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List of SQL Commands

Glossary of commonly used SQL commands.

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● Learn SQL: Manipulation

● Learn SQL: Queries
● Learn SQL: Aggregate Functions
● Learn SQL: Multiple Tables

BACKGROUND

SQL, Structured Query Language, is a programming language designed

to manage data stored in relational databases. SQL operates through
simple, declarative statements. This keeps data accurate and secure, and
it helps maintain the integrity of databases, regardless of size.

Here’s an appendix of commonly used commands.

COMMANDS

ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE lets you add columns to a table in a database.

AND

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_1 = value_1
AND column_2 = value_2;

AND is an operator that combines two conditions. Both conditions must

be true for the row to be included in the result set.

AS

SELECT column_name AS 'Alias'

FROM table_name;

AS is a keyword in SQL that allows you to rename a column or table

using an alias.

AVG()

SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name;

AVG() is an aggregate function that returns the average value for a

numeric column.

BETWEEN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value_1 AND value_2;

The BETWEEN operator is used to filter the result set within a certain
range. The values can be numbers, text or dates.

CASE

SELECT column_name,
CASE
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_1'
WHEN condition THEN 'Result_2'
ELSE 'Result_3'
END
FROM table_name;

CASE statements are used to create different outputs (usually in the

SELECT statement). It is SQL’s way of handling if-then logic.

COUNT()

SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name;

COUNT() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument

and counts the number of rows where the column is not NULL .

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column_1 datatype,
column_2 datatype,
column_3 datatype
);

CREATE TABLE creates a new table in the database. It allows you to specify
the name of the table and the name of each column in the table.

DELETE

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE some_column = some_value;

DELETE statements are used to remove rows from a table.

GROUP BY

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;

GROUP BY is a clause in SQL that is only used with aggregate functions. It

is used in collaboration with the SELECT statement to arrange identical
data into groups.

HAVING

SELECT column_name, COUNT(*)

FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > value;

HAVING was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not be
used with aggregate functions.

INNER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An inner join will combine rows from different tables if the join condition
is true.

INSERT

INSERT INTO table_name (column_1, column_2, column_3)

VALUES (value_1, 'value_2', value_3);

INSERT statements are used to add a new row to a table.

IS NULL / IS NOT NULL

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

IS NULL and IS NOT NULL are operators used with the WHERE clause to
test for empty values.

LIKE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern;

LIKE is a special operator used with the WHERE clause to search for a
specific pattern in a column.

LIMIT

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
LIMIT number;

LIMIT is a clause that lets you specify the maximum number of rows the
result set will have.

MAX()

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name;

MAX() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and

returns the largest value in that column.

MIN()

SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name;

MIN() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and

returns the smallest value in that column.

OR

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = value_1
OR column_name = value_2;

OR is an operator that filters the result set to only include rows where
either condition is true.

ORDER BY

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC | DESC;

ORDER BY is a clause that indicates you want to sort the result set by a
particular column either alphabetically or numerically.

OUTER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_1
LEFT JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_name = table_2.column_name;

An outer join will combine rows from different tables even if the join
condition is not met. Every row in the left table is returned in the result
set, and if the join condition is not met, then NULL values are used to fill in
the columns from the right table.

ROUND()

SELECT ROUND(column_name, integer)

FROM table_name;

ROUND() is a function that takes a column name and an integer as

arguments. It rounds the values in the column to the number of decimal
places specified by the integer.

SELECT

SELECT column_name
FROM table_name;

SELECT statements are used to fetch data from a database. Every query
will begin with SELECT .

SELECT DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT column_name

FROM table_name;

SELECT DISTINCT specifies that the statement is going to be a query that

returns unique values in the specified column(s).

SUM

SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name;

SUM() is a function that takes the name of a column as an argument and

returns the sum of all the values in that column.

UPDATE

UPDATE table_name
SET some_column = some_value
WHERE some_column = some_value;

UPDATE statements allow you to edit rows in a table.

WHERE

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WHERE is a clause that indicates you want to filter the result set to include
only rows where the following condition is true.

WITH

WITH temporary_name AS (
SELECT *
FROM table_name)
SELECT *
FROM temporary_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

WITH clause lets you store the result of a query in a temporary table using
an alias. You can also define multiple temporary tables using a comma
and with one instance of the WITH keyword.

The WITH clause is also known as common table expression (CTE) and
subquery factoring.

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