1. Differences between Method Study and Work Measurement.

Ans:

Method study:

1. The systematic analysis of methods used to perform a task to improve efficiency.

2. To identify and implement the most efficient way of doing a job.
3. Focuses on improving methods and processes.
4. Flowcharts, process charts, diagrams, and critical examination tools are used
5. Results in better procedures, reduced waste, and improved workflow.

Work Measurements:

1. The process of determining the time required to complete a task under specific conditions.
2. To establish a standard time for task completion
3. Focuses on time and effort needed to complete the task.
4. Time study, stopwatch study, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS) tools are used
5. Results in time standards and helps in planning and scheduling work.

2. Give the various symbols utilized as recording techniques with their meaning.

Symbols Used in Method Study: 1. Operation 2.Inspection 3.Transportation 4.Delay

5.Storage 6.Operation cum Transportation 7.Inspection cum Operation
3. Define work measurement and state its objectives. Explain the equipments required for
Time Study.

Ans: Work measurement is also called by the name ‘time study’. Work measurement (Time
study) may be defined as “the art of observing and recording the time required to do each
detailed element of an industrial operation.”

It's objective are-

1. Target time for each job can be scientifically estimated.

2. Useful wage incentive schemes can be formulated on the basis of target time.
3. It can lead to proper balancing of the work distribution.
4. It can help to evaluate a workers performance.

Time Study Equipments: The equipment required for time study consists of :

(1) Stop watch method

(2) Time study board
(3) Time study forms
(4) Time recording machine
(5) Motion picture camera

1. Stop watch: Stop watch is one of the important timing devices used for measuring the
time taken by a worker to complete a job.

2. Time study board: Time study board is simply a flat board, usually of plywood or of any
suitable plastic sheet and it should have fittings to hold stop watch and time study forms.

3. Time study forms: These are printed forms of standard size which allow the observer to
record the relevant information’s during time study.

4. Motion picture camera: It is used in micro-motion study (it is best suited for those
operations or activities which are of short duration and which are repeated hundreds of time).
This camera is driven at constant speed of several ranges. Because of constant speed, time
taken by each film can be calculated.
4. What are the four basic methods of job evaluation ? Describe any one of them.

Ans: The four basic methods of job evaluation are-

Non-quantitative Methods: Under non-quantitative methods, a job is compared as a whole

with other jobs in the organization. The most common non-quantitative methods are:
(a)Ranking or Job Comparison method
(b)Job classification or grading method

a) Ranking or Job Comparison method: Under this system, all the jobs are arranged or ranked
in the order of their importance from the lowest to the highest or in the reverse order. Jobs can
also be arranged according to the relative difficulty in performing them.

Advantages of Ranking Method:

1.This method is simple, consumes less time and requires less paper work.
2. It is very easy to understand and easy to explain to employees.
3. With this method very quick results can be obtained.
4. It is suitable for small organizations involving lesser number of jobs to be evaluated.
Disadvantages of Ranking Method:
1.The method is not very accurate.
2. It is not useful for large organizations.
3. It does not give actual information’s. It only shows higher or lower values but does not show
how much one job differs from others.
5. Define the following :

(i) Minimum wages: Minimum wages are paid to the worker to improve the standard of living
of people who live below the poverty line.

(ii) Fare wages: Fair wage assuring equal pay for equal work. The rates for the fair wages range
minimum wage and living wage.

(iii) Living wage: Living wage assuring maintenance of living standards in a locality. When the
rates of wages are such that they can meet some of the social requirements of a family like
foods, cloths, education and insurance against misfortune along with other basic necessities,
they are referred to as living wage.

6. Explain Critical Path Method.

Ans: In critical path method (CPM) the activity times are known with certainty. For each activity
earliest start time (EST) and latest start times (LST) are computed. "The path with the longest
time sequence called critical path. The length of the critical path determines the minimum time
in sequence is which the entire project can be completed. The activities on the critical path are
called 'Critical activities. The time analysis in network is done with an objective of :

1. Determining the completion time for the project.

2. Earliest time when each activity can start.
3. Latest time when each activity can start without delaying the total project.
4. Determining float for each activity.
5. Identification of the critical activities and critical path.

7. Difference between outline process chart and flow process chart.

Ans: Outline process chart

1. An outline process chart is a graphic representation of the sequence of all operations and
inspections taking place in a process
2. Operation process chart uses only two symbols, i.e. operation and inspection
3. A brief description of each activity and the time allowed are mentioned by the side of the
symbol.
Flow process chart
1. A flow process chart is a graphical representation of all operations, inspections,
transportations, delays and storages occurring during a process or production
2. Uses symbols for operations, inspections, delays, transport, and storage.
3. A brief description of the activity is written on the right hand side of the activity symbol and
time or distance is given on the left hand side.
8. Difference between PERT and CPM:

9. Difference between Productivity and Production

10. Comparison of and R chart with P-chart:

11. Comparison between Attribute Carts and Variable Charts

12. Difference between job evaluation and merit rating:

13. What is a Process Flow Chart in production ? What are its uses and advantages ?

Ans: A flow process chart is a graphical representation of all operations, inspections,

transportations, delays and storages occurring during a process or production.
The flow process chart is useful-
1.To reduce the distance travelled by man (or materials.)
2.To avoid waiting time and unnecessary delays
3.To fix up the sequence
4.To relocate the inspection stages
Advantages-
1.A process flow chart can help plan a project
2.It help study a process for efficiency and improvement
3.Flowcharts can create clear documentation for better understanding, quality control, and
employee training.
14. What are the objectives of Method Study? Explain the procedure for Method Study.

Ans: The objectives of method study are :

(i) To bring improvement in processes and procedures.

(ii) To eliminate wastage of time and labor.
(iii) To find the best way of doing a job.
(ii) To bring improvement in factory, shop and work-place layout.
(v) To develop suitable working conditions.

Basic Procedures/Steps in Method Study:

The basic approach to method study consists of the following eight steps-
Step 1: SELECT the work to be studied and define its boundaries.
Step 2: RECORD all the relevant facts of the present or proposed method by direct observation
and collect such additional data as may be needed from appropriate sources.
Step 3: EXAMINE these facts critically in the order of sequence using the questioning
techniques. The basic questions are: what is done?, who does it?, where it is done?, how it is
done? When it is done?
Step 4: DEVELOP the most practical, economical and effective method considering all the
circumstances.
Step 5: MEASURE the quality of work involved in the method selected and calculates a
standard time for doing it.
Step 6: DEFINE the new method, as a result, in a clear manner and present it to those
concerned, i.e., management, supervisors and workers.
Step 7: INSTALL the new method as a standard practice and train the persons involved in
applying it.
Step 8: MAINTAIN that standard practice by proper supervision, regular and routine checks.

15. Define Job Evaluation. What are the objectives of Job Evaluation?

Ans: Job evaluation is the rating of jobs in an organization. It is the process of evaluating the
different jobs systematically to ascertain their relative worth and attaches a value in an
organization.
Objectives of Job evaluation
1.To establish wage differentials between various jobs;
2.To eliminate wage inequalities, if any;
3.To provide a rational basis fixing incentives and different bonus plans;
4.Know the worth of each job of the organization or rating the job.
5. To improve employer-employee relationships.
16. Write short notes:

1. Predetermined Motion Time Study (PMTS): A predetermined motion time system may be
defined as a procedure/method which analyzes
any manual activity / human motion in terms of the basic or fundamental motions required to
perform it.

Objectives and Uses of PMTS:

1. It sets time standards for different jobs.
2. It assists in constructing time formulae.
3. It is very useful in improving Existing methods.
Advantages of PMTS:
1.Alternative methods are compared easily.
2. They are an excellent training technique.
Disadvantages of PMTS:
(i) PMTS can deal manual motions of an operation only.
(ii) They are not economical for non-repetitive operations.

2. PERT: PERT takes in to account the uncertainty of activity times. It is a probabilitic model with
uncertainty in activity duration.
PERT is based on the assumption that operation time cannot be estimated accurately, because
of the various uncertainties involved in the working.
PERT uses the following three time estimates:
(i) Optimistic time
(ii) Most likely time
(iii) Pessimistic time

3. Statistical quality control:

Statistical quality control (SQC) is a technique of estimating the quality of whole from the
quality of the samples. The objective of statistical quality control is to monitor production
through many stages of manufacturing. The meaning of statistics, quality and control are as
follows:
1.Statistics: Statistics means the good amount of data to obtain reliable results.
2. Quality: Quality is a relative term and is generally explained with reference to the end use of
the product.
3. Control: Control is a system for measuring and checking or inspecting a phenomenon.
4. Bonus and Incentives:
Incentives: Incentive is a reward which is given to a worker for his efficiency and hard work.
A bonus is a one-time payment given to an employee for achieving a specific goal.

17. Prime objective of industrial engineering:

The prime objective of industrial engineering is to increase the productivity by eliminating

waste and non value adding (unproductive) operations and improving the effective utilization of
resources. The main resources are people/men, materials, methods, equipment and money
which are to be used in right manner so that they constitute an integrated combination to
achieve the production objectives (to improve productivity or profits etc.) and policies of the
organization.

18. How job analysis differs from job description.

Job Analysis: The object of job analysis is to gather and report necessary information about
jobs being studied. Job analysis is a very important prerequisite to job evaluation because the
accuracy of job evaluation results depends upon the correctness of information obtained about
a job. The report of job analysis helps in the selection, placement and training of employees. It
also facilitates improvements in job design and work methods. Job analysis provides data
essential for correct evaluation of a job.

Job description: It is an organized and factual statement of the activities comprising a

properly identified job. It contains a written summary of the tasks and duties performed
materials and tool used, working conditions and relation with other jobs. The purpose of job
description is to identify, define and describe clearly the job to be rated and to provide a full
understanding of the factors to be evaluated. For example, the work of gate-keeper is analyzed
and his job description will be:
(i) To guard at the gate.
(ii) To keep watch on men coming in and going out of the factory.
(iii) To watch on goods entering and leaving the factory etc.

19. What are Control charts? How they are advantageous in SQC?
A control chart is a statistical device that is used in controlling the manufacturing process and is
a kind of graphical chart used to detect any unusual variation occurring in the process of
production that may put the process out of control.
In a control chart, a sample statistic of a quality characteristic such as mean, range, proportion
of defective units, etc. is taken along the Y-axis and the sample number or time is taken along
the X-axis.
Advantages:
1. A control chart indicates whether a process is in control or out of control.
2. It detects unusual variations taking place in a process.
3. It helps in reducing the rejection, as it warns in time so that process can be rectified in time.
4. It helps in setting of tolerance limits.

20. State the objectives of X and R-chart.

Salient Features of X Charts:

1. The X- ar chart shows how the mean or average changes over time i.e. it tracks the central
tendency (the average value observed) over time
2. X-bar chart monitors the process mean by using the means of small samples taken
frequently.
3. It shows erratic or cyclic shifts in the process.
4. It detects steady progress changes, like tool wear.
Salient Features of R Charts:
1. R chart shows how the range of the subgroups changes over time i.e. it tracks the spread of
the distribution over
2. R chart monitors the process variation by using the sample ranges as the measure of
variability.
3. R- Chart shows the uniformity or consistency of the process,
4. It is a chart for measure of spread.
5. It is generally used along with an -chart.

21. Therblig.

Therbligs primarily refer to motion of human body at the workplace and to the mental activities
associated with it. They permit much more precise and detailed description of the work than
any other recording techniques.
Therbligs were suggested by Frank B.
Gilberth the founder of motion study who differentiated 17 fundamental hand or hand and eye
motions to which an eighteenth has been added.
Each therblig has a specific color, symbol and letter for recording purposes.
Therbligs are used for the following:
1. In studying the activities of two or more persons on a group work.
2. In studying the relationship of the activities of the operator and the machine as a means of
timing operations.
3. In obtaining motion time data for time standards.
4. Acts as a permanent record of the method and time of activities of the operator and the
machine.
22. Explain the different methods of Merit rating.

Merit Rating: Merit rating or performance appraisal is the systematic process of evaluating the
performance of employees on a job.
Methods of Merit Rating: The various methods of merit rating are:
(i) Ranking method.
(ii) Paired comparison method.
(iii)Check list method.
(iv) Scale plan method.
1. Ranking method: Ranking is the oldest, simplest and most conventional method. In this
method, the workers are arranged in rank from best to worst satisfactory
2.Paired comparison method: This is a modified ranking method. In this method, every person
is compared with every other person, one at a time.
3. Check list method: In this technique, the supervisors are provided with printed forms
containing descriptive questions about the performance of workers.
4. Rating Scale method: This is widely accepted method in Industries. There are many variants
of rating scale and all consists of a list of attributes or traits, each being accompanied by scale
for rating the workers.

23. What is meant by incentives? Explain the different types of incentive.

Incentives: Incentive is a reward which is given to a worker for his efficiency and hard work.
Incentives may be classified as:
1. Direct incentives
2. Indirect incentives
3. Financial incentives
4. Non financial incentives.
5. Semi financial incentives.
1. Direct incentives: Direct incentives are those which are given to an individual worker for his
own contribution.
2. Indirect incentives: Indirect incentives are paid to a group of workers.
3. Financial incentives: These are the rewards paid to employees efforts in cash. Some financial
incentives are given to the worker in the form of (i) Bonus and (ii) profit sharing.
4. Non financial incentives: These are non monetary incentives (other than case). These may
include gift items, discount coupons, special holidays etc.
5. Semi financial incentives: Semi financial incentives include:
1. Provision of subsidized lunch, recreational and medical facilities to the workers and
subsidized educational facilities for their children.
2. Pension and other benefits.

24. Why is inspection important in an industry. Describe the various types of inspection
method.

Ans: Objectives of Inspection: The purposes or objectives of Inspection are:

1) Inspection separates defective components from non-defective ones and thus ensures the
adequate quality of products.
2) Inspection detects and removes the faulty raw materials and flaws in processes which cause
problems at the final stage.
3) Inspection detects sources of weakness and trouble in the finished products and hus check
the work of designers.
4) Inspection prevents the substandard reaching the customer and reducing complaints.
5) Inspection promotes reputation for quality and reliability of product.
Kinds of Inspection: The main kinds of inspection are:
Floor or patrolling inspection
Centralized inspection
Trial run inspection
First piece inspection
Pilot piece inspection
Operation inspection
Sample inspection
Final inspection
Working inspection
1. Floor or patrolling inspection:
In this system, the inspector walks round on the shop floor from machine to machine and
checks samples of the work of various machine operators or workers
Advantages:
1.Detection of errors of the source reduces scrap and rework.
2. Material handling time is reduced.
3. Does not delay in production.
Disadvantages
1. Delicate instruments can be employed.
3. Supervision of inspectors is difficult due to vibration.
4. Pressure on inspector.
2. Operation inspection: It is the inspection at the completion of operation before the work in
process passed to another operation or machine or department.
3. Sample inspection: In this, certain percentage from a lot is inspected and the entire lot is
judged by the result of these samples.

25. Define work study and state its objectives.

Ans: Work study is a means of enhancing the production efficiency or productivity of the firm
by elimination of waste and unnecessary operations.

Objectives of work study:

(i) To find the most economical way of doing the work.

(ii) To standardize the methods, materials, tools and equipment.

(iii) To determine the time required to do a job by a qualified and properly trained person working at
normal pace.

(iv) To assist in training the workers for new methods.

(v) To evaluate work content through work measurement.