and
firm. It focuses more on specific elements of the economy. Macroeconomics refers to the
aggregate behavior in the economy such as employment, national income and inflation. It talks
about the totality of the different elements of the economy,inhabited landscapes and their
description over the globe.(Longmans, 1965). Geography basically describes the physical
features of the earth and how men make adjustments to its environment. It has two branches:
Physical Geography and Human Geography 4.History It is the systematic inquiry of man’s
recorded past for the purpose of establishing causal relationships, validating historical facts, and
the reconstruction of chronological events. History talks about the situations and experiences of
human in the past and how it affected them in their present condition. It can be a learning
receptacle on how to deal with such situations that happened before and can be an asset to
reconstruct mistakes into our present and future generation. There are methods of creating
history. They are as follows: positivism, narrative chronology,biography-hagiography, dialectic-
analysis, meta-narrative- total history and negativism.5.LinguisticsIs the scientific study of
languages and focuses on the the aspect of language: language form, language meaning, and
language in context(https://www.slideshare.net/aybipolidario/emergence-of-the-social-sciences)
There are various sub-areas of linguistics: Evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, socio
linguistics and many more.6.Political Science Is the systematic study of state and government.
Political science deals with the practice of political theories, activities and behavior of man. It is
how human is related with its government ,and it fellow men. It is composed of different
methods such as Historical method, Comparative method, scientific method, inductive method,
deductive method and many more.7.Psychology From the two Greek words psyche which means
soul or mindand logos which means to study, literally, means the study of thesoul or mind.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (Santrock, 2000).
Psychology focuses more on the study of human mind and how it affects human behavior. It is a
deeper understanding of the self and its reaction to the stimulus around him. It is a tool in
understanding and analyzing of the self. It includes many branches such as general psychology,
clinical psychology, abnormal psychology etc.

Structural Functionalism is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex
system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Economy, religion,
politics, education, and family are to be considered groups as a major institution. Individual and
group behavior, more often than not, serves a FUNCTION for the larger society. 6 babysitters
for employed parents, and colleges offer a place for young adults to meet potential mates. The
babysitting and mate-selection functions are not the intended or commonly recognized
functions of education; hence they are latent functions. According to him, 5 situations are
facing an actor. Conformity occurs when an individual has the means and desire to achieve
the cultural goals socialized into them. Innovation occurs when an individual strives to attain the
accepted cultural goals but chooses to do so in a novel or unaccepted method. Ritualism
occurs when an individual continues to do things as prescribed by society but forfeits the
achievement of the goals. Retreatism is the rejection of both the means and the goals of society.
Rebellion is a combination of the rejection of societal goals and means and a substitution
of other goals and means. Historical materialism is a methodology used that focuses on human
societies and their development through history, arguing that history is the result of material
conditions rather than ideals. It is principally a theory of history that asserts that the material
conditions of a society's mode of production, the union of a society's productive forces
and relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and
development. It is materialist as it does not believe that history has been driven by an
individual's consciousness or ideas but rather subscribes to the philosophical monism that
matter is the fundamental substance of nature and henceforth the driving force in all of world
history. Dialectical materialism is a philosophy of science and nature developed in Europe
and based on the writings of Marx and Engels. Marxist dialectics emphasizes the importance of
real-world conditions in terms of class, labor, and socioeconomic interactions. Marx supposed
that these material conditions contained contradictions that seek resolution in new forms of
social organization. Dialectical materialism accepts the evolution of the natural world and the
emergence of new qualities of being at new stages of evolution.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL

SCIENCES
DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Social Sciences is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the
relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to
the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 19th century. In
addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines, including
anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science,
media studies, musicology, political science, psychology, welfare and nursing studies and
social history. It is about people how they interact with others in their society and how societies
interact with each other

Branches of the Social Sciences • Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the
production and exchange of goods and services in society. • Anthropology is the scientific study
of humans and their cultures in the past and present time. • History is systematic study of human
past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and
effects of events in the development of societies. • Political Science primarily studies human
behavior in relation to political systems, governments, laws, and international relations. •
Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts
that lead to individual actions. • Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups •
Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments. • Demography
according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016) demography is the
scientific study of human populations across time. Applied Social Sciences branch of study
that applies the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories of the social science
disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and issues. The applied
social sciences is utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of the society.
These are those social science disciplines, professions and occupations which seeks to use basic
social science research and theory to improve the daily life of communities, organizations and
persons. This is about putting theories in to practice and interfacing directly with the public.

Social Sciences is the branch of science devoted to the study of human societies and the
relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to
the field of sociology, the original "science of society", established in the 19th century. In
addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide array of academic disciplines, including
anthropology, archaeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science,
media studies, musicology, political science, psychology, welfare and nursing studies and social
history.

It is about people how they interact with others in their society and how societies interact with
each other. (www.quora.com)

Branches of the Social Sciences

• Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and exchange of goods
and services in society.

• Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time.

• History is systematic study of human past events in order to understand the meaning, dynamics,
and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies.

• Political Science primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems,

governments, laws, and international relations.

• Psychology studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce
thoughts that lead to individual actions.

• Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups

• Geography is the study of interaction between people and their environments.

• Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (2016)
demography is the scientific study of human populations across time.

Applied Social Sciences branch of study that applies the different concepts, theoretical models,
and theories of the social science disciplines to help understand society and the different
problems and issues. The applied social sciences is utilized to provide alternative solutions to the
diverse problem of the society. These are those social science disciplines, professions and
occupations which seeks to use basic social science research and theory to improve the daily life
of communities, organizations and persons. This is about putting theories in to practice and
interfacing directly with the public.

• Social work practitioners help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their
individual and collective well-being.

Goals of Social Work The primary mission of social work profession is to develop human
beings and assist other institutions in attaining the basic human needs of people and in
empowering the lost, the least, and the last. These goals are outlined and described below:

1. The Goal on Caring Caring refers to the heart of social work and it centers on the well-
being or the welfare and comfort of the individual and community. Volunteers of the
Philippine Red Cross (PRC) form part of an active corps of capable, caring by sharing
their resources, time, and efforts to alleviate human suffering.
2. 2. The Goal on Curing Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with problems in
their social environment (EXAMPLE. Counselling and therapy). The Goal on Changing
Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social reforms
(EXAMPLE: promoting social change and justice).
3. II. Scope of Social Work To supplement your understanding in the value of social work,
it is important to study the scope of social work. The scope of social work includes: 1.
Child development Social Work 2. Medical Social Work 3. Clinical Social Work 4.
Social work administration and management 5. International Social work 6. Social work
as community organizer 7. Women welfare 8. Crisis intervention 9. Criminal justice
Morales and Sheafor (1998, 8th edition) identified and described the fields included in
 the area of social work, which are as follows: 1. Social Work as a Primary Discipline In
terms of child welfare, social work offers: a. The adoption and services to unmarried
parents – the difficult decision of unmarried parents whether to keep the baby or place the
child for adoption b. The foster care – removes the children from their homes and placing
them temporarily in a foster care c. The residential care – a group care home or a
residential treatment center for children d. The support in own homes – provides support
services in order to keep children in their own homes e. The protective services –
protect the child from child abuse, maltreatment, and exploitation by one or both parents.
Family services, social work offers: a. Family counselling – utilize the three approaches
to this type of counselling namely: a.1. family case work, involves helping individual
members of the family change their behaviour to make them more effective contributors
in the family: a. 2. family group work, the process by which the family examines its
relationships and resolves their problem with the help of the social worker: and
lastly, a. 3. family therapy, focuses on transforming the structure of the family to make it
more supportive to its members b. Family life education - an intervention to strengthen
the family through educational activities that seek to prevent family breakdown . Family
planning – assisting the families plan the number, spacing, and timing of the births of
children to fit with their needs Income maintenance, social work offers: a. Public
assistance – refers to the provision of the financial aid to the poor. Services include cash
grants, food stamps, general assistance such as hospital and medical care, and
supplemental security income. b. Social insurances – social provisions that are funded by
employers and employees through contributions to a specific program. c. The other
income maintenance programs include cash in kind benefits, emergency support funds,
and other resources which can be used by the poor for food and shelter.
4. a. Facilitate the provision of direct educational and social services and provide
direct social case work and group work services to selected students; b. Act as a
pupil advocate, focusing on urgent needs of the selected group of students; c. Consult
with school administrators major problems; d. Consult with teachers about techniques for
creating a climate in which children are freed and motivated to learn by interpreting
social and cultural influences in the lives of students; e. Organize parent and community
groups to channel concerns about students and the school to improve school and
community relations. IV. Core Values of Social Work The National Association of
Social Workers (NASW, n.d) stated that the mission of the social work profession is
rooted in a set of core values. These core values include: service, social justice,
dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and
competence (Morales and Sheafor, 1998, 8th edition ).

Roles and Functions of a Social Worker There are several duties that a social worker
typically perform to the people and the community they serve. Accordingly these are the
roles and functions of a social work: Broker The social worker is involved in the process
of making referrals to link a family or person to needed resources. Social work
professionals do not simply provide information. They also follow up to be sure the
needed resources are attained. This requires knowing resources, eligibility requirements,
fees and the location of services. Advocate In this role, social workers fight for the rights
of others and work to obtain needed resources by convincing others of the legitimate
needs and rights of members of society. Social workers are particularly concerned for
those who are vulnerable or are unable to speak up for themselves. Advocacy can occur
on the local, county, state or national level. Some social workers are involved in
international human rights and advocacy for those in need. Case Manager Case managers
are involved in locating services and assisting their clients to access those services. Case
management is especially important for complex situations and for those who are
homeless or elderly, have chronic physical or mental health issues, are disabled, victims
of domestic or other violent crimes, or are vulnerable children. Educator Social Workers
are often involved in teaching people about resources and how to develop particular skills
such as budgeting, the caring discipline of children, effective communication, the
meaning of a medical diagnosis, and the prevention of violence. Facilitator In this role,
social workers are involved in gathering groups of people together for a variety of
purposes including community development, self-advocacy, political organization, and
policy change. Social workers are involved as group therapists and task group leaders.
Organizer Social Workers are involved in many levels of community organization and
action including economic development, union organization, and research and policy
specialists. Manager Social Workers, because of their expertise in a wide variety of
applications, are well suited to work as managers and supervisors in almost any setting.
As managers, they are better able to influence policy change and/or development, and to
advocate, on a larger scale, for all underprivileged people

CREATIVE WRITING
 CREATIVE WRITING

Drama also known as a play, is a form of literature written intentionally for theatrical
performance. It is usually fictional and most of its parts are consisted of scripted dialogues, or
only the acting in some cases, between characters intended to be performed. It is one of the first
forms of storytelling in human history. Also, drama was popular in many other parts of the
world. Drama examples have continued to be significant in different areas of the world and
throughout different time periods. One of the reasons that drama has continued to have
such an important place in literature is its unique way of presenting a narrative in real time.
Did you know that there are various elements, techniques and literary devices in drama? This
module will help you learn the various elements, techniques and literary devices in drama.

Two Types of Drama

1. Tragedy - is a form of drama in which events lead to the downfall of the main character, often
a person of great significance, like a king or hero. Example: Romeo and Juliet by William
Shakespeare

2. Comedy - is a form of drama that has a happy ending. Humor comes from the dialogue and
situations.

Characterization is the way the playwright/author presents a character

Types of Character

1. Protagonist is the main character of a story.

2. Antagonist is the opposite of a Protagonist.

Usually the villain or opponent of the main character 3. Round character are complex and
undergo development. 4. Flat character are relatively uncomplicated and do not change
throughout the whole story. 1.4 Dialogue refers to words written by the playwright and spoken
by the characters in the play. Forms of Dialogue: It is the conversation between two or more
characters is referred to as dialogue (usually the majority of speech in plays consists of dialogue).
A monologue is when one character delivers a speech to convey his or her thoughts, although
other characters may remain on stage in scene. Similar to a monologue, a soliloquy is a speech
made by one character but delivered when he or she is alone on stage. 1.5 Music/Rhythm
referring to the rhythm of the actors’ voice as they speak 1.6 Spectacle – refers to the visual
elements of a play: Set, Costumes, special effects

2. Technical Elements 2.1 Scene (Set) refers to the theatrical equipment 2.2 Costumes refers to
clothing and accessories used by actors to portray characters 2.3 Properties any movable object
that appears on stage 2.4 Sound refers to the effects an audience hears during the performance
2.5 Lights 2.6 Makeup includes costumes, wigs, and body paints used to transform characters
Other Elements: 1. Playwright-the author of a play (script) 2. Script- the written pages of a play.
Scripts are divided into Acts and Scenes. Acts- long sections of a play, made up of multiple
scenes, usually designed to separate the play into its main parts and to give the audience a
“break” from the performance. Scenes- shorter sections of a play, usually each scene
occurs in one location at a specific time. Multiple scenes make up an act. It is often
signaled by the entrance or exit of a character or change in setting or focus of the action. . Setting
- the place, together with other conditions, such as time and the environment, involved in
which the events occur. The setting in the drama can be presented through the visual element
deals with the scenes, costumes and special effects used in it. The setting can as well be
enhanced by using viewable elements, sound effects, and music. 4. Conflict - the internal or
external struggle that creates dramatic tension. Internal Conflict.

Techniques in Drama

1. Vocal Dynamics – actors need to expand their vocal toolbox and learn about the ways that
range, pitch, and pronunciation which affect performance
2. Body Language and Mannerisms - actors bring their characters to life by moving,
reacting, and even standing in nuanced ways that are natural for their character.

3. Use and Awareness of Space - actors need to be aware not just of your “marks” on stage, but
also of the actors who must interact with or move past you

4. Improvisational Techniques refers to the on-the-spot creativity of the actors.

Common Literary Devices Used in Drama

• Figures of speech – words that goes its literal meaning Metaphor - are one of the most
extensively used literary devices. A metaphor refers to a meaning or identity ascribed to one
subject by way of another. In a metaphor, one subject is implied to be another so as to draw a
comparison between their similarities and shared traits. For example: a rose (object) is
substituted for love (feeling) “Henry was a lion on the battlefield.” Similes are one of the most
commonly used literary devices; referring to the practice of drawing parallels or comparisons
between two unrelated and dissimilar things, people, beings, places and concepts. Similes are
marked by the use of the words ‘as’ or ‘such as’ or ‘like’

Imagery - the author’s attempt to create a mental picture in the mind of the reader. It appeals to
the senses. For example: Visual imagery - It was dark in the forest… Olfactory Imagery
(smell) – She whiffed the sweet aroma of his drink Tactile Imagery (touch) - She held it with
her rough hand the soft pillow.

• Symbolism - when an object is meant to be representative of something or an idea greater than

the object itself or it is the frequent use of words, places, characters, or objects that mean
something beyond what they are on a literal level. For example: a writer uses the word ‘blood’
once its meaning will be confined to that instance in which it is used. But if the word is used
repeatedly, as it is in plays like Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet it expresses some profound ideas.
By using a word repeatedly in different contexts it expresses several interlocking themes. In
Romeo and Juliet ‘blood’ refers to all the following and more themes: violence, youth,
passion, family ties.

• Dramatic Irony – involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening
in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. For example: From Romeo and
Juliet “Alack, there lies more peril in thine eye / Than twenty of their swords! Look thou but
sweet, / And I am proof against their enmity” (act 2, scene 2). Romeo tries to reassure Juliet by
claiming he is invincible to her family's hostility, but the audience knows that the young lovers
are doomed to die as a result of the feud.

• Foreshadowing refers to the use of indicative words/phrases and hints that set the stage for a
story to unfold and give the reader a hint of something that is going to happen without revealing
the story or spoiling the suspense. Foreshadowing is used to suggest an upcoming outcome to the
story.Gnomic Poetry Gnomic poetry refers to aphoristic verse containing short, memorable
statements of traditional wisdom and morality. The Greek word gnome means
moral aphorism or proverb. Gnomic poetry consists of meaningful sayings put into verse to aid
the memory. Gnomes are found in the literature of many cultures; among the best known
examples are those contained in the biblical book of Proverbs. They are found in early
Greek literature, both poetry and prose, from the time of Homer and Hesiod onward. A
gnome is an aphorism-that is, an observation or sentiment reduced to the form of a saying.
Gnomes are sometimes couched in metaphorical or figurative language, they are often quite
clever, and they are always concise. A gnome was defined by the Elizabethan critic Henry
Peacham as "a saying pertaining to the manners and common practices of men, which declare the
with apt brevity, what in this our life ought to be done or not done".

The native tradition in Philippine poetry can be found in a specific form called the gnomic
verse 4and gnome meaning something that is short or small, these are then poetic lines
which are short and compressed. Different regions of the Philippines have a wealth of
gnomic poetry in the form of proverbs, riddles, and ditties for different special occasions.
These (below) are but a few samples of the treasures we have in the bugtong tradition.
You will recall that the bugtong of the pre-colonial times were used by the people as a
teaching device of sorts, sharpening the observational skills4and the practical
knowledge that goes along with it4of things in their environment and community. The main
goal of gnomic poem is to spread the philosophy of conducts. Authors of gnomic poems
always employed this form to present the moral standard and the learning spirit in social life
and the proper attitude in getting along with others. As to the style of writing, every paragraph of
gnomic poem includes 4 lines, every line includes 7 words, two sentences are used
metaphorically, and the other two sentences are used to describe facts. An outstanding feature
of the gnomic poem lies in the adoption of rich metaphors and methods of reasoning to
present the theme and thus make the poem seem more philosophic. All metaphors used by
gnomic poem are those that people are familiar with. In addition to the natural phenomena
that are common in daily life, gnomic poem uses many literary quotations and
proverbs, which led to its great popularity among the common people. Many of the
gnomic poems are widely adopted and can be recited by people.

Techniques and literary devices a. Mood/tone b. Foreshadowing c. Symbolism and motif 2.

Modelling from well-known local and foreign short story writers in a range of modes
TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY DEVICES The fiction writer’s choice of “literary techniques”
is an important element of fiction. There are many techniques available to the writer, such as
allusion, alliteration, allegory. Some popular techniques/devices include symbolism, imagery,
and figurative language–such as simile, metaphor, and personification. The writer can use any
number of literary techniques to tell his/her story. Unlike the other elements of fiction, which
must be part of the story, the fiction writer has a choice about the literary techniques to use. The
writer’s choice often depends on the type of genre he/she is writing and personal preference. As
well, the writer uses more techniques in a novel than a short story. The writer uses these
techniques in his/her writing for the purpose of creating a more interesting, meaningful,
authentic, and entertaining story. The following identifies the most common literary techniques
that fiction writers use. Allegory Symbolism Irony Imagery

Allegory. The writer creates a story in which the characters and events form a system of
symbolic meaning. George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” is a story in which each animal represents a
specific person from the Russian Bolshevik Revolution.

Symbol. The fiction writer can use a word, object, action, or character in the story to suggest or
mean something other than its dictionary or literal meaning. For instance, an owl can represent
“wisdom.”

Symbols can be universal or cultural. These types of symbols are known to both the writer and
the reader. The writer can also be use contextual symbols. These are created by the writer for
the story, and must be discovered by the reader. For instance, a motif is a recurring symbol that
is incorporated by the writer into the story to express deep meaning. As well, a contextual
symbol can be an archetype. An archetype is a recurring symbol that embodies some essential
aspect of human experience. An archetype can be a theme, symbol, setting, or character.
Essentiallly,the archetype is an “original model” or “type” after which other similar things are
patterned.For instance, “‘Frankenstein’ , ‘Dracula’ , ‘Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ are archetypes
that have influenced all subsequent horror stories. The archetype has a dual nature, in the sense
that it has its literal meaning and another meaning, such as wind, sun, fire, water, and the four
seasons. Examples of CREATIVE WRITING.

CREATIVE NON-FICTION
 CREATIVE NON-FICTION

Theme and Techniques

Focusing on formal elements and writing techniques, including autobiography and blogging,
among others, the subject introduces the reading and writing of creative nonfiction as a literary
form. The subject develops in you the skills in reading and critical and creative thinking that will
help you to be imaginative readers and writers.

Understanding the theme and techniques used in a literary piece is critical to deciphering an
author's message. It serves as a jigsaw puzzle that should be arranged in order to attain the
coherence and logical arrangement of the text. Theme serves as the golden thread that weaves the
storyline and its elements. helps you weave your own. In this lesson, you are expected to analyze
the theme and techniques used in a particular text. Techniques and theme will be discussed in
this lesson for you to be well-equipped in analyzing a given text.

Writing about personal experiences, real people, or events focusing on facts instead of inventive
substance, nonfiction can be a wellspring of instructive and real readings.Much the same as
creative writing and other composing sorts, creative nonfiction drives you to find and get
subjects and points being conveyed by writers utilizing their methods and styles recorded as hard
copy.Try to activate your prior knowledge about the elements and techniques of creative
nonfiction.

Nonfiction is a wide kind of compositions that incorporates all books that are not established in
an anecdotal account. Creative nonfiction can be classified in history and biography; it might be
instructional; it can offer publication and humor; and it can mull over philosophical requests. If a
book is not delved in a made-up story, by then it is certified.

The essence of originality are well-used in evident occasions, numerous true to life stories offer
unequivocally obstinate editorial on those genuine occasions. In a short concept, nonfiction deals
with reality.Moreover, nonfiction or literary narrative nonfiction is a genre of writing that uses
creative ways on utilizing literary styles and techniques with the springboard of factual and
accurate narratives.

Creative nonfiction contrasts with other nonfiction, such as technical writing or journalism,
which is likewise established in exact certainty however is not essentially written in support of
its specialty. As a classification, imaginative true to life is still moderately youthful, and is just
starting to be investigated with the equivalent basic examination given to fiction and verse.When
you are reading or encountering stories that are based from reality or sources came from the
truth, you can simply tell that it is creative nonfiction.

◦Fact. The core of nonfiction is fact. Factual information shall be included in the piece and not a
made up information.

◦Extensive research. Conducting and gathering information through research provide accurate
and reliable information that you may use in writing your nonfiction write-up.

◦Reportage/reporting. Documenting the gathered information like interview and reports helps
you keep records and files for future usages.

◦Personal experience and personal opinion. Since the main source of contents are based from the
personal experiences and personal insights of the writer, it makes an easy way to write a piece.

◦Explanation/Exposition. Explaining the story to the reader is expected to attain the objectives of
the piece.

◦Essay format. The outputs in creative nonfiction are often in essay format. Examples:
Procedural Essay, Personal Essay, Literary essays, descriptive essay
Creative nonfiction is the literature of fact. Yet, creative nonfiction writer utilizes many of the
literary devices of fiction writing. The following is a list of the most common literary devices
that writers incorporate into their nonfiction writing:

◦Storytelling/narration. The goal, challenges and obstacles, a turning point, and resolution of the
story shall be delivered spontaneously to help the readers understand the flow of the story.

◦Character/Characterization. In a nonfiction story, characters are also important. The main

character serves as the core or central idea of the storyline. The story revolves to the experiences
of the main character with the help of the other characters.

◦Setting, atmosphere and scene. The writer creates scenes that are action -oriented; include
dialogue; and contain vivid descriptions.

◦Plot and plot structure. These are the main events that make up the story. In a personal essay,
there might be only one event. In a memoir, there are often several significant events.

◦Figurative language. The use of figurative languages helps the writer to provide aesthetics to the
piece. It gives vibrant effect to the story.

◦Imagery. The use of different sensory images helps also to add color in writing a nonfiction
piece.

◦Angle/Point of view. Most of the time nonfiction adheres with the use of First Person Point of
View since the experiences are being told.

◦Dialogue. This can help to make the story run within the characters.

◦Theme. It is the central idea or universal truth presented in the work.

. Types of Creative Nonfiction

Creative nonfiction always deals on reality. Reality can be about using the topics like the use of
individual encounter, occasion, or issue in the open eye. There are different classes or categories
to consider in creative nonfiction such as the individual article, journal, and life account.
 Personal Essay. The writer uses information that is based on personal experience or a single
event, which leads in significant personal meaning or a lesson learned that he encountered. The
writer uses the first person “I.”

 Memoir. The writer creates a real story within a time or period of life, one that contributed a
significant personal meaning and truth. The writer uses the first person “I” in the story.

 Literary journalism essay. The writer creates an output on an issue or topic using the
understood literary devices, such as the elements of fiction and figurative languages.

 Autobiography. The writer writes his/her own life story, from birth to the present, using the
first person “I.”

Constructing Paragraphs in Nonfiction Text

Each paragraph has its own main idea. The main idea of each paragraph is used to support the
central idea of the whole text.

The main idea of a paragraph must be associated with supporting information and evidences to
strengthen the main idea.

The details of the piece shall go along with the central idea to attain unity and coherence.

Delivering paragraphs shall consider the strength and weakness of the ideas being imparted in
the story. Reviewing the central idea will lead you to paragraphs that are substantial and
purposive.

Ponder with Ideas

Writing creative nonfiction is tied in with recounting to genuine stories. You can recount to an
anecdote about yourself, making expositions about close to home encounters. You can likewise
expound on others, spots and occasions on the planet.

In nonfiction, you compose valid and verifiable stories, not fiction. You will need to introduce
reality and realities in a convincing, engaging, and noteworthy way with the goal that others will
be enlivened to peruse your story. To compose any of these types of imaginative true to life, you
have numerous procedures to look over, e.g. scene, synopsis, individual reflection.
Good writers also have a unique style. Additionally have a one of a kind style. An author's style
is his/her demeanor of persona on the page. It incorporates decision of expression, sentence
assortment, and tone, perspective, utilization of illustration, and other abstract gadgets. The tone
of the keeping in touch with itself is in every case well disposed, conversational. Stories are
regularly told utilizing the main individual perspective.

Detail and Description. Creative writing is often a form of discovery. As you compose, you
review the subtleties, the recollections, the pictures, the felt feeling, the more profound
importance. You'll review from memory critical, specific subtleties and afterward thinks of them
down. You'll make distinctive depictions with solid, explicit, and specific subtleties. You don't
need to incorporate everything about, those that are huge or significant. Frequently you'll utilize
tactile symbolism, language that conjures the feeling of sight, smell, taste, contact, or hearing.
The reason for including subtlety is to reproduce the involvement with the psyche of the readers.

Scene and Summary. One of the most important techniques of creative nonfiction is writing in
scenes. A scene recreates the experience of the writer for the reader. A scene evokes. To write a
scene, you must show the reader what is happening. A scene often includes

Setting -time and place of the story

Action -something that happens

Dialogue -something being said

Vivid description -concrete and specific details

Imagery -language that invokes reader’s sense of sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing

Point of View -first, second, third persons

Figurative language -simile, metaphor, etc.

Beginning, middle and ending -a scene has a beginning, middle and end

Summary involves telling the reader what happened. Telling means to summarize and to
compress, leaving out the details and descriptions. Telling is explaining.
You should create scenes of important events, such as for a setback and the turning point.

Scene and summary are used for all types of creative nonfiction.

Techniques of Fiction. You’ll also rely on the techniques of fiction to tell a true story, including:

 Setting-time and place and context, which provides the backdrop to the true story

 Narrative Arc ( inciting incident, conflict and setback, climax, epiphany, resolution)

 Point of View-first person “I”, Second Person “You”, third person “He/ She”

 Character development-Developing character through action, dialogue, description

 Vivid Description-descriptions that are concrete and specific

 Use of imagery-literal imagery through description; figurative imagery with simile or

metaphor

 Theme-the meaning of the story

The narrative arc is used to write a personal narrative essay, sometimes a memoir. The opinion
essay, meditative essay, and collage essay don’t require a narrative. These sorts of essays tend to
be structured around a theme.

Poetic Devices-Figurative Language. You’ll often use one or more of the following poetic
devices to write creative nonfiction:

 Simile

 Metaphor

 Symbolism

 Personification

 Imagery

 Assonance and alliteration

 Allusion

Experienced Writers often use any of the above to write creative nonfiction. Simile and metaphor
are the tools of choice.

Personal Reflection. In most types of creative nonfiction, you’ll share personal reflection with
the reader. These can include:

 Personal thoughts and feelings

 Opinions

 Ruminations

 Personal perspective

 stream of consciousness

 Mediations

Personal refection is required to write a memoir. It is also used to write a personal narrative,
opinion, meditative, and lyrical essay. Personal reflection can also be incorporated into literary
journalism.Word Choice/Diction. Check to see that you use language in a fresh and original way,
making note of connotation, the implied meaning of the word. As well, selecting words with the
best meaning. Meaning refers to diction. Avoid using clichés and jargon.Sentence Variety
(Length and structure). Use short and long, and a variety of syntax to create a personal essay,
memoir, or literary journalism. Sentence variety includes:

 Intentional Fragment. e.g. A pen. Pad of paper. Time, lots of time. Experimentation. A
creative mind. These are the requirements of creative writing.

 Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex sentences

 Parallel structure in sentences, e.g. I require a pen, pad of paper, spare time, experimentation,
and a creative mind, to write creatively, to write poetry, to write fiction, to write a personal
essay, to write anything.
 Declarative (statement of fact), Interrogative (ask a question), exclamatory (emphatic)
sentences

 Inverted sentence. E.g. The book of poetry he wrote…The film, the script, the special effects,
the story, I enjoyed.

 Lose sentence and periodic sentences. When writing a periodic sentence, the main idea and
clause are at the end of the sentence. For a lose sentence, the main idea and independent clause
are at the beginning of the sentence.

Lyrical Language. Sometimes, a writer will use a lyrical style to express emotion and evoke
emotion in the reader. This is often the case when writing a lyrical essay. The writing style is
based on the following:

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

 PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Nasci is a Latin word where the term nation came from which means “born”; giving it a racial
or ethnic in meaning. Etymologically, it refers to a birthplace; therefore, it is generally
used to describe an ethnic, linguistic, or cultural community. Thus, it may also define as
group of people bound together by commonalities in language, history, traditions, and
religion. As a nation they share common identity as a people (cohesion) that enables them to
think themselves as a member of homogenous community. Like for example, we
Filipinos, we have different ethnic group however we have that oneness of being Filipino.
We belong to one descent and share the same culture of being Filipino. Not always that for a
nation to be called such they have the same and exact culture, religion or tradition as to
the other. What important is the willingness to live together as one. There instances that
even if they have same religion, physical feature and culture they are separate as a nation
because of their inability to live together.

2 Classification of Nation 1. Ethnic Nation – is an entity that is united on the basis of

ethnicity. It is populated more or less by a single ethnic group. Like for example, the
community of our Muslim brothers who shares same ethnicity even with different
territories. Japan also is one example of ethnic nation. 2. Territorial Nation – an entity that
covers a predefined territory which was populated by different ethnic group that have
assimilated as a nation. For example, the Philippines, we have different ethnic groups but we
assimilate our self as a Filipino. Also, the Asian nation, we are considered as Asian even
with different ethnicity and descent but we are one as Asian.

A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a

definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of
inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control n international law, the
concept of State was established in the Montevideo Convention, an agreement signed by
countries in Montevideo, Uruguay, they set a standard of definition of state. It stipulated that
all states were equal sovereign units consisting of (1) permanent population; (2) defined
territorial boundaries; (3) a government and (4) an ability to enter into agreements.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE

For a certain State to be honored as state by others, it should possess the following
elements:

1. PEOPLE. There must be people residing who should be numerous to be governed and self-
sufficient. It should also be more or less numerous for defense and both sexes present for
perpetuity. Example: Vatican; a state within a state, they are less numerous but can govern
and self-sufficient.

2. TERRITORY. An area over which territory has effective control. A fixed portion of the
surface of the earth in which people reside that is sufficient to provide the needs of the
inhabitants. It is big enough to be self-sufficient but small enough to administered and defended.
COMPONENTS:

 Aerial Domain

 Terrestrial Domain

MODES OF ACQUIRING TERRITORY The following are the ways or modes how a state
can acquire its territory: a) Discovery and Occupation – A state can acquire a certain
territory when it discovers a certain place and occupy it for a long period of time. The
place should be terra nullius or land belonging to no one. A certain territory cannot be
acquired only by discovery, it should be possess and administered by the state that
discovered it. Example: Spartly Island: this is the basis of the Philippines why we are
claiming it as our own. b) Prescription. It is a long, continued, and adverse possession to vest
acquisitive title in the claimant. The acquisition of territory by an adverse holding through a
long term of years requires two essential facts; (1) continuous; (2) undisturbed possession.
Example: Las Palmas case: even if Spain discovered and occupied this territory, the
Netherlands acquires the Maritime and Fluvial Domain same by virtue of prescription as it
exercised sovereign rights over the island for more than two hundred years after its discovery
by Spain. Question: Why do the Philippines not under Spain since we are occupied for more
than 300 years? c) Cession. It is the transfer of territory from one state to another by agreement.
It may be a bilateral agreement whereby one state transfer sovereignty over a definite
portion of territory to another state. This may be voluntary or by force. Example: Sabah,
Malaysia ceded by British Empire. d) Subjugation/ Conquest. Formal annexation of a territory
after it has been conquered in the course of war. This mostly happen during early times.
Example: Colonies of countries; Philippines during Spanish Era e) Accretion. Increase in the
land area of a State caused by the operation of the forces of nature or, artificially, through
human labor. Example: Chinese Reclamation in West Philippine Sea; Mischief Reef or some
part of Spratly Islands.\

GOVERNMENT. It is an agency or instrumentality, through which the will of the state is

formulated, expressed and realized. It was established by inhabitants which was organized in
exercising control over, and capable of maintaining law, and other within the territory. It is the
system that put in place to govern the state. In the Philippines, the government is governed by the
constitution. The action of all the people based from the constitution. The way how the
government is managed is what we call as administration. The management of the affairs
of the government is administration. In the Philippines, the one we voted in office are the
ones mostly administering the government. Administration changes over time but
government will not if it will not change by the people through referendum. SOVEREIGNTY.
The supreme and uncontrollable power in a state by which that state is governed. An entity is
NOT a state UNLESS it has competence, within its own constitutional system, to conduct
international relation with other states, as well as the political, and financial capabilities to
do so. Example: the totality on how the government rules its people b. External – the
relationship of the State with other States; the freedom from external control. Example: No
other States dictates how the government should be governed or run How State is created? A
state may be created by: a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an
old regime and effect a complete change in the fundamental institution of society. Example: o
American Revolution o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the structure of government b.
Unification. The process of being united or made into a whole. Many states joined together to
form as one. Example: Germany c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or state
and become independent. Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia ceded its claim.
This is what Taiwan wants from China, also those pro-democracy in Hong Kong. d. Assertion
of Independence. The act of stating something or exercising authority confidently and
forcefully. Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically
legally binding arrangement between parties as to course of action. Example: Netherlands f.
Attainment of Civilization – process by which society is or place reach an advance stage of
social civilization. Example: Mesopotamia by is now Iran and Iraq.

CONCEPT OF NATION – STATE Nation-state is a term refers a political institution that

combines the concepts of nation and state. It refers to a state inhabited by people who
identify themselves as a nation on account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity, or
other factors. Nation-state coincides with same language and religion, however not all. A
nation is composed of many states like the Muslim Nation; it is composed of Saudi Arabia,
Iran, Iraq, Jordan and many more. There also states with minorities which separates
themselves with the others. It is in this point where debate comes in if Philippines is a
nation-state or not because of our brothers .

Example: the totality on how the government rules its people b. External – the relationship of
the State with other States; the freedom from external control. Example: No other States
dictates how the government should be governed or run How State is created? A state may be
created by: a. Revolution. It refers to a movement, often violent to overthrow an old regime and
effect a complete change in the fundamental institution of society. Example: o American
Revolution o EDSA Revolution – there is a change in the structure of government b. Unification.
The process of being united or made into a whole. Many states joined together to form as one.
Example: Germany c. Secession. The act of separating from a nation or state and become
independent. Example: Timor-Leste with the help of UN, Indonesia ceded its claim. This is what
Taiwan wants from China, also those pro-democracy in Hong Kong. d. Assertion of
Independence. The act of stating something or exercising authority confidently and
forcefully. Example: former Yugoslavia, Kosovo e. Agreement – It is negotiated and typically
legally binding arrangement between parties as to course of action. Example: Netherlands f.
Attainment of Civilization – process by which society is or place reach an advance stage of
social civilization. Example: Mesopotamia by is now Iran and Iraq. CONCEPT OF NATION –
STATE Nation-state is a term refers a political institution that combines the concepts of
nation and state. It refers to a state inhabited by people who identify themselves as a nation
on account of common culture, history, language, ethnicity, or other factors. Nation-state
coincides with same language and religion, however not all. A nation is composed of many
states like the Muslim Nation; it is composed of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan and many
more. There also states with minorities which separates themselves with the others. It is
in this point where debate comes in if Philippines is a nation-state or not because of our
brothers in. Suffrage and Election Right to vote in the election of officers chosen by the people
and in the determination of questions submitted to the people is called suffrage. This right is
particularly included in the Constitution and are particularly described in the electoral special
laws. On the other hand, the means by which people choose their officials for a definite and fixed
period and to whom they entrust for the time being the exercise of the powers of government is
called election. The following are the components of election as defined by the Omnibus
Election Code: Choosing candidates to public office by popular vote, Holding of electoral
campaign, Conducting of the polls, Listing of votes, Casting and receiving the ballots from the
voters, Counting the ballots, Making the election returns and Proclaiming the winning
candidates. There are two kinds of Elections: Regular Election and Special Election. Regular
Election is an election participated in by those who possess the right of suffrage, not otherwise
disqualified by law and are registered voters. On the other hand, Special election is held when
there is failure of election on the scheduled date of regular election in a particular place. Election
period is ninety (90) days before and ends thirty (30) days after the election date. Qualification
and disqualification of Voters The following are the qualifications of voters: Filipino Citizen, At
least 18 years old, Resident of the Philippines for at least one (1) year, Resident of the place
where proposes to vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the election and Not
disqualified by law. However, the following are particularly disqualified: Sentenced by final
judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than 1 year, Conviction by final judgment and
Insanity or incompetence declared by competent authority. In order for a qualified voter to vote,
he or she has to register. Act of accomplishing and filing a sworn application for the registration
by a qualified voter before the election officer of the city or municipality is called Registration of
Voters. Candidates for Elections A Certificate of Candidacy (COC) evidences candidate’s
statutory eligibility to be elected for an elective post. In order for one who aspires to occupy a
government position, he or she has to file a COC. Why do they have to file a COC? The purpose
of filing a COC are the following: (1) Enable the voters to know, at least 60 days before the
regular election, the candidates among whom they have to choose and (2) Avoid confusion and
inconvenience in the tabulation of the votes cast. In order for voters to be familiar the candidates
in an election, there would be campaign. A campaign is an act designed to promote the election
or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates to a public office. Candidates in an election need
to follow the rules of election otherwise they will be disqualified. Any election campaign or
partisan political activity for or against any candidate outside of the campaign period is called
premature campaigning.
TRENDS NETWORKS AND CRITICAL
THINKING IN 21ST CENTURY
TRENDS NETWORKS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN 21ST CENTURY

6
TRENDING
Is a phenomenal scenario
that is currently popular to
the eyes and taste
of the many. It allows
preemptive judgments and
reactions up to future
events. It
is something that people
follows either in social
media or in fashion. Trends
are
considered as “complex
fusion” of yesterday, today,
and tomorrow.
What is Fad?
Is a very popular form of
interest or fashion that only
exist for a short
span of time.
 Fad is an exquisite
societal pattern but did not
last longer. It spreads
widely and effectively to
the demands of every
individual. Moreover, it is
a
temporary form of fashion,
interest, or any crazing
activity that people become
enthusiastic.
DIFFERENCE OF TREND
FROM FAD
 Trends and fads are
actually existing in their
respective phenomena
that will last depending on
the performance of the
people who follows the
trends
and fads. During this
scenario a trend will
become a fad and this
make a difference
between the two.
Trends are:
a. Long life span
b. A style for longer
years
c. Rising slow in
popularity
Fads are:
a. Short life span
b. Emerge and go
quickly
c. Rising quickly in
popularity

6
TRENDING
Is a phenomenal scenario
that is currently popular to
the eyes and taste
of the many. It allows
preemptive judgments and
reactions up to future
events. It
is something that people
follows either in social
media or in fashion. Trends
are
considered as “complex
fusion” of yesterday, today,
and tomorrow.
What is Fad?
Is a very popular form of
interest or fashion that only
exist for a short
span of time.
 Fad is an exquisite
societal pattern but did not
last longer. It spreads
widely and effectively to
the demands of every
individual. Moreover, it is
a
temporary form of fashion,
interest, or any crazing
activity that people become
enthusiastic.
DIFFERENCE OF TREND
FROM FAD
 Trends and fads are
actually existing in their
respective phenomena
that will last depending on
the performance of the
people who follows the
trends
and fads. During this
scenario a trend will
become a fad and this
make a difference
between the two.
Trends are:
a. Long life span
b. A style for longer
years
c. Rising slow in
popularity
Fads are:
a. Short life span
b. Emerge and go
quickly
c. Rising quickly in
popularity
Trend is an emerging phenomenon that last for a long period of time and transmit existing
ventures to the future generations. Trend Analysis Is an examination of these phenomenon
and speculations on the likely impact they will have in the future. Any given phenomenon and
prediction which likely to happen or any craze/fad or trend that would likely emerge needs to be
examined a. Trends are composed of wide variety of information from an existing fields of
complex ideas. b. Trends use overwhelming recognition and pattern identification to create
presages in knowing the future. c. Trends evolution are being evaluated and observed by the
use of timeframes.

TRENDING Is a phenomenal scenario that is currently popular to the eyes and taste of the
many. It allows preemptive judgments and reactions up to future events. It is something that
people follows either in social media or in fashion. Trends are considered as “complex fusion”.

Fad is an exquisite societal pattern but did not last longer. It spreads widely and effectively to
the demands of every individual. Moreover, it is a temporary form of fashion, interest, or
any crazing activity that people become enthusiastic. esterday, today, and tomorrow. Is a very
popular form of interest or fashion that only exist for a short span of time.

DIFFERENCE OF TREND FROM FAD

Trends and fads are actually existing in their respective phenomena that will last depending
on the performance of the people who follows the trends and fads. During this scenario a trend
will become a fad and this make a difference between the two. Trends are:

a. Long life span

b. A style for longer years

c. Rising slow in popularity

Fads are:

a. Short life span

b. Emerge and go quickly

c. Rising quickly in popularity

SPOTTING A TREND Trendspotting is seeking to overlook or foresee the situation of

the future in the present. Trend is a continuous event that gives impact to the people and
leaves a particular effect. The following statements spot what trend is. A gradual change or
development that produces a particular result that is known as a trend is: a. trend towards/to:
“Devices are trending toward touch screen mobiles and laptops. b. trend in: “The latest trends
in social media is….” c. an upward/downward trend: “Wars, famines, epidemics and so
could cause reversals on the downward trend in morality.” d. follow a trend: “Everyone seems to
be following the trend for planting indoor plants.” e. buck the/a trend (not to be affected by a
general trend): “Although industry profits were down, MFG is expected to buck the trend and
increase profits. Catchphrase- a phrase that is often repeated by and therefore becomes
connected with a particular organization or person, especially someone famous such as a
television entertainer. Innovation- the use of a new method or idea. Emulation- the process of
copying something achieved by someone else and trying to do it as well as they have.
Phenomena- it is something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something
unusual or interesting. Cyclical- happening as a complete set of events that repeat
themselves regularly in the same order or in a regularly repeated period of time.

ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP A TREND

Whether it’s memes, viral videos, catchphrases, or the latest design trends, why do certain
ideas or activities capture the public imagination? What define a trend as opposed to a short-
lived fad? It is often difficult to spot the start of trends because they boil down to social forces
among which styles or tastes change. Once the changes have been shared and adopted by a
critical mass, they gain a footing, become firmly embedded in the public psyche, and may even
find themselves returning as part of a cyclical process. There’s no magic involved.
According to Henrik Vejlgaard, the author of Anatomy of a Trend: “There is nothing
mysterious about it and it never just happens out of the blue; though it may sometimes appear to
be so. That it is a social process means it’s created by human beings. A trend becomes a
trend through a constant cycle of innovation and emulation. It’s the way people embrace one
another and interact with one another. People are obsessed with trends because joining a trend
means your part of a group; you are in, you belong.

ELEMENTS OF TRENDS

a. Duration of Time The lifespan of products or ideas that become trends do not disappear
quickly. Trends have long staying power and enjoy a long period of time.

b. Acceptability Trends are popularly accepted by many industries and people.

c. Cultural Basis

A trend is rooted on the people’s cultural traditions, beliefs, and values. A trend persists and
continues because people have seen it as part of a society’s culture. d. Transitory Increase
or Decrease A trend shows a transitory increase or decrease of a particular idea, event or
phenomenon. e. Driver, Enabler, Blocker Agents in trend.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRENDS
It is a special quality or trait that makes a person, thing, or group different from others. Its shows
special qualities or traits of a person, thing or group. a. Innovation A trend should introduce
changes and something absolutely new to a community. It is the cat or process of introducing
something new like ideas, devices, or methods. b. Consistency One thing after the other,
people can still recognize that this style or trend or culture or language is a trademark or a mark
of a country or a place. Identity has become a part of it. c. Versatility a trend always
appreciated by people despite the difference in culture, place and race. It is the quality or a state
of being versatile (able to do many things).

Trend is a continuous development towards something new or different. It simplyreflects on

what seems to be going around at any given time. Sanders, Soper and Rotwell(2009) define
Trend as a “recurrent phenomenon that takes placeover time and gives rise to
speculation on the future.” It can be in any area and doesn’t only reflect fashion, pop culture
and entertainment, but to all dimensions. It could be socio-cultural, economic and/or
politicaldimensions. Moreover, it is a change evidenced by a rise or fall of variables when
measuredbetween at least two points over time (Gordon, 2008). Thus, a trend is a sequential
patternof change in recorded data.In 1985, American Heritage Dictionary defines
trendas a direction of movement, as the trend of a line,” or the movement in a specified
direction, as in “the prevailing windtrends east-northeast.” Hence, a trend is the general direction or
tendency in which is goingto move, develop or change.
The way of doing new things of an individual, group or societal approach thenfollowed by many
people is called as

Trend. It has ability to influence or even direct people toadapt, accept andfollow what is new.
Also, trends tend to shift peoples’ needs and wants asit distracts the present trends then proposed
new ones in the form of innovations (to bediscussed in the proceeding part).Megatrends and the
microtrends are the two types of trend.

Megatrends are thoselarger patterns of broad trends that reshape and transform our lives while
microtrends is the advocate localization as opposed to globalization It recognizes that people
and communitieshave never been more refined and more conversant about the choices they make
in theireveryday lives.
Trendsgain power over time as they are not just merely part of a moment, they aretools,
connectors and will become more valuable as other people commit to engaging
(SethGodin). They solve problems. They represent new ways of life. Some trends are fun,
somefabulous, some appalling, but however long they last, you can be sure there will always be
anew trend coming along to replace the old. Awesome! You are now ready to do the next
activity. This time, you are going toshare your comprehension on what you have read.

“Trends never turn on a dime. Reversals build slowly. The first sharp dip always findsbuyers and
the first sharp rise always finds sellers.”It is important for us to understand that trends do not go
straight up or straight down.They tend to zigzag back and forth from a new high back to a lower
high, then to a higherhigh and go down. Thus, it has no consistency on its own manner.

Trend

is considered as a collage of present circumstances that extend currentpatterns into the future
(Cornish, 2004 and Canton, 2006). However, an examination ofthese phenomena and speculation
on the likely impact they will have in the future is called trend analysis In addition, the practice
of collecting information and attempting to spot apattern, or trend, in the information is also
known as trend analysisSanders, Soper, and Rotwell (2002) statedthat “an examination of trends
phenomena and speculation on its likely impact in the future is called astrends analysis.trends
analysis grants “future vision.” It allows populations to be proactive inresponse to future events.
Furthermore,trends analysis is the widespread practice ofcollecting information and attempting
to spot a pattern in the information. It will be used inpredicting future events or estimating
uncertain events in the past, and distracting presentevents just to promote new ones.The process
of identifying of trends is called

trend spotting as attempting to see the future in the present situation. On theother hand, the
people who notice and report on new fashions, activities that people arestarting to do is called
astrend spotter Conversely, an act that assumes the future that willbe a logical extension of the
past is defined as act of projecting trends Thus,projecting trends will be based from the past,
present and what will be in the future regardless ofdefined and undefined factors that contribute
from its changes or development.

FIVE (5) WAYS TO SPOT AND CAPITALIZE ON TRENDS

Many successful businesses were started by entrepreneurs with an ability to see atrend before
everyone else. They were able to take their insight and capitalize on it in a newand creative way.
Businesses from Uber and Lyft to Airbnb and HomeAway are just some ofthe most recent
examples of entrepreneurs benefiting from emerging trends. But justbecause it’s been done
before doesn’t mean it is easy to see trends first and find ways tocapitalize on them.The keen
competition around the market regardless of its kind and the rapid changeof customers’
behaviour, smart entrepreneurs are always looking for an edge. They want toknow how they can
identify trends, and how they can use that skill to build and grow abusiness for them not to be
eradicated from the market place. Fortunately, here are fiveways in spotting trends and
capitalizing on them before your competition does, and these willhelp you a lot the moment you
apply and develop these to your business.

1. Anticipate change

The constant thing in this world is change. Assume that change is coming and lookfor it. Change

can be either social -- as in the rise of socially responsible business -- or technological, as

exemplified by the growth of gadgets. Sometimes change can be both. Thegreat example of it is
social media.Don’t forget the cyclical, up-down, back-forth nature of business while you
aresearching. Change doesn’t have to be permanent to provide a viable opportunity forbusiness
creation and growth. Remember, the nature of trends has no consistency.

2. See it coming
The basic tools of the trend tracker are seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting andtouching. In other
words, every sense that can be used to get information about the worldshould be employed in
seeing for upcoming changes. Start by reading and watchingeverything you can. That should
include general interest news outlets, trade publications,blogs, government reports and casual
conversations overheard in elevators. Be updated ofproblems people are talking about. Be
proactive as it comes.

3. Distinguish between short-lived fads and long-term trends

Strive to identify big changes that create lasting problems that many customers willbe happy to
pay to solve. The idea is to wind up with a business model in which revenuesare larger than costs
for a long period, not one that limps by on slender profit margins beforecompetitors take even
that away.To filter out fads, talk to the potential buyers of the solution to the problem. The
morefrustrated they are, the more likely they are to pay for a solution. In extreme cases,
potentialcustomers may be willing to fund the development of solutions. With this, it is not hard
foryou to win them. Another way around is by talking to experts.

4. Make sure your solutions are realistic

Again, it’s relevant to talk to target customers. Make sure the solution you envision isone you
can realistically provide with features. Costs must establish alternatives willcompare
favourably.It is not all about your desire product to proposed, it’s about their problem to
besolved. What you can do conveniently and inexpensively may be of little value to
customers.The sweet spot for a trend-exploiting start-up is at the intersection of business
capability andcustomer need.

5. Create a competitive advantage

To get the biggest benefit, be the first doer. Be courageous! It is uncommon for anysingle
entrepreneur to be the only one who sees an opportunity. Most will hesitate and notmove at all.
Many others will not move quickly enough. Lasting competitive advantageusually goes to the
first entrant to stake a market out and capture customer loyalty. Thosewho come later usually
have to settle for slimmer profits and more competition.Being first is not sufficient, of course!
Business history is besieged with well-financedstart-ups directed by well-regarded leaders who
committed too much, too early and in thewrong place. So test before committing. Again, look for
revenues that overwhelm costs andcustomers who are overjoyed.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SOLIDARITY AND
CITIZENSHIP

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SOLIDARITY AND CITIZENSHIP

The study of community entails us to understand our very own community life. It gives us the
idea on how to perceive reality by becoming involve in the day to day process which is
socialization. In the interaction process, people grasp the challenges of the contemporary
community life. Using the imaginative yet rational ideals of social sciences, we sought to
investigate how socialization may impact the dynamics within the community – whether it
has improved or worsened the present condition. In this module, we are geared towards
explaining the importance of studying community dynamics and community action using
the social sciences perspectives by building framework in dissevering basic information in
the following concepts: in Lesson1, we will try to appreciate the importance of one’s own
community and community dynamics.

Individuals having significant interaction within a specified area becomes one of the contributory
factors in forming community. The word community was derived from the Latin word communis
which means “common” or “shared”. 1 It may share a certain sense of place whether it is
geographical area or through a virtual space. Geographical community is a community where
members share the same geographical vicinity such as a village, province or
neighborhood. Non-geographical community is a community formed based on needs, ideas,
interests, identity, practices, and roles in social institutions such as at home, all work, in
government, society, or the community at large

Communication and relationships are imperative in building community. As people

communicate and interact, relationships foster. It develops pattern by which adopted in the
environment. Communities may also be in two levels: Micro-level community, a group is
formed based on personal ties. This may include groups formed for pursuing common interests
or goals like forming a small organization to hold a fund-raising activity such as concerts. At
macro-level, large group affiliation is formed such as national communities, international
communities, and virtual communities. Companies and corporations may develop various
programs that would include different members across the country. They will work on
meeting certain objectives and expand on the aspect of community involvement.

The following are the importance of studying community:

1. It motivates people to work together – people feel a sense of community and

recognize the benefits of their involvement.

2. It encourages social, religious, or traditional obligations for mutual help.

3. People see a genuine opportunity to better their own lives and for the community.

4. It understands policies promoting community participation that values social capital.

5. Community participation could be understood as the direct involvement of citizenry in the
affairs of planning, governance, and overall development programs at local or grassroot levels.
Understanding community life makes us value the things we have on a daily basis, social
encounter constructs reality and affects some changes within.

Community Dynamics

The changes in the community are brought about by social, cultural and environmental
experiences whether it is positive or negative development that impacts within the
community. People adopt the changes and it has shaped their way of life.

Community Action is any activity that aims to increase the understanding, engagement and
empowerment of communities for the intention of giving services to people. There are 3-key
points in grasping the definition more meaningful:

 Understanding – raise an awareness about certain communal issues that needs to be

addressed. People develop the feeling of involvement once they truly comprehend the
situation within. They come together to support advocacies that will overcome community
needs and difficulties

Engagement – Once issues are assessed properly and people in the community understand
the needs, they work collaboratively to act on it. The main goal of engaging in the
community is to improve the partnership and coalitions among the community. It is
important that engagement occurs so that members will be able to involve meaningfully in
the activities that they have created.

Empowerment – enable the people to independently decide, plan-out and take action to control
the situation they have in the community. This means, initiative and decisions come from
internal group organized for the benefit of everyone. It is also necessary that the community can
provide significant networks and linkages that will genuinely serve the advocacies that they have
built. Hence, the study of community action is imperative in the field of social sciences
and other related disciplines as it lays on the foundation that individuals and families – as basic
unit, are embedded in different social structures that shape the behaviors in the system.
Having knowledge in community action makes an individual understand better by being aware in
the environment, have meaningful engagement and accept empowerment to create significant
impact.

The Social Science Perspective

“Social Science” is an umbrella term for various fields of study which examines social relations
and human society. It views the community as composed of people interacting with one another,
sensitive to each other’s emotions and subjective point of view. Basically, it describes
“community as a group of people in a particular area interacting together.”

The following are disciplines in social sciences that related to the idea of community:

Anthropology -This field examines the various aspects of humans, such as their biology,
behavior, culture and social interactions. It may also study how people adapt their ways of living
to different environments e.g, determining ways to help a community solve health related
concerns.This can be addressed by understanding the situation through interacting with the
people in the community. Connecting its history with its present condition., end eventually
solving the community concern.

Economics -This field studies the production, allocation and consumption of goods and services.
In any community, one finds various forms of wealth distribution. The ultimate goal of
economics is to improve the lives of people, such that their needs are satisfied.

Political Science -The field encompasses the various ways and means of allocating power,
influence, decision-making. This includes types of governments and management systems, and
how people in small bands or informal groups make decisions when they do not have recognized
leaders. All communities have some forms of political system.

Psychology -This discipline studies the human mind, brain, and social behavior. This extends to
interaction between people and interpersonal relationships. It comprises a variety of different
subfields including abnormal psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology and
social psychology. Psychology in general is most often associated with the study, diagnosis and
treatment of mental illnesses.
Sociology -This field is the study of society, social order, social interactions, and culture. It
introduces the concepts of social capital and communitarianism. Social capital is defined as the
networks of relationship among people who live and work in a particular society for the effective
functioning of the community. The concept of communitarianism explains the connection
between the individual and the community. Every person has a special role in one’s society, and
it’s part of human nature to relate with other people in various conditions or situations.

Civil Society Perspective

Stresses the idea of forming a group, foundation or an organization in service to society. This
perspective views society as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective
activity. Examples include people’s organization, civic organization, and social movements.This
is considered the affective model of community since a sense of belonging is achieved due to the
collaboration of shared interests and identities in serving the humanity. Groups of people come
together regardless of location, and organize plans to render support and assistance to
society.Some examples of civic organizations in the Philippines are ABS CBN Foundation,
Ayala Red Cross Foundation, Boy and Girl Scouts of the Philippines and Caritas Manila. The
human right movement, on the other hand, is an example of social movement. Local and
Grassroots PerspectivesThis perspective highlights volunteerism. Members of communities may
involve themselves in various programs or activities. The community uses self-organization and
encourages the local citizens to contribute to the community by taking responsibilities and
actions.

Leaders and other members identify the sources of concerns in a local setting and determine
ways to address these problems. Volunteers are mobilized in cooperation with government
decision-makers who will be accountable for their actions. The community also formulates
programs for others, and employs actions according to the needs of the community.A concrete
example of this is when doctors and dentists in different communities come together to organize
medical and dental missions especially for families affected by calamities. The youth who are
full of spirit and energy are often excited to engage themselves in outdoor activities. Immersing
themselves in farming and fishing and taking part in the planting of trees and crops will serve a
meaningful experience for them.
Rural-Urban Communities Communities may be located in either rural or urban areas.
These areas have distinct characteristics. The following are the three general characteristics of
rural areas: a. Population density is found to be low, meaning few people populate the
entire community, and they tend to live far apart from each other. b. The area is situated
geographically distant from larger urban areas. c. Each area typically specializes in a particular
form of livelihood, such as farming. Characteristics of urban areas are as follows: a. There is
higher population density, with more diverse subgroups (ethnic, racial cultural, age, sexual
orientation) b. Various industries and businesses are found in the areas. c. A large portion of
people lived in rented apartments or homes. d. Transportation is readily available although this
may be costly e. Urban areas are highly developed with many buildings and structures
f. Traffic and noise levels are high in these areas g. The large population gives rise to close
interactions among many people as well as more intense political involvement among citizens
There are also various sectors in different communities. Community sectors are various
groups or subdivisions of the larger community divided based on characteristics such as political,
economic, cultural, and religious beliefs. The various sectors that exist in all communities may
be categorized according to the following sectors with their inclusions.

Health -medical and mental health professionals; pharmacists and pharmacies; hospitals and
other in-patient facilities, clinics, non-traditional health practitioners; public health agencies
and systems

2. Education - public and private preschools, K-12 schools, colleges and universities,
school committees, school administrators, teachers, other educational institution employees;
parents, students, state board of education; adult basic education (ABE) and English as Second or
Other Language (ESOL) programs

3. Law Enforcement -the local and state police, the court system- judges, probation officers,
prosecutors, court-appointed defense lawyers, court-mandated program for offenders.

4. Government - regional, provincial, state, local, and tribal government bureaucracies,

agencies, and officials, both elected and appointed.

5. Business - from the self-employed carpenter to the multinational corporation with a local
facility.
6. Youth - youth themselves (generally viewed as ages 18 and younger) and those who work
directly with them (youth violence prevention and outreach programs, Big Brother/Big
Sister, Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, scouting, etc.) parents, human service, culture, and
sports/recreation sectors

. 7. The Media - newspapers and magazines, radio, and TV, vast array of blogs, videos, online
news, and other materials available on the internet.

Local and Global Communities A local community is characterized by close social

integration and physical proximity. Moreover, a local community is defined as a group of people
sharing the same environment and conditions intent, belief, resources, preferences, and needs
and risks. These factors may affect the identities of the individuals as well as the
community’s degree of cohesiveness. In addition, a local community may consist of business
operators, public agency staff, residents with interactions that may include sharing of
resources, information, and assistance. Commercial relationships may also be present between
local businesses and consumers. The global community, on the other hand, is a system
characterized by integration and interaction between individuals and groups away from each
other in time or space or both. The word <global= refers to the nation of the world considered
closely connected by modern telecommunication, though they are economically, socially
and politically independent (Sebastian, 2009, and dictionary.com) The domains and
certain aspects of the local and global communities intertwine. Establishments, programs,
and other events that started in the local setup may eventually grow to have a global presence,
such as the Jollibee fast food chain. Proposed plans and programs in the local community,
when implemented successfully, may reach the global community, and gain traction there as well
such as outreach activities, programs during calamities etc.
REPORT ACTIVITY

Narrative Essay
A Narrative essay in work immersion at Mabinay National High School to the work immersion.
In partial fulfilment of the subject requirements for Senior High School. Work immersion is part
of K to 12 curriculum made by the DepEd in the Senior High School Students need to
accomplish. It consist of 80 hours to expose a trainee to a working area in the actual settings. It is
a competency which enhance the students skill, confident and knowledge which help them to
future career. Work immersion is other ways to learn how to work in actual place, which they
build new experience.

Work immersion is to provide SHS learners with opportunities to become familiar with the
workplace, simulate employment and to apply their competencies in areas of
specialization/applied subjects in actual environments. Work Immersion is part of the Senior
High School (SHS) curriculum consisting of maximum of 80 hours of hands on experience or
work immersion, which the grade 12 students will undergo to expose them to the actual
workplace setting and to enrich the competencies provided by the school under the super vision
of the school head and the designated personnel of the partner.

On my work immersion journey I observed Ma'am Hannah Cordova way of teaching and I've
seen the different styles and techniques that she used. I learned from her that when it comes to
teaching it needs a lot of responsibility especially a mind field with wisdom and knowledge to
influence the students to study well. The common tasks that my supervisor commands me are,
checked the modules of ALS students and record their quizzes activities and assignments. I also
experience to compute the total scores of each students. One of the most amazing journey I ever
had in my life was the days I spent in my work immersion. Immersion was exhausting. You
barely had time to stop and think since you were constantly engaged in activities. I could say it
was really such a great adventure, It really was a great experience for me and I would treasure it
for my whole life. I've never imagined such thrilling event in my life.

All of teh struggling, sacrifices, pain, laughter and happiness that we've shared, It's amazing. I
learned so much from the experience. Having the immersion was really a good start to
experienced how does it feel to be in a work place. I can personally say that I grew more matured
regarding making wise decisions after work. They let me realize that maturity or being matured
is needed in workplace and in other area because you are not working alone, you are dealing and
communicating with other people with respect. I'm so thankful to all teachers who inspired us to
 be better and know more about the things we are all passionate about. I learned a lot of things
from my coordinator Ma'am Hannah Cordova. I also experienced the life of being a teacher and
witnessed that it is not easy because it needs a lot of patience and responsibility to be an effective
educator.

Work immersion honed my skills in chosen filled of expertise through work immersion. I was
able to explore interact with people of various personality, get to know the ideal of my future
career and most importantly, I get to develop my skills in my chosen field with the hustle, fun
and learning that I've had in my work immersion. I also get to know myself. I realized what I
really want in the future. I was able to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of my future
career. I can say that over all my work immersion is great. I learned a lot while I'm exploring and
learning work immersion, made me realized for all thing that I lack of and change me to become
a better one during our immersion. I've learned a lot of things that I can use Ron the near future.
Work immersion is really a beneficial for me because it is where I discover the thing I can't
imagine to do and on this stage will say that I was thankful because of encountered and
experience this because I have know the idea what will bring my chosen course to me in the near
future and I'm looking forward for that.
DOCUMENTATION DOING
THE PORTFOLIO