Types of business associations

There are (6) six types of trade unions in Ethiopia. (Commercial Law No.
212) They are:
1. General Partnership
2. Ordinary Partnership
3. Joint Venture
4. Limited Partnership with two types of responsibility
5. Share Company
6. They are a Private Limited Company.
1. Article 280 of the Commercial Law of Cooperative Partnership
According to Article 280 of the Commercial Law, a partnership is an
association in which each member is jointly and severally liable to each
other and to the association's obligations. This type: When an association
is established, it is required to be registered in the commercial register,
and the association has rights and obligations of admission and may also
sue or be sued in the courts on behalf of the association. According to the
commercial law, this type of association will have the name of the
association, and the name of the association will have all the names of the
associations. If this is not the case, the names of at least two people
should be written and next to their names - Cooperative Partnership
Association.
2. Article 227 of the commercial law of ordinary partnership
An ordinary partnership is a business that two or more people make a
contribution in cash, in kind or otherwise
3. Article 271 of the Commercial Code of the Asmur Association
Eshmur Association is established by two or more people, and it differs
from others in that it does not have to be confirmed in writing and the
registration procedures prescribed by other trade associations, it is not
recognized according to HMA and third party. It is unknown to the people
4. Article 296 of the Commercial Code of a partnership with two
types of responsibility
A partnership with two types of responsibility; There are two types of
members: non-responsible members and limited members. According to
Article 296 of the Commercial Code, the members of the association
whose responsibility is not determined are those who are together
indefinitely and are fully responsible for the obligations of the association.
Limited liability association members are only responsible for the amount
of their contribution in the association and they are not allowed to enter
into the management or administrative work of the association.
5. Article 304 of the Commercial Code of the Joint Stock Company
According to Article 304 of the Commercial Code, a joint-stock company is
a company whose principal amount or capital is determined in advance
and is divided into shares and whose assets are the sole guarantor for its
debts. This means that members become the owners of the business
association by purchasing pre-determined and distributed shares, and
each member can take responsibility for any kind of problem that the
association faces.
It means only with the amount of available capital.
The members of the stock association must be at least five and the initial
capital is 50 thousand birr.
6. Article 304 of the Private Limited Liability Company
Commercial Law
According to Article 510 of the Commercial Law, a limited liability
association means an association in which the contribution of any member
is not exceeded. The number of members of this type of association is not
less than two and more than fifty. The starting capital is fifteen thousand
birr.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 2012

1. Ato Kebede gave Amare unstamped receipt in Kenya.

According to the law of Kenya, unstamped receipt cannot be relied upon in
Kenyan courts.
Amare instituted a claim in the Federal High Court against Kebede.
1. What is the status of the unstamped receipt in the Ethiopian court?
2. Could one maintain that the Kenyan law is evidential and need not
affect the formal validity of the receipt which could be relies up on in an
Ethiopian court?
1. An oral contract of guarantee was made in Djibouti. And let us assume
that this contract is valid and enforceable in accordance with the law of
Djibouti. A case is instituted in a court in Ethiopia. What law governs the
formal validity of the contract? What is the Ethiopian law position
regarding a guarantee contract made orally?
1. An Ethiopian woman domiciled in Egypt made a voluntary assignment
of her rights under Ethiopian trust in a form which satisfied the Ethiopian
domestic law, but violating the Egyptian law.
1. Is the non compliance a mater of defect of form or procedure?
Problem Two
Ato Abebe entered in to an act of unfair competition in Ethiopia against a
certain company producing shirts in Kenya. Because of the act of Ato
Abebe the company's business is greately affected. The manager of the
company decided to institute a claim in the Federal High court of Addis
Ababa against Ato Abebe and comes to you to seek legal advice. The
company is registered in Ethiopia.
What country's law do you think is applicable to govern the case?

Part II: Problems

Problem One
Assume that Ato Asmare sustained injury in car accident caused by the
inherent defect in the car. He bought the car from a certain company in
Ethiopia. He comes to you to seek a legal advice. The car is manufactured
by company C in Japan.
1. What law governs the compensation claim of Ato Asmare for injury
sustained due to the defect in the car?
2. Can Ato Asmare sue the company C which manufactured the car ? If so
under what law, the law of Ethiopia or Japan?
3. Assume that the car was put to the marke in Saudi Arabia from where
Ato kebede bought it. Ato Asmare had bought the car from Ato Kebede in
Ethiopia. What law governs the claim for damage caused by the car
discovered to be inherently defective? Would, if Ethiopian tort law is
applied, the claim is sustainable against the company? Ato Kebede?
After reading the material thoroughly, answer the following questions and
problems.
Part I: Questions
1. What is the traditional choice of law rule in tort cases recognised in
most jurisdictions?
2. Describe the basic difference between the approach on choice of laws
in tort between the US First restatement and second restatement. Identify
the reasons that necessitated the shift to the approaches in the second
restatement.
3. What factors should be considered to determine the state of most
significant relationship in the US Second Restatement of conflict of laws?
4. What is the guiding rule in choice of law in tort in Europe generally?
5. Can you identify differences in approach between the Rome II proposal
and the American Second Restatement?
6. What exceptions are available to the general choice of law in tort under
the Rome II proposal? Do they have some relevance to Ethiopian conflict
of laws?
7. What is the approach guiding choice of law in tort under the federal
draft conflict of laws?
8. What is the practice of courts in Ethiopia in the selection of the
applicable law governing tortuous acts?
9. Which of the above discussed approach to choice of law in tort cases is
suitable for Ethiopia to follow? Why?
10. What do you suggest to improve the provisions of the proposed
Federal draft conflict of laws provisions dealing with choice of law in tort?
Give some general Comments.
11. Has Ethiopia ratified the Hague Convention of My 1971 on the law
applicable to road traffic accidents?

Part II: Hypothetical Cases

Case One
Mr. Sandiago is national of Greece having a profitable business in Ethiopia,
Dire Dawa; he has a wife back in Greece, Mrs.
Laura Sandiago. He lived in Dire Dawa for the past ten years and visiting
his wife once every year. He also had two sons one born out of wedlock in
Ethiopia, from an Ethiopian mother and the other born from his wife Laura,
a Greece national, in Greece. He has life insurance with Awash Insurance
Company, in which he stated in the beneficiary part "in the event of my
death pay my lawfully wedded wife and my law full children".
Mr. Sandiago died of a car accident when he travels from Dire Dawa to
Addis in the town of Adama.
The marriage of Mr. Sandiago and Laura was celebrated in Spain, Madrid.
The Family Law of Spain requires that celebration of marriage should not
be validly held unless the future spouses produce a certificate of HIV test,
which Sandiago and Laura did not comply with.
Assumptions: The family law of Greece permits the law full wife
to inherit one fourth of the share of the Husband's Property in addition to
the half share of the common property she would get as a wife. Moreover,
the law does not permit an illegitimate child to inherit his father.
Now, based on the above stated facts and the facts that will be state in
the questions, answer the following questions.
1. Assume that Ethiopian courts have jurisdiction and the court follows the
classical choice of law method, and the court framed issues as to the
validity of the marriage of Mr.Sandiago and Miss. Laura. Which law
governs the case?
2. Which law governs the case concerning the succession to the Business
of the deceased? Would the wife and her son have the right to succeed?
3. Can the illegitimate Ethiopian son intervene and claim participation in
succession?
Case Two
Ato Selamu, an Ethiopian national, died domiciled in Greece leaving
movables in Ethiopia and in Greece, and movables in Greece. By his will,
Ato Selamu gave his property in Ethiopia to his nice Mustafa and his
property in Greece to his nephew
Demeke with usufruct to his mother Alemitu for 20 years.Ato Selamu's
only son Zeleke claims that by Greece succession law he is entitled to one
half (1/2) of the property his legitimate portion. Therefore Zeleke argues
that his father's will is not valid. Now based on the above stated facts,
answer the following questions:
1. On the basis of what law is the validity of the will in respect to the
movables is governed? What about the immovables?
2. Assume that expert testimony revealed that the Greece courts would
refer to
Ethiopian law as the law of Ato Selamu's nationality in respect of the
movables and immovable, what law should you think would govern the
case?
9.6 Review Questions
After reading the material thoroughly, please answer the following
questions and problems
Questions
1. What are the main issues that would arise in relation to agency in cases
containing foreign elements
2. What is the main rule governing choice of law concerning the creation
of agency relationship?
3. What are the measures to determine whether a certain agency
relationship has the most significant relationship?
4. Do you think we could apply this approach of the law of the state that
has the most significant relationship in the Ethiopian context to resolve
cases of agency containing foreign element? Why or why not?
5. It is said that the same rules governing choice of law in contract cases
also govern liabilities which arise between the partnership and the
partners on the one hand and some third person on the other. What do
you think is the rational behind this rule? Would it be good to apply this
rule in Ethiopian courts? Why or why not?
6. What law governs creation and dissolution of companies in conflict
cases?
7. How do we resolve issues related to liability of company to its creditors
in conflict of laws? Which law governs this issue?
8. Would it be appropriate if Ethiopia adopted the approach under the
Second Restatement of US to deal with choice of law issues related to
companies?
9. What is the position of Ethiopian Federal Draft Conflict of Laws
Proclamation on issue of agency, Partnership and Companies? (Analyze
the provisions of the Federal Draft Conflict of Laws Proclamation).
Problems and Questions on Formation of Contracts*
Problem case 1
When Lemma was 15 years old, he and his father, Tefera decided that he
should go to a special school in Addis Ababa. This school charged tuition
fee of $75 per year, which Lemma could not afford. Tefera could have paid
for the school but he thought Lemma would work harder in school if he
had to pay for it himself. Tefera, therefore, contacted his friend, Yilma, who
was willing to loan Lemma $75 per year for his schooling. Tefera,
thereupon, authorized Lemma to borrow the money Lemma and Yilma
drew up the contract, which provided that Yilma would loan $75 per year
and that Lemma would pay this amount back, with interest, within two
years of the time after he finished school.
Lemma received the money and went to school in Addis Ababa. After
finishing school he got job, but refused to pay the money back. He
claimed that he had been a poor student, that the money he borrowed,
therefore, was of no use to him and that had he been older he would
never have borrowed money. Yilma sued Lemma for recovery of the
money.
Questions: Should Yilma's action succeed? Be sure that you have
understand the facts and then isolate and state precisely the various legal
problems presented. Finally, decide what the answers to the legal issues
are and what legal provisions are applicable.
Problems case 2
15 year old Lemma often bought school supplies in the neighborhood
stationary store. Sometimes, his father, Tefera, would be with him and
once he told Yilma, the store owner, to let Lemma manage his own
everyday affairs. After some time, however, Tefera discovered that Lemma
was wasting money on gambling with his friends, and he advised him not
to spend his money again until he was older. Lemma did not agree to this
and, after taking some money from his father pants one night, bought an
expensive book from Yilma. When Tefera discovered this, he was very
angry and took the book, which was slightly damaged by then, back to
Yilma, and demanded that the money Lemma had paid be returned. He
based this demand on the argument that Lemma was a minor and that
the contract was, therefore; subject to invalidation.
Questions: Was Tefera's claim legally well based? Isolate the issues and
respond to them on

Problems case 3
The basis of specific code provisions. Yosef went to Auto Company and
asked to buy an automobile. Yosef had been the victim of a childhood
disease and had grey hair and the general appearance of an old man. But
in fact he was only thirteen years old. Yosef agreed to pay one-half of the
purchase price of E$30000 immediately and the rest of the price at the
end of the month. Auto Company delivered the care and the first time
Yosef drove it he smashed it into a building. The automobile was
demolished and was only worth E$5000 as scrap.
Yosef's tutor thereupon sued Auto Company in court, demanding that the
$15000 paid by Yosef be repaid. Auto Company filed a counter - claim for
the $ 15000 that still remained to be paid for the car.
Questions: Will the claim or the counter - claim succeed? Why or why not?
Problem case 4
Seventeen year old Bekeletch was hit by an automobile driven by Mebratu
and was injured. As a result, the court ordered Mebratu to pay Bekeletch
$750 as compensation for the damage she suffered in the accident, and
he paid it. Bekeletch used that money to go to East African on a tour.
When she returned, she had reached the age of eighteen and went to
court and requested an order directing Mebratu to pay her $750 more in
satisfaction of the Judgment.
Questions: Should Bekeletch's request be granted? Why or why not?
Problem case 5
Assefa and his brother Gebre wanted to buy soccer uniforms and so went
into the Novice sport shop and asked to buy one uniform each. The
storekeeper asked how old they were and they both answered, "Eighteen
years old, sir." The Storekeeper said. "You"re being eighteen?" "Yes sir"
said the boys. The storekeeper sold the uniforms to them, since they
seemed to be at least eighteen, but in fact Gebre was 16 and Assefa was
17.

In the first soccer game they play, Assefa"s and Gebre"s uniforms were
badly torn. They took them back to the Novice sport shop and asked for
their money back on the grounds that they lacked capacity to make a
contract.
Questions: Must the Novice sport shop return their money and take back
the torn uniforms? why or why not? Would the result have been any
different if Assefa had bought the two suits and if, instead of telling the
storekeeper he was 18, he had had Gebre say that he, Assefa, was 18?
Problems case 6
When Bekele was 17 years old, he borrowed money from his friend's
father of a friend. In spite of his youth, Bekele was a mature and
experienced person, well able to take care of his own affairs.
Nevertheless, he spent the money foolishly and then refused to pay it
back on the grounds that he was a minor when he took the loan and that
he, therefore; was not obligated to pay it back.
The lender went to court and sued Bekele, invoking Articles 314 and 1702
of the civil code. In response, Bekele cited Article 344 emphasizing that
the French and Amharic versions of the civil code must be consulted along
with the English. Who should prevail?
Why?
Problem case 7
Tadesse was the son of a wealthy man. From his birth he had obvious
mental defects. He could hardly speak. His father died when he was 5
years old and he inherited all of the property his father had owned,
including a large herd of cattle. Tadesse was always uncomfortable with
the people and preferred to go up in the hills with the cattle. Tadesse was
married with the permission of the family council when he was 14 years
old, and was divorced two years later. When he was seventeen, he was
approached in the hills by a traveler who admired his cattle and offered to
buy his prize bull for $ 400. The bull was worth 3 times that much, but
Tadesse liked the stranger and sold the bull to him for the price offered.

Questions: Have Tadesse and the stranger made a valid contract why or
why not?
Problem case 8
Mekonnen was mentally deficient and his brother Haile feared he would do
something to his prejudice. Haile, therefore: applied to the local Wereda
court for a declaration of interdiction. After due investigation, the court
gave the declaration. Haile asked that an entry be made in the proper
registry of interdicted persons. The judge replied that there was no such
record but that everyone would soon know about the decision. But the
decision was not made known to the public. Sometime later Mekonnen
entered into a disadvantageous contract.
Questions: Was the contract valid? Why or why not?
Problem case 9
Ato Assefa and his friend Blatta Beyene went to the Mercato in Addis
Ababa, where they admired some fine clothe in the shop of Ato Yoseph.
Ato Assefa particularly liked one piece and told Ato Yoseph that he thought
it was very beautiful. Ato Assefa then went on to the next shop, thinking
he would come back and buy Ato Joseph's cloth. Meanwhile Blatta Beyene
stayed in Ato Joseph's shop and finally said to Ato Yoseph, "I know Ato
Assefa will buy that cloth. Consider it sold to him"
Ato Assefa saw some cloth in Ato Eyassu's shop that he liked better than
that in Ato
Joseph's shop and bought it from Ato Eyassu, When he returned to Ato
Yoseph's shop, Ato Yoseph asked him to pay for the clothe that Blatta
Beyene had said could be considered sold. Ato Yoseph said to Ato Assefa,
"we have a contact."
Question: Was Ato Yoseph correct? Be sure you understand the facts of the
problem case.
Problems case 10
On another day, Ato Assefa looked at the cloth in Ato Yoseph's shop. Ato
Assefa liked one piece particularly well and said to Ato Yoseph, "I will buy
that piece for $16/ consider it sold.' Ato Yoseph said "agreed." As Ato
Assefa made his offer, he thought silently to himself that "I must first
consult with my wife. If she does not like it, I will not buy it."
Ato Assefa then left, saying he would return immediately; when he
returned, he was accompanied by his wife, who had come to see the cloth.
She disliked it very much. Ato Assefa then told Ato Yoseph that he did not
want the cloth and that he has not meant what he said earlier. Ato Yoseph,
however, insisted that Ato Assefa pay for cloth, saying that there was a
contract between them. Ato Assefa denied that there was a contract and
based his argument on the fact that he had not intended to bind himself
irrevocably by his earlier statements.
Question: Advise Ato Assefa as to what to do regarding Ato Yoseph's
demand that Ato Assefa must pay the price of the cloth.
Problem case 11
Ato Gebre owned a fine white mule, he was very proud of the mule and
valued him highly. In fact, he has often been offered as much as $100 for
the mule. One day Ato Gebre was riding his mule to church when it
slipped, thus making Ato Gebre miss church. Ato Gebre was very angry
with his mule and stated that it was worthless animal. Ato Mekonnen, a
friend of Ato Gebre, overheard this statement and tried to comfort Ato
Gebre. Ato Gebre, however, insisted that his mule was a worthless
creature and said, "I would sell him to anyone who would pay me $ 10 for
him." "Even me?" said Ato Mekonnnen. "Of course," said Ato Gebre, "but I
know you are so afraid of this mule that you would never buy him" Ato
Mekonnen answered. "I will accept your offer" and took out $ 10 to give to
Ato Gebre. Ato Gebre was surprised at this and said "Don't be silly! I was
only joking." Ato Mekonnen insisted that the mule was his for $10.

Questions: Has Ato Gebre bound himself contractually to give up his

mule? Are there any code provisions that solve this problem? How would
you solve the problem if Ato Gebre has never said that he would sell the
mule to Ato Mekonnen?
Problem case 12
Ato Mesfin went to a goldsmith in the Piazza and made arrangements to
buy a gold bracelet for his wife. The goldsmith agreed to make the
bracelet and have it ready in eight days. Ato Mesfin agreed to pay $75 for
the bracelet. At the end of eight days, the price of gold had risen and the
goldsmith refused to give the bracelet to Ato Mesfin for less than $90. The
goldsmith argued that since no written agreement had been concluded,
Ato Mesfin has no contact.
Question: Is the goldsmith correct?
Problem case 13
Ato Haile lost a very valuable ring and put up a sign saying that he would
pay $100 to anyone who found the ring and returned it to him. Ato
Adenew saw this sign and began hunting for the ring. The next day, Ato
Haile took down the sign. Two days later, Ato Adenew found the ring and
took it to Ato Haile. He asked to be paid $100, but Ato Haile replied that
he had with drawn the offer.
Questions: Do Ato Haile and Ato Adenew have a contract? If so, when was
it completed? Is Ato Haile's defense a good one? Why or why not?
Problem case 14
Assume the same factual situation as in problem case 5 except that Ato
Adenew did not know that Ato Haile has lost the ring or that he was willing
to give a reward. Assume also that Ato Haile did not take the sign down
until after Ato Adenew returned the ring to him. He found the ring,
recognized it as belonging to Ato Haile and returned it. Ato Adenew did
not find out about the reward until several days later. When he discovered
it, he went back to Ato Haile and asked for the reward. Ato Haile refused
to pay and Ato Adenew sued him in court.

Questions: Be sure you understand the facts of this problem.

What legal issues are presented by it? State them carefully and precisely
in writing. What are the answers to these issues? After answering all legal
issues, you should be able to answer whether Ato Haile or Ato Adenew
should prevail. Would the result be different if the sign has been taken
down as it was in problem case 5? Would the result be different if the sign
had simply said "I have lost my ring. Please return it to me if you find it."
Problem case 15
Ato Essayas posted a sing in Ras Mekonnen Hall at the University campus
stating that he would pay anyone $5 who would jump off the steps leading
up to the flagpole from of Ras Mekonnen Hall. Some time later, while the
sign was still up, a group of five boys were joking with each other and one
dared the other to jump off these same steps. After much laughter three
of the boys, one after another, jumped from the steps and suffered injuries
that hospitalized them. None of the boys knew of Essayas's offer.
Questions: Is Essayas obligated to pay $5 to any, or all, of these boys?
Problem case 16
On Tekemt 4, Ato Yohannes posted a notice in the newspaper which said,
"I here by to sell one large tractor for $ 1200. This offer will be good for 15
days." On Tekemt 25, Ato Teshome wrote to Ato Yohannes and said, "I
accept your offer of Tekemt 4. Enclosed is $ 1200. I will pick up the tractor
in a few weeks."
When Ato Teshome went to get the tractor at the end of Hadar, Ato
Yohannes said, "I am sorry, but I decided not to sell the tractor. Here is
your money back." Ato Teshome went to court and claimed that he had a
contract with Ato Yohannes.
Questions: Is there a contract? Why or why not?
Problem case 17
Assume the same factual situation as in problem case 8 except that on
Tekemt 6 Ato Yohannes put a second notice in the newspaper, saying "I
herby withdraw my offer to
Tekemt4" and Ato Teshome delivered a letter of acceptance on Tekemt 8.
Questions: Is there a contract? Why or why not
Problem case 18
On Ter 5, Ato Mebratu wrote to Ato Fasil that "I hereby offer you 50 kilos of
teff at the price of 5 birr per kilo." The next day he sent another letter
saying "I here by withdraw my offer of Ter 5." After receiving both of these
letters, Ato Fasil wrote back to Ato Mebratu that "I here by accept your
offer of Ter 5."
Questions: Is there a contract? Why or why not? Would the answer be
different if Ato
Fasil had not answered until after 10 days? Would the answer be different
if Ato Mebratu had sent his second message by special messenger so that
it arrived before the first message?
Problem case 19
Ato Seyoum advertised in the news paper that he would sell his Fiat for
$10,000. Ato Teferri Abebe saw the advertisement and telephoned. Ato
Seyoum told him to come over and see it that day. Ato Teferri Hailu also
saw the advertisement and he went to Ato Seyoum's house about one
hour after Ato Teferri Abebe had telephoned. Teferri Hailu walked up to the
door of Ato Seyoum's house and said, "Hello, I am Ato Tefferi. I would like
to buy your car but I can pay $ 800 only." Ato Seyoum presumed that this
man was Teferri Abebe and said, "Well, all right, I'll sell it for $8000."

As Teferri Hailu drove out the gate in the Fiat, Teferri Abebe came in and
said, "But Ato Seyoum, I am Teferri Abebe. I will pay you $11000, for that
car." "Oh, what a terrible mistake I have made," cried Ato Seyoum.
Questions Can Ato Seyoum go to court and have his contract with Ato
Tefferri Hailu invalidated? Why or why not?
Problem case 20
Ato Tsegaye was a sportsman and wanted to win the Addis Ababa horse
jumping competition. He went to a local horse dealer and looked at his
horses. He thought one of them looked very nice and jumped beautifully
and so bought that horse. He later discovered that in fact the horse had
suffered from a broken leg and was in danger of breaking it again if he
jumped, although he was still perfectly suited to normal riding.
Ato Tsegaye would like to return the horse and get his money back.
Questions: Is Ato Tsegaye legally entitled to get his money back? Why or
why not? Would it make a difference if Tsegaye had mentioned to the
seller that he was a sportsman? That he likes to jump horses? That he was
looking for a jumper?
Problem case 21
Assume the same fact as in problem case 2, except that the horse
Tsegaye bought was perfectly suited for jumping and that Ato Tsegaye was
mistaken in thinking that there would be an Addis Ababa jumping
competition that year.
Questions: could Ato Tsegaye ask for the invalidation of the contract on
the ground that he had made a mistake? Assume that Ato Tsegaye would
not have bought the horse if he had not made the mistake.
Problem case 22

The Modern Building Co. needed a large quantity of cement for a new
ministry they were building. They negotiated with the Ethiopian cement
company and agreed that they would buy 5000 bags of cement at a price
of 1 birr per kilo. The typist for the cement company typed up the
agreement and the representatives of both parties signed it.
Unfortunately, the secretary typed 2 birr per kilo instead of 1.
After the cement was delivered, the cement company asked the building
company to pay $250,000 or 2 birr per kilo for 5000 bags of cement, each
bag having contained 50 kilos of cement. In the meantime, the market
price of cement had gone up to 2 birr per kilo and the building company
went to court and asked the court to invalidate the contract on the
grounds that a fundamental mistake had been made in the contract.
Questions: Should the Modern Building Co's request be granted? why or
why not? Is the cement company's claim to payment at the rate of 2 birr
per kilo wellfounded? Why or why not?
Problem case 23
Ato Mengesha held two 10 Gasha farms near Adama and advertised in the
newspaper that "I have a 10 Gasha farm near Adama that I want to lease,"
Ato Tesfaye read this advertisement in Addis Ababa and wrote to Ato
Mengesha, asking how much he was asking for the farm. The parties
finally reached an agreement on the price and concluded the contract one
day when Ato Mengesha was in Addis Ababa. The contract said that "Ato
Mengesa hereby leases his 10 Gasha farm near Adama to Ato Tesfaye."
Ato Tesfaye later went to Adama and was quite disappointed with the farm
that Ato Mengesaha said he had rented. He then learned that Ato
Mengesha had had two farms and so he claimed that Ato Mengesha was
obligated to transfer to him the possession of the other one, which in fact
was much more valuable.
Questions1 Can Ato Tesfaye insist that he has leased the better of the two
farms? Is either party obligated to the other in any way? Give reasons for
all your answers.
Questions2 What would the legal situation have been if in fact Ato
Mengesha hand not owned any farm near Adama at all?
Problem case 24
Abebe was a 75 year old scholar and a lover of fine things. One day he
was sitting serenely in an ancient church admiring some beautiful
paintings. An old priest came up and sat down next to him and said "Dear
sir, we need money to build a school here for the village children would
you be interested in buying one of those paintings for $ 20,000 the
amount we need to build the school."
Abebe was enchanted by the idea of having such a painting in his house
and so signed a contract of sale, agreeing to pay $ 20,000 for a specified
painting. In fact, however, Abebe had only $3000 and earned only $ 400
per month, all of which was necessary to his daily existence. He could not
pay what he had agreed to pay and so asked to be released from the
contract. The priest refused to release him and Abebe went to court and
asked that the contract be declared invalid because it was impossible to
pay the price.
Questions Can Abebe succeed in his action? Why or why not? Upon the
meaning of what word does the answer to this problem depend? What is
the legal meaning of the word in this context? Is it at all legally relevant?

Problem case 25
The owner of a large citrus fruit farm made a contract with an Addis Ababa
canning factory in which the farmer agreed to supply all of the factory's
requirements of oranges for a period of five years. The contract stated a
price of 2 birr per kilo, which was slightly below the market price of
oranges in Addis Ababa at the time the contract was made. After the first
three years had passed, the requirements of the factory for oranges rose
very rapidly and so did the market price of oranges.
Questions Can the farmer refuse to perform the contract on the ground
that the quantity to be delivered was insufficiently specified in the
contract? Why or why not? Be sure to consult both the relevant general
rules and those that relate particularly to the kind of contract present in
this case what kind of a contract is this in terms of the civil code
classification?
Problem case 26

Kassaye was a notorious gambler and organizer of house of prostitution in

major Ethiopia cities. One day he approached Shimelis, and Shimelis was
well aware of Kassaye's profession but was swayed by the high rent
offered for the house. He therefore rented the house to him of a three-
year lease at $ 4000 per month. Kassaye immediately organized
prostitution in this house and as the months passed Shimelis began to
suffer from the scorn of the community. Meanwhile, rents were generally
rising and the $ 4000 figure seemed to be too low rather than too high.
Finally, from shame and greed Shimelis went to court and asked that the
lease be declared to be of no effect.
Questions Should the court grant Shimelis's request? Why or why not?
The answer hinges on the word "impossibility." In this legal context,
"impossibility" means objective impossibility, not subjective difficulty.
It is legally relevant because it's a defense against contract enforcement.
A contract is only voidable if performance is truly impossible for anyone,
not just inconvenient or financially challenging for one party.
No
The question concerns whether the citrus farmer can avoid the contract
due to insufficiently specified quantity. The core issue is whether the
contract's "all the factory's requirements" clause is sufficiently definite to
be enforceable.
The farmer cannot refuse to perform. While the exact quantity wasn't
specified upfront, the contract's "all the factory's requirements" clause is
the factory's requirements" clause is considered sufficiently definite. This
is a requirements contract, a common type of contract where one party
agrees to supply all the other party's needs for a specific good or service
over a period. Such contracts are generally enforceable, even if the exact
quantity isn't known at the outset. The fluctuating market price doesn't
invalidate the contract; it's a risk the farmer assumed when entering the
agreement. This is a requirements contract under civil code classification.
No
This case presents a contract dispute involving an illegal activity. The core
issue is whether the court should invalidate a lease agreement due to the
tenant's illegal use of the property.
The legality of the contract is central to the court's decision.
The court should not grant Shimelis's request to declare the lease void.
While Shimelis was aware of Kassaye's illegal activities, the lease itself is
not inherently illegal. The contract is for the rental of property, a legal act.
Kassaye's subsequent use of the property for illegal purposes doesn't
automatically invalidate the contract. Shimelis's shame and greed are not
sufficient legal grounds to break the contract. He entered into a legally
binding agreement and must fulfill his obligations unless there is a valid
legal
Here are further explanations.
• Option A: This option would incorrectly invalidate a legally sound
contract based on the tenant's actions after the contract was formed. The
contract itself is for the rental of property, which is legal.
• Option B: This option fails to recognize the legal distinction between the
legality of the contract and the tenant's subsequent illegal use of the
property. The lease agreement is not inherently illegal.
• Option C: This option incorrectly suggests that Shimelis's knowledge of
Kassaye's activities automatically invalidates the contract. While his
knowledge might be relevant in other contexts, it doesn't automatically
void the lease.
The question asks whether Abebe can successfully argue that the contract
is invalid due to impossibility of performance. The core issue revolves
around whether the contract's price is considered impossible to pay given
Abebe's financial situation.
Abebe will likely not succeed. While his financial situation is dire, the
contract itself is not impossible to perform. Impossibility typically refers to
objective impossibility, meaning the performance is impossible for
anyone, not just Abebe. He could theoretically save money over time or
seek alternative financing. The court is unlikely to invalidate a contract
simply because one party lacks the immediate financial resources to fulfill
their obligations.
The question concerns the conflict of laws principles applicable to
contracts and the validity of an oral contract of guarantee. The governing
law for the formal validity of the contract is determined by the lex loci
contractus, which is the law of the place where the contract was made.
Since the contract was made in Djibouti, Djiboutian law governs its formal
validity, regardless of where the case is instituted.
Here are further explanations.
• Option A: This option incorrectly suggests that Ethiopian law governs the
formal validity of the contract. The place of contracting is the determining
factor, not the forum.
• Option B: This option is incorrect because it focuses on the substantive
validity of the contract, not the formal validity.

1. Ato Kebede waxa uu Amare ku siiyey warqad aan shaabad lahayn oo uu

ku joogo Kenya.

Sida uu qabo sharciga Kenya, rasiidhka aan shaabadda lahayn laguma

tiirsan karo maxkamadaha Kenya.

Amare ayaa dacwad ka gudbiyay Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka ee ka

dhanka ah Kebede.

1. Halkee maraysaa rasiidhka aan shaabada lahayn ee maxkamada

Itoobiya?
2. Miyuu qofku ku adkaysan karaa in sharciga Kenya uu yahay mid cad oo
aanu u baahnayn in uu saamayn ku yeesho ansaxnimada rasmiga ah ee
rasiidhka kaas oo lagu tiirsan karo maxkamada Itoobiya?

1. Heshiis afka ah oo dammaanad ah ayaa lagu galay Jabuuti. Aynu ka soo

qaadno in heshiiskani yahay mid sax ah oo la fulin karo si waafaqsan
sharciga Jabuuti. Kiis ayaa laga furay maxkamad ku taal Itoobiya.
Sharcigee ayaa xukuma ansaxnimada rasmiga ah ee heshiiska? Waa
maxay mowqifka sharciga Itoobiya ee ku saabsan qandaraaska
dammaanadda ee afka laga sameeyo?

1.Haweenay Ethiopian ah oo degan Masar waxay si mutadawacnimo ah u

dhiibtay xuquuqdeeda iyada oo ay Itoobiya ku kalsoon tahay qaab
qancisay sharciga gudaha Itoobiya, balse ku xad-gudbay sharciga Masar.

1. U hoggaansanaan la'aantu ma tahay arrin cillad ah qaab ama habraac?

Dhibka Labaad

Ato Abebe ayaa fal xaqdaro ah kula galay dalka Itoobiya shirkad gaar ah
oo shaararka soo saarta dalka Kenya. Sababtoo ah ficilka Aabe Abebe
ganacsiga shirkadda ayaa si weyn u saameeya. Maamulaha shirkadu waxa
uu go’aansaday in uu maxkamadda sare ee federaalka ee Addis Ababa ka
furo dacwad ka dhan ah Aebee oo uu kuugu yimaado si aad talo sharci ah
u doonto. Shirkaddu waxay ka diiwaan gashan tahay Itoobiya.

Sharci wadankee ayaad u malaynaysaa in lagu dabaqi karo dacwada?

Qaybta II: Dhibaatooyinka

Dhibka Koowaad

Ka soo qaad in Ato Asmare uu ku dhaawacmay shil baabuur oo ka

dhashay cilad ku timid baabuurka. Baabuurka ayuu ka iibsaday shirkad
gaar ah oo ku taal Itoobiya. Wuxuu kuu imaanayaa si uu talo sharci u
raadsado. Baabuurkan ayaa waxaa soo saartay shirkadda C ee dalka
Japan.

1. Xeerkee ayaa xukumaya magdhawga uu Caato Asmare ka soo gaadhay

cilada gaadhiga?

2. Ato Asmare ma dacwayn karaa shirkada C ee samaysay gaadhiga ?

Haddii ay sidaas tahay sharcigee, sharciga Itoobiya ama Japan?

3. Ka soo qaad in baabuurka sucuudiga la dhigay halkii uu Ato kebede ka

soo iibsaday. Ato Asmare ayaa gaadhiga ka soo iibiyay Ato Kebede ee
dalka Itoobiya. Sharcigee ayaa xukumaya sheegashada waxyeelada uu
geystay baabuurka la ogaaday inuu cilladaysan yahay? Miyay, haddii
sharciga ciqaabta Itoobiya la dabaqo, sheegashadu waa mid waarta oo
liddi ku ah shirkadda? Ato Kebede?

Markaad si fiican u akhrido qoraalka, ka jawaab su'aalaha iyo

dhibaatooyinka soo socda.

Qaybta I: Su'aalo

1. Waa maxay doorashada soo jireenka ah ee xukunka sharciga ee

kiisaska ciqaabta ah ee lagu aqoonsaday inta badan xukunada?

2. Sharaxaad ka bixi faraqa aasaasiga ah ee u dhexeeya habka

doorashada sharciyada ee u dhexeeya dib u soo celinta Koowaad ee
Maraykanka iyo soo celinta labaad. Aqoonso sababaha qasabka ka dhigay
u wareejinta habraaca soo celinta labaad.

3. Waa maxay arrimaha ay tahay in la tixgeliyo si loo go'aamiyo xaaladda

xiriirka ugu muhiimsan ee Mareykanka ee Dib-u-soo-celinta Labaad ee
sharciyada isku dhaca?

4. Waa maxay xeerka hagaya doorashada sharciga ee jirdilka guud ahaan

Yurub?

5. Ma garan kartaa kala duwanaanshaha habka u dhexeeya soo jeedinta

Rome II iyo dib u soo celinta Labaad ee Maraykanka?

6. Maxaa ka reeban ayaa diyaar u ah doorashada guud ee sharciga ee

ciqaabta ee hoos timaada soo jeedinta Rome II? Miyay leeyihiin wax xiriir
ah oo ku saabsan iskahorimaadka sharciyada Itoobiya?

7. Waa maxay habka hagaya doorashada sharciga ee ku cad sharciga

qabyada ah ee federaalka?

8. Waa maxay dhaqanka maxkamadaha Itoobiya marka ay doortaan

sharciga lagu dhaqmi karo ee lagu maamulayo falalka jirdilka ah?

9. Midda aan kor ku soo xusnay keebaa ku habboon in Itoobiya ay raacdo

qaabka loo dooranayo sharciga? Waa maxay sababtu?

10. Maxaad soo jeedinaysaa in la hagaajiyo qodobada soo jeedinta

Federaalka qabyo ah sharciyada qodobada ka hadlaya doorashada
sharciga ee togan? Faallo guud ka dhiibo.

11. Itoobiya miyay ansixisay heshiiskii Hague ee My 1971 ee sharciga lagu

dabaqi karo shilalka wadooyinka?

Qaybta II: Kiisas mala awaal ah

Kiis Kowaad
Mr. Sandiago waa muwaadin u dhashay Giriiga oo ganacsi faa'iido leh ku
leh Itoobiya, Diridhaba; Waxa uu leeyahay xaas ku soo laabtay Greece,
Mrs.

Laura Sandiago. Wuxuu ku noolaa magaalada Diridhaba tobankii sano ee

lasoo dhaafay, sanad walba hal mar ayuu booqan jiray xaaskiisa. Waxa
kale oo uu lahaa laba wiil oo midna guur ugu dhashay Itoobiya, oo uu
dhalay hooyo Xabashi ah, midna waxa ay u dhashay xaaskiisa Laura, oo u
dhalatay Giriiga, kuna dhalatay Giriigga. Waxa uu Caymis nololeed ku
leeyahay Shirkadda Caymiska ee Awash, kaas oo uu ku sheegay qaybta ka
faa'iidaystaha "haddii ay dhacdo in aan dhinto bixi xaaskaygii aan
guursaday ee sharciga ah iyo carruurtayda qaanuunka buuxa".

Mr. Sandiago ayaa shil baabuur ku dhintay isagoo ka soo safray

magaalada Diridhaba kuna sii jeeday magaalada Addis ee magaalada
Adama.

Meherka Mr. Sandiago iyo Laura ayaa lagu dabaaldegay Spain, Madrid.
Sharciga qoyska ee Spain wuxuu dhigayaa in dabaaldega guurka aan si
sax ah loo qaban ilaa lammaanaha mustaqbalka ay soo saaraan
shahaadada HIV, taas oo Sandiago iyo Laura aysan u hoggaansamin.

Male: Sharciga qoyska ee Giriiga wuxuu ogol yahay sharciga xaas buuxa

si ay u dhaxasho afar meelood meel ka mid ah saamiga hantida ninka

marka lagu daro qaybta kala bar hantida guud ee ay heli doonto sida
naag. Waxaa intaa dheer, sharcigu ma ogola in ilmo aan xalaal ahayn uu
dhaxlo aabbihiis.

Haddaba, adigoo ka duulaya xaqiiqooyinka aan kor ku soo sheegnay iyo

xaqiiqada lagu sheegi doono su’aalaha, ka jawaab su’aalahan soo socda.

1. Ka soo qaad in maxkamadaha Itoobiya ay awood u leeyihiin

maxkamaduna ay raacdo habka doorashada qadiimiga ah ee sharciga,
waxayna maxkamaddu dejisay arrimo ku saabsan ansaxnimada guurka
Mr.Sandiago iyo Miss. Laura. Sharcigee ayaa lagu maamulaa dacwada?

2. Sharcigee baa xukumaya dacwadda ku saabsan dhaxal-wareejinta

Ganacsiga Marxuumka? Xaaska iyo wiilkeedu xaq ma u yeelan lahaayeen
inay guulaystaan?

3. Inanka Xabashida ah ma soo dhex geli karaa oo ma sheegan karaa ka

qaybqaadashada kala dambaynta?

Dacwada Labaad

Ato Selamu, oo u dhashay dalka Itoobiya, ayaa ku dhintay isaga oo ku nool

Giriiga, isaga oo ka tagay guurtida Itoobiya iyo Giriiga, iyo guurguurta
Giriigga. Dardaarankiisa, Ato Selamu wuxuu hantidiisii Itoobiya siiyay
Mustafekiisii wacnaa, hantidiisii Giriiga wuxuu u dhiibay wiil uu adeer u
yahay.

Demeke oo haysta ribo hooyadiis Alemitu muddo 20 sano ah. Wiilka keliya
ee Ato Selamu Zeleke ayaa ku andacoonaya in sharciga Giriigga ee
dhaxalka ah uu xaq u leeyahay nus (1/2) hantida qaybtiisa sharciga ah.
Sidaa darteed Zeleke wuxuu ku doodayaa in dardaarankii aabbihii aanu
ansax ahayn. Haddaba iyadoo laga duulayo xaqiiqooyinka kor ku xusan,
ka jawaab su'aalaha soo socda:

1. Iyadoo lagu salaynayo sharci intee le'eg ayaa lagu maamulayaa

dardaaranka ku saabsan guuritaanka? Ka waran waxyaalaha ma guurtada
ah?

2. Ka soo qaad in markhaatifurka khabiirku uu shaaca ka qaaday in

maxkamadaha Giriigga ay tixraaci doonaan

Sharciga Itoobiya oo ah sharciga jinsiyadda Ato Selamu ee ku saabsan

guuritaanka iyo ma guurtada, sharcigee ayaad u malaynaysaa inuu kiiska
ku maamuli doono?

9.6 Su'aalaha dib u eegista

Kadib markaad si fiican u akhrido qoraalka, fadlan ka jawaab su'aalaha iyo

dhibaatooyinka soo socda

Su'aalo

1. Maxay yihiin arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee ka dhalan kara hay'adda

kiisaska ay ku jiraan xubno shisheeye

2. Waa maxay xeerka ugu muhiimsan ee xukuma doorashada sharciga ee

khuseeya abuurista xiriirka wakaalad?

3. Waa maxay tillaabooyinka lagu go'aaminayo in xidhiidhka wakaalad

gaar ahi uu leeyahay xidhiidhka ugu muhiimsan iyo in kale?

4. Ma kula tahay in aan ku dabaqno habkan sharciga dawladda ee

xidhiidhka ugu muhiimsan ee xaaladda Itoobiya si loo xalliyo kiisaska
wakaalad ay ku jiraan xubno shisheeye? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

5. Waxaa la sheegay in isla xeerarkii lagu kala dooran lahaa sharciga ee

kiisaska qandaraasyada ay sidoo kale xukumaan deymaha ka dhasha
iskaashiga iyo la-hawlgalayaasha oo dhinac ah iyo qof saddexaad oo
dhinaca kale ah. Maxaad u malaynaysaa in uu yahay caqligalka ka
dambeeya xeerkan? Ma fiicnaan lahayd in sharcigan lagu dabaqo
maxkamadaha Itoobiya? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

6. Sharcigee ayaa xukumaya abuurista iyo kala dirida shirkadaha marka

ay jiraan xaalado isku dhac ah?
7. Sideen u xalin karnaa arrimaha la xiriira mas'uuliyadda shirkaddu ku
leedahay deyn-bixiyeyaasheeda marka ay jiraan khilaafaad sharci?
Sharcigee ayaa lagu maamulaa arrintan?

8. Ma ku habboonaan lahayd haddii Itoobiya ay qaadato habka ku xusan

Dib-u-celinta Labaad ee Maraykanka si ay ula macaamilaan doorashada
sharciga ee la xidhiidha shirkadaha?

9. Waa sidee mowqifka ku dhawaaqista shuruucda qabyada ah ee

federaalka Itoobiya ee ku saabsan arrinta wakaalada, iskaashiga iyo
shirkadaha? (Lafo-gur qodobbada ku-dhawaaqida sharciga qabyada ah ee
Federaalka).

Dhibaatooyinka iyo Su'aalaha Ku Saabsan Samaynta Qandaraasyada*

Dhibaatada 1

Markii Lemma uu ahaa 15 jir, isaga iyo aabihiis, Tefera waxay

go'aansadeen inuu aado dugsi gaar ah oo ku yaal Addis Ababa. Dugsigan
wuxuu ka qaadi jiray kharashka waxbarashada $75 sannadkii, taasoo
Lemma aanu awoodin. Tefera wuu bixin karay kharashka dugsiga, laakiin
wuxuu u maleeyay in Lemma uu si adag uga shaqayn doono dugsiga
haddii uu isagu iska bixiyo. Tefera, sidaas darteed, waxa uu la xidhiidhay
saaxiibkiis, Yilma, kaas oo diyaar u ahaa in uu Lemma ku amaahiyo $75
sannadkii dugsigiisa. Tefera, dabadeed, waxa uu Lemma u oggolaaday in
uu amaahdo lacagta Lemma, Yilma-na waxa uu sameeyay qandaraaska,
kaas oo dhigaya in Yilma uu amaahdo $75 sannadkii iyo in Lemma uu dib
u bixiyo lacagtan, oo leh ribo, laba sano gudahood marka uu dhammeeyo
dugsiga.

Lemma lacagtaas ayuu helay oo Addis Ababa ku yaallay iskuul. Markii uu

dugsiga dhammeeyey waxa uu helay shaqo, laakiin waxa uu diiday in uu
dib u bixiyo lacagtii. Waxa uu ku andacoodey in uu ahaa arday faqiir ah,
lacagta uu soo amaahday, sidaas darteed, aysan waxba u tarayn, haddii
uu ka weynaan lahaana aanu waligii lacag amaahin. Yilma ayaa Lemma ku
dacweeyay dib u soo celinta lacagta.

Su'aalo: Talaabada Yilma ma guulaysanaysaa? Hubi inaad fahantay

xaqiiqooyinka ka dibna go'doomi oo si sax ah u sheeg dhibaatooyinka
sharci ee kala duwan ee la soo bandhigay. Ugu dambeyntii, go'aanso waxa
ay yihiin jawaabaha arrimaha sharciga iyo qodobbada sharci ee lagu
dabaqi karo.

Dhibaatooyinka kiiska 2

Lemma oo 15 jir ah wuxuu inta badan ka gatay agabka dugsiga dukaanka

taagan ee xaafadda. Mararka qaarkood, aabbihiis, Tefera, ayaa la joogi
jiray isaga oo mar u sheegay Yilma, mulkiilaha dukaanka, inuu u
oggolaado Lemma inuu maareeyo arrimihiisa maalinlaha ah. Muddo ka
dib, Tefera wuxuu ogaaday in Lemma uu lacag ku luminayo khamaarka
asxaabtiisa, wuxuuna kula taliyay inuusan lacagtiisa dib u bixin ilaa uu ka
weynaado. Lemma taas ma uu aqbalin oo, ka dib markii uu lacag ka
qaatay aabbihiis surwaalka habeen, wuxuu iibsaday buug qaali ah om
Yilma. Tefera markii uu arrinkaas ogaaday, aad buu u xanaaqay, buuggii
oo markaas yara dhaawacmay ayuu dib ugu celiyay Yilma, wuxuuna
dalbaday in lacagta Lemma uu bixiyay loo soo celiyo. Dalabkaas waxa uu
u cuskaday doodda ah in Lemma uu yahay qof aan qaan-gaar ahayn,
qandaraaskuna yahay, sidaa awgeed; ku xiran tahay sharci darro.

Su'aalo: Sheegashada Tefera sharci ahaan miyaa si wanaagsan loo

saleeyay? Go'doomi arrimaha oo ka jawaab iyaga

Dhibaatada 3

Saldhigga qodobbada koodhka gaarka ah. Yuusuf waxa uu aaday Shirkada

Baabuurta waxa uuna waydiistay in uu gato baabuur. Yuusuf waxa uu
ahaa dhibbanaha cudur carruurnimo oo uu lahaa timo cirro iyo muuqaalka
guud ee odayga. Laakiin dhab ahaantii wuxuu jiray saddex iyo toban sano
oo keliya. Yuusuf waxa uu ogolaaday in uu bixiyo kala badh qiimaha iibka
ah ee E$30000 isla markiiba iyo inta ka hadhay qiimaha dhamaadka
bisha. Shirkadda Gawaadhida ayaa keentay daryeelka markii ugu
horeysay ee Yuusuf uu kaxeeyay waxa uu ku burburiyay dhismo.
Baabuurka waa la dumiyey oo waxa uu qiimihiisu ahaa E$5000 oo kaliya.

Macallinka Yosef ayaa markaa dacweeyay shirkadda baabuurta, isaga oo

dalbanaya in $15000 ee Yuusuf uu bixiyay dib loo bixiyo. Shirkadda
Gawaadhida ayaa xaraysay counter-dacwad $15000 ah oo wali ka
hadhsan in lagu bixiyo baabuurka.

Su'aalo: Sheegashada ama counter-counter-ku ma guulaysan doonaa?

Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

Dhibaatada 4

Bekeletch oo 17 jir ah ayaa waxaa jiiray gaari uu watay Mebratu wuuna

dhaawacmay. Sidaas darteed, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay Mebratu
inay bixiso Bekeletch $750 magdhow ahaan dhibkii ay ka soo gaadhay
shilka, wuuna bixiyay. Bekeletch lacagtaas ayuu u isticmaalay si uu dalxiis
ugu tago Bariga Afrika. Markii ay soo laabatay, waxay gaartay da'da
siddeed iyo toban jir waxayna tagtay maxkamadda waxayna codsatay
amar lagu amrayo Mebratu inuu bixiyo $750 dheeraad ah si ay ugu
qanacdo xukunka.
Su'aalo: Codsiga Bekeletch ma la ogolyahay? Waa maxay sababta ama
maya?

Dhibaatada 5

Assefa iyo walaalkii Gebre waxay rabeen inay iibsadaan lebiska kubbadda
cagta, waxayna markaas galeen dukaanka ciyaaraha ee Novice waxayna
waydiisteen inay iibsadaan hal lebis. Bakhaarlihii baa weydiiyey da'dooda,
labadooduba waxay ku jawaabeen, "Siddeed iyo toban jir, mudane."
Bakhaarkii ayaa yidhi. “Ma waxaad tahay siddeed iyo toban jir?” “Haa,
mudane” ayay wiilashu ku yidhaahdeen, Bakhaarlihii baa ka iibiyay
dirayskii, maadaama ay u ekaayeen ugu yaraan siddeed iyo toban, laakiin
dhab ahaantii Gebre waxa uu ahaa 16 jir, Assefana waxa uu ahaa 17 jir.

Ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee kubbadda cagta ee ay ciyaaraan, Assefa iyo

Gebre-dareeska ayaa si xun loo jeexjeexay. Waxay dib ugu celiyeen
dukaanka ciyaaraha ee Novice waxayna waydiisteen in loo soo celiyo
lacagtoodii iyagoo sabab uga dhigaya inay waayeen awood ay ku galaan
qandaraas.

Su'aalo: Dukaanka isboortiga ee Novice ma inuu soo celiyo lacagtoodii oo

uu dib u soo ceshado dirayskii jeexjeexay? sababta ama maxaa diidaya?
Natiijadu miyay ka duwanaan lahayd haddii Assefa uu iibsan lahaa labada
suud iyo haddii, halkii uu u sheegi lahaa bakhaarka inuu yahay 18, uu
lahaan lahaa Gebre inuu yiraahdo, Assefa, waa 18 jir?

Dhibaatooyin kiis 6

Bekele markuu 17 jir ahaa, wuxuu lacag ka soo amaahday saaxiibkii

aabihii saaxiibkii. In kasta oo uu yaraantiisii, Bekele waxa uu ahaa qof
qaan-gaadh ah oo waayo-arag ah, si fiicanna u maamuli kara arrimihiisa
gaarka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa uu lacagtaasi ku qaatay si
nacasnimo ah,kadibna waxa uu diiday in uu dib u bixiyo isaga oo u
sababeeyay in uu yaraa markii uu amaahda qaatay iyo in uu sidaas
darteed; waajib kuma ahayn in uu dib u bixiyo.

Deyn-bixiyuhu wuxuu tagay maxkamad wuxuuna dacweeyay Bekele,

isagoo u cuskaday qodobbada 314 iyo 1702 ee xeerka madaniga ah. Isaga
oo ka jawaabaya, Bekele wuxuu soo xigtay qodobka 344 oo ku
nuuxnuuxsaday in noocyada Faransiiska iyo Amxaariga ee xeerka
madaniga ah ay tahay in lala tashado Ingiriisiga. Yaa ku guulaysan kara?

Waa maxay sababtu?

Dhibaatada 7
Tadesse waxaa dhalay nin maalqabeen ah. Laga soo bilaabo dhalashadiisa
waxa uu lahaa cillad maskaxeed oo muuqda. Wuu ku adkaaday inuu
hadlo. Aabihii wuxuu dhintay isagoo 5 jir ah, wuxuuna dhaxlay dhammaan
hantidii uu aabbihii lahaa oo ay ku jireen xoolo aad u badan. Tadesse mar
walba dadka kuma raaxaysan jirin, wuxuuna door biday inuu buuraha la
fuulo xoolaha. Tadesse wuxuu guursaday ogolaansho uu ka helay golaha
qoyska isagoo 14 jir ah, waxaana la furay laba sano ka dib. Isaga oo
todoba iyo toban jir ah ayaa waxa buurta ugu yimi nin safar ah oo
xoolihiisa u qushuucay oo u bandhigay in uu ku iibsado dibigiisii
abaalmarinta ahaa $400. Dibigu waxa uu qiimihiisu ahaa 3 jibbaar, laakiin
Tadesse waxa uu ka helay shisheeyaha oo ka iibiyey dibigii. qiimaha la
bixiyo.

Su'aalo: Tadesse iyo ninka aan aqoon ma u galeen heshiis sax ah maxaa
keenay ama u diiday?

Dhibaatada 8

Mekonnen waxa uu ahaa nin maskaxiyan daciif ah, walaalkii Xayle waxa
uu ka baqay in uu wax ku sameeyo cuqdad uu qabo. Haile, sidaas
darteed: wuxuu ka codsaday maxkamadda deegaanka ee deegaanka inay
ku dhawaaqdo dhexdhexaadin. Baaritaan sax ah ka dib, maxkamaddu
waxay bixisay caddaynta. Xayle waxa uu codsaday in la soo galiyo
diiwaanka saxda ah ee dadka la xukumay. Xaakimkii ayaa ku jawaabay in
aysan jirin diiwaankaas balse qof walba uu dhawaan ogaan doono
go’aanka. Balse go’aankaas ayaan la ogaan dadweynaha. Muddo ka dib
Mekonnen wuxuu galay qandaraas aan faa'iido lahayn.

Su'aalo: Heshiisku ma ansax ahaa? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

Dhibaatada 9

Ato Assefa iyo saaxiibkiis Blatta Beyene waxay tageen Mercato ee Addis
Ababa, halkaas oo ay ku majeerteen dhar qurxoon oo ku yaal dukaanka
Ato Yoseph. Ato Assefa wuxuu si gaar ah u jeclaa hal gabal oo u sheegay
At

o Yuusuf inuu u maleeyay inay aad u qurux badan tahay. Ato Assefa waxa
uu aaday dukaankii ku xigay isaga oo is leh waa soo noqon doona oo soo
iibin doona marada Ato Yuusuf. Dhanka kale Blatta Beyene waxa uu iska
sii joogay dukaanka Ato Joseph, waxa uuna ugu dambeyntii ku yiri Ato
Yoseph, “Waan garanayaa Ato.

Assefa ayaa iibsan doona maradaas. Bal u fiirsada in isaga laga iibiyay"

Ato Assefa ayaa dukaanka Ato Eyassu ku arkay maro uu aad uga jeclaa
midda Ato.
Dukaanka Joseph oo uu ka iibsaday Ato Eyassu, Markii uu ku laabtay
dukaanka Ato Yoseph, Ato Yoseph ayaa ka codsaday inuu bixiyo kharashka
dharka uu Blatta Beyene sheegay in loo qaadan karo in la iibin karo. Ato
Yoseph waxa uu ku yidhi Assefa, “ xidhiidh ayaanu leenahay.

Su'aal: Ato Yuusuf ma saxnaa? Hubi inaad fahantay xaqiiqooyinka kiiska

dhibaatada.

Dhibaatooyinka kiiska 10

Maalin kale, Ato Assefa wuxuu eegay marada taalla dukaanka Ato Yuusuf.
Ato Assefa aad buu u jeclaa hal xabbo oo wuxuu ku yidhi Ato Yuusuf,
"Waxaan ku iibsanayaa 16$ cadadkaas/ u fiirso in la iibiyey." Ato Yoseph
ayaa yiri "waa ogolaaday." Haddii aysan jeclayn, ma iibsan doono."

Ato Assefa ka dib wuu baxay, isagoo sheegay inuu si degdeg ah u soo
noqon doono; markuu soo noqday ayaa waxaa la socday xaaskiisii oo u
timid inay soo aragto marada. Aad bay u nacday. Ato Assefa ayaa markaa
u sheegay Ato Yuusuf in aanu doonayn marada oo aanu ula jeedin wixii uu
hore u yidhi. Ato Yoseph, ayaa ku adkeystay in Ato Assefa uu bixiyo
kharashka marada, isagoo sheegay inuu jiro heshiis dhex maray. Ato
Assefa waxa uu beeniyay in uu jiro qandaraas, waxaana uu ku saleeyay in
uusan ku tala jirin in uu si aan ka noqosho lahayn isku xiro hadaladii uu
horay u sheegay.

Su'aal: Kala tali Ato Assefa waxa laga yeelayo dalabka Ato Yoseph ee ah in
Ato Assefa uu bixiyo qiimaha marada.

Dhibaatada 11

Ato Gebre waxa uu lahaa baqal cad oo qurux badan, aad buu ugu faani
jiray baqalka aad buuna u qiimayn jiray. Dhab ahaantii, inta badan waxaa
loo soo bandhigay ilaa $100 baqalka. Maalin maalmaha ka mid ah Ato
Gebre oo fuushan baqashiisii kaniisadda markii ay siibatay, sidaas darteed
Ato Gebre ka dhigay inuu seego kaniisadda. Ato Gebre aad buu uga
cadhooday baqalkiisii oo sheegay in ay tahay neef aan qiimo lahayn. Ato
Mekonnen, oo ah saaxiibkii Ato Gebre, ayaa hadalkaas maqlay, wuxuuna
isku dayay inuu qalbi qaboojiyo Ato Gebre. Ato Gebre si kastaba ha
ahaatee, wuxuu ku adkaystay in baqalkiisu yahay makhluuq aan qiimo
lahayn, wuxuuna yidhi " waxaan ka iibinayaa qofkii iga siiya $ 10." "Xitaa
aniga?" ayuu yiri Ato Mekonnen. "Dabcan," ayuu yiri Ato Gebre, "laakin
waan ogahay inaad baqalkan aad uga baqayso oo aadan weligaa iibsan
doonin" ayuu ku jawaabay Ato Mekonnen. "Waan aqbali doonaa
yaboohaaga" oo ka soo qaatay $10 si uu u siiyo Ato Gebre. Ato Gebre aad
buu ula yaabay arrinkaas, wuxuuna yiri "Ha nacasnimo noqon!, waan
kaftamay oo kaliya." Ato Mekonnen waxa uu ku adkaystay in baqashu uu
isagu leeyahay 10$.
Su'aalo: Ato Gebre qandaraas miyuu isku xidhay inuu ka tanaasulo
baqalkiisa? Ma jiraan qodobo kood xaliya dhibaatadan? Sideed u xalin
lahayd dhibaatada haddii Ato Gebre uusan waligiis odhan waxaan ka
iibinayaa baqalka Ato Mekonnen?

Dhibaatada 12

Ato Mesfin waxa uu u tagay nin dahab-tume ah oo ku sugnaa Piazza waxa

uuna u diyaariyay inuu xaaskiisa u soo iibiyo jijin dahab ah. Dahab-tustihii
waxa uu ogolaaday in uu sameeyo gacanka oo uu diyaariyo siddeed
maalmood gudahood. Ato Mesfin wuxuu ogolaaday inuu bixiyo $75
gacanka Siddeed maalmood markii ay dhammaatay ayaa waxaa sare u
kacay qiimihii dahabka, waxaana ninkii dahablaha ahaa uu diiday in uu
Ato Mesfin gacan ka siiyo wax ka yar $90. Dahab-sameeyaha ayaa ku
dooday in maadaama aan heshiis qoraal ah la gaarin, Ato Mesfin wax xiriir
ah ma lahan.

Su'aal: dahab-tustuhu ma saxan yahay?

Dhibaatada 13

Ato Xayle waxa uu waayay faraanti aad u qiimo badan, waxa uuna ku
dhejiyay boor uu ku sheegayo in qofkii soo hela faraantiga uu siinayo 100
dollar una soo celiyo. Ato Adenew ayaa arkay calaamadan, wuxuuna
bilaabay ugaarsiga faraantiga. Maalintii xigtay ayuu Ato Xayle soo dejiyay
calaamadii. Laba maalmood ka dib, Ato Adenew ayaa helay faraantigii oo
u geeyey Ato Xayle. Wuxuu codsaday in la siiyo $100, laakiin Ato Xayle
wuxuu ku jawaabay in uu la soo baxay dalabka.

Su'aalo: Ato Xayle iyo Ato Adenew qandaraas ma leeyihiin? Hadday sidaas
tahay, goorma ayaa la dhammaystiray? Ato Xayle difaaciisa mid
wanaagsan ma yahay? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

Dhibaatada 14

Ka soo qaad xaalad xaqiiqo ah oo la mid ah kiiskii mushkiladda 5 marka

laga reebo in Ato Adenew aanu ogayn in Ato Xayle ka lumay giraanta ama
uu diyaar u yahay in uu abaal-gud bixiyo. Ka soo qaad sidoo kale in Ato
Xayle uusan soo dejin calaamadda ilaa markii uu Ato Adenew u soo
celiyay faraantiga. Wuxu helay faraanti, gartay inuu leeyahay Ato Xayle,
wuuna soo celiyay. Ato Adenew ma uusan ogaanin abaal-marintiisa ilaa
dhowr maalmood ka dib. Markii uu ogaaday, ayuu ku noqday Ato Xayle oo
uu ka codsaday abaal-marin. Ato Xayle waa uu diiday in uu bixiyo, Ato
Adenew ayaa ka dacweeyay maxkamada.

Su'aalo: Hubi inaad fahantay xaqiiqada dhibaatadan.

Waa maxay arrimaha sharci ee ay soo bandhigtay? Si taxadar leh oo sax
ah ugu sheeg qoraal. Maxaa jawaab u ah arrimahan? Ka dib markaad ka
jawaabto dhammaan arrimaha sharciga, waa inaad ka jawaabi kartaa in
Ato Haile ama Ato Adenew uu guuleysto. Natiijadu miyay ka duwanaan
doontaa haddii calaamadda la dejiyo sidii ay ahayd kiiska 5? Miyay
natiijadu ka duwanaan lahayd haddii calaamaddu si fudud u odhan lahayd
"Waan waayay ng. Fadlan ii soo celi haddaad hesho."

Dhibaatada 15

Ato Essayas waxa uu soo galiyay hoolka Ras Mekonnen ee xarunta

jaamacadda hees uu ku sheegay in uu siin doono $5 qofkii ka soo booda
jaranjarada ka soo baxda tiirka calanka ee hoolka Ras Mekonnen. In
muddo ah ka dib, iyadoo calaamaddii weli taagan tahay, ayaa koox shan
wiil ah ayaa isku kaftamayay midba midka kale wuxuu ku dhiirraday inuu
isla tillaabooyinkaas ka boodo. Qosol badan ka dib saddex wiil oo midba
midka kale ka mid ah ayaa jaranjarada ka booday, waxaana soo gaaray
dhaawacyo isbitaal la dhigay. Midkoodna wiilasha ma ogeyn dalabka
Essayas.

Su'aalo: Essayas miyuu ku qasban yahay inuu bixiyo $5 mid ka mid ah,
ama dhammaan, wiilashan?

Dhibaatada 16

Tekemt 4, Ato Yohannes wuxuu soo dhejiyay ogaysiis wargeyska oo leh,

"Waxaan halkan ku iibinayaa hal cagaf oo weyn $ 1200. Dalabkani wuxuu
fiicnaan doonaa 15 maalmood." Tekemt 25, Ato Teshome ayaa warqad u
qoray Ato Yohannes oo ku yidhi, "Waan aqbalay dalabkaaga Tekemt 4.
Waxa kuxiran waa $ 1200. Waxaan soo qaadi doonaa cagafyada dhowr
toddobaad gudahood."

Markii uu Ato Teshome u tagay in uu cagaf-cagaftii ka soo qaado

dhammaadkii Hadar, waxa uu yidhi Ato Yohannes, “Waan ka xumahay,
laakiin waxa aan go’aansaday in aanan iska iibin cagaf-cagaftii,
lacagtaagiina waa laguu soo celiyay. Ato Teshome ayaa maxkamada tagay
oo ku andacoonaya inuu qandaraas kula jiro Ato Yohannes.

Su'aalo: Ma jiraa heshiis? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

Dhibaatada 17

Ka soo qaad xaalad xaqiiqo ah oo la mid ah kiiskii mushkiladda 8 marka

laga reebo in Tekemt 6 Ato Yohannes uu ogeysiis labaad ku qoray
wargeyska, isagoo leh "Waan ka noqday dalabkii aan u fidiyey
Tekemt4" iyo Ato Teshome waxay soo gudbiyeen warqad aqbalaad ah
Tekemt 8.

Su'aalo: Ma jiraa heshiis? Waa maxay sababta ama maya

Dhibaatada 18

Tariikhdii 5-aad ayuu Ato Mebratu u qoray Ato Fasil “Waxaan halkan kuugu
soo bandhigayaa 50 kiilo oo caleen ah oo qiimihiisu yahay 5 Birr kiiladii”.
Maalintii xigtay waxa uu soo diray warqad kale oo uu ku leeyahay "Halkan
aniga oo ka noqday dalabkii Ter 5." Ka dib markii uu helay labadan
warqadood, Ato Fasil wuxuu dib ugu qoray Ato Mebratu "Waxaan halkan
ku aqbalay dalabkaaga Ter 5."

Su'aalo: Ma jiraa heshiis? Waa maxay sababta ama maya? Jawaabtu ma

ka duwanaan lahayd haddii Ato

Fasil 10 maalmood ka dib ma ka jawaabi waayey? Jawaabtu miyay ka

duwanaan lahayd haddii Ato Mebratu uu farriintiisii labaad soo diray
farriinta gaarka ah si ay u soo gaadho farriintii hore ka hor?

Dhibaatada 19

Ato Seyoum ayaa ku xayaysiiyay wargeyska in uu ku iibinayo Fiatkiisa

lacag dhan 10,000$. Ato Teferri Abebe ayaa arkay xayaysiiskii oo uu
taleefoon kula hadlay. Ato Seyoum ayaa u sheegay in uu u kaco oo uu
arko maalintaas. Ato Teferri Hailu ayaa isna arkay xayaysiiskii, wuxuuna
aaday guriga Ato Seyoum saacada kadib markii uu Ato Teferri Abebe
taleefoon kula hadlay. Teferri Hailu waxa uu kor u soo kacay albaabka
guriga Ato Seyoum, waxa uuna ku yidhi “Halow, aniga waxa aan ahay Ato
Tefferi, waxa aan jeclaan lahaa in aan soo iibiyo gaadhigaaga laakiin waxa
aan ku bixin karaa $800 oo kaliya”. Ato Seyoum wuxuu u qaatay in
ninkani yahay Teferri Abebe, wuxuuna yidhi, "Hagaag, waa hagaag,
waxaan ku iibinayaa $8000."

Markii uu Teferri Hailu ka soo saaray albaabka Fiat, Teferri Abebe ayaa soo
galay oo yidhi, "Laakiin Ato Seyoum, anigu waxaan ahay Teferri Abebe,
waxaan ku siinayaa $11000, baabuurkaas." "Oh, waa maxay qalad xun oo
aan sameeyay," ayuu ku qayliyay Ato Seyoum.

Su'aalo Ato Seyoum ma aadi karaa maxkamad oo ma burin karaa

qandaraaska uu kula jiro Ato Tefferri Hailu? Waa maxay sababta ama
maya?

Dhibaatada 20
Ato Tsegaye waxa uu ahaa ciyaaryahan Isboorti waxa uuna doonayey in
uu ku guuleysto tartanka boodboodka faraska ee Addis Ababa. Waxa uu u
tagay nin ka ganacsan jiray fardaha xaafadda oo uu eegay fardihiisii.
Waxa uu mooday in mid iyaga ka mid ahi uu aad u fiican yahay oo uu si
qurux badan u booday oo sidaas faraskaas u iibsaday. Waxa uu markii
dambe ogaaday in dhab ahaantii farasku uu ka jabay lugta oo uu halis ugu
jiro inuu mar kale ka jabo haddii uu boodo, inkastoo uu weli ku habboon
yahay fuulitaanka caadiga ah.

Ato Tsegaye waxa uu jeclaan lahaa in uu faraska u soo celiyo oo uu u soo

celiyo lacagtiisii.

Su'aalo: Sharci ahaan Ato Tsegaye xaq ma u leeyahay in loo soo celiyo
lacagtiisa? Waa maxay sababta ama maya? Miyay isbedel samaynaysaa
haddii Tsegaye uu u sheego iibiyaha inuu yahay ciyaartoyga? Inuu jecel
yahay inuu fardaha ka boodo? In uu raadinayey boodbood?

Dhibaatada 21

Ka soo qaad xaqiiqo la mid ah tan dhibka 2, marka laga reebo in faraskii
Tsegaye iibsaday uu ku habboonaa boodboodka iyo in Ato Tsegaye uu ku
qaldamay in uu u maleeyo in uu dhici doono tartanka boodboodka ee
Addis Ababa sanadkaas.

Su'aalo: Ato Tsegaye ma waydiisan karaa burburinta qandaraaska isagoo

ku salaynaya inuu khalad sameeyay? Ka soo qaad in Ato Tsegaye aanu
faraska iibsan lahayn haddaanu khalad samayn.

Dhibaatada 22

Shirkadda Dhismaha Casriga ah waxay u baahday tiro sibidh ah oo loogu

talagalay wasaarad cusub oo ay dhisayaan. Waxay la xaajoonayaan
shirkaddii Sibidhka ee Itoobiya, waxayna ku heshiiyeen inay 5000 oo kiish
oo sibidh ah ku iibsadaan kiiladii 1 Birr. Makiinadihii shirkadda sibidhka
ayaa qoray heshiiska, waxaana saxeexay wakiillada labada dhinac. Nasiib
darro, xoghayuhu waxa uu kiiladii ku qoray 2 birr halkii uu ka ahaa 1.

Ka dib markii sibidhka la keenay ayaa shirkaddii sibidhka ka codsatay

shirkaddii wax dhisaysay inay ku bixiso 5000 oo kiish oo sibidh ah
$250,000 ama 2 Birr, shandad kastana waxa ku jiray 50 kiilo oo sibidh ah.
Halkaa marka ay marayso, qiimihii sibidhka ee suuqa waxa uu gaadhay
ilaa 2 Birr kiiladiiba, shirkaddii wax dhisaysayna waxa ay la tagtay
maxkamad, waxaanay waydiisay.

e in ay maxkamaddu baabi'iso heshiiska iyada oo loo cuskanayo in khalad

aasaasi ah laga galay heshiiska.
Su'aalo: Codsiga Modern Building Co ma in la oggolaadaa? sababta ama
maxaa diidaya? Sheegashada shirkadda sibidhka ee ah in ay ku bixiso 2
birr kiiladiiba ma tahay mid xaqiiqo ah? Waa maxay sababta ama maya?

Dhibaatada 23

Ato Mengesha waxa uu ku qabtay laba 10 beerood oo Gaashaa ah oo u

dhaw Adama, waxaanu ku xayaysiiyay jaraa’idka “Waxaan ku leeyahay
Adama 10 beer oo Gaashaa ah oo aan rabo in aan kireeyo” ayuu Ato
Tesfaye xayaysiiskan ka akhriyay Adis ababa wuxuuna warqad u qoray Ato
Mengesha isaga oo waydiinaya imisa ayuu ku fadhiyaa. weydiiso beerta.
Dhinacyada ayaa ugu dambayntii heshiis ka gaadhay qiimihii la kala
siistay, waxaanay heshiiskaasi soo gabagabeeyeen maalin uu Ato
Mengesha ku sugnaa Addis Ababa. Qandaraasku wuxuu yidhi "Ato
Mengesa wuxuu halkan 10 beertiisa Gasha oo u dhow Adama ka kireeyey
Ato Tesfaye."

Ato Tesfaye ayaa markii danbe aaday Adama oo aad uga niyad jabay
beertii uu Ato Mengesaha sheegay inuu kiraystay. Dabadeed waxa uu
ogaaday in Ato Mengesha uu lahaa laba beerood, sidaa awgeed waxa uu
ku andacoodey in Ato Mengesha ay ku qasban tahay in uu ku wareejiyo
midda kale, taas oo runtii aad uga qiimo badan.

Su'aalo1 Ato Tesfaye ma ku adkeysan karaa inuu kireeyay labada beerood

ee wanaagsan? Labada dhinac midna sinaba ma ku khasban yahay kan
kale? Sheeg sababaha dhammaan jawaabahaaga.

Su'aalo2 Sidee xaalku ahaan lahaa haddii Ato Mengesha aanu gacantiisa
ku lahayn beer ku dhow Adama gabi ahaanba?

Dhibaatada 24

Abebe waxa uu ahaa aqoonyahan 75 jir ah, jecelna waxyaabaha

wanaagsan. Maalin maalmaha ka mid ah ayuu si deggan u fadhiyay
kaniisad qadiimi ah isaga oo la dhacsan sawirro qurux badan. Wadaad
oday ah ayaa u soo baxay oo soo ag fadhiistay oo ku yidhi “Mudane,
waxaanu u baahanahay lacag aanu halkan ugu dhisno dugsi carruurta
reer miyiga ah, miyaad xiisaynaysaa inaad mid ka mid ah sawiradaas ku
soo iibsatid $20,000 oo ah lacagta aanu u baahannahay dhismaha
dugsiga. "

Abebe waxa aad ula dhacay fikradda ah in sawir noocan oo kale ah lagu
haysto gurigiisa, sidaas darteedna uu u saxeexay qandaraas iib ah, isaga
oo ku heshiiyey in uu bixiyo $20,000 oo ah rinjiyeyn cayiman. Dhab
ahaantii, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Abebe wuxuu haystay $ 3000 oo keliya,
wuxuuna heli jiray $ 400 oo keliya bishii, kuwaas oo dhammaantood
lagama maarmaan u ahaa nolol maalmeedkiisa. Waxa uu bixin waayay
wixii uu ku heshiiyey in uu bixiyo sidaas darteed waxa uu codsaday in laga
sii daayo qandaraaska. Wadaadkii wuu diiday in la sii daayo Abebe ayaa
maxkamada tagay wuxuuna codsaday in qandaraaska lagu caddeeyo inuu
yahay mid aan waxba ka jirin sababtoo ah waa suurtogal in la bixiyo
qiimaha.

Su'aalo Abebe ma ku guulaysan karaa ficilkiisa? Waa maxay sababta ama

maya? Marka loo eego macnaha kelmedee ayay jawaabta dhibaatadani ku
xidhan tahay? Waa maxay macnaha sharciga ah ee erayga macnaha
guud? Haba yaraatee miyay sharci ahaan khusaysaa?

Dhibaatada 25

Mulkiilaha beerta weyn ee khudaarta liinta ayaa heshiis kula galay

warshada gasacadaha ee Addis Ababa taasoo beeralaydu ogolaatay inay
muddo shan sano ah ku keento dhammaan shuruudaha warshadda Liinta.
Qandaraasku waxa uu ku sheegay qiimihiisu 2 Birr kiiladii, kaas oo wax
yar ka hooseeya qiimihii Liinta ee Addis Ababa wakhtiga qandaraaska la
samaynayey. Saddexdii sano ee ugu horreysay ka dib, waxa si xawli ah kor
ugu kacay shuruudihii warshadda Liinta, sidoo kale waxa kor u kacay
qiimihii suuqa ee Liinta.

Su'aalo Ma u diidi karaa beeralayda inuu fuliyo qandaraaska isagoo sabab

uga dhigaya in tirada la keenayo ay tahay mid aan ku filnayn in lagu
qeexo heshiiska? Waa maxay sababta ama maya? Hubi inaad la tashato
xeerarka guud ee khuseeya iyo kuwa la xidhiidha gaar ahaan nooca
qandaraaska ee kiiskan waa maxay nooca qandaraas kani marka loo eego
soocidda xeerka madaniga ah?

Dhibaatada 26

Kassaye waxa uu ahaa khamaar caan ah oo abaabuli jiray guryaha sinada

ee magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Itoobiya. Maalin maalmaha ka mid ah
ayuu u yimid Shimelis, Shimelisna aad buu u garanayay mihnadda
Kassaye, balse waxaa la dhacay kirada guriga oo aad u badan. Sidaa
darteed waxa uu ka kireeyay gurigii heshiis kiro ah oo saddex sano ah oo
dhan $4000 bishii. Kasaaye ayaa isla markiiba gurigan ka abaabulay
dhillaysi, iyadoo bilihii laga soo gudbayna Shimelis waxa uu bilaabay in uu
la ildaran yahay quudhsiga bulshada. Dhanka kale, kirada guud ahaan
waa kor u kacday oo tirada $4000 waxay u muuqatay mid aad u hoosaysa
halkii ay aad u sarraysay. Ugu dambayntii, xishood iyo hunguri-xumo
darteed Shimelis waxa uu tegay maxkamad oo uu ka codsaday in
heshiiskaas la caddeeyo in aanu waxba ka jirin.

Su'aalo Miyay tahay in Maxkamaddu ay oggolaato codsiga Shimelis? Waa

maxay sababta ama maya?
Jawaabtu waxay ku xidhan tahay kelmadda "macquul maaha." Xaaladdan
sharciga ah, "macnaha" macnaheedu waa suurtogal la'aan, maaha
dhibaato shakhsi ahaaneed.

Sharci ahaan waa mid khuseeya sababtoo ah waa difaac ka dhan ah

fulinta qandaraasyada. Qandaraasku waa mid aan waxba ka jirin oo keliya
haddii wax qabadku run ahaantii aan suurtogal ahayn qof kasta, ma aha
oo kaliya mid aan ku habboonayn ama dhaqaale ahaan u adag hal dhinac.

Maya

Su'aashu waxay khusaysaa in beeralayda liinta uu ka ilaalin karo heshiiska

sababtoo ah tiro aan ku filnayn. Arrinka xudunta u ah ayaa ah in
qandaraaska "dhammaan shuruudaha warshadda" uu yahay mid ku filan
oo qeexan in la dhaqangelinayo.

Beeralaygu ma diidi karo inuu wax qabto. Iyadoo tirada saxda ah aan hore
loo cayimin, qandaraaska "dhammaan shuruudaha warshadda" ayaa ah
qodobka

Shuruudaha warshadda" faqradda waxaa loo arkaa inay si ku filan tahay

qeexan. Tani waa shuruudo qandaraas, waa nooc ka mid ah
qandaraasyada caadiga ah halkaas oo dhinac uu ku heshiiyo inuu bixiyo
dhammaan baahiyaha dhinaca kale ee alaab gaar ah ama adeeg muddo
ah. Qandaraasyada noocaan ah guud ahaan waa la dhaqan gelin karaa,
xitaa haddii tirada saxda ah aan la ogeyn bilowga hore. Isbeddelka
qiimaha suuqa ma burinayo heshiiska; waa khatar uu beeralaydu u qaatay
markii uu heshiiska galayay. Kani waa heshiis shuruudeed oo hoos
imanaya kala soocidda xeerka madaniga ah.

Maya

Kiiskan ayaa soo bandhigaya muran qandaraas oo ku lug leh hawlo sharci
darro ah. Arrinka ugu muhiimsan waa haddii ay maxkamaddu burinayso
heshiiska kirada sababtoo ah kiraystaha ayaa si sharci darro ah u
isticmaalay hantida.

Sharci ahaanshiyaha heshiiska ayaa udub dhexaad u ah go'aanka

maxkamada.

Maxkamaddu waa in aanay siin codsiga Shimelis ee ah in uu heshiiskaas

buray.

Iyadoo Shimelis uu ka warqabay dhaq-dhaqaaqyada sharci darrada ah ee

Kassaye, heshiiska kiradu maaha mid sharci darro ah. Qandaraasku waa
kiraynta hantida, waa fal sharci ah.

Kassaye u isticmaalka dambe ee hantida ujeeddooyin sharci darro ah si

toos ah uma burinayo heshiiska. Shimelis ceebtiisa iyo hungurigu kuma
filna sababo sharci oo uu ku jabiyo heshiiska. Wuxuu galay heshiis sharci
ah, waana inuu guto waajibaadkiisa haddii uusan jirin sharci sax ah

Halkan waxaa ah sharraxaad dheeraad ah.

Doorashada A: Doorashadani waxay si khaldan u burinaysaa heshiis sharci

ah oo ku salaysan ficilada kiraystaha kadib marka heshiiska la sameeyo.
Qandaraaska laftiisa ayaa loogu talagalay kiraynta hantida, taas oo sharci
ah.

Ikhtiyaarka B: Doorashadani waxay ku guul daraysatay inay aqoonsato

farqiga sharci ee u dhexeeya sharcinimada heshiiska iyo kiraystaha ee ku
xiga isticmaalka sharci darrada ah ee hantida. Heshiiska kiradu maaha
mid sharci darro ah.

Doorashada C: Doorashadani waxay si khaldan u soo jeedinaysaa in

aqoonta Shimelis ee hawlaha Kassaye ay si toos ah u burinayso heshiiska.
Iyadoo aqoontiisa laga yaabo inay khusayso xaaladaha kale, si toos ah
uma burinayso heshiiska.

Su'aashu waxay waydiinaysaa in Abebe uu si guul leh ugu doodi karo in

qandaraasku uu buray sababtoo ah wax-qabad la'aan. Arrinka udub-
dhexaadku wuxuu ku saabsan yahay in qiimaha qandaraaska loo arko mid
aan la bixin karin marka la eego xaaladda dhaqaale ee Abebe.

Abebe ma guulaysan doono. Inkasta oo xaaladdiisa dhaqaale ay aad u xun

tahay, qandaraaska laftiisa maaha mid aan suurtagal ahayn in la fuliyo.
Suuro-gal la'aantu waxay caadi ahaan tilmaamaysaa suurtogal la'aanta
ujeeddada, taasoo la micno ah in wax qabadku aanu qofna suurtogal
ahayn, ma aha Abebe oo keliya. Waxa uu aragti ahaan u badbaadin karaa
lacag waqti ka dib ama wuxuu raadsan karaa maalgelin kale.
Maxkamaddu uma badna inay buriso heshiiska sababtoo ah hal dhinac
ayaa ka maqan ilo dhaqaale oo degdeg ah si ay u gutaan waajibaadkooda.

Su'aashu waxay khusaysaa iskahorimaadka mabaadi'da sharciga ee lagu

dabaqi karo qandaraasyada iyo ansaxnimada heshiiska dammaanadda
afka ah. Sharciga lagu maamulayo ansaxnimada rasmiga ah ee heshiiska
waxaa go'aamiya lex loci contractus, kaas oo ah sharciga meesha
heshiiska lagu sameeyay. Tan iyo markii heshiiska lagu galay Jabuuti,
sharciga Jabuuti ayaa xukumaya ansaxnimadiisa rasmiga ah, iyadoon loo
eegin meesha ay dacwaddu ka soo bilaabatay.

Halkan waxaa ah sharraxaad dheeraad ah.

Xulashada A: Doorashadani waxay si khaldan u soo jeedinaysaa in
sharciga Itoobiya uu xukumo ansaxnimada rasmiga ah ee heshiiska.
Meesha qandaraasku waa qodobka go'aamiya ee maaha madasha.

Doorashada B: Doorashadani waa khalad sababtoo ah waxay diiradda

saaraysaa ansaxnimada heshiiska ee dhabta ah, ee maaha ansaxnimada
rasmiga ah.