Fundamentals of
Communication
Professor: Mr. PICH Bunroeun
Culture and Communication
01 02 03 04
The Nature of Culture Cultural Differences Intercultural
Sex and Gender Individual and Collective High- and Low- Communication
The Transmission of Orientation Ambiguity-Tolerant The Nature and Forms of
Culture High- and Low-Context Cultures Intercultural
The Importance of Culture Cultures Long- and Short-Term Communication
in Communication High- and Low-Power- Orientation Improving Intercultural
The Aim of a Cultural Distance Cultures Indulence and Restraint Communication
Perspective Masculine and Feminine
Cultures
CHOUB SOTHEAVY DAM SOKSEYHA NAL PISETH KUON KIMLANG
I. The Nature of Culture
Culture Evolution Culture Relativism
The theory of cultural evolution (often called The cultural relativism approach, on the other
social Darwinism) holds that much as the hand, holds that all cultures are different but
human species evolved from lower life forms that no culture is either superior or inferior to
to Homo sapiens, cultures also evolve. any other.
Sex and Gender
Sex Gender
Sex refers to the biological and Gender refers to the socially
physiological qualities that characterize constructed roles and behaviors
men and women; sex is determined by that society deems appropriate for
genes. males and females.
The Transmission of
Culture
Culture is transmitted from one generation to another through
enculturation, the process by which you learn the culture into
which you’re born .
The Importance of Culture
in Communication
Cultural Communication
sensitivity Technology
Demographic Economic Politeness
changes interdependency
The Aim of a Cultural Perspective
• The influences
• The ability in Communication
• The differences of evaluations
Cultural Differences
Identify the seven cultural differences and explain
how they affect human communication.
1. Individual and Collective Orientation
2. High- and Low-Context Cultures
3. High- and Low-Power-Distance Cultures
4. Masculine and Feminine Cultures
5. High- and Low-Ambiguity-Tolerant Cultures
6. Long- and Short-Term Orientation
7. Indulence and Restraint
1. Individual and Collective Orientation
An individualist culture teaches members
the importance of individual values such
as power, achievement, hedonism, and
stimulation.
A collectivist culture, on the other hand,
teaches members the importance of group
values such as benevolence, tradition, and
conformity.
2. High- and Low-Context Cultures
In high-context cultures, communication
relies heavily on context, non-verbal
cues, and shared knowledge.
In low-context cultures, communication
is more straightforward, with messages
conveyed clearly and directly.
3. High- and Low-Power-Distance Cultures
In high-power-distance cultures, there’s a strong
divide between people who have a lot of power and
authority (like leaders, teachers, or bosses) and
ordinary people.
Examples: Russia, North Korea, and India are
examples of high-power-distance cultures.
In low-power-distance cultures, power is spread out
more evenly. People tend to see each other as equals,
and there’s less of a gap between leaders and regular
people.
Examples: Austria, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are low-power-distance cultures where people
feel comfortable engaging with authority figures and where equality is valued.
4. Masculine and Feminine Cultures
Masculine cultures emphasize success and
so socialize their members to be assertive,
ambitious, and competitive.
Feminine cultures emphasize the quality of
life and so socialize their members to be
modest and to highlight close interpersonal
relationships.
5.Ambiguity Tolerance Overview
Definition: Variability in comfort with uncertainty across cultures.
High-Ambiguity Tolerant Cultures: Low-Ambiguity Tolerant Cultures
Embrace uncertainty, minimal anxiety Strongly avoid uncertainty, high anxiety
about the unknown. The 10 countries with regarding the unknown. The 10 countries
highest tolerance for ambiguity are with the lowest tolerance for ambiguity are
Singapore, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweden, Greece, Portugal, Guatemala, Uruguay,
Hong Kong, Ireland, Great Britain, Belgium, Malta, Russia, El Salvador,
Malaysia, India, and the Philippines. There Poland, and Japan. There are 2 mains
are 2 mains characteristic: characteristic:
Accept ambiguity and creativity in Clear rules for communication;
education. structured learning environments.
Prefer vague assignments; tolerate Preference for specific objectives and
different perspectives. detailed instructions.
6.Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation
Long-Term Orientation Short-Term Orientation
Focus on future rewards; prioritize saving Focus on immediate results; resources spent
and planning. now.
The most long-term-oriented countries Puerto Rico, Ghana, Egypt, Trinidad,
are South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Nigeria, Dominican Republic,
China, Ukraine, Germany, Estonia, Colombia, Iran, Morocco, and
Belgium, Lithuania, and Russia. Zimbabwe are the top 10.
Characteristics: Practical marriages, Characteristics: Moral marriage views,
value humility, extended family living. less emphasis on family structure.
7.Indulgence vs. Restraint
Indulgent Cultures Restraint Cultures
Emphasize gratification and enjoyment. Cultures high in restraint are Pakistan,
Venezuela, Mexico, Puerto Rico, El Egypt, Latvia, Ukraine, Albania, Belarus,
Salvador, Nigeria, Colombia, Trinidad, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Estonia, and Iraq
Sweden, New Zealand, and Ghana are are the top 10.
the top 10 in indulgence; the United Characteristics:
States ranks 15th out of 93 countries. 1. Regulation of gratification; less leisure
Characteristics: Higher happiness, time.
greater optimism, shared household 2. Higher cynicism and pessimism; rigid
roles. gender roles.
Intercultural communication :
Definition
Example
The Importance
Communication between :
people of different national cultures
people of different races
different ethnic groups
different religions
between nations
between genders-between men and
women
smaller cultures existing within the larger
culture
Improve your intercultural
communication:
prepare yourself
Reduce your ethnocentrism
Confront your stereotypes
Be mindful
Avoid over attribution
Recognize differences
Adjust your communication.
Thank
you very
much!
