The time of genocide: how to understand the most extreme form of violence

Lecture 1. Introduction:
Lecture 2. What is genocide? The real story of Raphael Lemkin. Legal, sociological, and statistical definition
Lecture 3. Why does genocide happen? What are the main causes of genocide? Why is genocide the most extreme form of violence?
Lectures 4. How does genocide happen? Is every case of genocide really unique? Gregory H. Stanton: The real fighter against genocide
Lecture 5. From German South West Africa to Holocaust. The first genocide of the 20th century: the “incubator” of Holocaust. Different place and
time, but same practices
Lecture 6. Invited guest lecture. Students will discuss preprepared topics with the expert specializing in genocidal violence. Guest: Mr.
Edin Serezlic: Justice and Security Sector leader. Bosnian war and postwar situation specialist since 1997. (UN personnel, Regional war
crimes investigation coordinator, Political Rule of Law adviser)
Lecture 7. Rwanda from a different perspective. Scott Straus: the scientist who finally gave us the answers. Things that need to be explained:
Controversies about the Rwandan genocide
Lecture 8. Lesson learned. Have we learned anything from particular cases of genocide?
What have we learned from: Armenia, Cambodia, Srebrenica, and Darfur?
Lecture 9. The camps of death. Concentration and Extermination camps. Nazis were not the first who come up with this idea
Lecture 10. Genocidaires. The architects x executors of genocide. How fast an ordinary man can become a perpetrator of genocide?
Lecture 11. Sexual violence: a tool of genocide. Could sexual violence be considered an act of genocide? Is sexual violence a common part of
genocide?
Lecture 12. Interactive lecture. Students will discuss and analyze the real world ́s “genocide alert” situations. Students will try to propose
solutions to these situations, based on the knowledge acquired in
this course
Lecture 13. Final discussion and Test

1) Introduction
Atestace
- Test 6.1.2025
- Points: 100 1, 99-90 2, 89-69 3
- Attendance – 10 points (2 skipped max)
- Activity – interactive lecture and guest lecture - 10 points
- Bonus – battle 3 minutes, most relevant info, preparedness, relevance, presentation (30/10), paper
3 normpages, 3 relevant sources, citations, bibliography, deadline Sunday 19:00 (20), quiz (10 if 2
out of 3 right), test (maximum 60)
- POINTS: 30 battle, 20 essay,
20th century – „century of genocide“
According to Maleševič genocide is the most extreme form of violence

Battle – what is genocide?

Classification – The differences between people are not respected. There’s a division of ‘us’ and ‘them’ which can be carried out using stereotypes,
or excluding people who are perceived to be different.
Symbolisation – This is a visual manifestation of hatred. Jews in Nazi Europe were forced to wear yellow stars to show that they were ‘different’.
Discrimination – The dominant group denies civil rights or even citizenship to identified groups. The 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their
German citizenship, made it illegal for them to do many jobs or to marry German non-Jews.
Dehumanisation – Those perceived as ‘different’ are treated with no form of human rights or personal dignity. During the Genocide against the
Tutsi in Rwanda, Tutsis were referred to as ‘cockroaches’; the Nazis referred to Jews as ‘vermin’.
Organisation – Genocides are always planned. Regimes of hatred often train those who go on to carry out the destruction of a people.
Polarisation – Propaganda begins to be spread by hate groups. The Nazis used the newspaper Der Stürmer to spread and incite messages of
hate about Jewish people.
Preparation – Perpetrators plan the genocide. They often use euphemisms such as the Nazis’ phrase ‘The Final Solution’ to cloak their intentions.
They create fear of the victim group, building up armies and weapons.
Persecution – Victims are identified because of their ethnicity or religion and death lists are drawn up. People are sometimes segregated into
ghettos, deported or starved and property is often expropriated. Genocidal massacres begin.
Extermination – The hate group murders their identified victims in a deliberate and systematic campaign of violence. Millions of lives have been
destroyed or changed beyond recognition through genocide.
Denial – The perpetrators or later generations deny the existence of any crime.

We are all here in this class, learning slow,

What genocide is and how it can grow.
There are ten stages where things can fall apart,
And it all starts with hate in the heart.

Firstly, there is me, just a red hair as you see,

But you start to hate people like me. CLASSIFICATION
Evenhough I've done nothing wrong but let it grow long,
You label me worthless and say I don’t belong

You say my hair is a mark of disgrace, SYMBOLISATION

Like it’s something I should erase. DISCRIMINATION
But it’s part of me living in my skin,
And I can’t hide what lies within.
Because you believe I am subhuman, an easy prey DEHUMANISATION
All rights i had as a person slip away.
While your voice grows stronger with each word you say, ORGANISATION
My place in society begins to change in a dramatic way, POLARISATION

You call me dangerous and they all follow along, PREPARATION

No one asks questions, no one sees any wrong.
Red hair on death list, and we can’t find a way, PERSECUTION
If run or hide from the fear of each day.

Now, we are deported, sent far from this place,

Where my kind is being erased. EXTERMINATION
Everywhere i look red hair are in despair,
Suffering surrounds me, there is blood in the air.

The massacres start, there is no hair left to see,

Genocide complete, no more people like me.
Will they look back and see what they’ve done? DENIAL
Will they stop it from happening, or let it run?
The lesson is not learned, it’s still going on…hate keeps coming where love is gone.

There are ten stages of genocide. I used hair as a metaphor for being different, which could mean nationaly, racialy, ethnically or religiously,
because during genocide people are being terribly treated for being different. Since genocide is defined by the intent to destroy a group a full
criminal trial in an international court is often required to determine whether an atrocity qualifies as genocide. After holocaust where millions of
jewish people were killed, thanks to efforts of Raphael Lemkin genocide was set as a crime under international law and in 1951 came into effect
United Nation Genocide Convention. It includes killing members of the group, causing serious harm, depriving people of basic resources and acts of
torture or sexual violence. There is debate over how many genocides have occurred. People point to at least three genocides that meet the criteria
of the convention: The mass killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turks, The Holocaust and The Rwandan genocide. It is important to learn about
genocide to prevent it from happening again.

2) What is genocide?
3 ways of definition
- Statistical (numbers and names)
- Legal (convention of genocide)
- Sociological (according to Straus we have 21 definitions and then Jones add 4) sociologist show
what is wrong with legal definition
The start of the journey:
- Raphael lemkin
o Father of the concept GENOS+CIDE (race and killing)
o Polish jewish family
o Influences:
 by his mother, she homeschooled him, read him stories about suffering of the jews
and he realized its not fair
 He was born during 1WW and he and his brother were hiding in the forrests and his
brothes was killed there
 During armenian genocide he realized that there is no law against it
 2WW where his jewish origin played role
o The journey of convention
 1933 Madrid, 1939 emigration, 1944 axis rule in occupied europe (german
occupation of the europe, „genocide“ firstly used), 1946 nuremburg trials, 1948 The
Genocide Convention in force (he was rejected at first but then he approached
United Nation and in) 1951 it came into effect), accepted in USA in 1988, Raphael
died alone in 1959
The genocide convention
- Human rights - defines genocide
- Internation criminal law
- Responsibility of states

- Definition: article II
o Genocide means any of the following acts commited with intent to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group
 Destruction (based on holocaust)
o Killing members of the group
o Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
o Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part
o Imposing measures intended to prevent births within
o Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
- The protected groups
o National group – a collection of people who are perceived to share a legal bond basen on
common citizenship, coupled with reciprocity of rights and duties
o Ethnic group – a group whose members share a common language or culture
o Racial group – based on the hereditary physical traits often
o Religious group
- The intent to destroy
o Mens rea - criminal intent, quilty mind
o Dolus specialis – special intent  genocidal  that is what makes genocide as a crime
different, act is commited witht the intent to destroy a group and that intent needs to be
proven  data evidence, circumstantial evidence (when we dont have any data, we have to
go trhough the scale and general attrocities)
- „In whole or in part“
o In part: substantial part
 Numerically
 Qualitatetively
 A limited number of people whose liquidation would have an impact on the
survival of the entire group (Srebrenica massacre 1995 – the intent to kill the
men amount to an intent to destroy a substantial part of the bosnians
muslims)
- Article III
o The following acts should be punishable
 Genocide, conspiracy to commit, attempt, complicity, direct and public intention
- Facts about the genocide convention
o 44 countries havent ratified yet
o 1998 rome statute – change needed to be done to the definition but nothing has changed
o 2005 responsibility to provect (R2P)  3 pillars
- R2P
o Internation norm
o The largest gathering of heads of state in history
o If signed something against genocide needs to be done
o 3 pillars
 Every state has R2P
 International community will assist you
 Failure of state  collective action
- Jus cogens
o Genocide=peremptory norm
 No derogation is permitted
 May not be violat by any state
- Critique of the convention
o Narrow definition – cultural genocide, ethnic cleansing
o Protected groups – just 4 groups, unclear definition
o Intent – what does it mean?
o Size of the protected group – no exact numbers, qualitative+quantitative
What is not genocide
- War crimes
- Crimes against humanity
- Crime of aggression
- +ethnic cleansing
 - Ethnic cleansing
o Force removal of ethnic or related groups from particular areas
 Not recognized … switched to genocide
 Not precise definition
 Usually crime against humanity
The other „cides“
- Democide – people are killed by government
- Etnocide – cultural genocide
- Politide – destruction of political class (Rwanda – moderate hutus, members of governenment)
- Gendercide – ddestruction based on gender
- Classicide – killing of class defined population
- Urbicide – destruction of plural urban centers
- Autogenocide – killing of own people (čech čecha)
- Ecocide – destruction of natural environment
„Genocide is the killing of one man – not for what he has done, but because of who he is“

Esej: The first genocide carthage (146 BCE)

Carthage is the place where first genocide ever may occured. The word genocide means planned and systematic destruction of a group of people,
and although this term was created in the 20th century, acts like it happened long before. One early example might be the destruction of Carthage
by Rome in 146 BCE during the Third Punic War. This event not only ended a great civilization but also showed how far a powerful nation would go
to wipe out its enemy. Before, during ancient times it was a place with prosperity, wealth, powerful navy and army. The city was perfectly located to
control key trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea. But this prosperity was not to last, because entire society was erased.

The First Punic War, which lasten from 264 to 241 BCE started in the island of Sicily, which was an important location for trade and military strategy.
Both Carthage and Rome wanted control over it, leading to the first big fight between the two. Rome as an antique roman empire prospered very
well and won this war and took over Sicily, forcing Carthage to give up its claims to the island.

The Second Punic War is well known for the famous campaign led by the Carthaginian general Hannibal, who used elephants to cross the Alps and
attack Rome. Even though this was a bold and strategic move, it didn’t end well for the Carthaginians. Hannibal did win two battles against Romans,
but Roman allies did not abandon Rome as he had hoped. In the end, Hannibal had to leave Italy. After the war, a peace treaty forced Carthage to
give up its political power in the Mediterranean, lose almost all of its colonies, and were left ten ships. However, Carthage was still able to keep its
trade and economy strong. So it might have seemed that Carthage would survive even this disaster. The city rebuilt its economy and began to grow
again, which worried some Roman leaders. One of the most concerned was Marcus Porcius Cato, a Roman senator and veteran soldier who had
fought against Hannibal. He saw Carthage as still dangerous for Rome and was worried about its growing power, eventhough Rome controlled
Carthage's foreign policy and had placed huge taxes on the city. Also Carthage had already surrended. When Cato returned to Rome, he kept
calling for a new war wherever he went. He ended every speech in the Senate, no matter the topic, with the words: "Carthago delenda est" meaning
that Carthage must be destroyed. (Norris, A. 2024)

Cato’s warnings convinced the Roman leaders to take action, leading to the Third Punic War which lasted from 149 to 146 BCE. Rome decided that
the only way to remove the Carthaginian threat was to completely destroy the city. The war began with a Roman siege that lasted three years.
Carthage’s people fought hard to defend their city, but sadly in 146 BCE, Roman forces broke through the defenses and began a complete
destruction of Carthage. The buildings were torn down, many people were killed, and those who survived, about 50,000 out of an 250,000, were
sold into slavery. 25 000 of them women. The territory that had surviver for almost 700 years became a Roman province. This complete destruction
of people and their culture shows signs of what we now call genocide, because the fall of Carthage is one of the first known examples in history
where an entire society was erased.

According to legend, when an army commander Aemilianus watched the city downfall, he broke in tears and said: “A glorious moment, Polybius; but
I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country.” It shows how big and terrible the destruction was
but also maybe that he understood what terrible thing he had done.

The scale and nature of Carthage's destruction make it important to consider whether it was an act of genocide. According to article II in the UN
genocide convention, genocide involves the intent to destroy a group of people, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
Genocide is not only killing members of the group, it also is causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on
the group conditions of life, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group and many more. The Romans not only wanted to defeat
Carthage but to make sure the city and its culture were completely erased. The killing of the population and the decision to turn the land into a place
where no one could live suggest that this was more than just a military victory. It was an attempt to wipe Carthage off the map completely.

Carthage's destruction did more than just remove a rival. It erased a unique culture that had contributed much to the ancient world. „The religion,
language, history, literature, poetry, and the very culture of Carthage were practically obliterated, leaving this once dominant civilization much
shadowed in mystery.“ (Norris, A. 2024)

The Roman approach to totally wiping out a city and its people set terrible example for future wars.

Looking back at Carthage’s destruction helps us understand the extremes that people can go to for power. Even if the word genocide did not exist
at the time, the Romans’ actions show many signs of what we would now call genocide. The fall of Carthage is a reminder of how fear and desire for
control can lead to the complete destruction of entire societies.

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. United Nations.
https://www.tunisko-maroko-web.cz/clanky/historie-soucasnost-kartaga
Kiernan, B. (2004). The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BCE. Genocide Studies Program, Yale University.
Mark, J., J. (2018) Punic Wars. World History Encyklopedia.
Norris, A., David. (2024) The Siege of Carthage: Death of an Empire. Warfare History Network
Onion, A., Sullivan, M., Mullen, M., Zapata, Ch. (2023) Punic Wars. History
Sommer, J. (2020) Konec africké perly: Proč Římané zničili starověké město Kartágo? 100+1
The Editors of Encyklopedia Britannica. Campaigns in Sicily and Spain. Britannica

Why does genocide happen?

Typology of genocide
- Is every G same?
The need to distinguish
- Daniel feirstein 2014
o Analyzed 8 top typologies and proposed his own
- Lemkin
o According the purpose of destruction
 Group/nation
 Culture
 Group and its culture
Examples of typologies
- Chalk and Jonassohn- the intentions of the perpetrator – to eliminate threat to society, to spread
terror, to acquire economic wealth, to implement a religious belief
- B.Harff – preceding pol and soc events – postwar and postimerial, postcolonial, postcoup and
postrevolutionary
Risk factors of Genocide
- G is resulst of various conditions
- RF make G more or less likely to happen
- 4 major areas – sociological, political, security, economical
- UN RF
o Intergroup: tension, discrimination
o Signs of an intent to destroy in whole or in part
- Conceptions
o E. Verdeja – rapid social change
o B. Harff – ethnic minority rule, closed borders
 Analysis – genocide is preventable
Genocide watch – ten stages world map
- Organization with goal to prevent, predict, stop and punish G

GENOCIDE THEORIES
- Several theories about causes of G

Mauren Hiebert
- Soc and iol scientist who did complex analysis of G theories
- Classification
o Agency oriented theories
o Structural theories
o Victimgroup construction theories
o Biological theories
Agency oriented theories
- Focus on behaviour of the perpetrators
- Individuals and groups
- Different layers of perpetrators:
o Elites – senior decision makers (state-people), motivation can be personal, psychological or
ideological
o Frontline killers – genocidaires (g killers), why individuals participate in G
o Society – bystanders (internal and external)
Structural theories!!!
- Organization of the perpetrator state
- Macrolevel
 - Different approaches
o Culture – cultural aspects in the state (fe. Germany)
o Regime type – political regime (totality vs democracy)
o Divided society – ethnic, religious, socioeconomic inequality
o Modernity – modern state facilitates genocide
o Crisis, revolution, war – complex link war and genocide
Culture and genocide
- Nazi germany
o Obedience to authority  state
o Eichmann „architect of genocide“ (Hannah Arendts said that she understands him  „the
banality of evil“) – responsible but never pushed the trigger
Victim-group construction theories
- Focus on victims  why and how a group became a target
- The victim as the others – state dont care about the „others“
- Dehumanization – „not humans“  no need to protect them, helps overcoming natural barrier to kill
- Threat to state – show and prove why victims are threat to a state
Biological theories
- Popular until 1960s
- Belief that biology determinates behaviour
- Darwin: a natural selection process – not natural but planned
- „scientific“ justification for genocide
Criminological theories
- They see genocide as a crime
- Collective action theory – genocide can be explained as a criminal opportunity during a crisis and
normal people are on bottom, collective action is in middle
- General crime theory – g is a product of actors and opportunity
- Control balance theory – g is deviancy caused by control imbalance, g is instrument to gain control
Mechanism of genocide
- Staub
o Conflict difficult societal conditions  pol and eco crisis  hopeful vision  fear
dehumanization destruction  GENOCIDE
- S.Strauss
o Rwanda genocide case study
o Why g happened
o The 3 main factors
 War – justification for killing, fear
 Rwandan state institutions – capacity to mobilize masses
 Collective ethnic categarization – all tutsis=enemy, not just RPF
- Elie Wiesel
o A destruction that only man can provoke only man can prevent

How does genocide happen? 4.11.2024 4.přednáška

Explanation: Modernity?
- The worst cases of g = the 20th century
- The capacity for g = increased with modernity
- Z.bauman: bureacracy
- S.maleševič:3 procesess
o Process  result
o Complex process  genocide violence
 o Legal concept..!  sociological concept
  something is before and after, different perspectives, through eyes of
sociology
- 2 groups of scientists – uniqueness x similarity
o Advocate for uniqueness of the process – kuper, strauss, chal and jonassolm
o Advocate for similarity of the process – naimark, feierstein, stanton
o Similarity = same processes, features, attributes – common for most majon
cases of g
- Conception of g
o Help us to understand g. Process
o Dividing it to the specific stages
o Paradigm – genocide is a process, the process has some structure, similar
structure for the main cases
o FIND STRUCTURE – UNDERSTAND – CONTROL IT  protect it
- The destruction process
o Paul hilberg
 Jewish historian
 Fonding father of holocaust study (studied 36000 documents, asked how
were jews destroyed  4 stages  definition, expropriation, concentration,
anihilation
o Gregory stanton
 Lawywer, cult, anthropologist
 Life: mission genocide research
 Start because of cambodia which he compared to arm.g versus holocaust
- Conception by g. stanton
o The most complex and universal conception
o Why? Prevention of genocide
o When? After rwandan genocide
o 2012 the ten stages of genocide – each stage is predictable and stoppable
- Critique
o Its too general model becausre it doesnt consider other factors, reformulation of
risk afctiors, start of classification because it doesnt have explanation what let do
it, end wtih denial, just structure and no agency
- Reaction on the critique
o The nex conception
 Pregenocidal phase (trigger), genocidal phase (transisiton end of
violence),
 Phase 1: events before the start of g
Historical cases of genocide
- „Carthago delenda est“

11.11.2024 From GSWA to holocaust

GSWA=Namibia, 1904-1908, perpetrator:imperial germany, victims: herero and nama nations
(80000victims)
Before GSWA – 1486 portuguese explorer, 1805 british missionaries, 1842 rhenish
missionaries, 1883 German Merchant came to Khoisan (Nama)
The colony: GSWA
- Germany: desire for colonies
- Scramble for africa
- German flag raised 1884
- 1889 first imperial governor
- 1891 first settlers 310men
- 1903 – 3000 settlers and 1000 boers
- 1915 – real lost of colony, four years later official lost
Herero Rebellion
- Germany had populaiton problems
- Colony was focused on agriculture
- Herero: first target  fear and hate
- Start 12.1.1904
- Leader: samuel maharero
- Goal: all german men
- Result: 123 dead
Nama Uprising and G
1904
- June 20000 soldiers
- August battle of watterberg
- November extermination order
G start in autumn 1904
- Leader: hendrik witbooi
- Goal: Guerila war
- Result: 29.10.1905 capitulation
- 31.7.1907 end of war
- Cca 700 german soldiers versus 80 000 africans
GSWA  holocaust
- Similatirities – a policy of annihilation, privileging for colonizer, ideology and governing
- Differences – motivation: colony X exterminations, extent of: organization,
centralization, bureaucratization
Lebensraum „living space“
Problem was space, solution were colonies
- Ratzels theory
o Stronger culture > weaker one
o Space=survival of nation
o Expansion
o Agricultural base
Father ans son
- Heinrich goring and hermann goring
o Heinrich first reich commissar in gswa, flagship german colony
o Hermann inspired by his father, respopnsible for 4 year plan
- The evidence
o 1936 4yo plan for prosperity
Herrenrasse „masterrace“
- Aryan race  perfection
- Arthur de gobineau
o 3 races: white, yellow, black
- Racism: GSWA:
o Rhetoric – herero are not brother but slaves
o Laws – prohibition and annulation of interracioal marriages, the nuremberg laws
o Science – examination of 20 skulls to prove african=ape, study of 310 children:
relation of race and inteligence, eugen fisher was educator of mengele „father“
of german eugenics

Vernichttungskrieg
 - War of annihilation (of a counterparty)
- Decided in advance
- Start 11.8. 1904 battle of waterberg
- WWII: 22.11.1941 Barbarossa
- Killing of POWs
o Nazi: 5,7 mil red army POWs x 1945: 930 000
o GSWA: trotha: no POW
Hungerplan
- G by starvation
- Biggest plan in history
- Never implemented
- Foor from USSR to germans
- Architect: herbert backe (minister of food)
- Nazi: leningrad 1 mil.pows jews in ghettos
- Himmler x trotha (people to desert)
Konzetrationlager
- Gswa: 1904-05
- Separation, control, elimination
- Max 17000 prisoners

- Nazi 1933 dacau (pol.prisoners)

- Persecution, elimination
- Milions in 44 000 different campls
- GSWA Shark island: mortality 193 ourt of 3500
- Nazi auschwitz: morlity 200000 out of 1,3mil
Conclusion
- GSWA was inspiration for holocaust, important antecedent, taboo breaker (genocide)
- Common: main characters (gorings, fisher, von epp)
- 20000 veterans and their families
- Memories: books, ship, cigarettes
- Hitler: colonies=model for eastern europe

18.11. Rwanda from different perspective

History
- Centralafrican
- 3 nations: haTwa, baHutu, baTutsi
- Tutsi a hutu – clan hierarchy
- 15/16c. kingdom of Rwanda
- Tutsi monarchy and tutsi king
G:
- Colonialism – division in society – multilevel crisis – civil war – assassination of
president (president plane shutdown) – all tutsi declared as enemy – international
community failed – genocide
Ikiza genocide
IKIZA=catastrophe
- 100000victims tutsi army perpetrators, hutu victims, 1972 in Burundi, motive: revenge
for uprising, real motive: multiple crisis….tutsis in 60 were problematic.
NUmber of victims
- 1mil accorging to tutsis government
- 1991 only 600 000 tutsis in Rwanda
 - It was so fast because of the fact, that people were gathered in one place (tutsis in
church)
The role of RPF
- Rwandad patriotic front
o Formed in Uganda 1987
o Invaded Rwanda 1990
o Control of north and ceasefire 1993
o Paul Kagame-leader later president
Points to analyze
- Shooting down the plane 6.4.1994 kigali airport  g happened
o French crew and 9 passangers
o RPF vs Hutu hardliners
- The hero of Rwanda
o Romeo antonius dallaire
 Canadian
 Force commander
 Ptsd – suicide attempt – book
o The act of valor
 Dallaire refused to withdraw, persuaded 450 soldiers to stay, saved the
lives of 32000 tutsis
o COntroversy: critisized by failiing his soldiers first, 10 belgian paratroopers,
belgian authorities: partly responsible
Rwanda the controversies:
- 1 UN non-interveniton
o Jan 1994 fax to HQ (5times)
o Info about weapons
o Denied „raid“ on weapons storages
o 12.4. 1994 withdrawal of belg.ocntingent
o Request for reinforcement to 5000 soldiers21.494 mission reduced to 270
soldiers
o Reasons: too risky, USA wanted to avoid another failure
o UN: troops in bosnia, 18 un troops less somalia
- 2 CIA report
o CIA 1993 warning study – possible death up to halp million people, fr, china, sa,
egypt armiing hutus, 500 000 machetes china
o CIA 1994 report:mission is doomed – dallaire didnt receive the report
- 3 involvement of france
o Fight for influence and resources
o Turquise zone=safe zone.. used for escape
o Accusation of supporting the hutus
- 4 contractors from SA
o UN search for military to intervene
o C. Annan called to barlow (1500 men in 4 weeks)
o EEben barlow (executive outcome)
o 2000 trained+experienced men
o Proposed solution for 600 000 usd/day
o Final costs approx 3 000 000 USD/day
Why so: fast, extreme and devastating
- War
o No war = no genocide
o Fear-security-killing
o Specialists in violence
- Characters of the state institutions
 o Organized and centralized, 5 levels of administration, precolonial and colonial
- Idea of state power
o State „authorized“ killing, obedience, killing was law
- Level of civilian mobilizaton
o Umuganda mandatory labor 87%
o Amarondo night patrols 35%
- Ethnicity
o Collective ethnic categorazation
o All tutsis were enemies
- Geography
o Population density and topography
o Hilly country: more visibiity
o Less options to escape
How?
- A) Shooting down the plane 6.4. 1994
kigaly airport
o French crew with 9 passangers
o Juvenal habyarimana
o Trigger of genocide
- RPF vs. Hutu hardliners
o 2006=after 8 years, france:
kagame ordered
o 2010 mutsinzi report: hutu radicals
o 2012 france exonerating of the rpf
o 2014 – Emughisa abducted in anirobi
o 2016 france case reopened
o 2018 case closed: lack of evidence
- B) liberation of Rwanda in 1994
o State of liberation 6.4:1994
o Control of Kigali 4.7. 1994
o Test of country 18.7. 1994
o Campaign from april 1994 to august 1995
o 25-6000é hutu killed
o Half killed in the first 4 months
o Pol.leaders and civilians
o Kagame statement didnt support retributive killing, but failed to stop it
- C) Kibeho massacre
o IDP camp in SW Rwanda
o The largest camp (100k people)
o Former turqoise zone (FR to UN)
o Incident: 22.4.1995
o Culprits: RPF
o Victims: hutus IDP – UN: 4000 X RPF 338
o Dynamics: crowd control turned to vengance
 Camp closed 1995  rpf goal = separate genocidaires  crowded people
outside --. Interhamwe leaders got nervous  diversion with machetes 
rpf feared riots  shooting

25.11.2024
Lesson learned. Have we learned anything from particular cases of genocide?
What have we learned from: Armenia, Cambodia, Srebrenica, and Darfur?
Every genocial process:
- Similar traitra
- Similar structure
Every case of genocide
- Different time, place and circumstances
- Different perpetrators and victims
- Different reactions of bystanders
Lesson learned?
Identify lessons learned – lesson learned – plan actions – lessons learned
GSWA 1904-1908
- Not the end but start
o Start of mass atrocities on large scale
o Especially wars and genocides
o New technologies and ideologies
- 30 years later
o The biggest lesson came after 30 years
o The inkubátor of holocaust
Armenian genocide 1915-1917
- Do not forfet
o Hitlers speech on 22.8. 1939 „who after all speak today about the annihilation of
the armenians“
o Decision to attack poland 1.9.1939
o To send to seath men, women and children
- The push for lemkin
o Disturrbed about massacres of armenians
o Inspiration: the gap in internation law
o Need of law against the destruction o group
Holocaust
- The darkest chapter
o What one man is capable of
o What one ideology is capable og
o What humanity is capable of
- The concept of genocide
o The concept was coined
o The genocide convention
o The world began to listen
Cambodian genocide
- Never again
o Liberated survivors 1945 (buchenwald)
o 30 years later in cambodia under polpot
o 1-3mil
- The 10 stages of genocide
o Gregory stanton
 1980 lefr for cambodia, 1982 the cambodian genocide project, 1999
genocide watch, 2012 the ten stages of genocide
Rwandan genocide 1994
- No intervention
o What happens if we dont intervene
o No need for advanced technology
o Machetes and clubs
- The „ideal type“ of genocide
o 1994 ICTR the first tribunal of its kind
 o 1998 the first conviction for genocide – JP AKAyesu: rape as genocid efor first
time
- A lot of fate and studies
Bosnian genocide
- Intervention
o Srebrenica masacre 6-16.7
o London konference 21.7
o OP deliberate force 30.8.-20.9
o Dayton accords 21:11.1995
- R2P doctrine
o Responsibility of states to prevenet „big 4ů
o Draft 2001 accepted by UN 2005
o 3 levels: individual state, inter assistance, intervention
Darfur genocide 2003-
- 21st century
o Holocaust experience
o Genocide convention isnt R2P
o Rwanda and bosnia
- Project: crisis in darfur
o 2007: projecz for protection of victims
o Google and US holocaust museum
o Satelite imagery from google earth
o Transformed the presentaton of G
o Draw attention to threat of G
Dehumanization
- Meaning: the denial of humanness in others
- „genocide begins with dehumanization“
o Adarma dieng 2014
o Spec.advisor of UN secretary general genocide
o Dehumanization is an integral part of genocidal process
- Oregenocidal phase: helps increase agression
- Genocidal phase: hepls overcome barriers of killing
Zimbardos perspective
- Psychological process, lost of the human status, 2 sides (dehumanized x
dehumanizers), central process in: prejudice and racism violence
- Function: make possible for normal people to act cruelly
o It always starts with language
 Jews for nazis: vermin, rats, chinese for japanese: things, tutsis for hutus:
cockroaches
Stantos perspective
- Genocide watch
- The ten stages of genocide – classification, symbolization, discrimination,
dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, persedctuion, extermination,
denial
- Dehumanization 4th
- Definition
o One group denies the humanity of the other
o Equated with animals, insects, diseases
o Overcomes the human revulsion against killing
5 steps of dehumanization
- Prejudice – racial, national, religious level x same
 - Accusation – outcome WWI, communism X threat to settlers, progress
- Denial – rats, subhumans, untermensch x baboons
- Discrimination – nurembreg laws 1935 x mixed marriages 1905-1907
- Persecution – holocaust x the extermination order, shark island
 Nazi germany X GSWA
Bandura: a study of dehumanization
- Stanford 1975 (72 male volunt.)
- The minimal conditions to create D (no authority, no anonymity, shocr for error
intensity 1-10), 3 different info: N H D animals) outcomes: neutral average shock 3,
humanized bellow neutral 1, dehumanized elevated shocks up to 9, conclusion:
experimental condition enabled students to become morally disengaged
Moral disagreement theory
- Soc-cognitive mechanism (bandura)
- Allowing us to justify our cruel actions
- Assumpiton: childhood  moral standards, first external then internalized, moral
standard sis selfworth combined with pride, violating moral standards
- „Why good people could do bad things“?
o Most evil is done by „morally good people“
o People have a talent selectively engage/disengage with their moral standards
o 8 mechanisms: help us to switch of our m.standards
- The 8 mechanisms: 3 most powerful
o Moral justification – creatién of morally acceptable narrative, done in military
(serve the grater good)
o Euphemistic labelling – using better sound word
(not feel guilt), collateral damge x killing
civillians
o Advantageous comparison – make the violent
actions look bettet by comparing to more
extreme one act of terror or mistreating the
country
The measurement of dehumanization
- Nour kteily 2015  the ascent of man
- Rate members of other groups
- Scale 0-100
- Responders: white americans
- Results: 25% responders=muslims, lowest score means less evolved, experiment done
during trumps campaign, after trump was elected as president of usa, hate crimes
against muslims highest since 2001…bandura was right in 1970: dehumanization leads
to increased aggression
Neuroscience behind dehumanization
- DR.Susan Fiske
o Psychologist from princeton
o Leading expert on prejudice
o When we determine others the regions of our brains associated with disgust turn
on and empathy turn off
2.12.2024 / lecture 9

Camps Of Death
NAZI regime
- Concentration camps – enemies to reich
- Forced labor campls – economic gain
 - Transit camps – waiting for deportation
- POW camps – allies, soviet and poles
- Extermination camps – killing centers
Extermination camps
- Death camps
- Killing center
- Different from conc.camp
- Purpose of the camp: murder+annihilation
- Survival chances
- NAZI: 6 camps
Concentration camps
- Place where people are concentrated
- Imprisoned without trial
- Hard living conditions and forced labor
- Definitions:
o Place where citizens are placed within their will (common d)
o An isolated circumscribed site with fixed structure designated to incarcerated
civilians (working d)
- Bauman: 20th century = „the century of camps“
History of concentration camps
- Throughout history
o Higher modernity: industrial era
 Technology
 Organization (smal guard force)
o First modern CC
 CUBA: cuban insurrection during ten yeara war
 Goal to isolate civil people from rebels
 Reconcentrados: term first time used
 Civilians forced to move under death penalty
 200-400k people died from starvation or diseases
o Philippine-USA war 1899-1903
 To suppress ongoing insurgenices
 300 000 in camps
o 2nd boer war
 200 000 people relocated and died in camps
o GSWA story 1904-1908
o WWI: widespread conscription
 Mass detentions started
 By 1918 almost everywhere
- Nazi concentratioon camps
o Nazi germany 1933-1945
o 27 main and 1100 satellite camps
o 1.65 mil.registared prisoners
o AIM: contain prisoners in one place
o Purpose – elimination of opposition, exploitation (forced labor), scientific
experiments
o Idea: after massive arrests in 1930s
o Dachau: the first and longest running
o Holocaust: confused our understanding of c.camps
o Classification systém in nazi campls
 Invented by SS – yellow star (stripes to divide people)
o Nazi and extermination campls
 three classes of camps
 labor camps (mildest form)
 living and working camps
  mills of death
 6 camps:
 The idea of ext.camps
 HHimmler (architect for the holocaust..called for more „human way
of killing)
o Witnessed mass shooting
o Vomited and call for alternative
o Gas van: soviet mental patients
 Timeline
o Aktion T4 euthanasia – kill disabled
o Einsatzgruppen
o Operation reinhard – plan to kill all jews in occupied poland
o Chelmno gas vans
o Wansee konference – most important men in nazi germany
and finally how to ger rif of all the jews
o 5 other EC
 Mobila gas chambers
 First experiments
 Regular use chelmno 1941/12
 Victims 700 000 jews
 Sonder-wawgen
 2 types: 3,5t for 30-50ppl
 Procedure
o Undress and stripp belongings
o Tricked into van
o Exhaust pipe connected to the interior
o Cca 5-10 min=death suffocation
 Stationary gas chambers
 Vans were too slow and loud
 Building of new EC
 Build near the railway lines
 With permanent gas chambers
 Crematorium furnaces
 Procedure
o Undressed in the yard
o Tricked to chambre
o Locked, gassed and killed
o Sonderkommando  burn corpses from chambers
o Cut womens hair
o Burn corpses
o Bones ground to powder
 Zyklon B
o Hydrogen cyanide
o Cianide based pesticide
o Use: shipsm factories, barracks
o Invented in germany 1920
o Bruno tesch executed
o Effective and cheap than carbon monoxid
o Aused in auschwitz majdalek
o Through ventilation holes
o 68kg person killed in 2 minutes
 - Concentration camps in
GSWA
o 1905 start of
taking prosoners
o Regardless role
age or sex
o Collection camps
o 5 biggest close to
railway
o 25.7.1906: 17 018
POW
o POW called: low-
wage labor
o 27.1.1908 closed
o Purpose:
 Separation from rebels, control and elimination, forced labor
o Windhoek camp: biggest

SS guards: people or BEASTS

- Adult Eichmann
o Ss officer, major
organizer of holocaust
o 1962 executed in israel
o Defense: following
orders and duty, never
killed anybody
o Childchood obedience…
authority…
o Hannah Arendt jewish
from germany and
escaped to czech where
she wrote a book about
eichmans trial (banality
of evil) – statement: eichmann followed orders, he was more a byrocrat than a
killer, more evil regime than evil person, following orders leads to antisemitism)
- Oscar Groening
o Ss guard in auschwitz
o Sentenced for 4 years
o Interviewed in 2006
o In auschwitz he first felt doubt
and outrage and he was
reminded ss oath (loyalty)
o Asked for redeployment several
times
o Ambiguous feelings towards
jews  enemies but still human
beings
- Science from social psychology
o Stanley milgram (friend of
zimbardo)

9.12.2024 architects of genocide

Genocidaires
 - Origin: from french genocidaires
- Meaning: those who commit genocide, those who také part in genocide
- First use: genocide in Rwanda 1994
- Today: any perpetrator of genocide
A strcture of perpetrators
- Architects, organizers, direct killers
- Who is responsible? Not easy answer, complex systém  all stages could be
Nature vs. Nurture
- CDGrossman
o Psychology professor, west point and army ranger
- JWaller
o Socpsychologist, specialized in genocide
o Conformity to peer pressure helps initiate and sustain action, dont want to betray
mi comrades
o Moral justification
Ordinary men or not
- CBrowning
o Us historian, book 1992, 210 statements, ordinary men: peer pressure, urge to
confrom, dehumanization
o 500 german police officers
o Einsatzgruppen (death squads), responsible for 38 000 deaths, in occupied
poland
o No experience with killing jews, middleaged, working class, from hamburg 
forst massacre in josefov  choice not to participate only 12
o Conclusion: Participation: different factors  not only antisemitism, ordinary men
in the extraordinary circumstances, anybody could become a genocidaire!
- DGoldhaged
o Us soc.scientist, book 1996, most of germans: willing executors, reason: long
history of antisemitism¨
- RHilberg: worthless, wrong about everything
Thugs or farmers
- J.Hatzfield
o French journalist
o Book 2003
o 10 sentenced perpetrators.. „heroes in a story with no happy ending
- SStraus
o Us pol scientist
o Book 2006
o 210 sentenced perpetrators… „ordinary men from rural areas“
Military and paramilitary genocidaires
- Military
o Most common
o Controlled by state
o Structure: following orders
o Soldiers: trained to kill
o Armed and equipped
- Paramilitary groups
o Not always under the state
o More loosely organized
o Not bound by the rules
The largest study of genocidaires
 - SStraus 2002 in Rwanda, 210 detainers, 15 prisons, direct killers were men
o Criteria to responder – sentenced, pled gulity, sampled randomly or nationally
o Most violent: younger, fewer with no children, less educated
o Most of genocidaires were ordinary men
o Leaders (selfidentificated) – preexisting social status, cca 35 years, primary
education
o „top killers“ – killed 2 or more people, preexisting firearm trainning 90%, army
reservist, forest guards
Age: 89% 20-48 yo, Majority 30-39 yo
Paternity: 77% fathers, median with 3 children
Occupation: 77%farmers, 55% with extra income of farmers
Literacy and education: 61% literate, almost half primary education
Degree of participation: 72% stated, 0% directly killed

Lecture 10. Genocidaires

Points: 70
ICTV – international criminal tribunal
Rape charged as an act of genocide after rwandan genocide
1500 victims of sexual violence in rwandan genocide

SEXUAL VIOLENCE
- The rome statute
- First international crim.law.instrument – sexviolence included, not sufficient definition of
the term
- The UN sex.council resolution in 1820
- Rome statute
o War crimes – rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnanncy,
enforced sterilisation, ano other formo f sexual violence of comparable gravity
o Crimes against humanity – rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostituin, forced
pregnancy, enforced sterilisation, any other formo f secual violence of comparble
gravity
Rape as a crime of genocide
- Specific intent to destroy, in or in part a particular group as such
- Forms
o Main: forced pregnancy and maternity
o Other: forced marriage, brutal sexual mutilation
- SFishers draft: the conecide convention
- Rape as an occupation and colonization
o DBloxham – armenian genocide, forced marriage „the colonization of the female
body“
o SFisher – 1996 – serbian policy in bosnia, forced maternity
- History
o Part of conflict over the history
o Most of the 20th century
o Rape=crime of honor > crime of violence
o Armenian genocide
 Gen.rape=well documented (objective:forced pregnancy)
 Women/girls assaulted: in their homes before relocation pr during forcced
marches into syrian desert
o Testimony in smith 2013: „every girl in her village aged over 12 and some who
were younger had been raped“
o CHANGE IN THE 1990
 ICTY: recognize sex violence = serious breach of human rights
 ICTR: recognized the function of sexual violence in genocide
 1992 first stories from bosna – used to enforce a policy of ethnic cleansing
 1993 roy gutman did first documentation – concentration / rape camps in
bosnia
 1993 C Mackinnon was rape used as a tool of genocide
 All of the these problems brought attention of an internation community to
the problem
o THE BRAKING POINT: CASE AKAYESU
 The first time:
 Conviction of an individual for rape as a case against humanity
 Conviction ever for genocide
 Rape charged as a constituent element of genocide
 Genocidal conviction art II in point b
o Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group
o Convi. Art III in point C – even to commit genocide
o JEAN PAUL AKAYESU
  Teacher and mayor found guilty 9 out of 15 counts,
personally supervised killings, gave a death litst to
militas, ordered house searches
 ICTR 2.11 1998 arrested in zambia 1998 october
 Defense team – akayesu=scapegoat, for crimes in taba
- Sexual violence Rwanda
o „rape was the rule and its absence was the exception“
o Victimst: 250 000 (15700 reported)
o 2001 study: 25 000 raped widows and 70% infected bi HIV
o 2000 – 10000 children born from the rape
o Often: public rape, sexual slavery, multilation of genitals
- Forced impregnation
o Systematic gen.procedure
o Most apparent use of sex.v.  genocide
o First time widely used in bosnia
o AIM: to undermine identity of women or
o Most cultures: patrilineal  after father….. ethnicity and cultural identity
o Rape in war: by product and out of control
 In genocide: controlled, systematic and ordered for purpose for destruction
- Rape camps
o Bosnian war
 Serbian policy of forced maternity
 Forced pregnancy + delivery
o Victims
 Bosnian and croatian women
 >20000 women raped
 Rape centers: hotel, hotel station, sport center (hotel vilina vlas)
 Today 2000-4000 children
- Bosnian war: sexual violence
o Icty: Kunarac
 Fisr person convicted for rape
 First time in national and inter.jurispruddence
 Sentenced to 28 years
 CaH: torture, rape, enslavement, WC: rape and torture
- UN 5 patters of sex.v.in bosnia
o Individuals and small groups – start of conflict
o Individuals and small groups – fullknown conflict
o Rape of detention with full knowledge of superiors
o Part of policy of ethnic cleansing
o Intention with purpose of sex.violence services to soldiers
- Sexual violence against men and boys
o Bosnian war: 3000 raped
o 10 out of 78 ICTY (male cases)
o More cases of detention: Dreteli camp
o Reasons: psychological > sexual violence (humiliation, assretion of dominance)
o Results: trauma mental and physical (ptsd and shame)
o What happened? Oral and anal rape, forced to eat casitrated genitals, genital
humiliation, blunt trauma, forced sex on corpses
- The rape squads
o During Rwanda genocide 1994
o Interhamwe took AIDS/HIV patients
o From hospital to rape squads
o Hundreds of infected men
o The intent: to infect a tutsi women, to cause a slow inexorable death, gave birth
hiv or aids infected babies
o Militia leaders: „come and transmit your disease to these tutsi women“
- The aftermath of 1994 sexual violence
o „my son kept asking who his father was. But among 100 men who rape dme i
couldnt tell the father (Carine – rape victim)