Purposive Communication

Terms
A language can only be called a language if it has a system of rules (also Language
known as grammar) a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary
(lexicon).
Generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and Communication
views between or among two or more people, various contexts come into
play.

Using words in transmitting messages. Verbal Communication

A category of verbal communication, consists of speeches, public Oral Communication
speaking, conversations with family and friends.
A category of communication, consists of letters, memos, emails, Written Communication
bulletin boards.
Wordless transaction in transmitting messages. Nonverbal Communication
It is the study of the eyes and the eye movement when communicating. Eye contact/Oculesics
A nonverbal communication that is responsible for a huge portion of Facial Expression
nonverbal communication and are used universally in communication to
show interest or to suggest investment in another person’s actions or
words.
A nonverbal communication that animates the two-way flow of meanings Gesture
and intentions.
A nonverbal communication that is s defined as “the interrelated Physical Space/Proxemics
observations and theories of man’s use of a space as a specialized
elaboration of culture. (Types: Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public
distance)
Constitute non-verbal communication which may reveal a lot of things Posture and Bodily movements
about the interlocutors. The manner of walking and sitting suggests
something about the person’s mental or emotional states.
A nonverbal communication where paralanguage and silence are Vocal Range/Vocalics
elements of nonverbal communication, and these non-verbal
‘utterances’ are used to modify meaning and convey emotion. They can
include pitch (tone), volume (loudness), rate (speed) and quality
(richness of one’s voice).
A nonverbal communication that is a touched-based communication. It Haptics
provides information about surfaces and texture; it is a component of
nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships.
The study of the used of time in nonverbal communication. Chronemics
Things are done one at a time and time is segmented into precise, small Monochromatic time system
units. Under this system time is scheduled, arranged and managed.
A system where several things can be done at once; it is more fluid Polychronic time system
approach to schedule time.
Type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or Visual Communication
messages.

Communication within oneself. All things we do internally. Intrapersonal

A communication among relatively small number of people. Interpersonal
A classification of Interpersonal communication where communication Dyadic
happens between two people.
A classification of interpersonal communication where communication Tryadic
happens between three people.
A classification of interpersonal communication where communication Small Group
happens between three or more people.
This involves communication between one and several other people. This Public communication
is the large group type of communication.
This covers other forms of public communication. These are the printed Mass Communication
form, radio, television and the movies.
Is communication in the organization. It may be horizontal or vertical. The Organizational Communication
latter one may be upward or downward.

The speaker or the communicator who has his/her own purpose, Sender
knowledge, interest, attitudes, skills and credibility. The one who delivers
the message.
The idea being transmitted by the sender to the listener. It includes the Message
three aspects of content, structure, and style.
The message generated by the sender is encoded symbolically such as Encoding
words, gestures and pictures before it is being conveyed.
It is the instrument used by the speaker in the transmission of ideas or Channel
messages. It may be verbal or visual.
The process of converting the symbols encoded by the sender. Decoding
The target of the communication. Also known as the listener, serving as Receiver
the receiver of the message or information.
The reaction given by the listener to the sender of the message. Feedback
Refers to any obstruction that is caused by the sender, message or Noise
receiver during the process of communication.
Roadblocks to Listening
Unfriendly attitude, criticizing the speaker and his delivery Hostility to the speaker
Listener get bored, physically present but mentally absent. Daydreaming
Making judgements even before listening, make an assumption that the Prejudging
subject is uninteresting.
Choose channels, you just listen to the thing you believe important Selective hearing
Occurs when the listener is over confident, finds a dislike for the speaker Close mindedness
or feels he knows better than the speaker.
Culture, beliefs, mores, biases and prejudices can serve as obstruction Listener’s background
to effective listening.
May come in varied forms like personal, interpersonal, physical, Distractions
environmental, temporal, geographical, perceptual or semantic.
Communication Models
A representation of a real-world phenomenon applied to different forms. Model
It is often abstract.
Has Five variables Aristotle’s Communication model

Note: The speaker is very important, without the speaker there will be no
speech produced.
Has also five variables Laswell’s Communication model
If you are about to compare Aristotle’s model of Communication with
Laswell both are linear and have the same components. Laswell’s also
differs in that there are five variables, with the addition of two medium
and effect.
Was introduced by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication
Originally it was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio and Model
television.

Berlo’s Communication Model

The source being the originator of the message acts as the encoder. As
such, the encoder should practice communication skills such as
listening, speaking, reading and writing.
General Principles of Effective Communication
Are you communication basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? Know your purpose in
communicating
Will dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Know your audience
Consider the age, educational background, profession etc.
You communicate essentially because you want to share something. Know your topic
Speakers are invited because they have something to share. You write
because you wish that other people learn something from you.
The environment which your speech or writing is to be delivered Adjust your speech or writing in
determines the kind of language you will use. context of the situation.
Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on them. Work on the feedback given you.
Take kindly to criticism. In the long run, constructive criticism will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address them.
Principles of Effective Oral Communication
You should know by heart your objective in communicating. Be clear with your purpose.
Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and essential Be concise
information.
You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity is a Be natural with your delivery.
must.
Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and Be specific and timely with your
movements. feedback.
Principles of Effective Written Communication (The 7C’s)
Always be guided by your purpose in communicating. Be clear
Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief Be concise
by focusing on your main point.
Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if Be concrete
you are bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to
substantiate your claims.
It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Be correct
Always have time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors
may easily distract your readers.
Your writing become coherent only when you convey a logical message. Be coherent
The ideas should be connected to each other and related to the topic.
Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will Be complete
not be left wanting of any information. Always place yourself in the shoes
of the audience who is always interested to receive new information.
The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone Be courteous
or insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.

Emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or Communication ethics
organization thereby affecting their communication

The process by which people and goods move easily across borders. it’s Globalization
an economic concept – the integration of markets, trade and investments
with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between
nations. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are
traded and assimilated.
This is what drives globalization, it helps to speed up enormously over the Technology, Internet, Transportation.
half century.
✓ Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out Pro’s of Globalization
of poverty.
✓ Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each
other, but also to cooperate each other as never before.
 While some areas have flourished, others have floundered. Con’s of Globalization
 Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers.
 While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has
benefited.

A field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural Cross-cultural Communication
backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among
themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures.
Rely on nonverbal signs and they tend to be non-confrontational and High Context Culture`
more direct. They are more collectivistic, slow to change, and foster
longer relationships.
Require explicit communication since they lack additional context. Their Low Context Culture
communication is more direct and confrontational. They are
individualistic, changes quickly, and foster short-term relationships.
Doing things one after other in chronological order Sequential Culture
Doing several things at a time Synchronic
In this culture, people are taught that it is desirable to show a display of Affective Cultures
emotions, it isn’t considered necessary to hide feelings and to keep them
inside.
In this culture, people are taught that it is incorrect to show one’s feelings Neutral Cultures
openly, people do have feelings but the degree to which feeling may be
shown is limited.

A new language which develops in situations where speakers of different Pidgin

languages need to communicate but do not share a common language.
A pidgin that becomes the first language of the children and the mother Creole
tongue of a community. Is a stable natural language that develops from
the simplifying and mixing of different languages into a new one within a
fairly brief period of time.
Not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken in a particular Regional Dialect
area of a country.
A variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard Minority Dialect
variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group.
Are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual Indigenized Varieties
populations. Example: Singlish (spoken in Singapore)

Refers to historic language or communication that is intended to remain Frozen

unchanged, like a constitution or a prayer.
Used in professional, academic, or legal settings where communication Formal
is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never
used and contractions are rare.
Used in conversation when they are speaking with someone who has Consultative
specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. Tone is often respectful
(use of courtesy titles), but may be more casual if the relationship is
longstanding or friendly.
Used when they are with friends, close acquaintances and co-workers, Casual
and family.
Reserved for special occasions, usually between only two people and Intimate
often in private.

More appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a Formal Language Register
stranger - is impersonal, meaning, it is not written for a specific person
and without emotion.

Commonly explained as an interaction between people of 'different Intercultural communication

cultures whether defined in terms of racial, ethnic or socioeconomic
differences.'

Any linguistic limitation that creates confusion or prevents Language Barrier

comprehension.
Is the existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society. Cultural Diversity
Means to apply one’s own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to Ethnocentrism
judge other cultures, behaviors, beliefs, and people instead of using the
standards of the particular culture involved.

An online diary or journal located on a website. Is essentially an online Blog

diary, where anyone with a basic knowledge of computers can post
anything
This is the broadest category and includes blogs about personal topics Personal
like politics, music, family, travel, health, you name it.
Professionals ranging from realtors to lawyers and stock brokers are Business
using WordPress to share their expertise, and companies have
discovered the power of blogs to personally engage with their customers.
A great way for teachers and students to collaborate on classroom Schools
projects.
Some people make their blogs private to share photos and information Private
within families, companies, or schools.
We’ve got teams, athletes, and fans using blogs to express and share Sports
their passion for various sports.
There are lots of blogs that share tips and reviews about cooking, games, How to, tips and reviews
music, books, movies, and so on.
Foundations, charities, and human rights groups find our blogs to be Non-profits
great tools to raise awareness and money for their causes.
Members of parliament, political parties, government agencies, and Politics
activists using blogs to connect with their constituencies.
Members of the military blog to report what they see happening in various Military
parts of the world and to stay in touch with their families.

An explanation, or expository, essay is a paper in which your objective as Explanation Essay

a writer is to explain something to your reader.
A piece of writing that takes a stance on an issue. A writer attempts to Argumentative Essay
persuade readers to understand and support their point of view about a
topic by stating their reasoning and providing evidence to back it up.
From the Presentation
The teaching about a language (its use, its speaker, its structure), with the Language Learning
hope that the student will learn enough to actually be able to speak the
target language.
Usually refers to first-language acquisition. It studies infants' acquisition Language Acquisition
of their native language, whether that is a spoken language or a sign
language.
Make common or to share Communis
Impart, participate, transmit Communicare
Is an exchange of ideas, facts, opinions, or emotions of two or more Communication
persons
The language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, Linguistic Landscapes
place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government
buildings combine to form the linguistic landscape of given territory,
region or urban agglomeration.
The study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the Geosemiotics
world. By “signs”, we mean to include any semiotic system including
language and discourse.
Uses of language that is common to people regardless of age, social Vernacular
class, gender or race.
It is relationship focused rather than subject oriented. Interpersonal
Usually unplanned, unstructured and sometimes impulsive. Spontaneous
It carries expectation of continuous exchange. Dialogical
Refers to highly interactive digital technology. These are very processed, New media
stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and accessed.
A text is considered as multimodal if it uses two or more communication Multimodality
modes to make meaning.
Examples: Paper(books, comics, posters, brochures)
Digital(slide presentation, blogs, web pages, socmed, animation, film,
video games)
Transmedia( a story is told using multiple delivery channels through a
combination of platforms, such as comics, films and video games all
working as part of the same story with the same message.

In creating a multimodal text, the PURPOSE, AUDIENCE AND CONTEXT

must all be considered.
The use of labels such as terrorist, revolutionary, or freedom fighter. Bias by use of language
Economics coverage usually looks at how events impact stockholders Bias from the point of view
rather than workers or consumers.
An article about cure for cancer written by a drug company is not the Bias in the source
same as an article by an independent researcher.
A media outlet posted a photo of a rally that was taken at the very Bias in photos
beginning of the event to give the impression that attendance was low.
Tells a story to entertain the reader. A narrative is usually fiction or a Narrative text
made up story. Ex: Novel, play, fable, short story
A text which says or describes place, thing, animals and person so that Descriptive text
the readers can easily visualize the described place, thing, animals and
person or can picture what it looks like.
A text which contains directives, commands, instructions and rules. Directive text
Example: Hand me the paper! , Would you hand me the paper?, I wonder
what the paper says about the weather today?, Shake well before using.
The purpose of the author is to inform, explain, describe, or define his or Expository text
her subject to the reader. Always factual. Examples: Textbooks,
encyclopedias, scientific books/journals, atlases, directions, guides,
biographies, news papers.
Highly Expressive but have low assertiveness Considerate
Highly assertive but have low expressiveness Direct
Low expressiveness and low assertiveness Systematic
Highly assertive and highly expressive Spirited
UK, Ireland, USA, Canada, Australasia, South Africa Inner Circle
✓ Observes the positive negative systems
✓ Do not utilize contrastive stress (Ex: what do YOU think)
India, Singapore, Malaysia, Nigeria Outer Circle
✓ Observes the agreement disagreement system
✓ Do not observe initial aspiration of voiceless plosive such as p, t,
k
✓ Do not make changes in their pronunciation to make a distinction
between nouns and verbs in pairs. (Record and reCORD)
China, Russia, Brazil, Europe, Asia Expanding Circle
✓ Observes the agreement disagreement system
✓ Do not observe initial aspiration of voiceless plosive such as p, t,
k
✓ Some speakers varieties as in the case of Japanese speakers, do
not properly distinguish between r and l.
✓ Do not make changes in their pronunciation to make a distinction
between nouns and verbs in pairs.
✓ Observe syllable-time rhythm
Filipinos use a regional variety of English with its specific grammar, The goal of national or regional
structure and vocabulary. identity
Users of regional variety should ideally still be readily understood by the The Goal of Intelligibility
users of other varieties of English everywhere else in the world to fully
participate in Communication. The users of Filipino English should
understand if we are communicating to a British person, they would not
understand you if you use elevator instead of lift.
Language is not an automatic process Language is learnt
If you hear Tanghulu we categorize it as a Korean food. Another is if we Language is related to the culture of
hear sushi, we think of japan society

Only human beings have the gift of language Language is species specific
We are capable of acquiring language natively if we are provided with the Language is species uniformed
right kind of environment.
Each language is a unique language. Example: sounds, structures, and Language is specific uniformed
vocabulary.
If you want to learn a new language you need to learn the system of Language is a system
sounds, system of structures, and systems of vocabulary.
Each language is a system of systems. Phonology of language forms its Language is a system of systems
own system as a various sound of function in a systematic way.
Language systems does not exist in vacuum. It is primarily use in speech. Symbols of language are vocal
We cannot learn swimming and, cycling without learning language. Language is a skill subject
Language is the best means of communication and self-expression. Language is for communication
In English, the basic sentence structure would be SVO. Eric eats apple, is Language is governed by a particular
an example. On the other hand, in Korean, the verb and the object switch set of rules.
places. They have particular set of rules.
There is no visual relationship between the language item and the object Symbols of language are arbitrary
in which it stands.
It has its own style of functioning. Language is unique
It involves the use of electronic media. It includes the audio, or phone Extended communication
conferencing.
The type of communication that takes place when one person talks to Transactional communication
another person or group of people in real time, and the sender of the
message receives simultaneous feedback.
The verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different Intercultural communication
cultural backgrounds.
Refers to the communication that takes place between people who are Organizational communication
working towards common goals within an organization