Information

Nature of Information
Information is a central concept in library and information work. It refers to processed, organized,
or structured data that is meaningful and can be used to generate knowledge, solve problems, or
support decision-making. Understanding information in this context involves examining its various
aspects, including its nature, types, sources, and role in society.
Information is more than just raw data. It involves interpreting and presenting data in a way that is
useful to a specific audience. It is dynamic and context-dependent, meaning its value and relevance
vary based on the user's needs and the situation.
Types of Information
1. Factual Information: Objective and verifiable data, such as statistics, historical events, or
scientific facts.
2. Subjective Information: Based on personal opinions, beliefs, or interpretations, such as
reviews or commentaries.
3. Explicit Information: Clearly articulated and easily documented, such as in books, reports, or
databases.
4. Tacit Information: Knowledge that is hard to articulate or formalize, often gained through
experience.
Sources of Information
Information is available from a variety of sources, categorized as:
● Primary Sources: Original materials, such as research articles, interviews, or archival
records.
● Secondary Sources: Interpretations or analyses of primary sources, such as textbooks or
review articles.
● Tertiary Sources: Summaries or compilations of secondary sources, like encyclopedias or
bibliographies.
Functions of Information in Library and Information Work
1. Supporting Knowledge: Libraries and information centers provide access to diverse
information resources to help users acquire knowledge.
2. Facilitating Research: Information services play a key role in academic and professional
research by providing resources and tools for data discovery and analysis.
3. Preserving Cultural Heritage: Libraries store and protect historical and cultural documents,
ensuring future generations have access to this information.
4. Empowering Communities: Information can improve decision-making, enhance education,
and promote social inclusion, enabling individuals and communities to achieve their goals.
The Information Cycle
Information evolves through a cycle of creation, dissemination, access, and use:
 1. Creation: Generated by individuals, organizations, or governments through research,
observations, or creative works.
2. Dissemination: Shared via publications, media, or digital platforms.
3. Access: Provided through libraries, archives, databases, or the intern.

Information system

An information system refers to a structured framework or set of processes used to collect, store,
manage, and disseminate information. In the context of library and information work, an information
system plays a crucial role in organizing resources, enabling access to knowledge, and supporting
decision-making processes.
Components of an Information System
1. Hardware: Physical devices used for data collection, processing, storage, and dissemination,
such as computers, servers, and networking devices.
2. Software: Applications and programs used to manage data, including integrated library
systems (ILS), cataloging software, and digital library platforms.
3. Data: The raw facts and figures processed to generate useful information, such as
bibliographic records, user logs, and library collection inventories.
4. People: Librarians, information professionals, IT staff, and end-users who interact with the
system.
5. Processes: Procedures and rules governing how data is collected, processed, and shared,
such as cataloging standards, circulation protocols, and user access policies.
6. Networks: Communication channels that enable data sharing and access, including internet
connections, intranets, and cloud services.
Types of Information Systems in Libraries
1. Library Management Systems (LMS): Software platforms designed to manage library
functions like acquisition, cataloging, circulation, and reporting. Examples include Koha and
Ex Libris Alma.
2. Integrated Library Systems (ILS): A subset of LMS that integrates all library functions into a
single system.
3. Digital Library Systems: Platforms for managing and accessing digital collections, such as
DSpace and Greenstone.
4. Discovery Systems: Tools that allow users to search and access library resources through a
unified interface.
5. Archival Information Systems: Systems used to manage and preserve historical records and
archives.
Importance of Information Systems in Libraries
 . Efficiency: Streamlines workflows and automates routine tasks, freeing up librarians for more
complex work.
. Accessibility: Enhances user access to resources, including remote access to digital
collections.
. Data Management: Ensures proper organization, storage, and retrieval of information.
. User Satisfaction: Improves the overall experience by providing quick and reliable access to
information.
. Decision Support: Provides data and insights to help library management make informed
decisions.
References
. Rowley, J. E. (1998). The Basics of Information Systems. London: Clive Bingley.
○ This book provides an in-depth overview of information systems and their applications
in various fields, including libraries.
. Bawden, D., & Robinson, L. (2012). Introduction to Information Science. London: Facet
Publishing.
○ This text explores the principles of information science, including the role of
information systems in managing knowledge.
. Gorman, M., & Crawford, W. (1995). Future Libraries: Dreams, Madness, and Reality.
Chicago: American Library Association.
○ Discusses the impact of information systems and technology on library operations and
future trends.

INFORMATION SCIENCE

Information science is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the collection, classification,

manipulation, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information. It encompasses the study of how
information is processed and utilized by individuals and organizations, integrating principles from
computer science, library science, cognitive psychology, and communication studies.
The field has evolved significantly, especially with the advent of digital technologies, leading to the
development of subfields such as information retrieval, knowledge organization, and information
architecture. Information science also examines human-computer interaction, information behavior,
and the societal impacts of information technology.
In the context of library and information work, information science provides the theoretical
foundation for understanding how information is organized and accessed. This includes the
development of classification systems, cataloging standards, and digital libraries, all aimed at
enhancing information accessibility and usability.
For a comprehensive understanding of information science, the following books are recommended:
Introduction to Information Science
Authors: David Bawden and Lyn Robinson. This book offers a thorough overview of the field,
covering key concepts, theories, and applications in information science.
The Discipline of Organizing
Author: Robert J. Glushko. This work explores the principles of organizing information, emphasizing
the interdisciplinary nature of information science.

Knowledge Management

Knowledge Management (KM) refers to the systematic process of capturing, organizing, sharing,
and utilizing knowledge within an organization or institution to improve decision-making, innovation,
and efficiency. In the context of library and information work, KM involves ensuring that valuable
knowledge is effectively managed and made accessible to staff and users.
KM integrates concepts from information science, organizational learning, and information
technology to create systems that help individuals and organizations access the right information at
the right time. Libraries, as knowledge hubs, are pivotal in managing knowledge through cataloging,
metadata creation, and creating spaces for learning and collaboration.
Components of Knowledge Management in Libraries:
. Knowledge Acquisition: Libraries collect knowledge from various sources, including books,
journals, databases, and community engagement. KM in this area ensures systematic
capturing of explicit knowledge (e.g., written or recorded content) and tacit knowledge (e.g.,
expertise and experience of staff).
. Knowledge Organization: Organizing knowledge involves using classification systems,
metadata standards (like MARC or Dublin Core), and indexing to make resources
discoverable. Libraries use cataloging systems to provide users with intuitive access to
resources.
. Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination: Libraries facilitate the sharing of knowledge through
digital repositories, library management systems, and community programs. KM systems
ensure that knowledge is transferred effectively across organizational boundaries.
. Knowledge Preservation: Libraries play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and
organizational memory. Knowledge preservation includes digitizing physical resources,
implementing archival practices, and maintaining digital repositories.
. Knowledge Utilization: KM focuses on applying available knowledge to solve problems or
innovate. In libraries, this could involve using data analytics to improve service delivery or
designing user-centered services based on feedback.
. Knowledge Assessment and Feedback: Libraries evaluate the relevance, accuracy, and
accessibility of their resources to ensure they meet user needs. KM tools like surveys and
analytics can help assess the impact of knowledge resources.
Role of Technology in KM:
● Library Management Systems (LMS): Tools like Koha or Sierra help in cataloging and
circulation.
● Knowledge Repositories: Digital platforms like DSpace or EPrints manage institutional
knowledge.
● Collaborative Tools: Software like Microsoft Teams or Slack facilitates sharing among library
staff.
● Data Analytics: Tools to measure usage patterns, optimize collections, and predict trends.
Challenges in Knowledge Management:
. Identifying and capturing tacit knowledge.
. Integrating diverse systems and standards.
. Adapting to technological changes.
. Balancing between preserving traditional knowledge formats and adopting digital tools.

References:
. Dalkir, K. (2017). Knowledge Management in Theory and Practice. MIT Press.
○ This book provides a comprehensive overview of KM principles, methods, and
applications.
. Koenig, M. E. D., & Srikantaiah, T. K. (Eds.). (2004). Knowledge Management for the
Information Professional. Information Today, Inc.
○ Focuses on the role of information professionals in KM processes.
. Townley, C. T. (2001). Knowledge Management and Academic Libraries. College & Research
Libraries.
○ Explores KM applications in academic libraries.

Altmetrics

Definition
Altmetrics, short for "alternative metrics," are a set of non-traditional metrics used to measure the
impact and reach of scholarly work. Unlike traditional bibliometrics (e.g., citation counts, h-index),
altmetrics focus on online engagement and activity surrounding a publication. These metrics assess
the influence of research in digital environments such as social media, blogs, news outlets, and
academic networking platforms.
Purpose and Importance
Altmetrics are particularly valuable in evaluating research impact in real-time. While traditional
citations take years to accumulate, altmetrics provide insights into how a publication is discussed,
shared, and used immediately after its release. They complement traditional metrics by capturing
broader public and academic engagement.
Sources of Altmetrics
. Social Media: Mentions on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
. News and Blogs: Mentions in mainstream media outlets and scholarly blogs.
. Online Reference Managers: Saves and shares on platforms like Mendeley and Zotero.
. Policy Documents: Citations or references in government and organizational reports.
. Academic Networking: Mentions in platforms such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu.
. Multimedia: Engagement through video platforms (e.g., YouTube) or podcasts.
Benefits of Altmetrics
● Broader Impact Measurement: Goes beyond academia to include public influence.
● Timely Feedback: Provides immediate insights into research impact.
● Granularity: Evaluates specific aspects of engagement, such as who is sharing and how.
● Inclusivity: Includes diverse types of scholarly content (e.g., datasets, presentations).
Challenges of Altmetrics
● Standardization: Lack of universal standards for measuring and interpreting altmetrics.
● Manipulation Risk: Vulnerable to gaming or artificial inflation of engagement metrics.
● Contextual Interpretation: Requires careful analysis of what online mentions mean in specific
contexts.
References to Books on Altmetrics
. Priem, J., & Hemminger, B. M. (2010): "Altmetrics: A manifesto." Although technically not a
book, this foundational work is often cited and available in published compilations.
. Ekins, S., & Williams, A. J. (2018): Next-Generation Altmetrics: Helping Researchers and
Institutions Understand Scholarly Impact Beyond the Citation. Academic Press.

Open science

Key Principles of Open Science

Open Science refers to a movement aimed at making scientific research, data, and dissemination
accessible to all levels of society. It encompasses practices that promote transparency,
reproducibility, and collaboration across all stages of the research lifecycle. Open Science aims to
make the entire research process, from idea generation to publication, open and accessible to
researchers, policymakers, and the general public.
. Open Access: Making scientific publications freely available to readers without subscription
fees.
. Open Data: Sharing research data in a way that it can be accessed, reused, and distributed
by anyone, provided that proper attribution is given.
. Open Source: Sharing research tools, software, and codes to ensure reproducibility and
further innovation.
. Open Peer Review: Transparent peer-review processes where reviews are made publicly
 .
available.
. Open Educational Resources: Sharing educational materials related to research and science.
. Public Engagement: Encouraging collaboration between scientists and the public, ensuring
that science benefits all members of society.
Benefits of Open Science
. Increased Accessibility: Breaking barriers to accessing scientific knowledge.
. Enhanced Collaboration: Facilitating global collaboration among researchers.
. Improved Reproducibility: Enabling researchers to verify and replicate studies.
. Accelerated Innovation: Faster dissemination of knowledge leads to quicker advancements.
. Democratization of Science: Ensuring that science is not restricted to elite groups.
Challenges of Open Science
. Costs of Open Access: Article processing charges (APCs) can be high.
. Data Privacy: Concerns over sharing sensitive data, especially in healthcare and social
sciences.
. Intellectual Property Issues: Protecting researchers' rights while promoting openness.
. Resistance to Change: Traditional academic practices often hinder Open Science adoption.
References from Written Books
. Bartling, S., & Friesike, S. (2014). Opening Science: The Evolving Guide on How the
Internet is Changing Research, Collaboration, and Scholarly Publishing. Springer.
○ This book explores the transformation of science through openness and how it affects
scholarly publishing, collaboration, and innovation
○