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INDIA AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KASHMIR
Shaji John
Lecturer, Alphonsa College, Pala, Kottayam,
Simi Joseph
PG Student (2003-05), Alphonsa College Pala, Kottayam.
Abstract
India followed a democratic secular system. India considered all religions are equal. Pakistan established
a Muslim state and aimed to build up its political foundations on the basis of Islam. The following major issues
and problems determined the nature of Indo-Pak relations; Transfer of Populations and Problem of Religious
Minorities, Indus Water Treaty 1960 or Sharing of River Waters, Boundary Dispute, Evacuee Property, Issues of
Integration of Indian Princely States, Bus Journey by Vajpayee, The Pattern of Pakistani Air Operations in Past
Conflicts, Kashmir Operations, The Dispute of Rann of Kutch 1965, India-Pak War of 1965, India-Pakistan War
of 1971, Indian Bombardment continue in Kargil Area (May 28, 1999), etc shows a comprehensive view on India-
Pak relations.

Key Words: Kashmir Operations, Religious Minorities, Indo-Pak Relations, Integration, Sharing of River Water,
etc.
Introduction
India and Pakistan are two major countries in South Asia. Pakistan was founded on the basis of an absurd
and unreal theory, that “religion constitutes the basis of nation”. Thus India was divided on 15th August 1947 and
Pakistan emerged on the world map. Pakistan was a separate nation was not created until the departure of the
British Raj in 1947. But it was created especially by 8 million people who migrated central India at the time of
partition, in the image of staunch Islamic and glorious imperialist past. This part has been both a tremendous
obstacle to Pakistan’s evolution as a modern nation state.

The division created two wings a smaller but more popular East Pakistan and a larger, dominant West
Pakistan separated by 900 miles of India. The most strenuous of their disputes has been over Kashmir, a former
princely state on the border between India and Pakistan had a Muslim majority but a Hindu Maharaja. The dispute
over which country it belongs to balled to two wars between India and Pakistan and unresolved resolution for a
plebiscite.

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During the freedom movement the British policy of “Divide and Rule” and the Muslims and Hindus was
fostered and various constitutional provisions were introduced in the provisional and central legislatures to create
differences amongst the two major religious communities in India. The Muslim League dominated by Mr. Jinnah
was in favour of a separate home land for the Indian Muslims as they did not wish to be ruled by a congress party
dominated by the Hindus.

India followed a democratic secular system. India considered all religions are equal. Pakistan established
a Muslim state and aimed to build up its political foundations on the basis of Islam. The partition of India caused
a wide spread bitterness and bloodshed. So the partition of the country and emerging problem such as Kashmir
worsened the relation between them. This in turn worsened the position of the minorities in both counties. The
partition has been described as the most unfortunate fact of post-war international politics. The fact that territory
and people that historically, geographically and economically were for centuries, one country and one nation, was
partitioned somewhat arbitrarily in to two sovereign nation states, and the circumstances of that portion and its
consequences made inevitable a certain amount of disharmony between the two new states. But is not just
disharmony, it is Pakistan’s hatred for India and call for jihad that upset India’s desire to live in peace with its
neighbours.

During the last years of freedom struggle, communist riots were so widespread that the Congress against
its conscious reluctantly agreed for a portion of India in to two nations-India and the Pakistan. Pakistan was thus
carved out of the Muslim majority comprising of West Punjab, North West Frontier province, Sindh and
Baluchistan in the West Bengal in the East. The process of partition is one of the most tragic events not only in
the history of India but of all mankind. The partition so the exodus of millions refugees and the transfer of
population unparalleled inhuman history. It is also witnessed intense communal and racial hatred and the Pakistani
leaders from the very inception of Pakistan began to hate India. This factor has played a supreme role Indo-Pak
relations.

The question of abduction, rape and arson during the transfer of population, violation of holy places of
worship, exchange of property, river water dispute and Kashmir formed the main points of conflict between the
two independent states of India and Pakistan. The Kashmir issue has bedevilled the relations between India and
Pakistan. During the initial year of independence (1947-51) India tried to keep tensions to the minimum and to
forget the past. Pakistan has adopted an entirely different approach to its concept of statehood. Pakistan takes
measurers for the socio-economic upliftment of its people. The Pakistani’s have exploited India’s communal riots
and broad cast them in international forums and thus further increased tensions between the two countries.

Pakistan has made Kashmir a prestige issue in the relations with India. The maharaja of Kashmir who had
design of independence decided to keep quiet for some time. Maharaja was forced in October 1947 to accede to
India because the Pakistani tribesmen had invaded Kashmir and infiltrated in to the Kashmir and cut off food
supplies. The Maharaja requested India to send military help without delay. India on its part accepted the
instrument of accession signed by the Maharaja and supported by the national Conference and then send Indian
troops to expel the Pakistani invaders. India, however, declared that after the law and order situation was brought
to normal, India would ask the people of Kashmir to ratify the accession. This statement should not be meant that
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India had given a pledge to conduct a plebiscite nor had Pakistan at that stage asked for a plebiscite. Pakistan was
confident that it would force a military victory over Kashmir. Pakistan refused to withdraw its troops from
occupied Kashmir.

In a message on August 15, 1947 Jawaharlal Nehru had said: “I want to say to all nations of the world,
including our neighbour country that we stand for peace and friendship with them”. This has been the main thrust
of India’s foreign policy for 50 years. In fact, Pakistan’s Governor General, and creator M.A. Jinnah had also said
that “We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial friendly relations with our immediate neighbour and with
the world at large”. But what actually happened between India and Pakistan was conflict discord and even wars.
Writing Nehru’s biography, Michael Breacher had stated in 1959 that “India and Pakistan have been in a state of
undeclared war took up ugly turn when India and Pakistan fought a war in 1965”.

The following major issues and problems determined the nature of Indo-Pak relations during 1947 to 65
period.

1. Transfer of Populations and Problem of Religious Minorities.

One of the most tragic and serious problems that emerged as the side effect on the partition was the transfer
of population. Beginning with months before 1947, the migration was largest in modern history invading perhaps
12 million persons flowing both ways. In spite of such migration, the problem of religious minorities was not
solved in either state. About 40 million Muslims remained in India and ten million Hindus in East Pakistan. While
India sought to solve its minority problems by establishing a secular state, Pakistan decided to be an Islamic
republic. Prime Minister Nehru considered the minority problem to be even more important than those of
Kashmir. The communal holocausts in India and Pakistan ever since the partition of sub-continent have created
enormous bitterness between them.

2. Indus Water Treaty 1960 or Sharing of River Waters

Mr. Eugene Blake, president of the World Bank, agreed to mediate between India and Pakistan on the
sharing of waters in 1951. An agreement on sharing of canal waters was eventually concluded on September 19,
1960. It was signed at Rawalpindi by Nehru and president Ayyub Khan on Pakistan. It was provided in the
agreement that after and interim period of 10 years which could be extended for another 3 years on the request of
Pakistan. The treaty gave India the full right to utilise the waters of 3 rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi and accepted
the right of Pakistan to use the water of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. The treaty also provided for the establishment
of Indus commission. The canal water dispute was as such amicably resolved and the Indus Treaty now stands
fully implemented.

3. Boundary Dispute

The problem has arisen because the boundary between India and Pakistan war never demarcated in that
region. The work of demarcation was not completed during the partition period. So long as demarcation was not
completed border incidents took place.

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4. Evacuee Property

Another problem was related to evacuee property. 9 million Hindus migrated from Pakistan and nearly on
crore Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan. The communal riots in both the countries compelled the migrants
to leave their immovable property in their respective countries.

5. Issues of Integration of Indian Princely States

As part of the partition settlement, it was agreed that after 15 August 1947, the British paramountcy over
the princely states lapse and these states would be free to accede either to India or Pakistan or to remain
independent. Gradually all the princely states decide their future. Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir, who decided
to avoid a decision. The issue of accession of these 3 states led to the development of tensions and strains in Indo-
Pak relations.

1. Junagadh: The princely state Junagadh was a Hindu majority state (80%) ruled by a Muslim ruler Sir
Mahabat Khan. It had no land link with Pakistan. However, the Muslim ruler, on 15 August 1947
announced his decision to accede to Pakistan. After the Nawab fled to Pakistan, the Diwan of Junagadh
requested for the states merger with India. The wishes of the people were, however, ascertained in a
plebiscite in February 1948, an overwhelming majority voted in favour of merger and only 9% votes
were cast against it. Pakistan unsuccessfully tried to internalise the issue.
2. The large-sized native state of Hyderabad presented a different problem. Hyderabad was a Hindu
majority state ruled by a Muslim King. The Nizam told Indian Governor General Lord Mountbatten
that Hyderabad was the concern of the Nizam. The Nizam was planning to make his state a sovereign
country. The internal situation in Hyderabad, however, deteriorated as a result of the atrocities which
the Razakars, a pro-Nizam Muslim group, started coming against the Hindus. The situation became
so bad that Indian government was compelled to take Police action against the Nizam. After the Indian
police action, the Nizam decided to accede to India and consequently, on 23 September 1943 sent a
cable to the Security Council withdrawing Hyderabad’s complaint against the Indian action.
Therefore, Hyderabad became a part of India.
3. Kashmir Issue: In 1947 itself Kashmir issue came to be a crucial and most irritating issue in Indo-
Pak relations. After the partition and the lapse of British paramountcy, the maharaja of Kashmir, Mr.
Hari Singh decide to postpone the decision regarding issue of accession in India and Pakistan.

Bus Journey

In 1999 minister Vajpayee made a bus journey to Lahore. But the relation became worse on the Kargil
conflict. Despite the difficulties and strains inflicted by the problems and disputes generated by partition, India
and Pakistan were successful in reaching settlements in respect of all issues except the issue of Kashmir.
Pakistan’s military alliance with SEATO and Baghdad pact created a hostile relation between India and Pakistan.
In the 1971 Indo-Pak conflicts Pakistan used arms received from America. China offered a huge financial
assistance, technical assistance and military aid to Pakistan. During 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak conflicts China
supported Pakistan against India.
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The Pattern of Pakistani Air Operations in Past Conflicts

Pakistan has been involved in conflicts and major exercises. Pakistan has been involved in conflicts against
India in 1947-48, twice in 1965, in 1971 and in 1999.

Kashmir Operations

PAF had very meagre resources immediately after it came in to being but nonetheless, utilised them
aggressive during operations in J&K in 1947-48. It is used its Dakotas for supply dropping, initially by day but
later during the night once if faced Indian fighter patrols. PAF did not use its fighter element mainly because of
their non-validity and also wanted to maintain the facade that the whole operation was being carried out by tribals.
The other reasons were the numerical superiority of the IAF and Pakistan’s desire not to escalate the conflict in
to the full-fledged war.

The Dispute of Rann of Kutch 1965

The Rann of Kutch is situated on Gujarat-Sindh border. The Rann was a part of native state of Kutch and
with the accession of the state to India it naturally became a part of India. But Pakistan refused to accept their
position.

India-Pak War of 1965

In 1965 Pakistan sent organised troops of infiltrators across the cease-fire area which led to Indo-Pak war.

India-Pakistan War of 1971

Full scale war started between India and Pakistan on the 3 rd December, 1971 when Pakistan launched a
massive air attack on the Western border of India. Smt. Indira Gandhi stated that “the war of Bangladesh has now
assumed a total war with Pakistan”.

Indian Bombardment continue in Kargil Area (May 28, 1999)

Sorties by Indian air force aircraft and helicopters continue in Kargil sector on the cease-fire line. An
Indian helicopter crashed as it had been hit by India's own mortar and artillery shells. Two civilians embraced
martyrdom and another two civilians embraced martyrdom and another two injured at Bhimber sub-sector as a
result or mortar and artillery shelling by Indian army across the cease fire- line.

Indo-Pak relations from the time of independence were not cordial each country distrusted the other. The
Kashmir problem is considered to be the most serious problem conditioning the relations between India and
Pakistan. Since 1947, twice in 1947-48 and in 1965 the armed forces of two countries clashed with each other. In
the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak conflicts Pakistan used arms received from America. In 1972 the Prime Minister of
India and the President of Pakistan signed the Shimla Agreement. Even after the Shimla agreement the relation
between the two countries could not improve.

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In 1985, India and Pakistan agreed not to attack nuclear installation of each other. In 1986 Pakistan lifted
ban of Private sector trade with India. 1988 Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited Pakistan. In 1991 foreign
secretaries of India and Pakistan agreed on advance notification of military exercise.

KASHMIR PROBLEM

Kashmir is the most controversial issue between the two countries. Indian independence Act 1947
provided form and option to princely states to join either with India or with Pakistan or to remain independent.
Maharaja Hari Singh and King of Kashmir decided not to join with either country Pakistan decided to settle the
Kashmir issue by using force.

1. Origin of Kashmir Problem

J&K is one of the 25 states of Indian union with and area of about 54,160 sq. km and includes besides the
valley of Kashmir, the area of Jammu and Ladakh, and the hill Districts and Tribal areas. It stands divided between
India and Pakistan. Because of its strategic situation and position Kashmir is strategically important for the
security of India.

2. Pakistan Backed Tribal Invasion of Kashmir

Pakistani acceptance of the standstill agreement was only superficial and sacrificial as within a month of
the agreement it started harassing the people of Kashmir by stopping economic activities, food and fuel supplies
from Pakistani side of Kashmir. In October 1947, armed tribesmen started invading Kashmir. In October 19,
1947, nearly 5000 raiders began the siege of fort inside Kashmir, and by Oct 22, infiltration and raids were
transformed in to full scale military attack on Kashmir. These raiders were openly supported by Pakistan and
were in fact Pakistani soldiers in tribal cotter. Kashmir came under the imminent danger of falling to invaders.

3. Kashmir’s Accession to India

Maharaja Hari Singh decided to accede to India on 26 October 1947, he signed the instrument of Accession
and made Kashmir apart of India. By this act of the lawfully constituted government of Kashmir, of which the
Maharaja was the head and with whom Pakistan had earlier entered in to the standstill agreement, Kashmir became
a part of India. India immediately flew its troops in to Kashmir and the Indian army went in to action against the
invaders through a quick and efficient military operation, India was successful in saving Srinagar and in pushing
out of invaders.

4. Kashmir as a Dispute between India and Pakistan

While accepting the instruments of Accession, India voluntarily pledged that “as soon as law and order
have been restored in Kashmir and her soil cleared of the invaders, the question of the states accession should be
ratified by the people”. Pakistan, however, refused to accept the accession of Kashmir to India and described it
as a “Fraud perpetrated on the people of Kashmir by its cowardly rules with the aggressive help of the government
of India”.

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On Oct 27, 1947 M A Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan ordered the Pakistani troops to enter
Kashmir. This order was later on withdrawn when the commander-in-chief of the Pakistani army pointed out that
such a direct invasion would involve the withdrawal of British officers serving with the Pakistani army. Pakistan
decided to increase its unofficial and unground help to the invaders.

The governor of India through its Governor-General Mr. Mount batten started negotiations for securing
an end to Pakistan’s help to the invaders Pakistan first denied its role in the Kashmir war and then challenged the
accession of Kashmir to India. After two rounds of talks in November and December 1947, Mountbatten became
convinced that Kashmir issue could not be resolved through negotiations. Realising this idea decided to take the
Kashmir issue to the United Nations.

5. Kashmir Issue in the Security Council

On 1st January 1948, India under Article 35 of the U.N. charter referred the Kashmir question to the
Security Council of the United Nations and requested the council to ask the government of Pakistan.

A. To prevent Pakistani Government personnel, military and civil from participating in or assisting the
invasion of Jammu and Kashmir state.
B. To call upon Pakistani nationals to desist from taking part in the fighting in Jammu and Kashmir state;
and
C. to deny to the invaders
i. Access to and use of its territory for operations against Kashmir.
ii. Military and other supplies.
iii. All other kinds of aid that might tend to prolong the present struggle.

Pakistan allowed the Kashmir tribes to invade Kashmir with its military assistance under the circumstances,
Maharaja appealed to India and an instrument of occasion was signed with India. In December 1947 India took
the issue in the United Nations, which arranged a ceasefire. In 1951 Kashmir elected its constituent assembly,
which ratified the accession to India in 1954. It declared Kashmir as a self-governing state with in the Republic
of India.

In 1965 Pakistan sent organised troops of infiltrators across the cease fire area which led to Indo-Pak war.
Ultimately, the dispute was by the intervention of the Soviet Union on January 10, 1965 at Tashkent the two
prime ministers signed an agreement to settle their dispute through dialogue. In 1969 Mrs. Indira Gandhi proposed
the creation of a bilateral machinery to examine all disputes between India and Pakistan. But the hijacking of
Indian plane to Lahore and its destruction further deteriorated the relations. India retaliated by imposing restriction
on the flight of Pakistani aircraft over India.

The issue of East Pakistan worsened the relation further when Pakistan attacked India's western sector,
India acted promptly ultimately Pakistani troops surrendered at Dhaka before the joint command of Mukti Bahini
and Indian forces. The stiff attitude of Soviet Union prevented China and USA from intervening in the Indo-Pak
war of 1971. The Kashmir problem is considered to be the most serious problem conditioning the relation between

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the India and Pakistan. Since 1947, twice in 1947-48 and in 1965 the armed forces of the two countries clashed
with each other over the problem.

Kashmir is being considered to be one of the danger spot of the present day world and in the opinion of
Pakistan, they can’t be peace in the Indian-subcontinent until this issue is resolved. This is a problem in which
great powers are also interested. Again, it has been the Kashmir problem that has taken most of the time and
energy of the Govt. of the countries in this talks with each other and in the deliberations in the UN, and other
world forums.

A number of intricate factors both subjective and objective have contributed to this conflictual situation.
The subjective factors like legacy, the difference in religion, race, objectives of ideology and perception of each
other and of themselves, while conflicting national interest, power struggle between the two countries, the role
they have played in international politics and various territorial disputes including Kashmir as the objective
factors.

It is interesting to note that in the unending history of conflictual relationship between the two countries
there have been different irritants in different occasion for e.g., at the time of partition (1) The question of
minorities (2) evacuee of property (3) division of military stores (4) sharing of cash balance (5) border problems
and (6) the future of Indian states, strained their relationship. In order to find support, particularly on Kashmir
issue, Pakistan first sought the friendship of Muslim countries but they were not prepared to pull chestnuts for
Pakistan from Kashmir fire.

Most of the irritants between the two countries are the product of “perceptual divergence”. This divergence
was created by the parity syndrome of the Muslim League before the partition and inherited by the Muslim state
of Pakistan. Pakistan which failed in the attempt to seize Kashmir in the war 1948 or by diplomatic manicuring
in the UN tried to capture Kashmir in the war of August to September 1965. Pakistan found this is the opportunity
to attack India. Pakistan decided to occupy the Kashmir valley with the help of thousands of infiltrators were sent
there to disrupt the communication system and to crate troubles.

But the whole plan which was called “operation Gibraltar” by the Pakistan government collapsed because
the people of Kashmir refused to co-operate when India resorted to a counter offensive and sealed the borders of
Kashmir in 1965 and undeclared war broke out U.N. secretary general sent identical message to the president of
Pakistan and Prime Minister of India and requested them to solve their problems through peaceful means.

The Kashmiri people claim that the occupation of Kashmir by India is illegal. The provisions of the
instrument of accession, if genuine, stipulated that the accession to India was to be ratified by a plebiscite. Since
1947, India has occupied Kashmir and has stalled by whatever means at her disposal, the progress towards the
holding of a plebiscite-the original and the most universally and accepted solution. “There is no doubt that had a
referendum had been held in Kashmir, the vast majority of Kashmiris would have voted to join Pakistan. Such a
referendum, in the form of a plebiscite but has since obstructed all attempts at arranging one”-Khalim Siddiqui.

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In 1957 India further violated the sovereignty of Kashmir by implementing a new state constitution which,
in effect, in cooperated the state in to the Indian union, in face of fierce protests the Kashmiri people, Pakistan
and the U.N. The new constitution was formally adopted on 26 January 1957 and it declared that “the state of
Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the union of India”. On the other hand India has signed
two agreements (Tashkent 1966, Shimla 1972) with Pakistan, in which India agreed to resolve the Kashmiri
dispute through bilateral and peaceful means further, India is still party to numerous UN resolutions which
proclaim Kashmir to be a disputed territory.

More recently India has increased her role as an oppressor in Kashmir. The deployment of 5, 00,000 troops
to silence the voice of the Kashmiri people is seen as only solution by the Indian govt. resulting in gross violations
of human rights.

The US state department, Amnesty International and Human Rights watch have recorded varying
categories of HRs violations in Kashmir. These include:

 Political and extra judicial killings

 Disappearances
 Rape
 Torture and custodial abuse
 Arbitrary arrest and detention
 Wilful destruction of property
 Denial of fair trial
 Arbitrary interference in to privacy, family, home and correspondence
 Use of excessive force and violations of humanitarian law
 Suppression of freedom of speech and press
 Suppression of freedom of peaceful assembly and association
 Suppression of religious freedom

Since 1947, Kashmir has been a major irritant in Indo-Pak relations. In 1965, it led to a war between the
two countries. The Tashkent meeting and Shimla meeting failed to fill the gap between the positions adopted by
the two countries in respect of Kashmir.

Pakistan had installed a so called Azad Kashmir Government in the territory occupied by the invaders.
Even today Pakistan insists that the area under its control is independent or Azad Kashmir. In March 1948, a very
popular leader of the valley, and a friend of Nehru, Sheikh Abdullah took over as the Prime Minister of Jammu
and Kashmir. During the pendency of the dispute in the Security Council, Liaquat Ali Khan, the Prime Minister
of Pakistan announced that his government was willing to accept the proposal of plebiscite, but stipulated certain
conditions on which Azad Kashmir government could be persuaded to accept cease fire.

Liaquat Ali wanted to withdrawal of Indian troops and immobilisation of states security forces,
substitution of sheikh Abdullah’s government by a coalition including representatives of Azad Kashmir, and then
holding of plebiscite under International supervision. This condition was totally unacceptable to India. Thus,
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began a never ending conflict between India and Pakistan. The cease fire line (now called the line of control) was
drawn where the fighting ended. An agreement on cease fire line was reached in Karachi on July 27, 1949. It left
32, 000 sq. miles of J&K territory in possession of Pakistan which is called Azad Kashmir by Pakistan. It had 7
lakh population.

The MC Naughton Plan

General Mc Naughton of Canada who was president of the Security Council in December 1949 submitted
a plan for the solution of Kashmir tangle. The plan prepared by Mc Naughton, the informal mediator, suggested
withdrawal of both Pakistani and Indian troops from Kashmir. This plan did not distinguish between the aggressor
(Pakistan) and the Victim (India) whereas Pakistan had sponsored the aggression, Indian troops were sent on
request of the then Maharaja, and that also only after the states formal accession to India.

The Dixon Proposal

After the failure of MC Naughton plan. The Security Council resolved on February 24, 1950 that the
troops of Pakistan as well as India should be withdrawn from Kashmir within 5 months. So as to facilitate the
holding of plebiscite. Sir Owen Dixon proposed partition of J&K along the cease fire line and yet he suggested
plebiscite in the valley to determine its future. This proposal was totally unacceptable to India. Dixon realised his
failure and asked the Security Council to relieve him. He suggested direct negotiations between India and Pakistan

The Graham Mission

After the failure of Dixon Mission an attempt was made by the common wealth conference held at London
to find a solution to the Kashmir problem. It proposed demilitarization followed by arbitration. No such proposal
was acceptable to India. The Kashmir conflict between expressed in terms of the conflict between India and
Pakistan has often been expressed in terms of the conflict between the “one-nation” and “Two-nation” theories.

In the Kashmir issue the “one-nation” school has seen the test case which, if it will not affect the future
continuance of Pakistan as a state, will at least guarantee that the communal basis of Pakistan does not contribute
the state’s future territorial expansion at India’s expense Kashmir problem is the lethal combination of Islamic
fundamentalism and Pakistan’s political adventurism. Kashmir is an unfinished agenda of partition that the next
war will be a nuclear war. India’s nuclear capability is vastly superior to that of Pakistan.

India may will emerge victorious in all probability it will secularise the oxygen without which India can’t
survive. The secular interests of all the communities in the continent deserve to be harmonised, to evolve a sense
of common nationhood and to annual the artificial partition which resulted in dividing the people and there also
lies the answer to Kashmir problem. For the objective the Muslim leadership of India will have a very crucial role
to play.

The chairman of G-7 Kashmir issue at the group of seven industrialized nations’ summit at Halifax in
Canada was worth taking note of in decision-making and public opinion influencing circle in the country. The G-
7 chairman’s statement at the conclusion of the submit said, “We are concerned about the potential for a conflict
in Kashmir and urge all parties to pursue a peaceful settlement and urged “India and Pakistan”, to support
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international arms control norms, accede to the NPT and refrain from taking steps towards ballistic missile
deployment or any other measures that might precipitate a regional arms race.

At the same time, it is a positive sign that the group of 7 powerful economies of the world have avoided
controversial terms like “dispute” and “people of Kashmir” in the statement. Even today, the situation in the state
of Jandk is not being allowed to be normal by the forces which enjoy overt and covert material and moral support
from Islamabad India has shown its willingness many times to settle all outstanding bilateral problems through
dialogue.

The real bone of contention between India and Pakistan is however, Kashmir which by a process of
“accession” belongs to the Indian Union and yet which Pakistan considers to be a matter of “principles” on which
its rulers are not prepared “zero compromise”. When the word P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N was coined; the letter “P” stood
for the Punjab and “K” for Kashmir. Thus the crux of the Indo-Pak is not to be found in the canal water disputes
nor in trade and transported link, shipping protocol or postal agreement. The fact is that India and Pakistan being
poles apart from each other, there can't be any peace in the region, if not an active hostility, till the superpowers
want it, but the region will be in perpetual ferment.

Pakistan has always been critical of the Indian government for doing injustice to the people of Kashmir.
It has taken up various issues such as human rights violations, constitutional failure and suppression of people in
Indian Kashmir.

Due to the high handedness of Pakistan authority and its policy of exploitation, people of Kashmir revolted
against Pakistan. These people have come to know that despite irregularities and problem many areas of Indian
Kashmir are more developed and democratic than theirs. People of J&K in India enjoy better facilities and
opportunities in terms of education Jobs, roads and trades, transportation, communication, electricity and media.

As the conclude the problem of occupied Kashmir we can here compare India and Pakistan interests on
this Kashmir issue Kashmir region has topographic unit with Sindh and plains. The structure of water network
explains this reality and for this reason access to Kashmir from Pakistan and Punjab is by far easier than the
number of routes between India and Pakistan. Also Pakistan has historical relations with Kashmir region and
enjoy, social and cultural ties with it.

The Siachen Glacier is the most strategic. Its strategic importance needs to be assessed in a wider focus
covering the whole state of J&K. The Kashmir dispute has been the most serious. In 1983-84, there arose another
serious continuous issue over the Siachen glacier region. The boundary disputes between India and China
complicates the Siachen dispute all the more. In the end as we sum up we can say that Kashmir is undoubtedly
the main area of tension which has married Indo-Pak relation since its inception. The dispute has also been the
main obstacle in the way of normalisation process. President Zia gave a new dimension to the entire issue in fact
“President” Zia raised this question in international forum to divert the attention of the people from the internal
problems and weakness of the government and to achieve legitimacy to his military dictatorship.

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www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 3 March 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882

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