PRELIM
Lesson 1
OUTDOOR and ADVENTURE
-recreation engaged in out of doors
-most common in natural setting
JOHN MILES “an experiential method of learning with the use of all senses”
GILBERTSON’S MODEL:
(Gilbertson, Bates, McLaughlin, & Ewert (2006))
• Physical skills
• Interpersonal growth or Educational skills
• Ecological relationship
ADVENTURE ACTIVITY
- an activity that involves greater than normal risk
- It combines experiential learning with decision-making, team building and the application of
real-world situations to the learning environment
JON LEVY’S CRITERIA:
• Exploration- the act of searching for the purpose of discovery of information or resources
Business
• Tourism- travel for pleasure or business
• Sport- all forms of competitive physical activity or games, to maintain or improve physical
ability and skills
• Travel- movement of people
ADVENTURE TRAVEL- a type of niche tourism, involving exploration or travel with a certain
degree of risk (real or perceived),
Types:
• Extreme- travel to dangerous (extreme) locations or participation in dangerous events or
activities.
• Jungle- a subcategory of adventure travel defined by active multifaceted physical means
of travel in the jungle regions of the earth
• Overland- extended adventure holiday, embarking on a long journey, often in a group.
PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF OUTDOOR GAMES:
• Social Connection
• Adventure
• Active Outdoors
• Achievement
• Health & Wellbeing
• Action for Sustainability
Lesson 2
Risk- an essential element in the conduct of any guided or adventure programs
Risk Factor- something that increases the chances of negative event occurring
Inherent Risk- risk that cannot be eliminated without changing the nature of the activity
RISK MANAGEMENT MODELS
1. Identify risks
2. Evaluate risks
3. Control or Adjust risks
Risk Identification- Accident causation theories
5 stages
1. Environment and Ancestry
2. Faults of a person
3. Unsafe act or Condition
4. Accident
5. Injury
Risk Evalution- decisions are made about the importance and acceptability of risk.
• Frequency- how often an accident may happen
• Severity- state or extent of injury
RISK CONTROL OR ADJUSTMENT
- implementing methods to reduce the amount of risk inherent in an activity.
• Risk RETENTION- passive or active, assumes and accepts loss up to certain point.
• Risk REDUCTION- potential risk remains low, but the overall frequency increases
• Risk AVOIDANCE- consider canceling the program or the activity
• Risk TRANSFER- organizations cannot afford to retain their risk and so must transfer it
to others.
MIDTERM
MAP & MAP READING
- 2d representation of a 3d dimensional area
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
- Incorporate a legend and show important features
- contour lines to represent height.
Measuring Distance- determining the length between two points. Use of string or solder
COMPASS
- A compass needle is a magnetized piece of metal that when allowed to rotate freely, will
orientate itself to the North and South magnetic poles
Types:
• Silva - liquid-filled capsule containing a magnetized needle that aligns itself with the
Earth's magnetic field
• Button- small, compact directional finder that fits in any survival kit
• Fixed dial- fixed dial or bezel and doesn’t rotate independently
• Basic orientation- commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as
a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with magnetic north.
Always hold a compass level
Never use a compass near metal objects or other magnetized objects, electric currents,
and buildings and vehicles.
IMPROVISED COMPASS
1. TAPPING METHOD- Align the needle as close to the north-south line as you can
determine, hold the needle at an angle of 45 degrees, and gently tap the end of it with
another piece of metal. Lightly tapping it into a hard piece of wood will increase the effect
2. HAIR- Hold the sharp end of the needle perpendicular to your head and taking care not
to hurt our self stroke the needle in one direction through your hair, using careful and
deliberate strokes. Repeat until the needle is magnetized
3. Suspension Method- It works best with a magnetized razor blade, which will balance
well. Attach the magnetized to a cotton thread and suspend it inside a plastic bottle.
4. FLOATING METHOD- In a sheltered place, float the needle on the surface of some
water. Balance the needle on a small, dry leaf
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides
precise location, velocity, and time information to users on Earth.
NATURAL NAVIGATION
1. SUN- Shadow Stick Basics- In the northern hemisphere the shadow of the stick will be
on the north side of the east-west line
2. SUN- In the southern hemisphere the reverse is true: the shadow of the stick will be on
the south side of the east-west line. When the shadow is at its shortest, it is midday.
GEARS FOR OUTDOORS
• Pack your gear in reverse order: the things you want to get to first should be the last
thing you pack
• Stash items you may need.
• Use a dry bag inside your backpack
• Ensure that all pockets are fully closed and zipped.
PRIORITIZING YOUR KIT
First Line “Bomb-Burst gear”- outdoor clothing, navigation, and safety.
Second Line- to stay safe on a daily basis under normal conditions
• Bivy sack and cordage
• First aid kit
• Matchless fire set
Third Line “sustainment load”
• Shelter- tent or tarpaulin
• Cooking utensils
• Water containers or hydration packs
• Wash kit and sanitary items
DAILY ESSENTIALS:
Hat- protection from the sun
Sunglasses- eye protection
Map- waterproof paper, keep in a survival tin
Compass, whistle, flashlight, lighter: carry around your neck for easy access
Water bottle- strap outside of day pack
Wristwatch- hiking watch with a built in compass and a barometer
Cellphone- keep in secure pocket
CHOOSING A BACKPACK
Internal Frame
• Narrowed in profile
• Has one or two internal compartments
• Very few pockets on the outside
• Straps on the outside allow you to compress the pack
• Lightweight
• Hugs your body
• More ft
• Better for tight trails
External Frame
• Great for heavy loads
• Cooler to carry
• It usually has more pockets on the outside
• Cost effective
• Cooler on your back
• Stronger
Day Pack
• Provides the means to carry essential items such as food, water, maps, compasses and
protection from cold and wet weather on a day trip
DRESSING FOR OUTDOORS
• The rule of layering is simple: several light layers are better than one heavy layer
• Wearing multiple layers gives you flexibility
• Choose fabrics such as wool, fleece and microfleece which are all good insulators.
• Layering is effective because it traps air between the layers of clothes and helps you to
stay warm in any environment
Base Layer Clothing- wicking moisture away from your body
Mid Layer Clothing- To insulate
Outer Layer Clothing- Protection from elements
OUTDOOR FOOTWEAR
• Sandals- extremely comfortable while offering additional ventilation.
• Lightweight Boots- Shock absorbing sole that gives added comfort on hard terrain
• Hiking Boots- good, all-round leather boot with a sole of hard-wearing rubber, such as
Vibram,
• Jungle-Trekking Boots- High boot made from rot proof leather and canvas
• Climbing/Hiking Hybrid Boots- Designed to be worn with crampons and to keep the feet
warm in very cold environments
FINALS (FOCUS HERE)
WILDERNESS FIRST AID BASICS
FIRST AID- emergency care a sick or injured person gets. In some cases, it may be the only
care someone needs, while in others, it may help them until paramedics arrive or they are taken
to the hospital.
• Safety is key- EVERYONE IN YOUR PARTY HAS THE NECESSARY MEDICAL
EQUIPMENT.
• WILDERNESS FIRST AID- KNOWLEDGE AND ABILITY
• SKILLS- KNOWING HOW TO DRESS A WOUND, TREAT A BURN OR BITE, OR SET
AN INJURED LIMB.
TYPES OF INJURIES
• Bleeding Injuries- require something to: absorb blood, clean wounds, and, close and
protect wound
• Internal Ailments- any shit internally that may be caused by plants
• Bone and Ligament Injuries- basta
WILDERNESS SAFETY AND SURVIVAL SKILLS
- making sure someone who isn’t hiking with you knows howtoreach you,andwhereyou’re
expected to beandwhen
RULES OF 3:
• 3 minutes without air
• 3 hours without shelter
• 3 days without water
• 30 days without food
SPEAR APPROACH
• Stop- as soon as you know you are lost or in a survival situation, stop what you are
doing.
• Plan- organize a plan of action to meet your survival needs and current challenges.
• Execute- go to work at implementing your plan, such as building a shelter.
• Assess & re-evaluate- as conditions change and tasks are completed, assess and re
evaluate your plan
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN EXECUTING FIRST AID BASICS
• CHECK THE SCENE- Check for immediate dangers to you, the person and any
bystanders
• CHECK THE RESOURCES- IDENTIFY AVAILABLE RESOURCES
• CHECK THE PATIENT
o A- airway
o B- breathing
o C- circulation
o D- disability decisions
o E- expose injuries
COMMON INJURIES IN THE WILDERNESS:
Blisters- fluid-filled “bubble” of skin that occurs when skin is rubbed repeatedly against a
surface.
treating blisters
1. Wash the blister and surrounding area with antibiotic soap
2. Sterilize your needle with alcohol or heat
3. Insert the needle near the base of the blister
4. Dress the blister like you would a wound, using antibiotic ointment and gauze or a band-
aid
5. Cut and place molefoam with a doughnut hole around the area to prevent further
irritation
Bruising- bleeding into the skin and surrounding tissue
Treating bruises- combination of direct pressure and elevation of the injury
ABRASIONS
• Within 10 min- apply antibiotic ointment and cover with a sterile dressing
• After 10 min- if there are items, such as sand and pebbles, in the wound—scrub the
wound, apply antibiotic ointment and cover with a sterile dressing
BURNS
1. CHECK THE AIRWAY
2. COOL THE BURN
3. CLEAN AND DRESS THE BURN
4. MANAGE PAIN
5. HYDRATE
6. EVACUATE AS NEEDED.
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• Increase in body temperature > 37°C
• Muscle weakness / cramps
• Rapid, weak pulse
• Nausea, vomiting
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Cool, pale clammy skin
• Excessive sweating
HEAT STROKE
• Increase in body temperature > 40°C
• Altered mental state
• Rapid pulse
• Red, hot, dry skin
• Throbbing headache
• Nausea, vomiting
• Headache
• Disoriented
SPRAINS, STRAINS AND FRACTURES
-a strain is a pulled muscle. a sprain occurs when ligaments that hold a joint together are
damaged.
• R- rest the injured for 48hrs
• I- ice for 20min, 4-8x a day
• C- compress to help swelling
• E- elevate the injured limb 6-8inch above the heart
ARM INJURY
Improvised Sling
• Belt Strap
• Jacket Corner
• Pinned Sleeve
WILDERNESS FIRST AID QUIZ ANSWERS
SCENARIO 1: Agustin (Burn Injury)
Symptoms: Hoarse voice, blistering around mouth/nose, red arms
Suspected Injury: Burns with possible inhalation injury
First Aid Procedure:
1. Check Airway: Ensure he can breathe - hoarse voice suggests airway burn. Prepare for
evacuation.
2. Cool the Burn: Use cool water. Do NOT apply ice.
3. Avoid Breaking Blisters: Cover with clean, dry, non-stick dressing.
4. Dress the Burn: Use sterile, non-fluffy bandage.
5. Hydrate: Small sips of water if conscious.
6. Evacuate Immediately: Possible inhalation injury.
SCENARIO 2: Luisa (Achilles Tendon Injury)
Symptoms: Tight calf muscles, swelling near heel
Suspected Injury: Achilles Tendon Rupture
First Aid Procedure:
1. Rest the Leg: No weight bearing.
2. Immobilize: Use splint/wrap in plantar flexed position.
3. Apply ice for 15-20 minutes.
4. Elevate: Foot above heart level.
5. Evacuate: Needs professional care.
SCENARIO 3: Isabela (Head Injury with Bleeding)
Symptoms: Unconsciousness, head bleeding
Suspected Injury: Head trauma with open wound
First Aid Procedure:
1. Stabilize Head/Neck: Assume spinal injury.
2. Check ABCDEs.
3. Control Bleeding: Gentle pressure if no skull fracture.
4. Avoid pressure if a skull fracture is suspected.
5. Monitor: Keep her still and observe.
6. Evacuate immediately.
SCENARIO 4: Mirabelle (Broken, Bleeding Leg)
Symptoms: Bone fracture, severe bleeding
Suspected Injury: Open fracture with hemorrhaging
First Aid Procedure:
1. Apply Pressure: Control bleeding.
2. Immobilize: Don't move the leg.
3. Splint: Use rigid material.
4. Elevate: If safe.
5. Treat for Shock: Lay down, keep warm.
6. Evacuate Immediately.
SCENARIO 5: 50-year-old Unresponsive Man
Symptoms: Unresponsive, not breathing, pale skin
Suspected Condition: Cardiac arrest
First Aid Procedure:
1. Check Responsiveness.
2. Call Emergency Services.
3. Check Breathing.
4. Begin CPR: 100-120 compressions/min.
5. Use AED if available.
6. Continue CPR until help arrives or signs of life return.
