Unit-II : Work Analysis and Measurement

1. Introduction

Work analysis and measurement form the foundation of modern industrial management. In any
manufacturing or service organization, efficiency depends on how effectively work is analyzed,
organized, and executed. Work analysis helps in breaking down a job into smaller components
and identifying the most efficient method of doing it. Work measurement, on the other hand,
focuses on determining the time required to perform the work under standard conditions.
Together, these two aspects contribute to improving productivity, reducing cost, and eliminating
waste. In the era of globalization and competitiveness, industries cannot survive without
scientific management of work, which is why work analysis and measurement are considered
crucial for success.

2. Design of Work Study

Work study is a scientific approach that systematically investigates work processes to improve
efficiency and effectiveness. It consists of two complementary techniques: method study and
work measurement. Method study seeks to analyze the “how” of doing a job, with the aim of
simplifying it and finding better methods. Work measurement deals with the “how much time”
aspect, focusing on establishing standard time for completing a task. Together, they provide a
complete picture of the efficiency of a job. Work study is important because it identifies
bottlenecks, reduces unnecessary motions, and establishes realistic performance standards,
thereby ensuring that work is carried out with the least effort, time, and cost.

3. Steps Involved in Work-Study Process

The work-study process follows a systematic sequence of steps that ensure scientific
investigation of work methods. First, the job or process is selected for study, usually where
improvements are most needed. Second, relevant facts are recorded through diagrams, charts,
or observation. Third, these facts are critically examined to identify delays, redundancies, and
unnecessary actions. Fourth, alternative methods are developed to simplify and improve the
work. Fifth, these alternatives are evaluated and the best method is chosen. Sixth, the method is
defined and documented clearly. Seventh, it is installed in practice, and finally, the last step is
to maintain and review the method regularly. This systematic approach ensures sustained
improvements in efficiency.
4. Method Study

Method study is concerned with the systematic recording and critical analysis of the existing and
proposed ways of performing work, with the objective of developing easier and more effective
methods. According to the British Standard Institution, “Method study is the systematic
recording and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of
developing and applying easier and more effective methods and reducing costs.” The procedure
of method study involves six major steps: selection of work, recording facts, examining the
process critically, developing the best method, installing the method, and maintaining it. The
ultimate aim of method study is to eliminate unnecessary motions, improve efficiency, and
reduce fatigue and costs without compromising quality.

5. Objectives and Techniques of Work Measurement

The main objective of work measurement is to determine the standard time required for carrying
out a job under normal conditions. This helps in setting realistic work standards, comparing
worker performance, and ensuring fair wages. Work measurement techniques also help in
identifying inefficient operations, improving productivity, and assisting in production planning.
The major techniques used include time study, which measures time taken for each task; work
sampling, which involves random observations; predetermined motion time systems (PMTS),
which use standard data of human motions; synthesis methods, where previous data are
combined; and analytical estimating, where experienced supervisors predict task time. Each
technique has its own application, but the ultimate goal is to ensure efficiency and fair
performance standards.

6. Work Sampling and Its Application

Work sampling is a statistical technique used to study the proportion of time spent on different
activities of a job. Instead of continuous observation like time study, work sampling involves
making observations at random intervals to estimate how much time is devoted to productive
work, idle time, and delays. It is less expensive, less time-consuming, and more suitable for jobs
of long duration or irregular activities. The main applications include evaluating worker
performance, determining the utilization of machines, estimating delays, setting realistic work
standards, and identifying waste. For example, if observations show that workers spend 70% of
their time on productive tasks and 30% on delays, management can take steps to reduce idle
time.

7. Selection of Personnel and Wage Payment Plans

The success of industrial management largely depends on the selection of the right personnel and
the adoption of appropriate wage payment plans. Selection of personnel involves choosing the
most suitable worker for a particular job through recruitment, testing, interviews, and training. It
ensures that the right man is placed at the right job, reducing inefficiency. Wage payment is
equally important, as it influences worker motivation and productivity. Different systems
include: Time wage system, where workers are paid based on hours worked; Piece wage
system, where payment is based on units produced; and Incentive plans, such as Halsey,
Rowan, and Taylor’s differential piece rate system. These wage plans encourage efficiency,
reward performance, and help maintain industrial harmony.

8. Advantages of Work Analysis and Measurement

The advantages of work analysis and measurement are numerous. Firstly, they increase
productivity by eliminating unnecessary motions and delays. Secondly, they help in cost
reduction by improving efficiency and ensuring optimum use of resources. Thirdly, they assist in
fixing fair wages by providing scientific standards for time and effort. Fourthly, they improve
production planning by providing standard times for each job, which helps in scheduling and
controlling production. Fifthly, they reduce worker fatigue by simplifying work methods and
ensuring ergonomic practices. Finally, they help industries remain competitive by ensuring high
quality at low cost. Thus, work analysis and measurement are indispensable tools for modern
industrial management.

9. Conclusion

In conclusion, work analysis and measurement are essential techniques for improving industrial
efficiency and worker productivity. By scientifically analyzing work methods (through method
study) and measuring performance standards (through work measurement), industries can
achieve the dual objectives of cost reduction and productivity improvement. These techniques
also ensure fair wage systems, better worker satisfaction, and optimum use of resources. In
today’s competitive environment, organizations that implement systematic work analysis and
measurement can adapt more effectively, provide higher quality goods and services, and sustain
long-term success. Therefore, these techniques are not just desirable but necessary for the
survival and growth of any industrial or service organization.