CULINARY 112 MODULE 1

GROWTH OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

Tourism is one of the world’s fastest growing industries and an important source of foreign exchange and employment, while being closely linked
to the social, economic, and environmental well-being of many countries, especially developing countries. The World Tourism Organization defines
sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs
of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities”.

GROWTH FACTORS
 Economy
Tourism encompasses much more than just leisurely vacations and exploring far-off destinations. In fact, this vast industry plays a significant role
in keeping the world economy thriving. The impact of tourism on the economy extends beyond generating income and employment. It acts as
a growth engine, stimulating investment in infrastructure, promoting sustainable development, and fostering the conservation of cultural and natural
heritage. This multifaceted influence demonstrates how tourism is fundamental to global economic development.

FOUR ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ECONOMY IN TOURISM

1. Infrastructure Development

Tourism provides the government and private sector with the revenue to invest in the infrastructure required for tourism activities. This includes the
construction and renovation of roads, highways, and airports. For example, increased tourism can lead to improved access and transportation
networks, which benefit the local economy and travelers alike.

2. Cultural Preservation

Tourism also plays a role in preserving historical sites and cultural traditions. As many visitors worldwide flock to a destination to learn about its
history and culture, tourism can help generate sufficient funds for cultural conservation efforts.

3. Natural Resources

Tourism can provide incentives for protecting and preserving natural resources and ecosystems. By introducing sustainable tourism practices,
areas with important biodiversity can be better safeguarded against destruction while delivering economic benefits to the local community.

4. Local Entrepreneurship and Small Business Growth

The influx of visitors to a destination can also stimulate the growth of small, locally-owned businesses. Restaurants and retail stores often
experience increased profits. At the same time, entrepreneurs can take advantage of new opportunities in the tourism industry.

 Technological Advancement
This century has experienced tremendous scientific development, and technology plays a major role in creating a boost to the tourism industry,
ensuring customer satisfaction. Work today in the world of technology has overtaken physical labor as the most important aspect in influencing a
more efficient and reliable employment force, a change epitomized by industrial robots. Rapid technological advancements have taken place in the
way communication is done. There is now a strong and highly efficient telephone network in which fax machines, base band modems, and more
recently, email transmission, are widely used. This network has played an important role in updating services in the tourism industry. In fact, good
contact with clients gives the operators a chance to find out about their needs and, as a result, can direct the firm's strategy on customers' needs.

 Sociocultural Influences
Social influences are yet another factor that has contributed to the development of the tourism industry. Increasingly, we observe that the
emphasis in people's activities is turning from the securing of material goods to the provision of services and the general well-being of the individual
pursuing distinct leisure activities. This is reflected in a worldwide phenomenon of people moving into a state of unceasing development of tourist
activity, regardless of social inequality, a diversification of occupational sectors, and a growth in disposable time. It is in this light that we should
interpret the social contribution of tourism to enter, source regions, and host sites. Clearly, tourism is a by-product of improved living standards. To
the extent that it consolidates or accentuates said improvements, tourism is indeed a factor in socio-cultural development. The social/cultural
development of the individual who, at least once in his lifetime, has the time and the money to travel is assisted in this value-forming enterprise by
the object of his desire, which concentrates those elements judged to be most important in bringing benefit to the individual who takes part in the
chosen tourism program.
 Government Policies and Regulations
Governments of several countries have realized the urgent need for the development of the tourism sector. The significance of this industry to the
national economy, and as a generator of employment, is not lost on them. Countries are now beginning to consult with the stakeholders in the
industry and take corrective policy decisions that would lead to the effective promotion of tourism both at home and abroad. Frechtun and Tal
highlighted areas of government intervention in the tourism industry as (1) legislation; (2) direct and indirect participation; and (3) promotional
activities. Legislation can take various facets: (i) regulations to protect the industry; (ii) regulations concerning tourists; and (iii) taxes, etc. And
government can be present directly and indirectly. In direct and indirect participation, government finance can either be channeled towards product
development or promotion. Thirdly, promotional activities by governments serve to inform and motivate as many other entrepreneurs as possible of
the available opportunities. Such promotional activities include funding the advertising of the country abroad, encouraging the media to cover the
destination, supporting the providers of transport and accommodation, etc.

TYPES OF HOTEL
Grouping hotels based on various criteria is known as classification. Hotel classification serves the following purpose:
• Lends uniformity in services and sets general standards of a hotel
• Provide an idea regarding the range and type of hotels available within a geographical location
• Acts as a measure of control over hotels with respect to the quality of services offered in each category.
• Helps tourist select a hotel that meets their requirement.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF

1. Size
2. Location and clientele
3. Star
4. Ownership basis
5. Degree of service offered

ACCORDING TO SIZE
• SMALL SIZED HOTEL: less then 100 rooms
• MEDIUM SIZED HOTEL: between 100 to 299 rooms
• LARGE SIZED HOTEL: between 300 to 599 rooms
• VER LARGE HOTEL: between 600 to 999 rooms
• MEGA: more than 1000 rooms

ACCORDING TO LOCATION AND CLIENTELE

• DOWNTOWN OR COMMERCIAL HOTEL:
Location: heart of the city / commercial area or busy business area
Clientele: mostly business man
Facility: modern facilities like 24 hr coffee shop, room service, business, centre, travel desk
Avg. duration of stay: 3 to 7 days

• TRANSIT HOTEL:
Location: near the port of entry like bus stand, railway station, airport, sea port
Clientele: mostly people who are traveling, layover passengers, tourist, misconnection passengers
Facility: moderate to modern facilities
Avg. duration of stay: few hours too few days

• RESORT HOTEL
Location: places with natural beauty like hill station, sea beach, forest, etc.
Clientele: mostly holiday makers and tourist
Facility: moderate to modern
Avg. duration of stay: a week too few months

• MOTEL OR MOTOR HOTEL OR FREEWAY HOTEL:

Location: on highways
Clientele: motorist, tourist travelling by road
Facility: moderate to modern facilities
Special features: parking space against each room
Refueling station, Garage facility, Swimming pool
Avg. duration of stay: mostly over night

• SUB- URBAN HOTEL :

Location: outskirts of the city or suburb
Clientele: who have to stay for a longer duration, away from the hustle and bustle of the city
Facility: moderate, budgeted
Avg. duration of stay: longer duration, months

• FLOATEL:
Location: lodging properties that float on the surface of water.

 HERITAGE HOTELS
A recent addition to the hotel industry in the country, heritage hotels are properties set in small forts, palaces or havelis. In a heritage hotel, a visitor
is offered rooms that have their own history, is served traditional cuisine, entertain by folk artistes, get a glimpse into the heritage of region.
According to the ministry of tourism, the heritage hotels are further subdivided as follows:
Heritage - built between 1935 and 1950
Heritage classic - built between 1920 and 1935
Heritage grand - built prior to 1920

ACCORDING TO STAR CLASSIFICATION/ STANDARD CLASSIFICATION

The Star denotes the standards of the hotel. Department of tourism, govt. of India is responsible for the star gradation. An autonomous body (a
committee) is responsible for star gradation of hotels known as Hotel and Restaurant Approval Classification Committee (HRACC), formed by the
Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India. After receiving the application form from hotel HRACC visits the hotel, check the standards and grade the hotel.
The Department of Tourism prescribes the facilities which are to be provided in various star category hotels. The term for Star Gradation is for two
years. The six grades of star are 5 * Deluxe, 5*, 4*, 3*, 2* and 1*. The categories of various star hotels have some criteria or facilities, which are
called END.
E - Essentials (have to have)
N - Necessities (should have)
D - Desirable (may or may not have)

HOTEL STAR RATING GUIDE

ONE STAR
Typically small hotels, located near affordable attractions, with basic facilities, with a family atmosphere. Limited range and simple facilities and
meals. Acceptable standards of maintenance, cleanliness and comfort
TWO STAR
Economy hotel, small to medium size hotel, located near moderately price attraction. Guest can expect little more than a one star, like comfortable
well equipped room with attached bath, professional staff.
THREE STAR
Moderate hotel, spacious accommodation, well equipped room and decorated lobbies, located near business areas, moderate to high price
attractions, usually have medium size restaurant that serves breakfast through dinner. Facilities such as direct dial phone, toiletries, Room service,
and pool are often provided.
FOUR STAR
first class hotel, large formal hotel, located near major attractions, above average service levels, more than one restaurant, 24 hrs room service,
laundry, valet parking, travel desk, wellness center, pool, high class room décor.
FIVE STAR
superior hotel, high level of accommodation and service, large property, hotel lobby and rooms with stylish furnishing and linen, all modern and
high end facilities and amenities, at least three restaurant, 24 hrs room service, concierge to assist you 24hrs.
FIVE STAR DELUXE
Highest level of accommodation and service, this hotel provide all 5 star facilities like ultimate decor and high degree of personal service like butler
service.

OWNERSHIP BASIS:
• PROPRIETARY OWNERSHIP / INDEPENDENT HOTEL: owners' hotel
Proprietary ownership is the direct ownership of one or more properties by a person or company. Small lodging properties are owned by family and
large properties are owned by major international hotel companies. No affiliations or contract with other property, No tie up with other hotels. Owner
has independent control Profit goes to the owner. Quickly respond to market changes. Work with limited finances.

• MANAGEMENT CONTRACTED HOTELS: management by others

properties owned by individuals or partners, operated by external professional organizations for management fee.
Adv. - international recognitions, operating systems, training program, marketing, international expertise, profitable operations, advertisement,
reservation system, staff.

• CHAIN HOTEL: a group of hotels that are owned or managed by one company is called chain hotel.
Adv.: Large central organization providing central reservation system, management aids, financial strength, expertise, manpower, specialties,
promotions

• FRANCHISE HOTELS/ AFFILIATED:

It is the authorization given by a company to another company or individual to sell its unique products and services and use its trademark according
to the guidelines given by the former, for a specified time and at a specified place. Franchise owner (franchisor) grant another hotel( franchisee) the
right use its methods & system, technical services, marketing trademark,
signs etc. for fees.
Adv.-Opening assistance- architectural, interior designs
Systems and procedure, Staff training, Financial assistance, Advertising and global marketing, Central reservation, Central purchase

• REFERRAL CHAIN:
A referral chain is made up of independently owned and operated hotel and provides shared advertisement, joint reservation system and
standardized quality. Virtually there is no shared management or financial functions

• TIME SHARE / VACATION OWNERSHIP/ HOLIDAY OWNERSHIP: Each room is owned by several people for different time period.
Each owner gets a stay of specific period for a number of years. One time purchase is made by paying purchase price & payment of a yearly
maintenance fee. Generally located at dream sites like beaches, hill, waterfall etc.
Adv.- long term accommodation, comfort homes, economical, good
location, international exchange possible.

• CONDOMINIUM: Joint ownership of a complex.

Type of accommodation where owner of a room or an apartment in a complex, of several such accommodations, furnishes it and informs the
management of the times when he will be using it. He permits to rent out the apartments at other times and the rent goes to the owner. The owner
pays the monthly maintenance fee.
DEGREE OF SERVICE OFFERED
• UPMARKET/ LUXURY / WORLD CLASS SERVICE HOTELS
Targeting the affluent segment of society, hotels in the up market provides upscale restaurant and lounges, exquisite décor, concierge service,
abundant amenities.
• MID MARKET / MID SEGMENT SERVICE HOTELS
These hotels offer modest services without the frill and personalized attention of luxury hotels, and appeal to the largest segment of travelers they
offer services such as room service, round the clock coffee shop, pick up drop, multi cuisine restaurant and bar.
• BUDGET OR ECONOMY HOTELS OR LIMITED SERVICE
Focus on meeting the most basic needs if guests by providing clean, comfortable and inexpensive rooms. Hotels have clean and comfortable guest
rooms, coffee shop, a multi cuisine restaurant, in room telephone and channeled music and movies, swimming pool, health club.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF CLIENTELE:

• BUSINESS OR COMMERCIAL HOTEL: cater to the business traveller, generally situated in the city Centre.
• TRANSIENT HOTEL: cater to the needs of people who are on the move and need a stopover en route their journey, situated in close proximity of
ports of entry.
• RESIDENTIAL HOTEL: cater to the guest who stays for a long duration.
• CASINO HOTEL: casino hotel provide gambling facilities.
• CONFERENCE HOTEL: hotel cater and organize conference
• CONVENTION HOTEL: who organize convention and cater to the guest who come to attend the convention.
• SANATORIA: hotel which has health club and spa, and caters to the people who came to these spas for treatment.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF DURATION OF GUEST STAY:

• COMMERCIAL HOTEL: duration of stay is short, usually 1-7 days
• TRANSIENT HOTEL: duration of stay from few hours to 1 day
• SEMI RESIDENTIAL HOTEL: duration of stay range from few weeks to some months
• RESIDENTIAL / APARTMENT HOTEL: duration of stay range from months to few years
• EXTENDED STAY HOTEL: duration of stay few days to weeks.
OTHERS
CITY CENTER HOTEL:
By virtue of their location, meet the needs of the traveling public for business or leisure reasons. These hotels could be luxury, business, economy or residential.
AIRPORT HOTEL:
Hotel located near the airport, clientele mainly consist of travelers arriving and departing from airport. Facilities include 24 hrs coffee shop and room service.
CASINO HOTEL:
Serves guest who want to gamble and have a casino. Not very popular in India. In addition to gaming, a multi cuisine restaurants, spa, dance club etc are also
available.
CONVENTION HOTEL:
Hotel provides facilities and meets the needs of group attending and holding conventions and conferences Have much banquet area, meeting rooms in and
around hotel complex. Facilities include 24 hours room service, in house laundry, travel desk, airport shuttles twin bedded rooms.
APARTOTEL:
Apartment building also used as a residential hotel. Purchase of hotel entitles full service of hotel, when not occupied, it is added in the hotel pool to earn
revenue.
BOUTIQUE:
Small, expensive, informal atmosphere, gives personal service, all outlet has different theme. All rooms have different theme and decoration.
AUBERGE, GASTHOF, HERBERGE:
Small units like inn which provide complimentary bar, restaurant and bedroom for travelers. Emphasis is given on eating and drinking facilities.
BORDING HOUSE/ PENSION:
Accommodation usually with meals for a definite period of time commonly for a week or more. Also know as guest house, or pension.
HOLIDAY VILLAGE:
Hotel that provide accommodation with other facilities like recreation, sports facilities, individual kitchen, green zone, library, nursery, television room,
landscaping.
PALACE HOTEL:
Indian concept, maharajas palaces are converted into hotels, gives old heritage, architecture, modern facilities in traditional style, and traditional way of service.
MATELS:
Fully automated hotels which require minimum human contact. Online booking, self check in, check out, outsourced cleaning crew.
SANATORIA:
Found at spas and health resorts. Rooms equipped with sauna, Jacuzzi. Meals are personalized diet regimes of the guest. Hotel has dietician, doctors and
medical arrangements.

OTHER TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION / SUPPLEMENTARY ACCOMMODATION

Supplementary Accommodation can be described as premises which offer accommodation but not the extra services of a hotel. It plays a very important role in
the total available tourist accommodation in the country. It caters to both international and domestic tourist traffic. Main distinguishing features are:
1. The standard of comfort is moderate to that of a hotel.
2. They sell accommodation at much lower price.
3. They have an informal atmosphere.
CAMPS:
Usually located on the trekking routes. Prove parking space, common toilets, tents, camp fire, and other basic services.
YOUTH HOSTEL:
Have dormitory style accommodation, common toilets, dinning areas, simple food, fixed menu, and gym and sports area
PAYING GUEST:
Guest pays and stays with the owner for a longer duration, food and accommodation provided.
GOVERNMENT HOUSES:
Also known as Dak Bungalows, Circuit houses, Forest lodges and PWD houses. Set in British raj for different reasons. Have a local person as caretaker who cooks,
cleans, assist and provide security. Initially Dak bungalows were used for postal and courier service, circuit house for higher ranked officers, forest house for
forestry officials and PWD house for road and electricity department officials.
FLOATEL:
Hotels built on the water surface, do not move, docked at ports. Provide exclusive and exotic atmosphere.
BOATELS:
Floating hotels, takes passengers from one place to another. Provide food and accommodation.
ROTELS:
Accommodation on wheels is known as Rotels. Different types of Rotels are caravans, palace on wheels and new sleeper buses.
HOSPICES:
Traditional lodges in Europe for Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem. Provide meditation centers & prayer rooms, food etc. in India we find DHARMSHALA.
GUEST HOUSE:
Small place which provide basic boarding and lodging services.
DORMITORIES:
A room with several beds, toilets is in end of the corridor.
HOLIDAY HOMES:
Small accommodation, affiliated to companies meant for the company people to go and stay.
Time share Hotels
Time share properties involve individuals who purchase the ownership of accommodations for a specific period of time- usually one or two weeks a year. These
hotels are very popular in resort areas.
Condominium Hotels
The difference between the time - share and condominium hotels lies in the type of ownership. Units in condominium hotels (A condominium is a unit consisting
of a living room, dining area, kitchen, bathroom and one or more bedrooms) only have one owner instead of multiple owners. In a condominium hotel, an owner
informs the management company of when he or she wants to occupy the unit. The management company is free to rent out the unit of the remainder of the
year. Condominium owners receive revenue from the rental of their units and pay the management company a fee for advertising, rental, housekeeping and
maintenance services.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CATERING ESTABLISHMENTS
Catering establishments can be classified by the type of food and beverage they serve, the nature of the demand they meet, and the type of market
they serve.

Type of food and beverage

 Transport catering: Serves food and drinks to passengers on trains, ships, aircraft, and buses
 Commercial catering: Provides food and drinks for profit, and can be further divided into residential and non-residential
Nature of demand

 Outdoor catering: Serves food and drinks outdoors

 Retail store catering: Serves food and drinks in retail stores
 Club catering: Serves food and drinks in clubs
 Welfare catering: Serves food and drinks to welfare recipients
 Industrial catering: Serves food and drinks to industrial workers
Type of market

 General market catering: Serves the public equally

 Restricted market catering: Serves specific groups, such as employees or members
Examples of catering establishments

Restaurants, Hotels, Bars, Fast food outlets, Discotheques, Canteens, and Clubs.

FOOD AND BEVERAGE OPERATIONS

FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICE AREAS IN A HOTEL

These are the outlets in a hotel where customers or guests can be served food and beverage or where F&B can be accessed. There are very many and they
include the following;
1. Restaurant
A restaurant implies service at the table. It may be platter to plate or pre plated. Restaurants are again sub divided into various types: Specialty restaurant,
Theme restaurant and Ethnic restaurant.
Specialty Restaurant; this concentrates on one special cuisine i.e. one particular type of food for example Sea food restaurant
Theme Restaurant; where the décor of the restaurant is based on a particular theme for example Theatre restaurant
Ethnic Restaurant; such a restaurant prepares food from a particular race of people for example Chinese restaurant

Features of a restaurant
- Open for breakfast, lunch and dinner
- Special exotic dishes are served
- Highly Priced Menu due to high Investment
- Cover Charge- It is the charge put on a guest for being at the cover or using the cover where Cover refers to the optimum space required by a person to dine.
Depending on the hotel's policy there may or may not be cover charge. The charge may be hourly basis or per table or for few days (festive days)
2. Coffee shop
Coffeehouse and coffee shop are related terms for an establishment which primarily serves prepared coffee and other hot beverages. Café or cafe or caff may
refer to a coffeehouse, bar, tea room, small and cheap restaurant, transport cafe, or other casual eating and drinking place, depending on the culture. A
coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar or restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria. As the name suggests, coffeehouses focus on
providing coffee and tea as well as light snacks. Espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. From a
cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction: the coffeehouse provides social members with a place to congregate, talk, write,
read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups of two or three people. A coffeehouse serves as an informal club for its
regular members.
3. Room service
Room service is offered to the resident guests. Guests order food and/ or beverages to the kitchen and order is taken by the room service order taker. Once the
order is taken then it is passed to the kitchen. Once the order is ready the room service waiter serves the food and/ or beverage at the room. Along with the
food, the bill is also presented to guest to be signed or payment.
4. Bar service
There are normally two kinds of bars in hotels. One is the public bar, and the other is the service or dispense bar. The public bar is located in the public areas,
and is used for the service of paying customers, be it in-house guess or non-residents. The dispense bar is used for drinks to other outlets of the hotel such as
coffee shop, room service outlet, banquets and the specialty restaurant. It is generally located in the back area of the hotel and is open round the clock. It should
be adequately equipped to meet the demands of all the outlets.
Features of the bar
- Sells alcoholic beverages, also non- alcoholic beverages and snacks
- Bar have 2 types of service i.e. ON SHOP where the beverage is purchased and
consumed on the same premise. Sold as per glass or bottles OFF SHOP- Liquor are
purchased and then taken out of the premise and consumed elsewhere. Sold as per bottle
- Cozy comfortable environment with soothing music and dim lighting.
- The tables in the bar are often round with no edges
- Service is at the table and even at the bar counter
- Bartender/ Barman can be a big reason for people going to a particular Bar. He should be skilled and must possess good communication skill
5. Banquet Service
The origin of the word banquet is either from the Italian word "Banchetto" or French word "Banquette" and in both the cases it means benches. The concept is
to do anything together. Banquet can be termed as a functional catering where we celebrate any occasion together, cater to a large number of people within a
specific time. Banquet functions are the services provided at a fixed time and at a fixed venue. The banquet service is inevitable in a hotel due to its revenue
earning potential. The reason is that banquet can offer service to a large number of guests at a time. Banquet service can be formal or informal where formal is
when people meet for a formal function and a lot of protocol is observed for example state banquet for different heads of state. Here the people may or may not
know each other. Informal banquets could be among friends and relatives and people usually know each other.
6. Discotheque
This is an entertainment venue or club with recorded music played by Disc jockeys through a PA system, with staff serving alcoholic as well as non-alcoholic
beverage along with light food items. It can also be called a Night club where a nightclub (also known as a discothèque, or simply a club or disco) is an
entertainment venue which usually operates late into the night. A nightclub is generally distinguished from bars, pubs or taverns by the inclusion of a dance floor
and a DJ booth, where a DJ plays recorded electronic dance music, disco, house, hip hop, R&B, dance-pop, rock, reggae, pop, and other forms of dance music.
The music in nightclubs is either live bands or, more commonly, a mix of songs played by a DJ through a powerful PA system. Most clubs or club nights cater to
certain music genres. Many nightclubs enforce a dress code in order to ensure a certain type of clientele is in attendance at the venue. Some upscale nightclubs
ban attendees from wearing trainers (sneakers) or jeans, while other nightclubs will advertise a vague "dress to impress" dress code that allows the bouncers to
discriminate at will against those vying for entry to the club. Many exceptions are made to nightclub dress codes, with denied entry usually reserved for the most
glaring rule breakers or those thought to be unsuitable for the party. Most nightclubs have a team of security men (also known as "bobbies" or bouncers). They
have the power to remove people from the club. Most major clubs have balconies specifically for this team to watch over the clubbers. The team would only
intervene or ask for removal if the clubber is extremely drunk, physically ill, breaking club rules, or hurting/abusing other clubbers. The majority of the team
stand by doors and make sure that no-one enters in that way. Other jobs for the team involve locking up and asking people to leave once the club closes.
7. Grill room
This is a restaurant section that serves grilled food such as grilled meat. Grilling is a form of cooking that involves direct heat. A Barbecue grill is a device or
surface used for cooking food, usually fueled by gas or charcoal, or the part of a cooker that performs this function.
8. Snack bar
A snack bar usually refers to an inexpensive food counter that is part of a permanent structure where snack foods and light meals are sold. A beach snack bar is
often a small building situated high on the sand. Besides soft drinks, candies and chewing gum, some snack bars sell hamburgers, french fries, potato chips, corn
chips and other foods. While this is usually the case, sometimes "snack bar" refers to a small café or cafeteria. Various small, casual dining establishments might
be referred to as a "snack bar," including a beverage and snack counter at a movie theater. Many places that have snack bars have a "No Outside Food or Drink"
policy, to encourage sales.

Prepared by:
PITCHES P. RICAIDO