EXcellence in Professional Engineering

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REFRESHER | Terms

Terminologies Part 3 1. A wave at a point where the water depth is equal

to one half of the wavelength or greater to be
PORTS AND HARBOR expressed in terms of the parameters of
significant wave.
The tide is the regular periodic rise and fall of the A. Deep water C. Significant wave
surface of the seas, observable along their shores. wave
B. Highest wave D. Equivalent
The concurrent horizontal movements of the water,
Deepwater wave
whether the almost imperceptible drift in the open
sea, or the strong flow through a contracted entrance 2. A hypothetical wave having a wave height and
to a tidal basin, are designated as tidal currents. period equal respectively to average values of the
The maximum height reached by each rising tide is wave height and period of the largest one third of
all the waves in the train as counted in the order
called high water.
of greater wave height.
The maximum depression of the falling tide is called A. Deep water C. Significant wave
low water. wave
B. Highest wave D. Equivalent
In many parts of the world, the high waters reach their Deepwater wave
greatest height, and low waters the least height, soon
after the time of full and new moon. These tides are 3. A maximum wave height and wave period of the
called spring tides. maximum wave height in wave train.
A. Deep water C. Significant wave
The daily high waters are usually at their least height, wave
and the daily low waters their greatest height, soon B. Highest wave D. Equivalent
after the moon is in quadrature. These tides are called Deepwater wave
neap tides.
4. This wave is a hypothetical one devised for the
The average height of all low waters at any place over purpose of adjusting the heights of waves which
a sufficiently extended period of time is called mean may have undergone refraction, diffraction, and
low water. other transformations, so that the estimation of
wave transformation and deformation can be
The average height of the lower of the two daily low more easily carried out when dealing with
waters is called mean lower low water. complex topographies.
A. Deep water C. Significant wave
The average height of the sea, as determined usually
wave
by the average of the observed hourly heights over an
B. Highest wave D. Equivalent
extended period of time, is called mean sea level. Deepwater wave
The tidal current setting into the bays and estuaries
along the coast is called flood current. 5. The water level that guarantees about 98% of tide
is safe to ships seems to be suitable from the
The return current toward the sea is called the ebb expression of the technical resolution of the
current. International Water Wave Congress. Such water
level, which is 0.15m. ~ 0.4 m. below the MLLW
The maximum velocities reached during each should be used for design of ports.
fluctuation of the current are called the strength of the A. Mean Low Water C. Mean Sea Level
current. B. Design Low Tide D. Design High Tide

Slack water is the period during which the current is 6. The datum line for design of port facilities in
negligible while it is changing direction. accordance with the charts which is being used by
the Philippine Ports Authority. The average
The moment at which the current is zero as it changes
height of the lower low water over a 19-year
direction may be distinguished by terming it the turn period. The average height of the lower of the two
of the current. daily low waters.
A. Mean Low Water C. Mean Sea Level
B. Mean High D. Mean Lower Low
Water Water

7. The average height of the sea for all stages of the

tide obtained from systematic observations of sea

MAY 2022
Engr. J.A.M.
 EXcellence in Professional Engineering
Review and Training Solutions
REFRESHER | Terms

level at equal intervals over a long period of time 16. Wharves built at an angle with the shore. A berth
along a given coastline. The average of the structure projecting out from the shoreline.
seawater surface for all stages of the tide over a A. Pier C. Port
19-year period B. Quay D. Jetty
A. Mean Low Water C. Mean Sea Level
B. Mean High D. Mean Lower Low 17. A landing stage or small pier at which boats can
Water Water dock or be moored and a breakwater constructed
to protect or defend a harbor, stretch of coast, or
8. The average height of the lower water over a 19- riverbank. A solid structure, which projects into
year period. The average height of all low waters the sea perpendicular to the shore to berth
at any place over a sufficiently extended period. vessels.
A. Mean Low Water C. Mean Sea Level A. Port C. Wharf
B. Mean High D. Mean Lower Low B. Quay D. Jetty
Water Water
18. A platform built parallel to the shore or
9. The average height of the high waters over a 19- breakwater within the harbor to berth vessels.
year period A. Pier C. Wharf
A. Mean Low Water C. Mean Sea Level B. Quay D. Jetty
B. Mean High D. Mean Lower Low
Water Water 19. A wharf built parallel with the shore. It is a
concrete, stone, or metal platform lying alongside
10. The average height of the higher high water over or projecting into water for loading and
a 19-year period unloading ships.
A. Mean Low Water C. Mean High Water A. Pier C. Port
B. Mean Higher D. Mean Lower Low B. Quay D. Jetty
High Water Water
20. Remove suspended silt from the water of a
11. A type of wave where the depth is less than one stream.
half of wavelength but greater than 1 over 20 of A. Meander C. Dredging
the wavelengths. B. Tide D. Distillation
A. Shallow Water C. Deep Water Wave
Wave 21. Forms when moving water in a stream erodes the
B. Long Wave D. Transitional Water outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner
Wave part of the river has less energy and deposits silt.
A. Meander C. Dredging
12. A type of wave where the depth is less than 1 over B. Tide D. Distillation
20 of wavelength.
A. Shallow Water C. Deep Water Wave 22. Regular periodic rise and fall of the surface of the
Wave seas, observable along their shores.
B. Long Wave D. Transitional Water A. Meander C. Dredging
Wave B. Tide D. Distillation

13. Wind generated waves but are created in the 23. Process of widening, enlarging, cleaning, or
deep ocean at some distance from the port site deepening of channels in harbors, rivers, and
and the wind that created them may be too canals to maintain the idea depth of berthing
distant to be felt in the port and may have areas due to fast siltation rate.
changed its direction by the time the waves reach A. Meander C. Dredging
the port. B. Tide D. Distillation
A. Slip C. Fetch
B. Swell D. Ebb 24. The periodic rise and fall of sea level in response
to the gravitational attraction of the sun and
14. The movement of the tide out to sea. moon as modified by the earth’s rotation.
A. Slip C. Fetch A. Astronomical C. Neap Tide
B. Swell D. Ebb Tide
B. Bore Tide D. Spring Tide
15. The straight-line stretch of open water available
for wave growth without the interruption of land. 25. A tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of
A. Slip C. Fetch the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of
B. Swell D. Ebb

MAY 2022
Engr. J.A.M.
 EXcellence in Professional Engineering
Review and Training Solutions
REFRESHER | Terms

water that travels up a river or narrow bay

against the direction of the river or bay's current.
A. Astronomical C. Neap Tide
Tide
B. Bore Tide D. Spring Tide

26. When the Sun and Moon form a right angle, as

when we see a half moon, their gravitational pulls
fight each other, and we notice a smaller
difference between high and low tides.
A. Semidiurnal C. Neap Tide
Tide
B. Bore Tide D. Spring Tide

27. When the Moon, Earth, and Sun fall in a straight

line, which we call syzygy, we notice the greatest
difference between high and low tide water
levels. These tides occur twice each month,
during full and new moon.
A. Semidiurnal C. Neap Tide
Tide
B. Bore Tide D. Spring Tide

28. These are tides occurring twice a day. This means

a body of water with these tides, like the Atlantic
Ocean, will have two high tides and two low tides
in one day.
A. Semidiurnal C. Neap Tide
Tide
B. Diurnal Tide D. Spring Tide

29. These tides occur once a day. A body of water

with these tides, like the Gulf of Mexico, has only
one high tide and one low tide in a 25-hour
period.
A. Semidiurnal C. Neap Tide
Tide
B. Diurnal Tide D. Spring Tide

ANSWERS:

1. A 11. D 21. A
2. C 12. A 22. B
3. B 13. B 23. C
4. D 14. D 24. A
5. B 15. C 25. B
6. D 16. A 26. C
7. C 17. D 27. D
8. A 18. C 28. A
9. B 19. B 29. B
10. B 20. D

MAY 2022
Engr. J.A.M.