Kingdom Classi cation
Introduction:
• Classi cation is the process of grouping organisms based on
their similarities and di erences.
• Kingdom is the highest taxonomic rank in biological
classi cation.
Five Kingdom Classi cation:
• Proposed by R.H. Whittaker in 1969.
• Based on cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition,
and phylogenetic relationships.
• The ve kingdoms are:
◦ Monera
◦ Protista
◦ Fungi
◦ Plantae
◦ Animalia
Kingdom Monera:
• Prokaryotic organisms (lack a true nucleus).
• Unicellular.
• Cell wall present.
• Examples: Bacteria, Archaea, Cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae)
Kingdom Protista:
• Eukaryotic organisms (have a true nucleus).
• Mostly unicellular, some multicellular.
• Diverse group, includes protozoa, algae, and slime molds.
• Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Diatoms
Kingdom Fungi:
• Eukaryotic organisms.
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• Mostly multicellular, some unicellular (yeasts).
• Heterotrophic (obtain nutrients from organic matter).
• Cell wall made of chitin.
• Examples: Mushrooms, molds, yeasts
Kingdom Plantae:
• Eukaryotic organisms.
• Multicellular.
• Autotrophic (produce their own food through photosynthesis).
• Cell wall made of cellulose.
• Examples: Mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
Kingdom Animalia:
• Eukaryotic organisms.
• Multicellular.
• Heterotrophic (obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms).
• Lack cell walls.
• Examples: Sponges, cnidarians, atworms, roundworms,
annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
Note:
• The ve-kingdom classi cation is a widely accepted system,
but it is not without its limitations.
• Some scientists have proposed alternative classi cation
systems, such as the three-domain system.
• The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Diagram:
Key Points:
• Kingdom is the highest taxonomic rank.
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• The ve-kingdom classi cation is based on cell structure,
body organization, mode of nutrition, and phylogenetic
relationships.
• The ve kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia.
• Each kingdom has unique characteristics.
• The ve-kingdom classi cation is a widely accepted system,
but it is not without its limitations.
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