200mm x 200mm R.

C columns

Cantilever
outline~--

!--!
------

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200mm x 200mm x 400 foundation blocks 1111
I I
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600 wide continuous footin g . - - - - - - - - :2 I
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200mm x 200mm x 400mm foundation blocks--f I L - 1 - - - B
'-------------- ---I
-

CORNER JOINT
TEE JOINT
fig 18-31 FOUNDATION PLAN

A foundation plan is required for excavation purposes and (represented by dark lines). Note that columns are used to
should always be included with other working drawings. support beams for buildings having floor levels constructed
The plan shown in fig. 18-31 illustrates the layout of high above the ground level.
the footing (represented by thin broken lines), columns A foundation plan is dimensioned from the center line
(represented by squares), beams and foundation blocks of beams, columns, footings and foundation blocks.
 FOUNDATION DETAILS
18mm TERRAZZO FL. FINISH

100mm THK. R.C. SLAB WITH

500g POLYURETHANE
DAMP PROOFING #610 BRC FABRIC

ON 25mm SANDBLINDING ON
100mm BLOCKWALL RENDERED AND
150mm HARDCORE WELL PAINTED BOTH SI DES
COMPACTED

800-1200mm 300-450
DRAIN

0
U')
-.t

0
0
(0
,612 m.s. BARS
IN BLOCK CORES
AT 400 c/c

1l I 200 X 600 CONTINUOUS FOOTING

WITH #65 BRC FABRIC &
3 - ,if12mm BARS CONTINUOUS

200X200X400 CONC. BLKS.

CORES FILLED WITH CONC MIX

FOOTING DETAILS ATC

FOUNDATIONS Footing
The footing is required to evenly distribute the
The foundation is the base or supporting portion of weight of the house round its perimeter and under
any structure, without which, a building ·cannot be wall partitions. It is cast in concrete and often
constructed . A section through part of a foundation reinforced with steel for additional support and to
is illustrated in fig. 18-27. prevent cracking . Normally, the footing is buried at
There are several types of foundations, but a minimum depth of 600mm.
they all have the same basic foundation
construction principles, regardless of the structures Foundation Walls
they support. Basically, a foundation is designed to Foundation walls are basically used for
uniformly distribute the structural load of a building; transmitting the weight of the house to the fopting.
and in a flat house, also used to waterproof the floor. They c·an be made of concrete blocks, stone or
A foundation is supported by the footing. concrete.

227
Setting out
Once the site has been cleared, setting out is the process of marking out on the ground
the "footprint" of the building. It is a key process in locating and orientating the building
accurately. This will be checked later to ensure the layout of the building complies with
the original plans approved by the local planning authorities. If it is later found that the
location is inaccurate, it could be very costly to rectify any errors.

'
-t- --------- -,~,
'
-------- ---;t'
/ I' , / I
\ F G/ ! ',~ ~// ,
\ / I ', // I
\ I
\ / I I
I ' / '

',v//
\ I I / ' '

\ / I /// ',, I
\ I I / ' I

\/ I // ', I
A , // A D ', ,
/I \ \ IL /___ _ __ _____' ___2i_I
II \\ I
I \
II \
\ I' Set out showing centreline'
I \ setting out and checking for
I
I \
\
I' accuracy by measuring corn er
' 1
IE H' ' to corner e.g. A-C, B-D, E-G and
I' ' I
\ '
F-H for equity
-r- -- ------ 1

Fig 16.8

The preferred method uses a setting out plan which is a dimensioned ground floor
plan, usually drawn to a scale of 1:50 . The plan is fully dimensioned at all corners and
openings (windows and doors). The method of setting out the foundations is to first mark
the centreline of the longest outer wall of the building by laying a string between wooden
pegs driven at each end. This serves as a datum line for setting out the centrelines for
all the other walls of the building. The centreline of the walls that are perpendicular to
the longest wall are marked by setting up a right triangle of the ratios 3, 4, 5 (5 being the
hypotenuse). The two sides of the triangle 3 units by 4 units are then fixed against the
longest wall to find the break point so the location and dimensions of adjoining walls can
be set out using a steel tape.
This process is repeated for each of the walls and corners of the building until
the complete profile of the building is set out. This is the profile for excavating the
foundations of the build ing. The accuracy of rectangular areas of the build can be
checked by measuring th e diagonals (corner to corner) for parity. Alternatively, this setting
out process can be done with the use of a theodolite.
Foundations
Once the footprint has been set out, the question of foundations needs to be answered.
Foundations are used to support a building's external and internal load-bearing walls
and transmit loads directly to the underlying subsoil or bedrock. They have two main
functions to satisfy:
1. They must provide a factor of safety against failure of the supporting substrata .
2. Any subsequent settlement should not be detrimental or interfere with the function
of the building.
There are four main types of foundations (footings):
1. Pad foundations
2. Strip foundations
3. Pile foundations
4. Raft foundations .

Pad foundations
For these foundations, holes are dug in the ground about 350 square x 400 deep.
These are then fitted with a box (usually a wire cage) and filled with concrete to ground
level. They are the simplest and most cost effective foundations for supporting walls
and transferring loads to the ground to support lightweight timber-framed buildings.
These foundations are individual pads: they are not connected to each other and are not
normally reinforced.
Load bearing wall

Load bearing
column

w . . . - - - ~ t - - -1-+--.....aG;.;.ro
" "u;.;.n;.;; --+-~t-----.,.__.,....,..."'T""
d""'le"-v_e_
l
! Concrete pad
E
(Y)

B
0.
::J
Pad foundation

Fig 16.9
Strip foundations
For these foundations , trenches are dug about 350 wide x 400 deep and a strip of
concrete is poured into the trench and reinforced with steel wire netting. Here also the
load of the external and any internal loadbearing walls is supported . Strip foundations
are used for both traditional timber and brick buildings.
 Pile foundations
For these foundations an
auger (a very large corkscrew-
Footprint of building like tool) is used to bore a
at ground level deep hole up to 6 metres
deep into which a pile (a steel
or precast concrete pole) is
driven then filled with concrete
or cement. These foundations
are used where the ground
may be less stable because
it is near the beachfront,
waterlogged , or on sloping
ground. Timber piles can be
used. These are long wooden
piles driven into the ground
until they hit sound ground or
bedrock.
Fig 16.10
RAFT FOUNDATIONS Raft foundations
I These foundations are
' continuous and cover an area
I
- - ..... ~- ....:~
- iiiiiii:i::iiil:ii:l~ii:iiii==i:iiii=iiiii; equal to or greater than the
I footprint of the building. They
' are used for light structures on
I poor loadbearing substrates
'
I or where variations in soil
'
A
I' A
composition or danger of
subsidence due to mining
• --- !______ ___ necessitates a means of
effectively spreading the load
' ' over a greater area.
I Stiffening Stiffeners or beams are often
beams
used to support exterior and

==
interior loadbearing walls;
additionally, they level out
stresses on the substrate
(subsoil) .
Fig 16.11

Investigate in more detail one of the foundations described above and produce
an annotated drawing of the arrangement with a description of the foundation's
application. Describe your research method and sources.
Check your work with a classmate . Discuss what went well and what could be
improved.
Put a signed and dated copy of your work in your portfolio of evidence.
16.3 Producing working drawings
Floors
Floors can be classified into ground or upper floors and then further classified as solid or
cavity floors.

Ground floors
There are basically two main choices:
• Solid concrete.
• Suspended floors.

Cavity
wall

Foundation
pad
Fig 16.12

Solid concrete floors

Solid floors can be simple compacted earth floors or paving direct onto the ground
through to sophisticated composition floors with embedded underfloor heating. All floors
must be designed and constructed to be strong enough to withstand the loads they
are expected to withstand. The strength of ground floors is assured by the provision of
a solid concrete sub-floor of cement, sand and course aggregate sitting on a hardcore
bed. As well as giving strength , this combination reduces the risk of penetration by rising
water with the inclusion of a damp proof course (DPC) 150mm above ground level and a
damp proof membrane (DPM) both of at least 1200g grade. Solid floors are topped with
a cement screed of cement, sand and fine aggregate. In cold climates there is often a
thermal insulation between the DPM and the cement screed to reduce the conduction
of heat from the building. The floor is then finished with suitable covering such as tiles,
carpet or other decorative materials.
Suspended ground floors
Suspended timber floors use wooden or precast joists set into and supported by
the walls or metal joist hangers attached to the wall with loads transferred to the
foundations through the walls.
The ground in the cavity below the floor must have all the vegetation removed and
must be treated with weed killer to prevent regrowth . The ground is then covered with
an impermeable Visqueen covering (DPM) . On top of the membrane is a layer of lean
concrete . Lean concrete has a higher level of aggregate to cement than normal and is
used for filling and non-structural use.
The floor is finished with tongue and grooved (T&G) floor boarding although sheet
plywood can be used where the sheets are butted up against each other to give a
continuous floorcovering.
The underfloor cavity needs to be able to "breathe " through air brick or other ventilation
means to prevent excessive moisture build-up in the timbers .
First floor floors are very similar to ground floor ones, but rather than being over the
ground they are suspended above the ceiling of the downstairs rooms and consequently
do not have the issues around vegetation , rising damp, etc.

Internal load
Cavity wall bearing wall
Wooden or T&G
precast joist floorboards

Lean concrete and

.. .....··.. .. .
visqueen DPM
_.....: ·. ·•· ... ~ ·: ·.
. : . ·. ·.-·_.. : ·.. ' ...,....
Foundations
Fig 16.13
29. GENERAL BUILDING INFORMATION
The building technician, contractor or prospective FOUNDATIONS
homeowner must be familiar with the following
information.

1. Roof Designs
2. Foundation Designs
3. Building Layout Methods to include
I
·,HI"' .. Ji.I

floor plan designs RAFT/SLAB FOUNDATIO:

A foundation is the support system of a building,

1. TYPES OF ROOFS
therefore it must be designed properly. A foundation
The three more commonly used roof styles are
is designed according to the climate , soil type and
illustrated here. A roof style is chosen to suit the
structure it must support. It should be noted here that
needs of the homeowner only after the design
foundations are generally designed by stru?t~ral
layout of the dwelling is taken into consideration .
engineers. However, since most small bu1ldIng
The following are suggested.
projects are similar, the contractor may use
standardized foundation designs. Three types of
foundation designs are illustrated.

B.R C. IMRE FABRIC FINISHED SLAB

FOOTING TRENCH

SHED ROOF

The shed roof (the simplest of all) can be used for

covering a garage, guard hut, shed or any small
addition to an already existing structure.
TYPICAL SLAB CONSTRUCTION
ARRANGEMENT WITHOUT HARDCORE

RAFT/SLAB
This is designed so as to prevent damage to the
structure by earthquakes. No foundation block~ are
required, as the slab and footing are cast as a single
unit.

GABLE ROOF Slab Construction

The above shows the layout (or layers) of a typical
The gable roof gives a ranch type look and gives slab foundation arrangement. This type is generally
eave protection on both sides of the building. It is
used for low cost housing and does not require any
the more commonly used roof style.
layer of hardcore. Floor slabs, generally, _are ~bout
100mm thick reinforced with B.R.C. fabric, with an
18mm thick terrazzo finished. Some homeowners
prefer tiles or trowel finish for carpeting.

TEE-FOUNDATION
The tee design requires that the floor slab be
HIP ROOF supported by foundation blocks. These blocks rest
upon a continuous footing which runs b~l?w the
perimeter of the external and internal partItIons_of
the structure. A cross sectional view of the footing
The hip roof is designed to give an eave or roof and blocks resembles an upside down (T) tee .
protection around the perimeter of the house.

173
 SHEA R PA NEL A well designed foundation will resist setting of the
soil and support the weight of the structure, The
footing is designed to transmit the foundation walls
to the soil. Generally, the soil which support the
weight of the building is the NATURAL foundati~n
and the foundation walls , footing of columns built
on it is the ARTIFICIAL foundation .
T- foundation
When designing the foundation a concrete base
COLUMN/SLAB FOUNDATION (R.C. footing) wider than the foundation blocks
must be placed below the foundation walls. This
COLUMNS spreads the load of the wall over a wider area of the
Columns are the best choice for supporting a high soil. it is better to use a continuous footing around
floor level. Although load bearing walls are the perimeter of small dwellings. In this way it can
sometimes preferred by designers, a high floor support all the foundation walls or columns of the
level is used when the plot has an uneven surface structure.
level, or when a two storey dwelling is required.
Where the soil is occasionally waterlogged, piles
are used below the footings for added support. PRESSURE FOR M
A BO V E
Columns, and beams by themselves are not
always a reliable floor support system especially in
SUSCEPTIBLE TO
an earthquake-prone zone. Therefore, as a CRACKING AT 45 °
precautionary measure (as stipulated by some
building codes) a raft foundation or beams on the FIG. #2
ground are used for added support. (See plan 'B') .
A sheer panel (reinforced block wall) incorporated
in the wall construction is also recommended for
masonry structure. (see above). PRESS URE FORM _Lt~ = ~ -- ·
BELO W
SHEAR WALLS IN CONSTRUCTION
Although not really used by builders, it is
DESIGNING TH E FOOTING
recommended that each dwelling be reinforced
The footing is designed on the load it must carry in
with shear walls/panels. A shear wall also acts as
relation to the vertical pressure of the building and
part of the foundation design of a building. It is
the upwards pressure of the earth or soil below the
reinforced with concrete and steel bars
structure. Figures 2&3 give recommend sizes or
incorporated in the design construction. A shear
dimension on a typical R.C. footing.
wall strengthens the ability of the dwelling to
withstand earthquakes and strong winds . See
1. The width of the footing is 3 times the width of
recommended use of the shear wall/panel( s).
the foundation blockwall or column . For
example, if the block wall or column is 200mm
wide then the footing will be 600mm wide.

OR COLUMN FIG. #3

RC FOOTING

FIG. #1

2. In figure #3 D=P with D equal to a minimum of

150mm (British) or D=T and P=1/2 T. 2. The
PARTS OF A TYPICAL FOUNDATION base height D is the same as P. Please note

174
 MATT AND RAFT FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATION
BLOCK WALL
OR COLUMN

FOOTIN

· STEELBARS Ill
FIG. #6

FIG.#4 MATT FOUNDATIONS (FIG#6)

A matt foundation is also referred to as a floating
that cracking of the footing will occur at 45° as foundation. Here the entire foundation is cast as a
shown in the figure #2. from pressure above and single unit. It is really a R.C . floor slab, which
below the footing. Actually, the foundation ideally transfers or transmits the building loads of the
should be cast case at 45° without the rectangular supported structure . over the entire slab and soil
shape as shown in figure #4 but this can hardly be area.
practical in construction.

The typical depth of a foundation is about 600mm.

When a foundation is shallow in soft soil,
atmospheric conditions will damage it and
consequently make the building very unstable
and unsafe. In this case the average dept of such
foundation should be about one meter.

FIG.#7
CONC. SLAB

RAFT FOUNDATION (FIG #7)

This is also referred to as :a floating foundation. Here
the walls and floor are cast as a single unit. The
theory here is that the dwelling must be designed so
that the weight of the foundation and the structure
should weigh the same as excavated soil. This will
minimized settling of the structure, as the building
NARROW TRENCH
FILLED WITH load on the soil will be the same as the excavated
FIG. #5
CONCRETE soil.

SHORT BORED PILES (FIG. #8 & #9)

CAVITY WALL

USING A CONCRETE TRENCH INSTEAD OF DPC ~ 150mmSLAB

FOOTING

Where the soil is classified as poor, the foundation

will have to be dug deep to get to the good soil. In
this case, instead of placing a concrete footing at
600mm all that is required is a trench filled with
concrete. However, this trench will be placed or STEEL REINFORCEMENT
dug much deeper than where the footing would
have been. Seefigure#5 above. SHORT BORED CONG. PILES ¢'300
FIG. #8 1.8 TO 3.0m DEEP

175
SHORT BORED PILES A building layout can be done using a transit or
If the soil type is heavy shrinkable clay, a theodolite. However, this is not always necessary
foundation must be dug to a depth of at lease one or required for small dwellings. The contractor, in
meter. This will prevent tilting. However, instead of this case may use other reliable methods. The
doing this for a small dwelling, short board piles commonly used 4-3-5 method is illustrated above.
can be used . They cost cheaper and can be very 2 2 2
This is based on the theory that 3 + 4 = 5 • The
effective in supporting the structure. These piles contractor will after erect better boards at each
are cast at regular intervals below the walls or corner of the building to maintain the right angle.
ground beams. You can either buy precast piles or
bore holes and then proceed to fill with R.C .
concrete.

R.C. BEAM 300 X150 2 OR MORE BENT

STEEL RODS CAST
IN PILE & BEAM

750 to 1.5m

FIG. #9
SCAFFOLDING
Figure #9 gives the recommended distances for Scaffolding is a temporary elevated platform made
the placement of these piles. Note that piles are up of a board platform with wood or metal tubing
made secure to beams by using two or more steel support. It is used to support workmen and
rods . ·
equipment during the course of construction .
Those made of wood can be built on site or the
contractor may rent the metal design type from a
BUILDING LAYOUT scaffolding company. The design of a metallic
tubing scaffold with a board platform is illustrated
below.

BUILDING BLOCKS
Some contractors and homeowners prefer the clay
type block and others prefer the concrete block.
', Which is better to use? One just has to look at the
SQUARING THE BUILDING construction of public buildings such as schools,
community centers, health centers and see the
type of blocks the structural engineers
recommend . So before building you may want to
look at the pros and cons of choosing the type of
block for your dwelling.

CASTING CONCRETE
You may also want to look at the difference in cost
and time of having labourers mix concrete or
having this done by one of those pre-cast concrete
mix companies .
176
 - ~
STANDARD WALL BLOCK FOUNDATION BLOCK
(hollow clay) (concrete)
75 or 100 x 200 x 300 200 x 200 x 400mm
hollow clay blocks

ventilation screen

LOAD BEARING
(hollow clay)
reeeJ FACE BRICK
(clay, concrete)
steel bars __________..~;-;; 1 1 1 11 1

57 x 95 x 200mm

lintel block

~
COLUMN BLOCK
lgg~ FOUNDATION BLOCK
(hollow clay)
150 x 200 x 400mm
(concrete)
200 x 200 x200mm awning window

I'-)
0
CJ1

\==,
STANDARD WALL BLOCK
(concrete)
100 x 200 x 400mm ,.,....

1
('-
....-
--e )
'.1l FROGGED
(concrete ventilation block)
85 x 100 x400mm
fig. 18-11 BLOCK WALL

BLOCKS
Blocks are one of the many varieties of masonry building

,~o BOWTIE
(concrete ventilation block)
95 X 100 X 200
,. . . 7J
FIRE BRICK
(clay, concrete)
57 x 95 x 200mm
units. Tiles and stones are two of the other commonly
used units. The illustrations in fig. 18-10 are the most
frequentlyused designs in Trinidad & Tobago. Figure 18-
11 gives an example of the use of three (3) block styles
used for building blockwalls. Materials used in block
construction include clay and concrete.

~
SPLIT BLOCk
(concrete) ~ SOLAR SCREEN
(clay ventilation block)
Block Designs and Their Uses
~
100 x 200 x 400mm 1OOX200X100mm
A standard wall block may be used to ~onstruct external
and internal walls of buildings.
fig. 18-10 Block Designs
 iii
~tr.f.~r:tl~I~~
til ltt.§~:
Load bearing blocks are very strong and, when reinforced
with steel bars, can be used as columns.

:@1l~ff~: Foundation blocks are the largest of all types and are used
'.?W.f.W:~
iMWl4 for laying foundation or building masonry walls .
RUNNING BOND STACK BOND
Split blocks are mainly used as decorative blocks.

Fire bricks are used around arches.

Face bricks are used for constructing load bearing walls. The
holes are for steel reinforcement.

FLUSH
Column blocks are used to form columns that may replace
CONCAVE
solid reinforced concrete columns in the porch and patio area.

Frogged, bow tie and solar screen are all ventilation blocks
and may be used in wash rooms and on lintels.
I\.)
0
0)
Bonds
The manner in which blocks are arranged in a blockwall is
V-TOOLED RAKED known as bonding. Two of the more common block bonds are
the running and stack bonds, as illustrated on this page.
The running bond is so designed that the vertical joint
formed between two adjacent blocks is positioned at the
center of another block which falls immediately above or
below it. This pattern forms a very strong knitted bond.
The stack bond is arranged so that blocks in each
column are evenly stacked one above the other. This pattern is
WEATHERED STRUCK used mainly between structural columns such as I - beams
and R.C. columns.

Mortar joints
Joints used for bonding are known as mortar joints and
shoUld be between 6-12mm thick. Eight types of joints are
illustrated on this page. Joints should be so designed that their
edges can make firm contact with the blocks, so preventing
CONVEX RODDED
water from penetrating the bond.
 50mm x 150mm Ceiling Joist
Ridge Cap 50mmX150mm Rafters

25mm X175mm Ridge Boan 25mmX100mm Laths

25mm X200mm FASCIA

BOARD

0
CARPORT 0
l'-
N

N
.....
.j:s.

1 100 THK HC B ~ C K
WALL WITH 12m
PLASTER BIS

B. R.C. FABRIC WIRE

SECTION 'AA'

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEWS

A cross sectional view of a building is drawn primarily to show the general
arrangement of the materials to be used in its construction. This
arrangement gives the size of the foundation, door, window and ceiling
g
'<T heights, roof details and other important information.
Before drawing a sectional view, however, a cutting plane needs to
be selected to pass through an area of the building that would give an
adequate description of all the materials required for construction. The area
selected must be indicated on the floor plan by a cutting plane line. See the
400 X 200 R.C. GROUND BEAM floor plan in fig. 18-19. Usually a section through the kitchen and bath areas
is sufficient.
SLAB FOUNDATION A sectional view is normally drawn to the same scale as the plan and,
because of this, the eave, ridge, footing and lintel details convey very little
construction details. Therefore, larger views need to be drawn. These views
are known as blowup sections. Areas requiring blowup sectioning are
identified on sectional views by circles, as shown.
 \ cantilever 1. normal beam span ., .£)1 o ties @ BEAM, COLUMN AND STAIRCASE DETAILS
7 l 0
A I 2° 012mm steel bars 1
~ ,,1,,,., /225 c/c
,
Dl The foundation details shown are typical of those used to
SECTION AA support the weight of structures constructed above the normal
(200mmX250mm}

11 1 1
ground level. In this case, however, they are for the western side
ties in cantilever'beam are of the dwelling where the ground level is lower than in other
approx. 15Oc/c
RC BEAM DETAIL areas.

A cantilever is a beam or slab, which is

supported at one end treader
total run

4 o 12mm steel IL1ol

bars
aboveground
06mm ties @ 225 c/c 11 :':,: I' /eye/
c::
RC COLUMN
e
N ]j
N .2
(0

250 x 300 ground beam

SECTION 'A A'

18mm steel bars@ UP

225mm c/c both ways V /readers

R.C COLUMN DETAIL

R.C FLOOR SLAB 2 3 I 4

018mm bars both ways

A A

ffi3j4 Note: Building foundations are often

. designed by structural engineers

~ 600 II
SECTION 'AA'
/\
UP
R.C FOOTING PLAN (200mm x 200mm) PLAN
 250x 250 R.C. 12 PLASTER BOTH SIDES
COLUMN 18 TERRAZZO FIN.
ON 100 THK. R.C. FLOOR SLAB

10G. BRC FABRIC ON

500G DPC ON
ci
lO
~~~:_"::-~--
·~ :x~~lli59'~~ 25 SAND BUNDI NG ON
'-t
200 HARD CORE
- - - - -.()N EARTHFILL

~ 6no. ¢12 STEEL BARS

I~ 250 x 650 R.C .

GROUND OR
TIE BEAM

750
3 column width

FOUNDATION DETAIL D

450 ,

100 250
/

10G. BRC FABRIC ON

•!d!IW': l:M
!l:Mfi.,Jil~~ 500G DPC ON
0 ,., ' 25 SAND BU NOi NG ON
lO
'-t ~ 4 ' !-.."'<--'
'··=~·- 200 HARD CORE
· .· r----_ ON EARTHFILL

0
0
N
~ = ; q - - - - - - - - 3no12STEELBARS
T------- RC COLUMN
+ - - - - ; - - - - - - FOOTING

FOUNDATION DETAIL E

247
 50 x 100 studs
see detail for p ion #3 A fl board
N ---1 / I ,-:- 1 / , --- 1
-
I

_ v l/
~/ ~~ '
I --' I

'/ ' ' ,_

-
I
I( I

0
L!)
j ,f----_ ' L-----
('()
I
s;f"
' ' I---
200 R.C. beams
' I ' ----------r I/ I
00 x 200 r.c . columns
E '0- I.I
J
l /1,
'-
~l '
I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I
V l '1

- c-- I/
1 J
L LJ L

' '
V
I '
'
/
'
0
'
N
0)
0
_ :.---
1--'v ---------i ~,__
N
t--
0') ' ' 150 floor joists
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FOUNDATION PLAN
 BUILDING DRAWING QUESTIONS 450

75 I 300 75

This section covers building drawing questions. Questions on

wooden structures have been left out. However you can refer
to details for these structures on pages l[)
r--

Practice using your scale rule, by drawing the given diagrams

001 0
<D
l[)
I'-

accurately, to the SCALES shown.

Neatly write the title and scale, below each drawing .

NOTE l[)

All dimensions are in millimetres I'-

Panel
SCALE: 1:10
N
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1100

L
1200
375
t
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t25t 150 150
r5Il 25h
1150
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Chest of Drawers
SCALE:1:25 Picket Fence
SCALE: 1:20
 FOUNDATIONS
For all drawings of foundation plans, please refer to the floor For each of the given floor plans draw to a scale
plans provided in the Architectural section. of 1:50, the FOUNDATION PLAN. Use the
appropriate foundation type under the various walls.

Dimension and label the drawing fully.

012 REINFORCEMENT Indicate the names of the types of foundations used.

NOTES:
200X200X400 CONC. FOUNDATION BLOCK The walls of the building are 100 mm thick.
All dimensions are in millimeters.
Where not specified, use typical size measurements.
50mm THK. SAND BLINDING

To a scale of 1:20, reproduce the given ISOMETRIC

500G D.P.C. drawing of a typical STRIP FOUNDATION.

N Label the drawing fully, by naming the various parts

CD #610G B.R.C. WIRE
(J:) of the foundation.
EARTH
150mm THK. HARDCO"RE [ NOTE: Draw an Isometric view]
200X600 R.C . FOOTING

To a scale of 1:10, draw the foundation details at 'A',

'B', and 'C'.
ISOMETRIC OF Label and dimension the drawing fully. Show all the
STRIP FOUNDATION necessary parts of this type of foundation.

SPECIFICATIONS:

*Use three rows of 200 x 200 x 400 Foundation Blocks

* 200 x 600 Footing
* B.R.C. Fabric used in floor slab and footing
* Floor Slab is 100 thick

All dimensions are in Millimeters

B C
A FIG.#2
m Technical Drawing

D.P.C.
40 Thick

Plinth

100

0
8

0 0
0 0
C"I C"I

0 0
0 0
°'II 0
°'II 0
f-<
f')

f-< 0 f-< 0
f') C'l f') C"I

3T = 900 3T= 900

(i) Foundation with Plinth Projections (i i) Foundation without Plinth Projections

FIGURE 3.10

3.3.4 Floor Plan The building is imagined to be cut by a

A floor plan is the arrangement (grouping, horizontal plane slightly above the window-
positioning and orientation) of different rooms sill level. The upper portion cut above the
of a house on a horizontal plan, i.e., the drawing horizontal plane is removed. The building is
sheet. A floor plan drawn in building drawings seen from the top. The projection of the portion
is not simply the top view seen from the top of on the building on horizontal plan is known as
the building. floor plan as shown Fig. 3.11 and Fig. 3.12.
 01257020/MS/SPEC 2015

TECHNICAL DRAWING
BUILDING DRAWING
PAPER 02
SOLUTIONS AND MARK SCHEME

FOUNDATION DETAIL AT ‘A’

SOLUTION TO QUESTION 2