HOPE REVIEWER • Clean cuts with soap and water

• If bleeding, apply direct pressure

By: Aiva Mikyla De Paz
• If wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS above the heart
Biological • Do not apply tourniquet unless the
• Bacteria bleeding is severe.
• Viruses
• Protozoan B. SPRAINS, STRAINS, AND
FRACTURES
-Many things can cause a sprain, strain,
Physical
and fracture while doing an outdoor
• Noise activity. One may fall or twist an ankle
• Radiation while trekking or miscalculate a movement
• Heat / cold vibration while rowing a canoe.

Chemical C. CONCUSSIONS
•Solvents -It is a traumatic brain injury that is often
caused by a blow or bump to the head or
• Metals
body. Cuts and bruises may be seen on
• Toxic compounds the head or face. Some lose
• Pesticides consciousness or forget what happened
before the injury; others do not.
FIRST AID OF COMMON ✓ Treat cuts
EMERGENCIES IN OUTDOOR ✓ Apply ice or compress if no ice is
ACTIVITIES available
✓ Rest until symptoms disappear
• The term first aid refers to ✓ Watch out for symptoms that need
administration of care to prevent emergency action
deterioration of the victim, to aid recovery, ✓ One vomits repeatedly
and to preserve life.
✓ The pupil become unequal
• On a technical level, it is not identified
as medical treatment and should not be of ✓ One looks agitated or confused
simple procedures and an application of ✓ One is unconscious or passes out
some common sense. ✓ One feels very drowsy
✓ There is pain in the neck
COMMON INJURIES AND ILLNESSES ✓ There is a slurred speech
IN THE OUTDOORS ✓ One experiences seizure

A. CUTS, SCRAPES, AND

D. BLISTER
PUNCTURES
-Blisters are result of ill- fitting footwear. It
- Wounds, cutes, and lacerations can be
is especially seen among hikers and
caused anywhere from rock climbing,
trekkers. Blisters can be painful and may
cutting self from a knife, and stumbling.
cause discomfort.
✓ Place a piece of adhesive over affected • Assess the Likelihood and Severity of
area. the Risks
✓ Doughnut-shaped moleskin helps when
blisters are at the bottom. 4. ACTIONS
✓ If blisters have popped, wash area with • Identify Actions to Eliminate or Control
soap and water the put antibiotic cream. the Risks

E. BURNS OR SCALDS 5. EVALUATE

- Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin • Conduct an Evaluation
caused by hot liquid or heat.
✓ If still on fire, stop burning immediately RISK MANAGEMENT METHOD
through the "stop, drop, and roll" method.
M- Mitigate
✓ Take off constrictive clothing
immediately E- Eliminate
✓ If first degree burn A- Accept
T- Transfer
-Put affected are under running water -
Cover with clean cloth
- Do not apply butter or ointments ✓ For
GENERAL SAFETY
second degree burn
-Immerse in cool water for 10-15 minutes - ● Adequate trip preparation is crucial for
Do not apply ice
safety: know the area, weather, and your
-Do not break blisters -Protect burn with
sterile and secure with gauze of tape - physical limitations.
Wait for emergency personnel.
● Travel with a companion and leave your

Hazard -Hazard refers to anything that itinerary with someone responsible.

has the potential to cause harm, such as a
● Avoid remote areas alone; travel in groups
chemical, machinery, or biological agent.
Risk -Risk refers to the probability or of at least four.
likelihood that harm will occur as a result
● Be physically fit and set a comfortable
of exposure to a hazard
pace, especially for group trips.
RISK ASSESSMENT ● Discuss plans with a healthcare provider if
you have medical conditions.
1. IDENTIFY
• Identify the Hazards ● Acquire necessary skills like navigation
and first aid; practice them beforehand.
2. DETERMINE
● Exercise caution near cliffs and on
• Determine Who Might Be at Risk (and
How) uncertain footing; stick to developed trails.
● Dress appropriately for weather and
3. ASSERT
terrain conditions.
● Check equipment before departure and ● Stick to marked trails in wilderness areas
carry emergency signaling devices. unless bushwhacking is permitted and
● Stay weather-aware and seek shelter you're skilled at navigation.
during storms. ● Travel in groups, especially in winter and
● Learn basic first aid and carry a first aid hazardous terrain.
kit. ● Leave your itinerary with someone and
● Recognize and Treat symptoms check in upon return.
of heat-related and other common outdoor ● Learn basic repair skills and carry
injuries/illnesses. appropriate repair kits.
● Set up camp before dark to avoid ● Dress in layers for changing mountain
accidents. weather; wear sunglasses and a hat to
● Camp away from cliff edges and be protect against glare.
cautious when navigating in the dark. ● Apply sunscreen regardless of season to
● Watch for slippery areas and hazards; prevent sunburn.
avoid running. ● Carry a customized first aid kit tailored to
● Avoid alcohol consumption near cliffs; it your trip.
impairs judgment and balance. ● Develop an emergency plan and ensure
● Purify water before drinking, even from everyone knows what to do in case of
seemingly clean sources. emergency or getting lost.
TRAIL TIPS ● Stay hydrated; drink water before and
● Warm up with stretching exercises before during the hike, and treat or filter all water
starting your hike. from natural sources.
● Begin slowly and gradually increase pace ● Pack lightweight, energizing snacks like
and distance. energy bars or fruit.
● Let the slowest person set the pace, ● Allow ample daylight to set up camp
especially with children in the group. safely.
● Plan ahead and assign enjoyable tasks to ● Follow regulations regarding pets,
keeping
group members.
them leashed and hydrated.
● Share leadership and decision-making
● Adhere to local regulations regarding
responsibilities within the group.
campfires, especially in drought-prone of trash properly, including
areas. recycling when possible.
CAMPING TIPS ● Use propane stoves cautiously and follow
● Pack a comprehensive first aid kit instructions closely.
including antiseptics, tweezers, ● Prevent insect encounters by wearing
pain relievers, and sunscreen. light-colored clothing and avoiding strong
● Bring emergency supplies: map, scents.
compass, flashlight, knife, fire starter,
● Minimize bear encounters by keeping
shelter, whistle, food, water, and insect
protection. campsites clean and avoiding leaving food
● Learn basic emergency treatment or cooking equipment out.
methods.
● Check weather forecasts and watch for ● Beware of poisonous plants and treat
changes upon arrival; stay dry and seek affected areas immediately.
shelter during inclement weather. ● Practice good hygiene, especially hand
● Arrive early to inspect the campsite and washing before handling food or after
set up before dark. using the toilet.
● Check for hazards like glass, sharp LIGHTNING
objects, insects, and hazardous terrain. ● Educate yourself about lightning risks and
● Avoid areas prone to flooding or mud seek safe shelter during high activity.
accumulation. ● Descend quickly if caught above the tree
● Choose a level campsite with line during a storm and avoid isolated
wind-blocking features. trees.
● Build fires safely away from tents; never ● Avoid pitching tents near tall trees during
use open flames inside. electric storms.
● Always attend to fires and properly ● Seek shelter in a forest if no other options
extinguish them with water. are available.
● Pitch flame-retardant tents away from ● Drop metal objects and get off bicycles,
fires
motorcycles, horses, and golf carts during
and seal entrances to keep insects out.
storms.
● Dispose
● Crouch low in a low spot if caught in an
open field during lightning activity. injuries, sudden weather changes or
delays. The following are items you should
● Provide aid to lightning strike victims by
include in your pack:
administering CPR if necessary.
 Candle
● Spread out at least 15 feet apart in a  Pocket mirror (signaling)
 Clothing (warm, extra
group to minimize the chance of multiple  socks, rain gear)
injuries.  Extra prescription glasses
 Compass
● Swimmers, anglers, and boaters should  Prescription medications
 First aid kit
seek shelter on land when storms
 Radio with batteries
approach.  Extra food
 Space blanket/plastic
● Remember that lightning risks are  (warmth/shelter)
unpredictable, and precautions may lower  Flashlight
 Sunglasses
but not eliminate risk.  Foil (cup/signaling device)
 Sunscreen
IF YOU GET LOST
 Hat
● Pay attention to surroundings and  Trash bag (poncho)
landmarks;  Insect repellent
 Water
● Stay calm and avoid panic; recall your  Map
route to your current location.  Waterproof matches/match
 tin
● Trust your map and compass; avoid  Nylon filament
wandering aimlessly.  Water purification tablets
 Pocket knife
● Stay on trails if possible; do not leave  Whistle (scare
 animals/signaling)
them.
● Stay put if it's nightfall, if you're injured, or
near exhaustion.
● Follow a drainage or stream downhill as a
last resort, which may lead to a trail or
road.
CHECKLIST
Pack the "Essentials" and be prepared for
minor