Life Processes: Reading material
All the processes such as respiration, nutrition, circulation, excretion etc. that are
necessary for the survival of the living organisms are known as life processes.
Modes of Nutrition
The two most common type of nutrition are autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic
nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition
It is a type of nutrition in which inorganic materials such as carbon-dioxide, is used up to
synthesize organic food by a process known as photosynthesis. For example, green plants
use autotrophic mode of nutrition. Organisms which uses autotrophic mode of nutrition are
known as autotrophs.
photosynthesis to occur, carbon-dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll are the required
raw materials. Sunlight provides energy, chlorophyll is used to absorb the sunlight,
carbon-dioxide is reduced to carbohydrates and water is oxidized to release the oxygen.
Water is taken up from the soil through the roots.
The site where the photosynthesis occurs in known as chloroplast. They contain green
colour pigment known as chlorophyll that traps sunlight for photosynthesis.
Steps of the photosynthesis are as follows-
Absorption of light by chlorophyll.
Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
Splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
Finally, reduction of carbon-dioxide into carbohydrates.
Leaves contain small openings known as stomata which helps in exchange of gases.
Stomata/stoma is surrounded by guard cell which guards the opening and closing of
stomata. Guard cells also contain chloroplast.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
In this mode of nutrition, an organism is unable to synthesize its own food. It is of
following types-
1. Holozoic nutrition is a type of nutrition where an organism takes in whole food
and break it inside the body. For example, Amoeba.
2. Saprophytic nutrition is a nutrition in which organisms feed on dead and
decaying matter. For example, fungi.
3. Parasitic nutrition is a nutrition in which organism feed on living host. For
example, Cuscutta.
Nutrition in Human Beings
Humans consists of alimentary canal which starts from mouth and ends at anus. The parts
of the alimentary canal are as follows-
1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Oesophagus/food pipe
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Rectum
8. Anus
Fig.3. Human Digestive System
Mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal. mouth consists of muscular tongue and
teeth’s. cavity inside the mouth is known as oral cavity.
Mechanism of Digestion of Food
Food digestion process begins in the mouth. Food is complex in nature.
To breakdown food and absorb it, we need biological catalyst known as enzymes.
Mouth contains salivary glands that secrete saliva. Saliva contains an important enzyme
known as salivary enzymes that breaks down starch into simple sugars.
The food then passes via oesophagus into the stomach. The movement of the food
inside the oesophagus occurs via rhythmic contraction of muscles, this is known
as peristalsis.
Stomach contains gastric glands that secrete mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme.
After stomach, food then enters into small intestine. Small intestine is larger in
herbivores due to cellulose digestion compared to carnivores.
Complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats occurs in small intestine.
Small intestine receives secretions from pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile helps
in emulsification of fats whereas pancreas secrete enzymes such as trypsin for protein
digestion. Intestinal wall also contains glands that secrete intestinal juice.
Small intestine has villi that increases the surface area for the absorption of food.
The unabsorbed food is then transferred to large intestine where water is absorbed.
Undigested food is then expelled out from the anus.
Respiration
It is a metabolic process which involves breakdown of food to release energy is known
as respiration.
The breakdown of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon-dioxide is absence of oxygen is
known as fermentation. As this process occurs in absence of oxygen, it is known as
anaerobic respiration. When the pyruvate is broken down in carbon-dioxide and water
in presence of oxygen it is known as aerobic respiration.
The energy released during the process is used up to synthesize the ATP (adenosine
triphosphate).
Compared to animals, plants used stomata to exchange carbon-dioxide and oxygen.
This exchange occurs through diffusion.
Respiration in Human Beings
Human respiratory system starts consists of nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and then lungs. In lungs, alveoli are present, where exchange between
the oxygen and carbon-dioxide takes place.
Humans have a respiratory pigment known as haemoglobin to carry the oxygen to
different parts of the body and to remove carbon-dioxide from the body. Compared to
oxygen, carbon-dioxide is more soluble in water, so it is usually transported in dissolved
form.
Transportation in Human Beings
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transport food, oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogenous
waste etc. Blood contains plasma and blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen
throughout the body. Heart is the pumping organ in the body.
Human heart is 4 chambered, with two atrium and two ventricles.
Left atrium receives the oxygen rich blood from the lungs. While receiving blood it
relaxes.
Left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood throughout the body.
De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper right atrium. It contracts to
pump the blood to right ventricle.
Right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Structure of Human Heart
Note: Fishes have two chambered heart, amphibians and reptiles have three chambered
heart except crocodile which possess 4 chambered heart. Birds and mammals have 4
chambered heart.
Double Circulation
The right side and left side of the heart are separated to prevent the mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood. In vertebrates, blood goes through the heart twice during each
cycle. This is defined as double circulation. (NTSE)
Double Circulation
The force that the blood exerts against the wall of the vessel is known as blood pressure.
Pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular contraction is known as systolic
pressure whereas the pressure in the artery during ventricular relaxation is known as
diastolic pressure. The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg.
Platelets are blood cells that helps in blood clotting.
Lymph also known as interstitial fluid is a fluid that that leak out from the pores of the
capillaries.
Transport in Plants
Plants have xylem for the transportation of water. Xylem transports water from the
roots to different parts of the plants. Xylem tissue consists of vessels and tracheids.
Loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plants is known as
transpiration. The transpiration creates a suction which pulls the water up to the higher
plants.
Similarly, transport of food in plants occurs via phloem. It transports food from the
leaves to different parts of the plants.
Excretion
The process involved in the removal of nitrogenous waste from the body is known as
excretion.
Excretory system of humans consists of a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary
bladder and urethra.
The basic filtration unit of the kidneys is known as nephrons.
Nephron are the structural and functional unit of kidneys.
They consist of bowman’s capsule and renal tubule.
For the formation of urine, some substances such as glucose, amino acids are selectively
reabsorbed.
Amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much water is there in the body.
Urinary bladder is a muscular structure and it is under nervous control
Human Excretory System
Note: plants excrete their waste through transpiration. Plants also produce other excretory
waste in the form of gums, resins etc.
