(JKR/SPJ/1e88)

I
I
SECTION 2. EARTHWORIs
I

&ca

2.1 CLEARING, GRUBBING AND STRIPPING TOPSOL

2.1.t Description s2-1
2.1.1.1 Clearing s2-1
2.t.r.z Grubbing s2-1
zt.r.3 Stripping Topsoil
s2-1
2.r.2 Construction Methods
2.r.2.1 Areas To Be Cleared s2-1
2.12.2 Areas To Be Cleare4 Grubbcd and
Strippcd Of ToPsoil s2-2
2.123 Topsoil s2-2
2.r.2.4 Timber s2-2
2.r2.5 Structures
s2-3
2.1.2.6 Disposal of Material s2.3
EARTHWORKS
22.1 Definitions s2-4
2.2.2 Gencral Requirements s2-5
223 Roadway Excavation
2.2.1.1 Dimensional Toleraaccs s2-5
2.2.32 Separation and StockPiling
of Suitable Material s2-6
2.2.33 Removal of Excavated Matcrial
From Sitc s2-6
2.2.3.4 Removal of Unsuitable Material s2-6
2.2.3.5 Replagement of Unsuitable Materid
Under Standing Water s2.6
2.23.6 Widening.Cuts s2-6
2.23.7 Excavation of Rock s2-7
2.23.E Storage and Handling of E:rplosives
s2-8
2.2.39 Blasting s2-8
2.23.r0 Safety Measures s2-8
2.2.1.rL Insecurc Material s2-8
L2.4 Earth Embankment
L2.4.1 Materid s2-9
2.2.4.2 Borrow Pits s2-9
L2.4.3 Placcmcnt of Fill Material s2-9
2.L4.4 Compaction s2-9
2.2.5 Rock Fill Embankment s2-10
L2.6 Embankmcnt Orrer Soft Ground
226.t Foundation Treatmcnt s2-11
22.62 Surchargc and Staged Construction s2-11
2.2.6.3 Settlement Martcrs s2-11
2.2.6.4 Scttlcment Records s2-12
22.7 Subqradc s2.12
22.t Proicctivc Vegetation for Erosioo Control
L2.8.r Topsoil s2-1:}
228.2 Turfing s2-13
2.2,8.3 Seeding s2-13
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)
I

SEC'TION 2. EARTHWORKS

I 2.1 CLEARING, GRUBBING AND STRIPPING TOPSOIL

) 2.1.r Description

This work shall consist of clcaring, grubbing and stripping topsoil in the areas
dcsignated hercuntler and,/or shown on the Drawings and/or directed by thc
S.OI and of clcaring only in othcr areas dcsignatcd hereunder and/or shorrn
on tirc Drawing..tiaToi directed by the S.O-, all as spccilied herein and as
required by thJS.O. The work shall also include the demolition and disposal
ofitructuris in said areas, except wherc otherwise provided for in the Contract,
as specified herein and as requircd by the S.O.

2.1.1.1 Clearing

Clearing shall consisr of the culting and/or taking down, removal and disposal
of everything above ground level, including objects overhanging thc arcas to
be cleaied such as tree branches, exccpt such trees, vegetation, structures or
rrarts of slruclures, and othcr things which are designated in the Contract to
iemain, or be removed by others, or which the S.O. directs arc to bc left
undisturbcd. Thc materiai to be clcared shall include but not necessarily be
limited to trces, stumps (parts above ground), lo!^s, brush, undcrgrowth, long
grassesr crops, ltnse vcgeiable matter and structures (cxcept thosc structures
ihose re.o"al or ctelrance is othcrwisc providcd for in the Contract).
Clcaring shall also include the levelling of obsolete dikcs, terraces, ditchcs, etc.,
unless otherwise dirccted by the S.O.

2.r.r.2 Grubbing

Grubbing shalt consist of thc removat and disposal o[ surface rregetation' thc
bases of- stumps, roots, the undcrground parts of structures, and other
obstructions to'a depth of at least 050 mctrc below ground level, all to the
satisfaction of the S.O.

2.r.t.3 Strigping Topsoil

Stripping topsoil shall consist of the removal of topsoil to an avcragf de-Pth-of

at liist i(l0 mm below ground level, and its stockpiling for use in the Works,
and/or its disposal, as directcd by the S'O.

2.r.2 Construction Methods

2.1.2.1 Areas To Bc Cleared

The entire road reserve area shall be clearcd as described above, unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings and/or directcd by the S.O.

Clearing shalt be carried out to thc cxtents deemed necessary and approved
or dircited by the S.O. in areas outside the road reserve wherc channel
excavation ot other work is requircd'

In arcas which are to be cleared only, and in which grubbing and stripping
toosoit arc.not required, the methods of work shall be such as will not utlduly
damage the surface Ycgetation and toPsoil, and carc shall bc takcn not to
disturb thc topsoil and thc root systems of grasses and othcr surfagg rcgJtalro-n.
No topsoil slitt Uc rcmovcd from such-arcas, cxoept as directed by the S-'O"
and any topsoil, grasscs and othcr surface vegetation othcrwisc removed or

s2- 1
 (JKR/SPI/1988)
I
I
t
disturbed shall be replaced and made good at the Contractor's own expensc,
all to the satisfaction of the S.O. {
2.1.2.2 Areas To Be Cleared. Grubbed I
and Stsipped Of Topsoil

Elcept as otherwise shown on the Drawings and/or directed by the S.O.,

clearing, grubbing and stripping topsoil shall be carried out in all areas of
roadway excavation and in all areas where embankment is to be constructed,
except that grubbing and shipping topsoil shall not be carried out in those
areas where:-

i) embankment is to be conshucted on earth designated as swamp or

soft ground;

ii) embankment is to be constructed to a height at the centre-linc of 1.50

metres or more on ground with a cross-slope of not more than I
(vertical) to 3O (horizontal).

Clearing, grubbing and stripping topsoil shall be canied out to the extents
deemed necessary and approved or directed by the S.O. in areas both inside
and outside the road rcserve where channel excavation or other work is
required.

Except wherc further excavation is rcquired, holes and cavities in the ground
surface after clearing, gubbing and stripping topsoil shall be filled with
materi4s similar to the adjacent ground, and such fill shall be compacted to
a dry density similar to that of the sunounding material, all to the satisfaction
of the S.O.

This work shall be considered incidental to the work of clearing, grubbing and
stripping topsoil, and shall not be measured for payment.

2.t.2.3 Topsoil-

Topsoil to be stockpiled for the Works shall be sufficiently fertile to promote

and support the growth of vegetation, and shall be taken from such areas wherc
clearing, grubbing and stripping topsoil is nequired as approved or directed by
the S.O. Before stockpiling, topsoil shall be separated from objectionabF
materials, all to the satisfaction of the S.O. The Contactor shall arrange for
stockpile sites either within or outside the road rcserve, at his own expense and
all to the satisfaction of the S.O.

Otherwise, topsoil removed during grubbing and stripping operations shall be

separated from objectionable materials and spread within the road reserve or
borrow areas, or otherwise disposed of, as approved or directed by the S.O,

2.1.2.4 Tlmber

The ownership of timber is vested in the Government.

Saleable timber shall be trimmed and stacked in accordance with the

requirements of the appropriate Govemment agency, in accessible places within
the road reserve as approved or directed by the S.O.

The Contractor shall have the right to use unsaleable timber (or saleable
timber when permission is granted in writing by the appropriate Govemment

s2- 2
 (JKR/SPJ/re88)
I
I
I
T agency or authority) for his own purPoses in connection with the Contract,
al-wap provided that he shall comply with the requirements of the S.O-
) z.L.2S Struclures

Major structures arc tbosc which cannot practicably be cleared by bulldozcr

and'/or hydraulic excavator, whosc demolition requircs- pncrrmatic -too\
expiosives and/or other spccialised equipment. A brief dcscripion of eqch
m;jor strucrure (if any) and depth to which extent it shall bc dcmolished is
given in the Bill of Quantities.

All fences, buildings, structures, and encumbrancas of any character within the
limits of the road ieserve, except thosc to be removcd.by othcrs or dcsignated
to remain, shall be dcmolished and removed by the Contraclor'

Matsrials designated in the Contrac't or directcd by tho S'O. to bc salvaged,

sball bc carefilly removed and slored, and shall be the property of the
Governmcnt.

2.t.2.6 Disposal Of Material

Unwanted matcrial from clearing grubbing and stripping topsoil (including thc
demolition of structures) shall be disposed of as approved or dircded by the
s.o.

combustiblc material including all timber (except timber to bc salvagcd or

u."41, ott brush, stumps' rootg-rcgctation and other combustible refusc may
tc pfi'"d up within the rbad reservi and burned where burning isallowed'
prior a-pproval of thc relevant Govcrnmcnt
'be to the
All burning shall be subject
authoritiesl and shall carried out io conformance with- all pertinent
,rguf"tionJ. Burning drall also bc carried out at such placcs and at such times
an? in sucb a mannci as to prevent lirc from damaging vegetation and propcrty
within the road reserve designated to be prCscrvcd, and from spreading to areas
adjoining thc road rescrvc and damaging vegctation and proPcrty lhcrcrn'

Should the clcaring grubbing and stripping of topsoil bc carricd out at a time
-noi p"t i-tted, thi Contllctgr lay pile. up combustible
*tr"n Uorning is
materials witfiin the road reserrre outside the limits of the road works, and burn
il at a timc when burning is pcrrnitted.

where burning is not pcrmittcd at any time, or the. contractor clects not to
burn unwantei materiil, combustible material shall be disposed of togethcr
with incombustible material.

lncombusrible matcrial, including where appropriate the remains of burning

shall bc dispoccd of in a safe and tidy qgner -a1 solid wastc dumpc outside
thc sitc, unless othcrwisc approwd or dircaed by thc s.o. Thc contractor
tfr"fi#*tetv responsible foi'making the-ncccssary agrce 1c.nts, and paying
cxDenses and claims arising from thc usc of such rclid .vdtc dump$
whethcr
on Gotctn.ent or Private land.

s2- 3
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)
1

I
EARTHWORKS
I
2.2.1 Definitions I

(a) Formation Level

Formation level means thc top surface of the subgradc.

(b) subgnidc

Subgrado means tbat part bf the cmbankmont or cxisting grouod in cutting

which is immediately below the subbase or lower subbasc of thc road pavcmcnt
and shoulders.

(c) Common Excavation

Common excavation shall mean excavation in any materials which are not roc*
as defrned in Sub-Sections Lz.l (t) and (g).
or artificial hard materials
(d) Unsuitabk Materiab

Unsuitable rnatcrials shall include :.

i) running silt, peat, log5, stumps, perishable or toxic matcrial, slurry or

mud, or

iD any material

- consisting of highly orgadc clay and silt;

- which is clay having a liquid limit excceding W:h and/or a

plasticity index excceding 55%;

- which is susccptible to spontaneous combustion;

- which has a loss of weigbt grcater than 2596 m ipitiotr;

- containing large amounts of rootg grass and other vegctable
matter.

Mate rials that are soft or unstable. merely bccause they arc too urct or too dry
for effective compaction are not to be dassified as unsuitable, unless otbcrwisc
classified by the S.O.

(e) Suitable Materials

Suitable materials shall mean those naterials other than thc unsuitablc
materials defined in Sub-Section 2.2.1 (d) above.

(0 Rock

Rock shall mean material found in ledges or massss ir its origind position
which wou]d normally have to be loosened either by blasting or by pneumath
tools or, if excavatcd by hand, by wedges and sledgc harnmcrs. Ii shalt not
include material wtricb can be looscned with a track-typc tractor with mountcd

s2- 4
 (JKR/SPJ/1988)

and drawn rippcr of thc follonring darcriptions :-

i) Tractor Unit : Equipmcnt witf, a miaimura wcight of Z) lonncs and

) nctt horsc powei ritiog of ZD bralc borsc Po*cr or morc. Thc
ttacot u"it'is to bc'in [ood condition lnd opcrated by crpcricnced
personnel skilled in thc usc of ripping cquipncnt;

ii)' Ripprng Unit ! Tbc rippcr to bc attachcd to thc tractor shdl bs tbc
niit c-fricient pardlelogram tlpc lgcommcndcd by tlq lragor o!
ripper manufaaurcr. Ttc rippcr $all havc a singlc Ehanf in gpod
*bifing cooditioo witb sharpcned cutling Point.
Bouldcrs or dctachcd piecas sball only bc rcggtdcd rs roc} ifthcy individudly
cxcced 05 cubic metrc,

(g) Artificiol Hod Matcial

Tbis shall mcan aoy hard artificial natcrial which *ould -rcqqirg $c-.u1 o!
btasting or approrrcd pncumatic tools for its rcmoval but sbdl cxcludc individual
masses lcss than 05 cubic mctrc.

2.2.2 Gencral Requircmcnts

Tbe work shalt iocludc tbc cxcarration ofdl typc.s of malcrid, bacldilling
conpacion formiru cnbanlmcnts aad slopcsr Gtc", as is ncccssary for the
to ths formation lcrcls, in accordancc witb thc
-r'plctio"'or tbc w-orts up
shnpes and tl2ical cross- seaioru shown on thc
tioe.r endc*, dimcnsioos,
Drawingp and to thc approral of thc S.O.

Tbe Contraclor shall provide ntcrc rcccssary tcmporaty wetcr coutscs' difchcsr
atai"s.- pGpioC o. otic. rc"os of maintainiog tbc cartb*orls frcc from watcr'
luO iiorlrio"-shall includc carrying out thc .*o.1 of forming thc cuttings and
embankncats in suC,h a manncr that tf,Cir surfaccs harr at all tittrca a sunictcnt
gradicnt to cnablc thcn to shcd satcr and prcwnt ponding

In oumoiu out excavations end in thc lwtring of wrtcr tablcs thc Contractor
.fril p"y duc rcgard to thc stability of alt strucurcs.
-"*;;t-
Adcquatc mcans for trapping silt shdl bc providcd oo aU tc4potry.Otf*g"
-nadc
shall bc
Sioilar arranig;nfnts for all carthworls includiry
eircavations whcthcr for-pilc trenchcq foundations or ornings'

crcion 9r by any othcr

Should thc surface of completcd arcas bc danaged by
."or" o" contractor sball at his oum cost matc good such arcrs to thc
satisfaction of thc S.O.

Thc Contractor shall cxcrcisc carc in groanting westagc of suitablc matcrid

ncedcd for cmbanlncnt or fill consructiotr"

2.2i Roadwal Excavation

22i.1 Dimensional Toleranccs

Slopcs ia cutting shall bc trimtncd mechanicalty to ncat and cvcn surfaccs which
J"if f.," gradients rot stceper lha' that shoym on thcDrawings W-klths of
cxcavationi statt oot cxcccdihc dimcnsions sho*r on thc Drawing by morc
than 3fl) mm, unlcss othcrwisc approrcd by thc S.O.

s2- 5
 (JKR/SPJl1e88)
1

t
2.2.3.2 Se9aration and Stockpiling
of Suitable Material

Where excavation rerreals a combination of suitable and unsuitable materia\ I

the Contractor shall, wherever tbe S.O. considers it practicable, carry out thc
cxcavation in such a malner that th€ suitable matcrials are cxcavatcd scparately
for use in the Works without contamioatioo by the unsuitable materials. Tbc
Contractor shall stockpile scparately material for subgrade as spccilicd in Sub-
Section 2.2.7.

2.2.3.3 Removat of Excavated Material, From Site

No excavated material shall bc rcmoved from the Site cxccpt on the dircction
or with thc approval of tbe S.O. Should the Contractor bc permitted to rcmovc
suitable materiils from the Site to suit his operational prcirdurc, then hc shall
make good any cons€quent delicit of fill matcrial arising therefrom, ar his ourrr
cxpense. Unless designated dump sites have bcen shown on the Drawings, the
Contractor shall disposc of surplus suitablc material at bis own dump areas
outsidc the Site as approved by the S.O.. In doing so, the Contractor shall
comply with statutory requirements such ns payment of royalticg environmental
protcction, etc.

2.2.3.4 Removal of Unsuitable Matcrial

Unsuitable material shall bc cxcavated to such depth and over such arca as
directed by thc S.O. and be transported and disposed of in an approrcd
manner. Unless approval of the S,O. to dump and spread thc unsuitable
materials within the Sitc is obtained, the Contractor shall be responsibtc for
providing his own dump site for such unsuitable materials. The Contractor
shall comply with statutory rcquirements such as payment of royaltieq
enviroamental protcction, etc" Voids created dire to icmoval of unsiritablc
matcrial shall bc backfilled with suitable material compactcd to a dry deosity
not less than that of the surrounding matcrial or ihat specified for thi
respective part of the earthworls or as dirccted by the S.O.

2.2.3.5 Replacement of Unsuitable Material

Under Slandinq Water

Whcre it is decided by the S.O. that replacement of unsuirable material shall

bc done under standing water, voids created duc to removal of unsuitablc
material shall bc backfilled with hard clean crushed rock, natural gravet or sand
having grading within the respective limits specified in Table 2.1.

2.2.3.6 Widening Cuts

lhe may instruct the Contractor or the Contractor himself may elect to
-S.O.
obtain material for the Works by widening cuts. ln the lattcr case, the
Contractor shall lirst reguest permission in writing from the S.O.

Widening of cuts shall oot be pcrmitted beyond the limits of the road rescrve.

s2- 6
 (rKR/SPJ/1988)

TABLE 2.I . GRADTNG LIM]TS OF MATERIAIS FOR

BEPIACEMEITTT OF TINSUITABLA MATERIAL

BS. Sictp Sizc % Passing By Wcigbt

Crusbed Rock or Gravel

63.0 mm
375 mm 85-1m
20O Em 0-m
10.0 mm 0-5

Sand

10.0 mm
5.0 mm 90-1m
1.18 nm 45 - 8t)
3m uD r0-30
f50 utn 2-10

2.23J Excaration of Rock

Rock excanatioo shdl bc carricd out by mcthods appropriatc to Sitc

rcquircncnts as approred by thc S.O' Whcrc oplosivce $hdl bc usc4 thc
relivalt sccurity rcgirlations dcaling with purchasq transport handtilg' storagc
and'od of orplosives shdl bc complied with.
All natcrial from rocl cxcarations shall bc used as far as is praCicablc in tbc
Worls"

Whcrc tbc rocl is of satisfacory quality, the Contractor nay clcct to cnsh utd
screcn it to producc aggregltcs iequired for concrete' roadbasc, subbasc' or
othcr purpoi:s. Exctvated rocf necdcd for earthwork construdion whicl thc
Cootrict6r elects so to usc for produciru sclcct naterialE sbdl bc'rcplaccd at
the Contractot's om cxpcnsc dborrowof satisfactory qudity approved by tbc
s.o.

Othcrwise, cxcavatcd rock stratl bc uscd in ths construction of cmbankmcnt and

fi[ to the fullcs praaical cxlent,. in either of tbe two follorving wap r
il' cxcavated roct shdl bo brolcn down to a maximum partidc sizc of
4m mm and used as rock fill as dcscribcd ih SubScaion 225;

iil' cxcavated roct sball trc brolen do*l to e marinum paniclc sizc of
150 mm, blendcd with suitablc carth fill matcrial in a propottion not
excccding I rock to 1 cartb and uscd as conmon lill.

Thc C,ontraclor may only vastc cxcavatcd roct with thc approal of tb! S.O'
Excavated roclr nccicd f6r carthworl construction whicb thc Cootraclor clects
to wastc sball be replaccd at thc Contrartor's owu crpcuc by borrov of
satisfadory qudity apprond by thc S.O.

s2- ?
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

2.2.1.R Storaee and Handlina of Exolosives

Proper buildings or magazincs, with separate compartments for detonators, in

suitablc pliti-gn1 for the storage of explosirres in manner and quantities to bc
approved shall be providcd. The prevention of any unauthoriscd issue or
improryr usc of any explosive brought on the Work sha[ be thc responsibility
of the C.ontractor and only expcrienced and responsible men shall bc-employei
to handle exolosives for the ouroose of the Works.
2.2.3.9 Blasting

Explosivcs shall be uscd in the quantities and manner recommended by the

manuhc-turers. Bl?sting shall be restricted to such periods as tbe S,O. may
-
prescribc. lf, in the opinion of the S.O., blasting nould be dangerous to
persons or prop€rty or to any finished worlq or is being carried on in a recklcss
manner, hc may prohibit it, and order the rock to be exca ted by other means.
The use of-explosives in large blasts, i.e. exceeding 9 kg bf explosive, as in
seams, driftg shafts, pits, or large holcs, is prohiblted untess iuthorised in
lnting by th9 S.O. Such authorisation shatl not in any way rclieve the
Contractor of his liabilities under the Conditions of Contract.

All ncccssary prccaulions shall be talin to preservc in the soundest possiblc

condition the materials bclow and beyond the lines of all excavations. Delayed
blasting to reduce sbock waves shall be used to avoid damage to concrete ind
olher works already completed. As the excavation approaihes its final lineg
blasting shall be carried out by means of parallel dri[-holes perpendicular to
the toe of the excavation and parallel to the finally required face.

2.2.3.r0 Safety Measures

When bl?jting iq g.iqi out- clo6€ to prope.rties or roads, appropriate safety

rules shall bc strictly adhered to. Where necessary or as direded-by the S.O;
thc usc of hearry mesh blasting mats shall bc uscd to ensurc that rio damagi
is caused to persons or propcrty on or off Site. Special carc shall be takenln
wet ground to ensure that individual explosions ire reduced to such size as
to prcclude 9"f 9" to any buildings or ltructures. plaster shooting will not
be permittcd witbin 400 metres of any building or structurc. If trafFc on any
r9a{ o_r railway has to bc interrupted for blasiing operationq the Contractoi
shall obtain approval of his scbeduie for such inter-rupiion from the appropriate
aulhorities and shall provc to the S.O. that he hai obtained it, pribr io the
Inlcrruptron.

2.2.3,t1 Insecure Material

Thc slopes of cuttings shall be clcared of all rock frasments which move whcn
prised.with a crow-bar. Where, in the slopes of cunirigs, laprs of rock and soft
material altcrnate and the S.O. considers that the;6p;, immediately after
dlelsing will not permanentty withstand the effec* of weitier, the Coniractor
shall ercavate any. insecure material to an approvcd deph and build up thc
rcsulting spaccs with- gra de L5P/N concretc ii masonry-using rock simiiar to
the adjoining natural rock so as to ensurc a solid face.'

s2- I
 (JKR/SPJ/le8E)

22.4 Earth Embankmcnt

2.L4.1 Matcrial

I Frll matcrials for use in forming cnbanlmcnts shdl bc tho suitablc rnatcrial
obtaincd from cxcavation il ctttings. Whcrc thc guantity of suclr matcrials is
inadcquatc, tbc Contrador shdl obtain suitablc matcrials from thc designated
borrow pits or fron his o*l borrow pits wtich havc bccn approvcd by thc S.O.

L2.4.2 Borrow Pits

Thc Contracior shdl bc rcsponsblc for locating bonow pits. Dcsignatcd

borrw pits shown oo tb Dra*iogr ooly hdicatc to thc Contractor potcntial
arcas for bdrrow. Whahcr thc Cotractor obtains matcrials fronr tbc
dc.rignated or bis o*l borrw pit, it shall bc his responsibility to asccrtain thc
suitabitity of the pit witb rcspec to the quantity and quality of the rnatcrials'
wbich shall bc subject to thc approval of the S.O. The Contractor shall pay
all ncccssary fccs, taxcs or royaltiar to thc appropriatc autborities and obscrvc
all relgvant regrlations. Thc C;ontractor shall teep thc borrow pits frcc from
ponding *atcr and the cxcavatibo ncat ald tidy and shall carry out neccssaty
crosion protection measurcs as irutructed by thc S.O,

22.4.3 Placcment of Fill Materid

All fill matcrials shall bc dcpcitcd in laycrs. Tbc loosc depth for each layrr
of fill shall bc determined from the trid compaction. Each lapr shall erend
oncr thc full width of tbc fill arca ald shdl bc cornpacted in accordancc with
thc rcquiremcnts of SubScction 2.2.4.4. Each compactcd lapr shall be
maintaincd at all tinrcs with a sufrrcicntly cven surface in order to drain away
the surface watcr. '

with a cross-slop€ flattcr

Whcrc cmbankment is to bc constructcd on ground'than
than I(vertical) to 10 (horizontal) but stecper I (vertical) io 30
(horizontal), thc foundation matcriat excepl where this is rock, shall bc
scarificd to a dcpth of lfi) rrm, blcndcd with cmbankment fill matcrial and
compaaed as describcd in SubScction 2.2.4.4.

Where cmbankment is to bc constructed against cxisting embankmcnt or on

ground with a cross-slopc of 1 or morc (vertical) to l0 (horizontal), the
foundation shalt bc cxcavatcd in all matcrials (including hard rock) to form
bcncbcs with horizontal and vcrtical faccs fron which construction of the
cubankment shall procced. Thc bcnchcs shall bc contignous bcncath thc full
width of the cmbankrncnt, and shall bc of a suitablc width to accomodate
construclion cquipmcnt such as motor-gradcrs, truck, rollers, etc. ScariSing
of thc horizontal ard vcrtical faces of thc benches shall not normally bc
rcquird and thc matcrial cxcanatcd in forming the benches may normally be
uspd as fill in the embankmcnt as approved by thc S.O.

2.2.4.4 Comtaction

(a)

All matcrials uscd io cnbantmcnts aod as fill clscwhoc shall bc compactcd

as soon as pradicablc after bcing placed and sprcad. Compaaion sball be
undertaken to tbc requircments of this Scction by plant approved by the S.O.
Alt compaction rcquiremcnts shall bc mntrolled by means of ficld density
ECaSUremGll.

s2.9
 (JKR/SPJ/r!)88)

For compaclion of embankment slope, the Contractor may either extend each
comp?ctcd lapr bcyond the design slopc surfacc by at least 6(I) mm and thcn
trim bacllo the rcquired slope anglc, or hc may cmploy a tow t]?c roller to
compact the sloping surfacc,

(b) Conpaiot Triols

I
Thc 8.S.. tjlTl Compaclion Te* (4.5 lg rammer method) shall be used iD
determining thc moisturc versus dcnsity rclation of soil.

The Contractor shall submit to the S,O. for his approval thc proposcd metbod
of compaction for cach nah typc of oaterial tobc used in ihc;nbankment.
This shall includc thc tpc of compaction plant for cach tlpc of matcrial and
tbc numbc{ of passas in relation to thc loose dcpth of matcrid to achicw
desired cotrpaction. Tte maxinulo conpaoed thidness for fill shatl be timitcd
to 3{X) mm unless othcrwisc approved by the S.O. Tba C.ontractor shall carry
{
out licld. compaction - trials, supplemented by ary nccessary laboratory
-shall-
invrstigtions, as required by the S.O. This bc donc 6y using tbi
proced- ures proposcdby thc Contractor for carthworks and shall satis$, th;S.O.
tlrat all thc spccificd rcquircmcnts rcgarding compaction can be ichicvcd.
Compac{ion trials with thc main tlpes of matcriat likely to bc cncountcrcd shalt
be complcted bcfore the works with the corresponding materials will bc allowed
to commenc€. Each trial area shall bc not smallet than 8 m x 15 m.

(c) Degnc of Cotnpaction

Thc wbole of thc embantmeot belorr the top 300 mm of thc subgrade shall bc
copp?d9d to aot less thai 90% (for cohesivc material) ot eSW 6or
cohesionlcss matcrial) of the maximum dry density determined in thc B.S. 137/
Compaction Tqst (45 lg rammcr nethod).

(d) FicU Density Tcr;ting

Field density tests (m each layer of compactcd eafth fll shail bc carried out
tslnS thc srnd rcplaceoe-nt merhod il accordancq with B.S. l3Z or by using
othcr mcanr of tcsting of comparabtc aocuracy approved by thc S.O. ' -
(e) Mcisurt C-ontol
Each laytr of cgth IiU shall bc processed as necessary to bring its moisture
content to a uniform lenel throughout thc material, suitable foi compaction.
Tbc opimurn noisturc contert as dctermined by thc B.S. l3Z Compaction
Tcst (4.5 tB rareoer method) shall be uggd as-a gui& in derermining the
p-ro-per moisturc conlent at wlrich each soil type shall be compactcd. Watcr
shall bc added or ttc matcrial aerated ana i;ea to adjust'thc soil to the
proper
loisure content to obtain the requiied dcnsity. A satisfactory mcthod
and sullicient equipmcnt as approvcd by the S.O, shalt be used for thc
furnishing and handling of water,

lf thc natural water @ntcnt of suitable materials is too high for the proper
compaction to be carried out, thc Contractor can cithei bring down ihc
moislurc contc't by aeration or drying or alternativety replace it frth suitable
-coet.
matcrials of compactablc moisturc rangc at his o*l

Rock fill Embankmcnt

Roct us€d in roct fill cmbanlmcnts shalt be of rnaximun partictc sizc of

s2-r0
 (Jr(R/sPJ/1e88)

{tr nn sotbat it can bc dcposited io borizontdlaycrs' cac.haot crcccdingsm

mm in coopatlcd dcpth and crcnding owr thc full width of ttc cnbanlmcot
crccst for inv spccifid crernal covtr to slopcs or ncw formatioa hrcL 1tc
Dsdrials shrl bc sprcad and lcwlled by a cawler tractor *eigbing lot lcs!
rhen tii tonncs. Each layer shdl consist of rcasonably *cll gradcd rocl and
atl large roi& shall bc fllcd with brolcn fragmcnts bcforc ths o.{ lary.-it
pfccd nc top eirrfc and si& slopcs of cmbanlments so forned shdt bG
iforoughty ttindca *ith ap'prorcd finc gradcd matcrid to scd tbc surfrcc.

lDcrc sball bc a transition lalrr bctnpcn rod fill and canh fill or thc rop
3(tr mo of sub*radc of at lcest
j(I) mD conprcted thicbesc Thil shall cotrsist
of uniforoly gradcd cnrsbcd rocl bct*ecn 6 nn and 150 nn u approvcd by
thc S.O.

Eech laycr of roclt uscd as rock fill io cnbantmcots shdl bc systcnatkdly

cortoacicd bv at lcast 12 passcs of a vibratitg roller wirh a static load pcr 25
m.'widi,b of tol of at lcast 45 tg or a grid rollcr witb bad pcr 25 nm width
of roll of at lca$ m Lg or othcr approrcd plant.

22.6 Embankrnent Oncr Soft Ground

zL6.l Foundation Treatnent

PrioE to fcniry cnbanlrneot @lr soft ground' thc soil ovsr which fill natcrial
$all bc placcd-shalt bcgiucn strcogtb improvcment trcatncnt as spccifrcdand
to thc ddtails as sho*l on the Drawings oras dircccd or apporcd by rbc SiO:
Trcelncnt by ocals of rcplaccmcnt ol unsuitablc material shall bc as speciEcd
io SnbSqrins 223.4 ad 2235.

Tbc ffrtlarsr or layprs of fill matctials shall bc dcpositcd owr thc full width
of ttc cnbintncoiam Ucrns in thichesscs and conpactcd as approrcd by
thc S.O. Thc Contractor shall pronidc conpocion plant suitablc for *nrting
orcr soft grond.

ara2 Surcharqc and Stagcd Construcio$

Whcrc indicetcd in thc Coilract or dircacd by thc S.O' thc cmbantment sball
bc btrilt todificrclt heigbts in $tag6with or without surchargC with allornrncc
for cosolidatioo tinc pcriods in bctuern stagps' dl ia acoordalcc wirh tho
Cootrrct Whcrc surcf,rrgc is spcdfic4 tho C.ontractor Ehdl bc
for thc provision of surchargp nitcrial and thc rcnonl end dispocal of cxocss
uarcriai on conphtion of consolidatioo or uficn ditcctcd by thc S'O.

2263 Scttlcncnt Martcrs

Marlcrs sball bo prwided and iostallcd by tlc Cortricror r1 thc p*i{-"*

indicatcd on thc Drawing for thc purposc of mcasuring scttlcmcnBtalls
ptacc undcr Oc cobailmcnts during and aftcr thc constructio pctiod" TbG
icsbn of nartcn shall bc rs shom on thc Drawing and the Contrtdtr shrll
bc rlpoasiblc for supplying and iosalling sucl markcrr and-for crlcnding
ttc nerten rs thc woli frocccds. Adjrutocos to thc bcigbt of oarkcq slqall
bc madc *icn rcquit€d Ft thc S.O. Each marlcr shall bc idcntificd by pahtnS
on it tbc ch"inags of its pcition.

Tbc C.ontracto shall tatc dl ncessary Ecasutcs to protect narlcrs lrom

danagc by plant ad whiclcs ttall timcs ad shall rcpair atry $tcb drmlge to

s2-11
 (JKR/SPJ/1e88)

the satisfaction of the S.o. Readily visible barriers shall be installed around
each marker.

2.2.6.4 Settlement Records

Joint mcasurement of setttement shall bc taken weekly whitc fil is being placed
in the vicinity of the markers. Tbereafter, readings inan ue taten fori;ichttv
for a period.as directed by tbe S.O. The readinls shall be submirted o; ;
approved printed form to be supplied by the Contractor.

For the measurement of the volume that has settled below the original level
of thc foundation of the embankment, the measured scttlcment of ealh marker
shall bc used for volume computation following the nethod shown on the
Drawings.

2.2.7 Suborade

Material for rhe top 300 mm of subgrade shall have a minimum california
Bcaring_Ratio (CB_R)
S shown on the Drawings when compactedtoglVo i
thc maximum dry density determined in the B.S. 137l Compaction Test (45
kg rammer method) under 4 days soaled condition.

Throughout the top^ 300 mm. of subgrade, the material shall be compacted to
not.less than 9Svo,(foy cohesive material) or l00vo (for cohcsionless material)
of thc maximum dry density determined in the B.S. i3Z Compaction Test (4.5
kg rammer method).

In c.u-l.arca, the
lop 300 rnm of the subgrade shail be scarilied and recompacted
ro 95o/o (for colresive marerial)
9r r6vo (for cohesionless material) of the
ma:rimum dry density determined in the B.S. 1377 Compaction Tes[ (+,5 ks
rammcr method). If the s.o. is fu[y satisfred that thc subgrade in its iaturi
statc possesses a density exceeding the requirements, then thc surface of the
subgrade shall be trimmed and rolled to obtain a smooth linish.

wherc the material in cut area is found to be unsuitable for use in the too 300
mm of subgrade it shall be removed and replaced with suitablc mate rial which
shall be compactcd as indicated aborre.

The shall bc {inished in a neat and workmanlike manncr, and thc

-sutlgrade
widths of embankments and c-uts
_shall be everywhcre at teast those spccified
or shorm on th-e Drawings on both sides of the centretinc. The top suiface of
thc subgrade shall have thc required shape, superelevation, teveliand grades
and shall be linished everywhere to within + l0 mm and minus 3O mm-of the
rcquirod lcvcl.

i) Whcre rtxk surface exlends ovcr thc wholc width of the formation :-

The rock surface shall be trimmed to a free draining profile, at or

below formation levels. No high spot shall pror.idt above the
formation levels,

Any voids or cavities more than 0.5 metre bclow the formation level
shall be filled up- with approved lcan concretc having T-day cube
slrcngrh greater than 7 N/sq.mm. The roct surface ihall tlen be
brought up-to the formation levcls with approved crushed rock or
gravcl, regulated and blinded.

s2-12
 (JTRAPJ/1S)

ii) Wbcrc rocl oulctop oosun owr plrt of ihc formatioo only r

Tbc roch outcroP Ehall bc c-rlt dowl b r lcrpl rct Lrl thu lD no
bclory thc forniioa l6.cl" Thc ulrhcc $dl tbcn bc b'r'ouglt up to
lcnel with 3uitabb subghdc Ettcshl

22.8 Protcctiw VcFtetion for Ercion C-ontrol

22.8.r Ipp6oil
TdDcoit stoc&Dilcd for thc Worts in accordanoc with Sub Sccin 2'r.13 rld
ti-t-.h"n t sprcad and lightly cmpccod to rl crco thicfsr of al nn
.i-iitecJW oJ s.o. i! tc; to bc dfcd .!d/c rcc&4 c urcd I tbc s'o'
.h"tt dircct for trcc Planting ud ahcr Putpoeca
"tb"ry,i"
\2.8.2 Turfmq

Turtins sball bc cerdcd out rs sooo rs practicebls on r[ Glttb doPcs !trd otbcr
& shown on.thc Drawingr md/or wtclc dinrtcd bt ttc S'O. ThG tnc
"t*
of turf shall bc as indicated o
thi Orewing or orhcr dtcrnatiw -t pc !3
Uy tt" S.O. shdl bc frcG of trlteng !d c$cntidb frGG of rtrd&
-a
"peit"a
TUrf shall bc obtaincd in unbrolcn sods wifh t tub6blfhl anornt oflopcoil
fr9n $i{
-a rf"ff f. approrimatclv250 mm x250 nm ir sizc trd 1(X) mn
;;t-"d;i"cg end riall bc Plredh Fridolrs soon ee pracrioblc rftcr
orlrin&

Turf rods shdlbc sbc&cd rDd wltcrcd shcn ocy c|!m( bc lail inrnediatcly
aftcr ortting

ltc surfaccs to bG turfcd shall bc trimrncd end thorouglly ctGttcd" Thc htrf
ehall thcn bc carcfrrlly hid to form I couphro eld unifcn covcr rs sbo*r s
th" Dr;*trG" nrffiid on sbpa *ccpci tter I (ErticrD rnd 3 @odzmtd)
shall bc ocired do*l with banb@ *alcs eppruimdcly 250 on t9 bngtht
ApprorGil f;;lilisct shdt bc epplir:d aftcr Pl*itg of ttttf .t s.it'blc tiocr rnd
at retcs of application approred by tbc S.O.

Alt hrrf 3ball bc rogulailywatcrcd rnd fcrtiliscd to thc retidaabn of tlc S'O'
ootif tt" odrfra-lty *trblishcd Any dcad turf shalt bc rcplaccd
wilh ncw"rg.t"tloiir
turf at tho Contrador's o*! agcnsc.
z2a3 Sccdim

sccding or bydrosceding rhatl bc carricd out !6 Eooo rs pradieblc -on rlopcs

and otf,cr arias as shofo on thc Drariryl rnd/or dircdcd by thc S'O'

Thc Coatractor shall suboit to tbc S.O. fq hir coou?hretion ud approvel r

lcast four (4) *tcts ia advancc of rhc proeo*d d dctrib of hb
orooccd mtfhod of sccding or hydrcccdin& thc "orL'
infornatioo subnittcd rhall
Lai,a", but noj ncccssaril! bc fi'ircd tq i full d".criptiotr of thc folloring
aspccts of thc *orl r

tbc orcparation of thc arcas to bc scodcd or hydroeccdd induding

if afor6priatc thc amount of topeoil to bc uecd urd its ncthod of
application;

ii) thc daeils and rcsults of iancstigrtioar to &lcrninc wtki tyPcc of

s2.13
 (JKR/sPJ/1e88)

grass and lcgunc are compatiblc with tbe rcil in tbc areas to bc
seeded;

iii) tle typcs ofgrass and legune (ifany) and straias ofsccd to bc usc4
and thc frncio!, root ald growth charaCcristics ofeach type;
i") thc ratqr of application of thc gass and lcgurnc scc&;

v) the composition of fertiliscr to be used at thc tinc of sccding and iG

ratc of application;

vi) ttc compcition of fcrtiliscr to bc uscd after sccding thc timcs of

applicatiou aftcr sccding ald thc ratcs of application;

vii) thc typc of mulch ro bc used and its method and ratc of application;

viii) the amounts of lime or other cherricals (if any) to bc applied to

improvc tbc rcil beforc, during and/or after sccding

ix) the.tlTc and anounts of binding agcnt to bc applied with the sccds,
mulch, fcrtiliscr, ctc., as appropriatc.

x) the proportions'and mahods of preparation of the secding mi4

xi) thc equipment and.mahods to-bc uscd in preparing and ptacing the
sceding mix and olher materials;

xii) the cultivation rld aftcr-carc of thc seeded arcag including ratcs and
frcqucncias of watering fcrtilising grass cutting and general
maintenancc for at lcast 1 ycar after seeding

xiii) thc timc tfter sccding required for cstablishing permancn! densc
. growth of grasscg wtich will rcquirc ninimal niintcnancc;

riv) guarantcos ofthc succc.ss of thc sccding work.

All .gr--ar. -shal! bc rggularly uatered until tbc r/egetation is satisfaaorily
cstablished to thc satisfacion of thc S.O. Aay dead grass shatl bc rcplaccd ai
the Contractor's own €xpensc.

s2-14