Top Canine
Top Canine
1
TOP
CANINE
NEOPLASIA
Lymphoma
#1.
Hematpoietic
neoplasm
Most
commonly:
primary
&
secondary
lymphoid
Tissues:
bone
marrow
LN
Thymus
spleen
Extranodal:
GIT
skin
liver
eye
1)
MULTICENTRIC:
80-‐85%
of
cases
rapid
generalized
lymphadenopathy
Dx:
flow
cytometry
PCR
for
PARR
CS:
profound
lethargy,
weakness,
fever
anorexia,
dehydration
2)
ALIMENTARY:
<10%
of
cases
CS:
focal
lesions
!
partial/complete
obs
vomiting,
constipation,abd
pain
Diffuse
involvement
Anorexia,
hypoproteinemia
vomit/dh
!2°
malabsorption/maldigestion
3)
MEDIASTINUM:
small
fraction
enlargement
of
cranial
mediastinal
LN
or
thymus
CS:
respiratory
distress
Pleural
fluid
accumulation
Diagnoses:
Direct
compression
lung
lobes
iCa
Caval
syndrome
PTH
1°
PU
with
2°
PD
rPTH
*caused
by
hypercalcemia
of
malignancy
4)
EXTRANODAL:
skin**,
lungs
(resp
distress),
kidneys
(renal
failure),
eyes
(blind),
CNS
(seizures),
etc
**Most
common
cutaneous
CS:
solitary,
raised,
ulcerative
nodules
OR
diffuse
generalized,
scaly
lesions
Dx:
FNA
!
cytology/histopath
of
affected
organs
Tx:
CHOP
protocol
–
multicentric
only
Vincristine,
doxorubicin,
cyclophosphamide,
L-‐asparaginase,
prednisone
Prognosis:
B-‐cell
~2
months
remission
possible
1
2
Osteosarcoma
#1.
Malignant
bone
tumour
Large
breed,
older
dogs
higher
incidence
in
males
and
rotties
CS:
intermittent
lameness
on
1
limb
without
hx
of
trauma
Painful
area
over
longbone
+/-‐
swelling
May
fx
with
minimal
trauma
proximal
humerus
distal
femur
proximal
tibia
distal
radius
“Away from the elbow, towards the knee”
Dx:
Radiographs
=
lytic
or
moth-‐eaten
appearance
FNA
or
bone
biopsy
of
lytic
lesion
*
up
to
90%
have
metastasized
to
lungs
at
time
of
Dx
Tx:
amputation
of
affected
limb
+
systemic
chemotherapy
+
NSAIDs
Prognosis:
Poor
to
guarded
2
3
Chemo:
STEROIDS
+
Mast
Cell
Tumour
1.
vinblastine
and
lomustine
#1.
Skin
tumour
2.
palladia
and
kinavet
Predisposed:
bracycephalic
breeds
Boston
Terriers,
boxers,
pugs,
bulldogs
CS:
skin
!
raised
lump
under
the
skin
Metastasis:
!
red,
ulcerated
or
swollen
LN
Liver
!
waxing
and
waning
in
size
Spleen
degranulation
!
stomach
ulcers
!
redness/irritation
at
tumour
site
Complications
*
hypotension
*
systemic
inflammatory
response
Dx:
FNA
of
mass
+
full
work-‐up
and
staging
Tx:
Surgical
excision
-‐-‐
for
low
grade,
complete
excision
=
curative
Multimodal
*
excision
+/-‐
radiation
+
chemo
*
high-‐grade,
margins
not
clean
or
has
spread
to
LN
Always
antihistamines
and
antiacids
(ranitidine
+
famotidine)
Mammary
Glands
Carcinoma,
sarcoma,
or
benign
adenoma
>50%
are
benign,
mixed
tumours
Intact
bitches;
2
posterior
glands
Single/multiple
nodules
in
one/more
glands
Cut
surface
–
lobulated,
grey-‐tan
and
firm
Dx:
mass
on
PE
FNA
+
histopath
Tx:
surgical
excision
Prognosis:
sarcomas,
poor
Remaining
are
good,
following
removal
Prevention:
spay
before
1st
heat
Testicular
Older
animals,
Most
are
benign;
cryptorchidism
increase
chance
of
malignancy
i)
Seminomas
–
germ
cells
ii)
Sertoli
cell
tumours
–
sertoli
cells
-‐
“feminizing
syndrome”
inc
estrogen
iii)
Leydig/Interstitial
tumour
–
interstitial
cells
Dx:
FNA
+
histopath
Tx:
curative
by
removing
BOTH
testicles
3
4
ENDOCRINE
Hypothyroidism
Impaired
production
&
secretion
of
TH
"
decrease
metabolic
rate
>95%
cases
due
destruction
of
thyroid
gland
(1°)
Causes:
PRIMARY
i)
lymphocytic
thyroiditis
Immune
mediated,
diffuse
infliltration
by
LO,
plasma,
MO
!
progressive
destruction
of
follicles
&
2°
fibrosis
ii)
Idiopathic
atrophy
of
thyroid
gland
loss
of
thyroid
parenchyma
is
replaced
by
adipose
tissue
SECONDARY
i)
SOL
tumour,
compressive
atrophy
deficiency
of
<1
pituitary
hormone
common
ii)
Congenital
RARE
associated
with
dwarfism
4-‐10
year
old,
mid
to
large
size
breeds
golden
retriever
irish
setter
cocker
spaniel
Doberman
dachshund
Airedale
CS:
weight
gain
without
increased
appetite
Mental
dullness,
lethargy,
exercise
intolerance
Difficulty
maintaining
body
temp
(always
cold)
Haircoat
!
dryness,
excessive
shedding
!
bilateral
symmetric
alopecia
!
2
pyoderma
common
leading
to
pruritis
Dx:
serum
–
total
T4
Free
T4
and
TSH
CBC/Biochem
–
normocytic
normochromic
anemia
-‐ hypercholesterolemia
**
LOW
total
T4
&
-‐ #
triglycerides,
#
ALP,
#
CK
free
T4
with
TSH
stimulation
test
(thyroid
function)
HIGH
TSH
-‐ no
response
=
hypothyroidism
Tx:
lifelong
thyroxine
Hypoadrenocorticism
“Addison’s”
Young
to
middle
aged,
FEMALE
Standard
poodles
west
highland
white
terrier
Great
danes
portugese
water
dogs
1°
–
most
often
autoimmune
damage
granulomatous
dz
metastatic
tumour
4
5
haemorrhage
infection
adrenolytic
agents
(mitotane)
adrenal
enzyme
inhibitors
(trilostane)
Acute
circulatory
collapse
CS:
progressive
loss
of
BCS
Failure
to
respond
appropriately
to
stress
Recurrent
gastroenteritis
$
Aldosterone
=
#
K+
!
bradycardia,
arrhythmia
(mineralcorticoid)
=
$
Na
&
$
Cl!dehydration,
hemo[
]
=
progressive
$
blood
volume
hypotension
(weakness,
microcardia)
$
Glucocorticoid
=
$
gluconeogenesis
+
#
sensitivity
to
insulin
!
moderate
hypoglycaemia
=
lack
–ve
feedback
to
pituitary
!
#ACTH
!
hyperpigmentation
Dx:
*ACTH
Stim
Test
U/S
–
bilateral
idiopathic
adrenalcortical
atrophy
All
layers
markedly
reduced
CBC/Biochem
-‐
LOW
Na+,
HIGH
K+
Na:K
ration
<25
-‐ azotemia
-‐
+/-‐
$
glucose
-‐ mild
acidosis
-‐ normocytic,
normochromic
anemia
Tx:
adrenal
crisis
=
EMERGENCY
Restore
volume
+
dexamethasone
(shock)
Atypical
Addison’s
Longterm
=
DOCP
(desoxycorticosterone
pivalate)
Lack
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoid
(Every
25-‐28
days)
Normal
electrolytes
Tx:
only
prednisone
=
fludrocortisone
acetate
(Once
a
day)
DDx:
1°
GI
disease
acute
pancreatitis
Renal
failure
toxin
Hyperadrenocorticism
“Cushing’s”
Middle-‐age
to
older
(7-‐12
years)
85%
PDH
–
mini
poodles,
dachshunds,
boxers,
boston
terriers,
beagles
15%
adrenal
tumours
–
large
breed,
female
1)
Pituitary-‐dependent
!
adenomatous
enlargement
of
PG
!
HIGH
ACTH
2)
Adrenal-‐dependent
!
functional
adenoma/adenocarcinoma
of
AG
3)
Iatrogenic
!
chronic
excessive
exogenous
steroid
administration
CS:
PU/PD
with
PP
and
obesity
m.
weakness
Heat
intolerance,
panting
recurrent
UTI
“pot-‐belly”
appearance
Low
USG
(hyposthenuria)
Skin:
alopecia
(esp.
truncal),
thin
skin,
comedones,
bruising,
pyoderma
cutaneous
hyperpigmentation,
seborrhea,
calcinsosis
cutis,
5
6
dermal
atrophy
Uncommon:
hypertension
pulmonary
TBE
Bronchial
calcification
CHF
CNS
signs
Dx:
CBC/Biochem
–
Increased
ALP,
ALT
-‐ high
cholesterol,
high
glucose
-‐ low
BUN
-‐ regeneration
(nRBC,
inc
RBC)
-‐ classic
stress
leukogram
(inc
Neut,
dec
LO
&
EO)
Clinical
signs
+
high
cholesterol
&
ALP
LDDS
test
Test
of
choice
+
suppression
at
4
hours,
NO
suppression
at
8
hours
ACTH
stim
test
Test
of
choice
for
iatrogenic
hyperadrenocorticism
HDDS
test
Differentiate
PDH
vs
adrenal
tumours
i)
ADRENAL
TUMOURS
–
secrete
cortisol
-‐
maximally
suppressed
ACTH
(-‐ve
FB)
-‐
admin
of
exogenous
dexamethasone
CANNOT
suppress
serum
cortisol
-‐
low
ACTH
levels
ii)
PDH
–
high
dose
dexamethasone
CAN
suppress
ACTH
!
low
serum
cortisol
-‐
endogenous
plasma
ACTH
-‐
normal
to
high
ACTH
levels
Tx:
PDH
–
medical
i)
mitotane
-‐
adrenolytic
agent
ii)
trilostane
–
adrenal
enzyme
inhibitor
Adrenal
-‐
surgical
!
immediate
hypoadrenocorticsm
!
hypotension
MST
778
days
Prognosis:
PDH
~2
years
Unilateral
adrenalectomy
~18
months
Diabetes
Mellitus
Deficiency
of
insulin,
usually
after
destruction
of
pancreatic
islet
B-‐cell
Older
dogs
and
cats,
7-‐9
years
old
female
Glucocorticoids
Risk
factors:
obesity
Hyperadrenocorticism
recurring
pancreatitis
Progestagins
dz
causes
insulin
resistance
Agromegaly
Insulin
antagonist
drugs
6
7
TYPE
1:
most
common
Absolute
deficiency
of
insulin
TYPE
2:
non-‐insulin
dependent
Reduced
B-‐cells
CS:
PU/PD
PP
with
weight
loss
Blindness
with
cataracts
Dx:
PU/PD
+
PP
Persistent
hyperglycemia
(>
200
mg/dl)
Persistent
glucosuria
Biochem:
high
glucose,
high
cholesterol
High
ALT,
high
ALP
UA:
USG
>
1.025
high
glucose
UTI
high
ketones
(!
DKA)
Tx:
human
or
porcine
NPH
or
lente
insulin
Decrease
weight,
increase
fibre
in
diet
Treat
any
underlying
conditions
Prognosis
–
MST
~
3
years
UROLOGY/NEPHROLOGY
Renal
Failure
Azotemia
with
inadequately
concentrated
urine
USG
<1.030
in
dogs
CS:
PU/PD
Lethargy
Anorexia
+
weight
loss
Vomiting
Halitosis
+
oral
ulceration
Altered
consciousness
Seizures
Bleeding
problems
Dx:
CBC/Biochem
–
usually
normal,
mild
anemia
-‐ azotemia
-‐ high
P+
-‐ low
K+
UA:
isosthenuric,
min
concentrated
USG
GFR
measurement
UPCR
ratio:
high
ratio
when
urine
sediment
is
negative
Tx:
renal
diet
–
restrict
protein
and
phosphorus
Protein-‐losing
nephropathy
–
ACE
inhibitors
(enalapril)
Phosphate
binders
Potassium
gluconate
or
K+
citrate
7
8
Cystic
Calculi
Presentation
Treatment
Struvite
Female
Promote
PU
(inc
H2O)
Alkaline
urine
risk
factor
Dec
urea,
Mg,
P
in
urine
Urease
(staph,
proteus)
Acidify
urine!!
Ammonium
chloride
D-‐methionine
Sx
–
scrotal
urethrostomy
Calcium
oxalate
Small
breed
Tx
–
surgery!!
Forms
in
acidic
urine
Med
mngmt
NOT
curative
DDx
–
hypercalcemia
Dec
protein
&
Na,
Inc
H2O
Alkalinize
urine
Inc
fibre,
K+
citrate
Ammonium
urate
Dalmations
Dec
protein,
Inc
H2O
Metabolism
of
allantoin
(purines)
Alkalinize
urine
Radiolucent,
acidic
urine
Allopurinol
Dx
–
U/S
or
contrast
Can
lead
to
xanthine
stones
Cysteine
Young,
male
dogs
–
surgery
Radiolucent,
acidic
urine
-‐
2-‐MPG
-‐
2
K+
citrate
Silicate
Male
GSD
Surgical
removal
Diets
high
plant
proteins
Increase
urine
volume
-‐
corn
and
soybean
Alkalinize
urine
Acidic
urine
Lower
diet
plant
protein
Leptospirosis
Middle
age,
male
dogs
in
rural
communities
hunting
dogs
Maintenance
hosts:
raccoons,
rats,
opossum
**
Acute
hepatopathy
or
acute
renal
injury/failure
Pomona,
Bratislava
–
pigs
Canicola
-‐
dogs
Hardjo
-‐
cattle
Icterohemorrhagicae
–
rats
Grippotyphosa
–
mice,
squirrels
1)
Peracute
–
sudden
death,
few
CS
2)
Acute
–
lethargy,
anorexia,
muscle
tenderness,
vomiting
3)
Subacute
-‐
lethargy,
anorexia,
vomiting,
PD,
reluctance
to
move
+
lumbar
pain
4)
Chronic
–
PU/PD,
icterus,
inappetence
8
9
Dx:
CBC
–
thrombocytopenia
!
DIC
+
vasculitis
-‐
inflammatory
leukogram
Biochem
–
azotemia
-‐
metabolic
acidosis
-‐
high
P,
low
Ca2+
US
-‐
medullary
rim
sign
TOC
–
microscopic
agglutination
test
Tx:
penicillin
(bacteremia)
Fluid
therapy
(renal
perfusion)
H2
blockers
!
uremic
gastritis
(ranitidne
+
famotidine)
Doxycycline
(eliminate
lepto)
Prognosis:
survival
rate
70-‐85%
Sequelae
=
chronic
renal
and
liver
dysfunction
CARDIOLOGY
Congestive
Heart
Failure
Impaired
filling
or
emptying
of
the
heart
Geriatric
small
breed
!
chronic
mitral/tricuspid
valve
regurg
due
to
myxomatous
valve
dz
Adult
large-‐giant
breed
!
DCM
CS:
respiratory
+/-‐
cough,
syncope
lethargy
Progressive
abdominal
distension
weight
loss
+/-‐
murmur
&
gallop
Primarily:
systolic
dysfunction
!
failure
ventricle
to
completely
empty
Dx:
thoracic
rads
!
LA
enlargement
!
pulmonary
opacities
–
decompensated
left
sided
HF
ECG
Tx:
diuretics
–
furosemide
&
spironolactone
(less
potent,
longterm)
ACE
inhibitors
–
enalapril
(blunt
effects
of
RAAS
activation
and
decreases
afterload)
Weak
+
inotrope
-‐
digoxin
Atrial
+
fib
(inhibits
adrenergic
activity
and
increased
vagal
tone)
DCM
Inodilator
-‐
pimobenden
Moderated
dietary
Na
restriction
Prognosis:
poor
long-‐term
Dilated
Cardiomyopathy
Diseased
heart
muscles
causes
heart
to
weaken
and
enlarge
Both
sides
and
ventricles
and
atria
!
m.
walls
much
thinner
9
10
Ventricles
fail
!
blood
backs
up
into
veins
Left
side
fails
!
fluid
collects
in
lungs
(coughing,
dyspnea)
Right
side
fails
!
fluid
collects
in
abdomen
(ascites
or
pleural
effusion)
Breeds:
Doberman**
Great
dane
Newfie
Golden
Dx:
radiographs
–
LV
and
LA
enlargement
EKG
–
atrial
fibrillation
and
ventricular
tachycardia
Echocardiogram
–
watch
ability
ventricles
to
contract
Tx:
Pimobenden
=
increases
heart
contractility
Diuretics
(Lasix)
=
prevent
fluid
accumulation
ACE
inhibitors
(enalapril)
=
vasodilation
Prognosis:
most
die
CHF
~1-‐2
years
Mitral
valve
disease
Valve
between
LA
and
LV
High
pressure
of
LV
when
contracting
wears
out
MV
!
leak
!
murmur
Starts
asymptomatic
(only
murmur)
!
regurgitation
becomes
severe
!
CHF
Dx:
auscultate
heart
murmur
Thoracic
rads
ECG
+
echocardiogram
Tx:
1)
ACE
inhibitors
–
lower
BP
and
decrease
afterload
-‐ enalapril,
benazepril
2)
Diuretics
–
kidneys
to
remove
water
-‐
furosemide,
spironolactone
3)
Vasodilator
–
improves
contractility,
only
in
crisis
-‐
nitroglycerin
4)
Weak
+
inotrope
–
slows
HR
and
strengthens
contractions
-‐
digoxin
5)
B-‐blockers
-‐
lower
BP
and
slow
HR
-‐
propranolol
6)
low
salt
diet
–
prevent
excessive
fluid
retention
PARASITOLOGY
Heartworm
Dirofilaria
Reside
in
pulmonary
a.
and
RV
"
RV
hypertrophy
Transmitted
–
L3
larvae
by
mosquito
CS:
RS-‐HF
–
exercise
intolerance
-‐
ascites
10
11
-‐
cough
&
dyspnea
Dx:
TOC
–
antigen
test:
detects
Ag
from
adult
female
Modified
Knott’s
test:
detects
microfilaria
(low
Se)
Radiographs:
“reverse
D”
!
RH
enlargement
Tx:
melarsomine
Risk
of
TBE
disease,
strict
confinement
Doxycycline/
azithromycin/
rifampin
Bacterial
infection
of
Wohlbachia
Prevention:
monthly
Tx
Oral
–
ivermectin
(Heartguard)
-‐ milbemycin
(Sentinel)
Topical
-‐
Selemectin
(Revolution)
-‐
Moxidection
&
Imidacloprid
(Advantage
Multi)
LAMENESS
Cranial
Cruciate
Ligament
Rupture
CCL
function
–
prevent
cranial
drawer
-‐ prevent
excessive
hyperextension
-‐ prevent
excessive
internal
rotation
Large,
straight
legged
dogs
middle-‐age
to
older
GSD,
Labradors,
newfies,
goldens
CS:
Acute/Chronic
lameness,
no
improvement
after
rest,
mild
improvement
on
NSAIDs
Dx:
Orthopedic
exam
-‐
+
sit
test
-‐ +
cranial
drawer
-‐ tibial
thrust
present
-‐ pain
on
extension
-‐ Chronicity:
muscle
atrophy,
medial
buttress
Radiographs
–
osteophytes
on
femoral
throchlear
ridge,
tibial
plateau,
Patella
-‐
joint
effusion
Tx:
1)
TPLO
2)
TTA
3)
Extracapsular
repair
11
12
Patellar
luxation
Patella
slips
outside
the
femoral
groove
when
knee
is
flexed
Small
dogs,
very
common
Bilateral
50%
cases
Boston
terriers,
yorkies,
Chihuahuas,
etc
Causes
–
femoral
groove
too
shallow
-‐
trauma
CS:
“skip”
for
a
couple
steps
Bow-‐legged
young
small
breed
puppies
–
medial
luxation
Knocked
knee,
large
breed
–
lateral
luxation
Dx:
palpate
+
rads
Grades
I
–
patella
manipulated,
returns
spontaneously
II
–
patella
out
occasionally,
manipulated
back
to
normal
III:
patella
stays
out
majority
of
time,
can
be
replaced
IV:
patella
stays
out
all
the
time,
cannot
be
replaced
Tx:
Deepen
femoral
groove
Loosen
tissues
on
fallen
side,
tighten
opposite
side
Transposing
tibial
crest
Osteochondritis
dissecans
Abnormal
development
of
cartilage
in
the
joint
Shoulder*,
elbow,
hip,
stifle
Rapidly
growing
medium-‐large
breeds,
male
~6-‐9
months
TOO
much
energy
&
Ca2+
in
diet
CS:
limp/lameness
on
affected
limb
!
intermittent
or
non
weight
bearing
Dx:
orthopaedic
exam
+
radiographs
Tx:
mild
–
strict
cage
rest,
leash
walks
Severe
–
surgery,
remove
joint
mouse/repair
cartilage
flap
Anti-‐inflammatory
and
joint
supplement
LIMIT
dietary
energy
and
Ca2+
Prognosis:
shoulder
=
good
elbow
=
guarded
Osteoarthritis
~20%
adult
dogs
CS:
joint
pain,
lameness,
decreased
ROM,
joint
effusion
Joint
fluid
–
decreased
proteoglycan
+
change
size
&
aggregation
-‐
increased
water
content
Bone/cartilage
–
collagen
fibrin
disruption
-‐
loss
articular
cartilage
-‐
osteophytes
&
enthesiophytes
12
13
-‐
sclerosis
subchondral
cartilage
Tx:
CONSERVATIVE
-‐
increase
muscle
mass,
lean
BCS
MEDICAL
–
NSAIDs
carporfen,
fibroxocib,
meloxicam
-‐
joint
infection
corticosteroid
-‐
glucosamine
and
chondroitin
sulphate
-‐
polysulfagted
glycosaminoglycan
(Adequan)
–
protection
or
hyaluronan
acid
–
lubricant
ACUTE
ABDOMEN
Parvovirus
CPV
–
2
CS:
bloody
diarrhea,
vomiting,
low
WBC,
intussusception
Fecal
oral
route
Incubation
period
of
7-‐10
days
Dx:
Hx
of
young
unvaccinated
dog
Snap
test,
confirmed
fecal
ELIZA
Tx:
supportive
therapy
until
body
clears/death
IV
fluids,
antibiotics
(amikacin,
enrofloxacin)
Anti-‐emetics,
gastro-‐protectants
Prevention:
VACCINES
Hygiene,
isolation
Disinfect
=
bleach
(sodium
hypochlorite)
Foreign
Body
CS:
vomiting,
diarrhea
decreased
appetite
to
anorexia
Tense
abdomen
lethargy
Dx:
Radiographs
+/-‐
barium
study
CBC/Biochem
Tx:
emergency
surgery
DDx
*vomiting
-‐
pancreatitis
-‐
infections
-‐ Enteritis
-‐
Addison’s
Pyometra
2°
infection
of
uterus
due
to
hormone
changes
Estrus
"
prevents
WBC
from
entering
uterus
Intact
female
middle-‐age
to
older;
2-‐8
weeks
after
estrus
CS:
OPEN:
pus
draining
from
uterus
into
vagina
Fever,
lethargy,
anorexia,
depression
CLOSED:
can’t
drain,
distended
abdomen
Septic
!
severely
ill,
very
quickly
13
14
Dx:
Hx
of
recent
heat
+
ill
dog
+
PD
HIGH
HIGH
WBC,
increased
globulins,
low
USG
Radiographs:
see
closed
(enlarged
uterus)
U/S:
increased
uterine
size,
thickened
uterine
walls,
fluid
Tx:
Spay
Medical
–
prostaglandins
(decrease
progesterone
–
lyse
CL)
Gastric
Dilation
Volvulus
(GDV)
Large
breed,
deep
chested
dogs
GREAT
DANE
CS:
non-‐productive
retching/vomiting
Abdominal
distension
Dx:
RIGHT
lateral
!
displaced
gas
filled
pylorus
!
“double
bubble”
ECG
!
VPCs
Blood
gas
!
metabolic
acidosis
(lactic)
+/
respiratory
compensation
!
hypercapnia
(dilation
impairing
ventilation)
Rotates
counter
Tx:
1.
Stabilize
–
shock
bolus
clockwise
-‐ decompress
stomach
-‐ monitor
BP
and
ECG
2.
Sx
–
dreape
of
omentum
covering
stomach
-‐
decompress
and
rotate
stomach
+
gastropexy
Prognosis:
75-‐85%
following
Sx
Lactate
>6
mmol/L
=
negative
prognostic
indicator
Prevention:
perform
gastropexy
at
neutering
for
at
risk
breeds
OPTHALMOLOGY
Glaucoma
Reduced
outflow
of
aqueous
humour
through
anterior
chamber
of
iridocorneal
angle
Increased
intraocular
pressure
!
retinal
and
optic
disk
destruction
CS:
Increased
IOP
=
dilated,
fixed/sluggish
pupil
14
15
Bulbar
conjunctival
venous
congestion
Corneal
edema
(blue
eye),
firm
globe
"
lens
displacement;
breaks
in
Descement
membrane
Acute
=
blue
eye
Chronic
=
lens
displacement
Dx:
Tonometry,
ophthalmoscopy
Goniscopy
–
visualize
IC
angle
Electroretinogram
Tx:
SURGICAL
–
short-‐term
fix,
unless
enucleation
MEDICAL
–
miotics
-‐
carbonic
anhydrase
inhibitors
-‐
prostaglandins,
osmotics,
B-‐blockers
Keratoconjunctivitis
Sicca
(KCS)
“dry
eye”
Inflammation
of
cornea
and
tissues
from
drying
Caused
–
inadequate
production
of
acquous
layer
of
tear
film
from
the
lacrimal
gland
or
gland
CS:
painful,
red
irritated
eyes
Blephorospasm;
thick
yellow
mucoid
discharge
Neovascularization
of
cornea
Dx:
schirmer
tear
test
<20
mm
Tx:
stimulate
tear
production
and
replace
tear
film
Cyclospirne
and
false
tears
DDx:
immune
mediated
Systemic
–
canine
distemper
Sulfa
drugs
Hypothyroidism
Corneal
Ulcers
Erosion
through
epithelium
and
stroma
CS:
painful,
lid
closed
Discharge
Dx:
fluorescein
stain
+
atropine
(dilate
eyes)
Tx:
NSAIDs
+
ophthalmic
antibiotics
Sx
–
grid
keratectomy
(remove
dead
layers)
-‐
corneal
graft
DDx:
trauma*
Infections
2
dz
!
epithelial
dystrophy
!
DM
!
KCS
!
Cushings
!
hypothyroidism
15
16
Traumatic
Proptosis
Trauma
40-‐60%
regain
vision
Tx:
moisturize
eye
Sx
–
lateral
canthotomy
&
complete
tarsorrhaphy
Globe
luxated
from
orb
Systemic
and
topical
antibiotics
+
mydriatics
Prognosis:
depends
on
duration
of
exposure,
other
damage
and
breed
(brachycephalic)
Eyelid
spasms
prevents
retraction
Corneoconjunctival
drying
NEUROLOGY
IVDD
TYPE
1:
-‐
Total
rupture
of
dorsal
annulus
and
massive
extrusion
of
nucleus
pulposus
into
the
spinal
canal
-‐
chondrodystrophoid
breeds
-‐
severe
inflammatory
response
TYPE
2:
-‐
Partial
rupture
or
bulging
of
nucleus
pulpous
into
the
spinal
canal
-‐
fibroid
degenerative
process
-‐
Non-‐chondrodystrophoid
dog,
slower
onset
Two
types
of
damage:
compression
and
concussion
Minor
–
loss
of
coordination
and
“drunken
sailor”
walk
Major
–
loss
of
walking
or
inability
to
move
legs
voluntarily
Severe
–
entire
loss
of
pain
sensation
Breed:
chondrodystrophoid
breeds
(dachshund*,
Pekinese,
beagle)
Present
3-‐6
years
Non-‐chondrystrophoid
breeds
(labs,
GSD)
5-‐12
years
16
17
Location:
thoracolumbar
is
most
common
Cervical
possible,
rare
CS:
back
or
neck
pain,
ataxic
(HL
may
cross
as
they
walk)
Complete
loss
of
HL
motor
function,
lose
ability
to
urinate
Pain
perception
is
lost
(poorer
prognosis)
Dx:
CBC/Biochem,
UA
Rads
of
spine
(+/-‐
myelogram)
CT
scan
Tx:
Conservative
–
strict
cage
rest,
confinement
and
pain
management
-‐
first
episode
and
mild
neuro
signs
Surgery
–
hemilaminectomy
(decompress
spinal
cord)
Horner’s
Syndrome
-‐
Neurologic
disorder
of
the
eye
and
facial
muscle
-‐
Occurs
suddenly
CS:
Ptosis
Miosis
Enophthalmos
Prolapse
of
3rd
eyelid,
conjunctival
hyperemia
Tx:
most
resolve
spontaneously
Treat
underlying
condition
if
there
DDx:
damage
to
sympathetic
nerves
in
head/neck;
otitis
media
or
interna
3rd
eyelid
protrusion:
tetanus,
facial
nerve
paralysis,
facial
m.
atrophy,
dehydration
Wobblers
“Cervical
vertebral
instability”
Neurologic
disease
that
affects
spine
in
the
neck
region
Large
breed
dogs
–
Great
Danes
~3
years
-‐
Dobermans
~
6
years
CS:
wobbly
gait
in
the
back
end
Walk
with
head
down
(pain)
Advanced:
problems
obvious
in
all
4
legs,
trouble
getting
up,
very
weak
Spinal
cord
compression
!
disc
herniation
/
bony
changes
pressing
on
spinal
cord
Dx:
neurologic
exam
Radiographs
of
neck
MRI
Tx:
surgery
(80%
success)
MST
~4
years
17
18
TICK
BORNE
DISEASES
Bovine
Babesiosis
Most
important
cattle
tick
disease
Babesia
bovis
and
Babesiia
bigemina;
tropical
and
subtropical
regions
Incubation
period
–
4-‐12
days
CS:
mostly
adults
Anorexia,
high
fever
pale
MM,
high
HR
&
RR
**
hemolysis
and
anemia
(+
hemoglobinuria)
Subacute
cases
can
form
jaundice
CNS
signs
possible
if
infected
RBC
find
the
brain
!
incoordination,
teeth
grinding,
mania
Lifelong
resistance
possible
after
recovery
from
infection
Dx:
serum
PCR
*
pear-‐shaped
trophozoites
singly
or
in
pairs;
filamentous/amorphous
Prevention:
tick
control
DDx:
anaplasmosis,
trypanosomiasis
chronic
Cu
toxicity
Theileriosis
rapeseed
poisoning
Bacilliary
hemoglobinuria
leptospirosis
CNS
signs:
rabies,
encephalitides
RESPIRATORY
Kennel
Cough
“Canine
infectious
tracheobronchitis”
Bordetella
bronchiseptica
Other:
Canine
adenovirus-‐2,
canine
parainfluenza
virus,
Coronavirus,
Mycoplasma
Highly
contagious,
usually
boarding
facilities,
dog
parks,
training
groups
Transmission:
airborne
droplets,
direct
contact,
contaminated
surfaces
CS:
honking
cough
lethargy
Runny
nose
sneezing
Loss
of
appetite
low
fever
DDx:
Canine
distemper
Collapsing
trachea
Canine
influenza
Bronchitis
Asthma
Heart
disease
Tx:
Week
or
two
of
rest
If
severe,
secondary
infection
=
antibiotics
+
cough
medication
Prevention:
vaccine
(oral
or
nasal
or
injectable)
18
19
AUTOIMMUNE
IMHA
“Immune
mediated
haemolytic
anemia”
Accelerated
destruction
or
removal
of
RBCs
due
to
type
II
hypersensitivity
Usually
after
vaccines
or
other
insult
to
immune
system
Primary
–
Antibodies
form
against
normal
RBC
Secondary
–
Altered
RBC
membrane
antigens
!
infections,
Neoplasia
(lymphoma),
drugs
(B-‐lactam
atbx)
CS:
lethargy/weakness/collapse
vomiting/diarrhea
anorexia
dark
red
urine
exercise
intolerance/dyspnea
pale
MM
tachycardia,
tachypnea
fever
Dx:
hyperbilirubinemia
and
icterus
Low
Hct
(may
be
WNL
if
dehydrated)
BLOOD
SMEAR:
spherocytes
Coomb’s
test:
positive
direct
antiglobulin
test
(75%
case)
Tx:
if
have
CS
associated
with
anemia
!
blood
transfusion
Corticosteroids
–
prednisone
*
can
add
azathioprine
if
not
responsive
DDx:
pyruvate
kinase
deficiency
Toxicity
(onions,
garlic,
zinc,
broccoli,
Cu,
naphthalene)
Snake/spider
evnomation
(coral
snake,
recluse
spiders)
Anemia,
haemorrhage
or
rodenticide
toxicity
Splenic
neoplasia,
DIC
or
splenic
torsion
SYSTEMIC
DISEASES
Megaesophagus
Dilation
of
the
esophagus
due
to
weakness
of
the
esophageal
musculature
Congenital:
GSD,
great
danes,
labs,
mini
schnauzers,
irish
setters,
sharpeis
Acquired:
black
standard
poodles
(2ndary
to
hypoadrenocorticism
Risk
–
neuromuscular
disease
(Myasthenia
gravis)
CS:
regurgitation,
cough,
drooling
pulmonary
crackles
Weight
loss
fever
Dx:
radiographs
DDx:
Acquired
–
Myasthenia
gravis
Hypoadrenocorticism
Dysautonomia
Lead
intoxication
Organophosphate
tox
Botulism
or
tetanus
Esophagitis
Idiopathic
Tx:
finding
and
resolving
underlying
cause
Idiopathic:
modify
feeding
practices,
Tx
aspiration
pneumonia
19
20
Pancreatitis
Risks:
obesity
(fatty
meals),
systemic
inflammation,
trauma
Endocrine
dz
(hyperadreno,
DM)
Drugs
(L-‐asparaginase,
azathioprine,
tetracycline)
CS:
GI
signs
–
vomiting,
diarrhea,
anorexia,
cranial
abdominal
pain
“Praying
posture”
Necrotizing
pancreatitis
–
hypovolemia,
fever,
tachycardia,
jaundice,
SIRS
Dx:
Amylase
and
lipase
may
be
markedly
elevated,
unreliable
TOC
–
Ultrasound
Sensitive
test
–
cPLI
Tx:
Supportive
–
IV
fluids,
back
to
eating
ASAP
H2
blockers
(ranitidine)
+
anti-‐emetics
Exocrine
Pancreatic
Insufficiency
Insufficient
secretion
of
pancreatic
digestive
enzymes
by
exocrine
pancreas
Breed:
GSD*,
collies,
English
setters
Risks:
chronic
pancreatitis
Pancreatic
adenocarcinoma
or
surgery
!
obstruction
of
exocrine
pancreatic
tissue
CS:
weight
loss
loose
stools
(small
bowel
diarrhea)
Ravenous
appetite
(PP)
poor
hair
coat
#1
cause
–
pancreatic
acinar
atrophy
#2
-‐
Chronic
pancreatitis
Dx
–
cTLI
Tx:
supplement
pancreatic
enzymes
DDx:
Primary
SI
disease
(IBD)
Secondary
causes
of
chronic
diarrhea
+
weight
loss
(hepatic/renal
failure,
hypoadrenocorticism)
TOXICITIES
Ethylene
Glycol
Hypercalcemia
!
Ca2+
oxalate
crystals
!
impairs
CVS
Stage
1:
CNS
–
ataxia,
“drunk”
Stage
2:
Cardiopulmonary
–
acidosis
Stage
3:
Renal
–
uremia
Tx:
Must
begin
before
toxic
metabolites
are
made
Fomepizole
(4-‐methylpyrazole
or
4-‐MP)
20%
ethanol
20
21
Chocolate
Methylxanthines
!
caffeine,
theobromine
**
Cardiovascular
&
Neurologic
CS:
1)
CNS
–
hyperactive,
ataxia,
tremors,
seizures,
hyperthermia,
resp
failure
2)
GI
–
vomiting,
diarrhea
3)
Urinary
–
incontinence
4)
CVs
–
tachycardia,
cardiac
arrhythmias,
hypertension
Tx:
Emesis,
activated
charcoal
+
cathartic,
IV
diuresis
Correct
arrhythmia
Methocarbamol/diazepam
Monitor
EKG,
electrolytes,
acid
base
and
BP
*
Should
resolve
in
12-‐72
hours
Rodenticide
1)
Anticoagulant
1st
Gen
–
warfarin
2nd
Gen
–
brodifacoum
and
bromdialone
Inhbits
vitamin
K1
epoxide
reductase
II,
VII,
IX,
X
!
prevents
activation
of
Vit-‐K
dependent
coagulation
factors
CS:
bleeding
into
body
cavities
(abdomen,
pleural
space)
&
lungs
Hemorrhagic
shock:
pale
MM,
prolonged
CRT,
tachycardia,
weak
pulses
Abdominal
distension,
respiratory
distress
**
3-‐7
days
after
ingestion
Dx:
markedly
prolongued
prothrombin
time
(PT)
Prolongued
activated
partial
thromboplastin
time
(aPTT)
Tx:
Emesis
if
within
2-‐4
hours
AC
+/-‐
sorbitol
within
8-‐12
hours
Treat
with
Vitamin
K1
for
4
weeks
!
check
PT
48
hours
later
2)
Bromethalin
Inhibits
oxidative
phosphorylation
and
ATP
production,
esp
at
neurons
Loses
ability
to
maintain
osmotic
gradients,
cerebral
edema,
increased
ICP
CS:
High
doses:
fast,
tremors,
seizures,
hyperexcitability,
hyperthermia
Low
doses:
days-‐weeks,
ascending
paralysis
in
hindlimbs
Tx:
Acute
–
GI
decontamination
(emesis/gastric
lavage
+
AC)
CS
present
–
symptomatic/supportive
care
3)
Cholecalciferol
Precursor
converted
into
active
Vitamin
D
post
ingestion
!
increased
intestinal
absorption
of
Ca2+
and
mobilization
from
bone
21
22
!
severe
hypercalcemia
and
hyperphosphatemia
CS:
PU/PD,
GI
upset
cardiac
arrhythmias
Acute
renal
failure
Dx:
known
exposure
Hyperphosphatemia
(12
h),
hypercalcemia
(24
h),
azotemia
(36-‐48h)
Tx:
Acute,
emesis
and
AC
Hypercalcemia
–
furosemide
(promote
urinary
Ca2+)
-‐
corticosteroids
(decrease
intestinal
absorption
&
urinary
retention)
-‐
bisphosphonates
(inhibit
osteoclast
activity)
Seizures
Xylitol
Ataxia
Ingestion
stimulates
insulin
!
hypoglycaemia
Hepatocellular
necrosis
Vomiting,
icterus,
Liver
failure
!
coagulopathy
(high
bilirubin,
high
ALT,
ALP)
Low
P,
High
K+
Tx:
ACTIVATED
CHARCOAL
IS
USELESS
Induce
emesis,
IV
dextrose,
liver
protectants
Grapes
Anuric
renal
failure
(within
72
hours
of
ingestion)
Damage
to
proximal
renal
tubular
epithelium
CS:
vomiting/diarrhea
PD
shivering/tremors
Lethargy,
anorexia,
abdominal
pain,
weakness,
dehydration
Oliguric
or
anuric
renal
failure
!
death
Dx:
CBC/Biochem
–
increase
glucose,
increase
liver
&
pancreatic
enzymes
-‐
increase
Ca
History
of
exposure
+
clinical
signs
Tx:
Decontamination
(emesis)
Prognosis
guarded
if
anuric
DDx:
ethylene
glycol
cholecalciferol
FLUID
THERAPY
22