MIND MAP

Nutrition
(food) from outside to the body of living organism to
It is a prOcess to transfer source of energy performing basic functions of ire.
obtain energy for maintaining living structures and

Heterotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition and
organism cannot make its own food
It is performed by green plants and some bacteria, In heterotrophic nutrition, an already produced by autotrophs.
which manufacture their own food from inorganic obtain energy from organic molecules
SOurces such as carbon dioxide and water.

Photosynthesis Parasitic
Holozoic Saprotrophic
It is a process by which green plants synthesise They feed on dead organic These organisms live on
organic food in form of carbohydrates in the Complex molecules are or inside host to obtain
matter and breakdown
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll by taking taken in and then broken nutrition,e.g. ticks, lice,
complex molecules
down into simpler form,
CO, and H0. e.g. Amoeba, coW, goat, outside the body, leech and flatworm.
dog and humans. e.g. yeast and bacteria.

site of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts are the main sites of photosynthesis
that occur in the leaf. They have a green pigment Nutrition in Amoeba Nutrition in
called chlorophyll that traps solar energy as Human Beings
Amoeba is an unicellular omnivore that
photons and is essential pigment for The complex substances taken from
does not have special organs for nutrition.
photosynthesis. outside are broken down in body by
It ingests food with pseudopodia.
different parts of alimentary canal.
Raw Materials for Photosynthesis
" CO, It forms carbohydrates.
. Water It forms oxygen. Human Digestive System
Conditions Necessary for Photosynthesis Digestion is a catabolic process. Human digestive system consists of a long
. Chlorophyll It traps solar energy.
tubular structure (7-8 metre) known as alimentary canal where the entire process
of digestion is accomplished and its associated glands.
Sunlight It is responsible for photolysis of water.

Events of Photosynthesis
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyl. Alimentary Canal Digestive Glands
Conversion of light energy into chemical It consists of following organs: Salivary glands secrete saliva that
energy and spliting of water molecules into Mouth It act as first part of contains enzyme salivary amylase.
hydrogen and oxygen. digestive system. Tongue bears Help in digestion of starch.
Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. taste buds which help in tasting of
food. Teeth helps in chewing of " Gostric glands They are present in
food. It leads to buccal cavity that stomach and secrete digestive juice
Mechanism of Digestion containing pepsin, HCl and mucus.
This process involves five steps:
opens into pharyn. The latter
continues as oesophagus. Liver It secretes bile juice for
. Ingestion Taking in food into mouth.
. Stomach Oesophagus connects emulsification of fats.
Digestion Conversion of complex food into pharynx to stomach, that stores " Pancreas It secretes pancreatic juice
simpler com ponents by the action of various and digest food.
enzymes. that contains trypsin, amylase and
Intestine It is main organ of lipase enzyme.
Absorption Digested food is absorbed into blood.
digestion and absorption. " Intestinal glands They secrete
Assimilation Distribution of digested food Anus End point of alimentary
products to cells of body and its utilisation for canal from where waste is intestinal juice.
energy etc.
removed out from the body.
Egestion Elimination of undigested food from
anus to outside body.
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Respiration
It is a process by which food is oxidised to release energy. For this O2
is required from outside of the body. It is a catabolic process of biochemical
Oxidation of nutrients such as glucose.

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

It occurs in the presence of oxygen and It occurs in the absence of oxygen and releases small amount of energy.
releases large amount of energy. The energy
released by respiration is in the form of ATP.
ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate also
known as energy currency of cell. Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation
It is incomplete breakdown of It is incomplete breakdown of sugar
sugar into ethanol and into lactic acid. It takes place in some
carbon dioxide. It takes place bacteria or in human muscles.
Respiration in Plants in yeast and bacteria.
Plants get energy through the process of
respiration that is utilised in growth and life
functions. Plant exchange gases through the
following:

In Roots Gaseous exchange takes In Stems Gaseous exchange takes In Leaves Gaseous exchange occurs
place by diffusion from air. place by lenticels in woody plants and
stomata in herbaceous plants. through stomata.

Respiration in Animals
Animals respire through skin or constitute specifc organs which make respiratory system of an organism.
These organs have a structure that increases the surface area and is in contact with oxygen rich atmosphere.

Aquatic 0rganisms Terrestrial Organisms

Rate of breathing is higher in aquatic organisns as level of They use atmospheric oxygen for respiration.
dissolved oxygen in water is less than level of oxygen in air.
Respire through gills.

Mechanism of GaseOus Exchange in Humans Respiration in Human Beings

Humans absorb oxygen from atrmosphere through the process of Respiratory system in human beings provides oxygen to body
inhalation. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between blood and removes carbon dioxide from body. It
constitutes of
vessels and alveoli. Carbon dioxide is exhaled from body through lungs to organs like nostrils, nasal passage, pharynx,
the atrmosphere in a process called exhalation. bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, ribs and trachea,
diaphragm.
larynx,

Respiratory Pigment
Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment that
carries oXygen in blood to cells of body.
 MIND MAP
It is a life Transportation
process of carrving absorbed or made
substances
of the body to its other from one part
parts.

Transportation in Human Beings

The transport system of Transportation in Plants
blood that is pumped byhuman beings consists of fluid called Plants need a proper transport system to carry water and
transports nutrients, salts,heart through blood vessels. Blood minerals from root to leaves and stored food from leaves to other
substances around the body.oxygen, hormones and other parts. There are two transportation pathway, consisting of wo
conducting tissues.

Blood
It is a red coloured liquid, its colour is due to the
red pigment called presence of
living cells. It consisthaemoglobin.
It supplies O, and
of plasma (55%) and blood nutrients to Xylem Phloem
(45%). Blood corpuscles are RBCs, WBCs and corpuscles It transports water and It transports food (like sugar) from
platelets. minerals obtained from leaves to other parts of plant and
the soil. this transport is termed as
translocation.
Functions of Blood
Transport of nutrients, excretory products,
carbon dioxide, regulation of pH, body hormones, oxygen, Transport of Woter Transport of Food
protection from diseases etc. temperature and It occurs due to Products of photosynthesis are
transpiration pull and carried from the leaves to the storage
root pressure. organs of roots, fruits and seeds
Heart
growing parts of plant by using
energy from ATP.
It pumps blood. It is a muscular organ having 4
chambers-2
auricles and 2 ventricles. Left auricle and ventricle have pure
blood and right auricle and ventricle contains impure blood. Transpiration
It is loss of water in the form of vapour
from aerial parts of
plant. It is
essential for temperature
excess of water, and for transport byregulation
xylem.
removing
Blood Vessels
Arteries are tubes which take pure blood from heart to body
tissues and veins are the tubes that transport impure blood from
body tissues to heart.
Capillaries are thin narrow tubes, which connect arteries to
veins and allow exchange of materials between blood and body Lymph
It is liquid,
similar to plasma but
carries digested and absorbed fatcontains
cells. less proteins. t
excess fluid back into blood.
from intestine and drains

Flow of Blood in Humans

Humans show double circulation. It has two components,
pulmonary and systemic circulation.
" The movement of blood from heart to the lungs and back to
Blood Pressure
heart constitutes pulmonary circulation. The pressure at which blood is pumped
" The circulation of blood from heart to different parts of the
heart is called blood pressure. Normal BParound
is
the body by
body except lungs and back to heart constitutes systemic /80 (diastolic). 120(systolic)
circulation.
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Excretion
lt is a biological process by which an organism removes
harmtul
metabolic wastes from the body

Excretion in Human Beings Excretion in Plants

Excretory system in humans removes the nitrogen
wastes such as urea in the form of urine thrOugh the containing Plants excrete various waste products during their life
kidney. processes.

Excretory System

Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra

They are paired, thin muscular tubes coming Urine is stored here It is a duct which transmits urine
from each kidney and open into urinary bladder. from the urinary bladder to the
They help in passage of urine. temporarily.
exterior of the body.

Kidney Gaseous Waste Products

It is the main organ of excretory system. It is reddish Carbon dioxide and oxygen are excreted out through
brown and bean-shaped organ. stomata and lenticels.
Functions of Kidney
" Removal of eXcess water and waste.
" Regulation of blood plasma concentration. Liquid Waste Products
" Regulation of blood pH. Plants get rid of excess water by transpiration through
stomata.
Nephron
Each kidney is made up of thousands of tiny tubules Solid Waste Products
called nephron. It is the structural and functional unit of Some plants store waste substances in cell vacuoles and
kidney. tissues with dead cells,get rid of them by dropping their
leaves.

Formation of Urine
Ultrafiltration of blood occurs in glomerulus of Useful Plant Wastes
Bowman's capsule. Some plants wastes are useful for human beings.
Selective reabsorption of useful substances OcCurs in Examples:
" Essential oils.
tubule, forming urine.
" Gums to make adhesives and resins to make
glazing
agents.
Natural rubber for tyre industry and tannin for
Removal of Urine treatment of leather.
Urine is stored in urinary bladder and pass out through
urethra, under nervous control.
Artificial Kidney
It is a device that removesnitrogenous wastes producIS
from blood through dialysis, in case of kidney failure.