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 UNIT I
Introduction of energy sources &
conversion
Mr. Swapnil B. Lande
ME ( Design) BE ( Mech )
9881765090

1
Renewable Energy Sources
i. Renewable Energy Sources are those which are available in
nature and are used again and again
ii. These are also known as non conventional energy sources
iii. The different energy sources are
a) solar energy b) wind energy
c) tidal energy

Advantages
i. They are widely available
ii. Non polluting
iii. No maintenance cost

Disadvantages
i. Their collection is very expensive
ii. Availability is periodic and uncertain
iii. Power plant using these energies have low efficiency

2
non Renewable Energy Sources
i. non renewable energy sources are those which cant used
again and again and cant recovered
ii. These are also known as conventional energy sources
iii. The different energy sources are
a) thermal energy ( energy obtained from coal, oil )
b) nuclear energy ( energy obtained from nuclear fuels )
Advantages
i. Less initial cost
ii. High efficiency
Disadvantages
i. high running cost
ii. High maintenance cost
i. Polluting

Sr parameter Renewable non renewable

no
1 Efficiency Less High
2 Running cost Less High
3 Initial cost High Less
4 Air pollution Non Polluting Polluting
3
 Energy
i. Energy is the capacity to do work
ii. Energy is measured in Nm or J (joule).
Energy can be classified into two types
Internal Energy
External Energy

grades of energy
1. High grade energy
High grade is that form of energy which completely converts into some
other forms like electrical energy which can be
converted into thermal energy

2. Low grade energy

Low grade energy will not be able to convert into other forms completely
like thermal energy used in thermal power plants to convert
into electricity.
4
Sr Parameter High grade energy Low grade energy
no
1 Conversion into completely converts Not Completely
other form into some other forms converts into some
other forms

2 Cost More expensive Less expensive

3 Process of Easy to convert into difficult to convert into

conversion other form other form

4 Pollution Less polluting More polluting

5 Efficiency High Less

6 Examples electrical energy, wind heat produces because

energy, work of combustion, fusion
and fission reactions
5
Hydroelectric power plant

6
Introduction
i. Hydroelectric power plant utilies the P.E. of water to move
hydraulic turbine
ii. hydraulic turbines are coupled to the electric generators

Principle of operation
In Hydroelectric power plant the P.E. of water is used to move the
hydraulic turbine which in turn runs an electric generator to convert
the mech energy of turbine into electric energy

Construction
1. Reservoir
i. A reservoir is provided to store water during rainy season and
supplies the same throughout.
ii. The water from the reservoir is used run the hydraulic turbine

7
2. Dam
i. A dam is constructed at a considerable height across the river
ii. Its function is to provide working head of water for power plant
iii. It also used to increase the storage capacity of reservoir

3. Trash Rack
i. It is made of steel bars
ii. It is provided to prevent entry of any debris into the dam
iii. Any debris into the penstock block the penstock or damage the
turbine rotor

4. Gate
Gate is provided for controlling the flow of water from reservoir
to hydraulic turbine through penstock

8
5. Surge tank
i. The function of surge tank is to protect the penstock because
of variation of flow or the velosity of water
ii. It located near the power

6. Penstock
i. It carries the water from reservoir to the turbine house
ii. It is made of concrete to withstand high pressure having 1m to
2m diameter

8. Power house
i. It consist of hydraulic and electric equipments
ii. In this KE of water is converted into electrical energy
iii. Usually Power house is located under ground

9
9. Hydraulic turbine
These are used to convert KE of water into mech energy

Working
i. Water from reservoir flows through penstock to Hydraulic turbine
ii. This high velocity jet of water strikes on the Hydraulic turbine
iii. Hence KE of water is converted into mech energy
iv. Hydraulic turbine is connected to the electric generator which
converts mech energy into electrical energy

Advantages
i. Power generation cost per unit is less
ii. More reliable
iii. starting and stopping of these plant takes short time as compared to
steam and nuclear plants
iv. High life

10
v. Water is easily and readily available
vi. Less running cost
vii. No fuel is to burnt to generate power
viii. There is no problem of disposal of ash emission of polluting gases

Disadvantages
i. Initial cost of plant is very high
ii. Tim required for set up of plant is more
iii. power generation is depend on the quantity of water available
iv. These are located far away from load centre which requires long
transmission lines.
v. The cost of these transmission lines are high

Hydroelectric power plant in India

i. Mulshi Dam in Maharashtra
ii. Koyna in Maharashtra
iii. Srisailam Dam in Andhra Pradesh
iv. Sardar Sarovar in Gujarat

11
Thermal or steam power plant
Principle of operation
i. Thermal or steam power plant uses steam to produce
electrical power
ii. in this chemical energy of fuel is used to convert water into
steam in the high pressure boilers

Construction
1. Boiler
i. Boiler is used to convert water into high pressure and high temp
steam
ii. For this conversion the water is supplied to the boiler by feed
pump
iii. For better efficiency of plant boiler consist of superheater,
economiser
2. Steam turbine
i. High pressure and temp steam from the boiler is passed into the
steam turbine
ii. Because of High pressure and temp steam shaft of the turbine
rotates
iii. After this the steam is exhausted to the condenser

3. generator
i. The shaft of steam turbine is coupled to the shaft of the
generator
ii. The mech energy of the steam turbine is converted into
electrical energy

4. Condenser
i. Steam exhausted from the steam turbine is collected in the
condenser
ii. In condenser steam is condensed using cooling water
iii. The condensed amt of water is known as condensate
5. Feed pump
i. Feed pump is used to supply the condensate from the
condenser to the boiler
ii. This condensate is already slightly hot hence there is less amt
of heat required to convert condensate into steam

Working
i. In the boiler, high amount of heat is generated because of burning of
coal
ii. The water from the reservoir enters into the boiler
iii. Because of high heat inside the boiler, water is converted into steam
iv. This high pressure and high temp steam enters into the steam turbine
and used to rotate turbine
v. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with the shaft of the generator
vi. Hence The mech energy of the steam turbine is converted into
electrical energy
Advantages
i. Fuel used in the boiler is coal which is cheaper
ii. Less initial cost
iii. It requires less space
iv. These plants can be located near the load centre
which reduces the cost of transmission
Disadvantages
i. High maintenance cost
ii. Tim required for set up of plant is more
iii. Handling of coal and ash is major problem
iv. Large amt of water is required
v. burning of coal pollutes the atm
vi. Low efficiency
Thermal Power plants in India
i. Panipat Thermal Power Station in Haryana
ii. Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant in
Punjab
iii. Ekalahare Thermal Power Station in Nashik,
Maharastra
Nuclear power plant
Principle of operation
i. Uranium 235 is used as a fuel in Nuclear power plant
ii. The heat generated in the reactor core because of fission reaction
of uranium is used to produce steam
iii. This steam is used to rotate the steam turbine

Construction
1. Nuclear Reactor
i. A nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which heat is produced
because of nuclear fission chain reaction
ii. Nuclear Reactor consists of following parts

A. Moderator
i. In the chain reaction neutrons produce are fast moving
ii. These fast moving electrons affects the fission of U235
iii. Hence moderator is used to reduce the speed of the electrons
iv. Heavy water, graphite are used as moderator
B. Control Rod
i. The energy produced in the reactor because of fission of U235
during chain reaction is very high
ii. If this high energy is not controlled then entire structure can be
melt
iii. Hence control rods are used to controlled the chain reaction and
reduce the energy inside the reactor
iv. Cadmium, boron are commonly used as control rods

C. Concrete Shielding
i. During fission reaction, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma
rays ans neutrons are produced
ii. When these particles are come in contact with atm air =, it
produces harmful effects
iii. Hence to protect from such harmfull effects, concrete shielding
is provided around the reactor
2. Coolant
i. Coolants flows around the reactor core
ii. It is used to absorb large amount of heat produced in the reactor

3. Heat Exchanger
i. Heat exchanger is used to exchange the heat
ii. In HX heat absorb by coolant from the reactor is transferred to the
water
iii. Because of high temp of coolant, water is converted into steam

4. Steam turbine
i. High pressure and temp steam from the HX is passed into the
steam turbine
ii. Because of High pressure and temp steam shaft of the turbine
rotates
iii. After this the steam is exhausted to the condenser
5. generator
i. The shaft of steam turbine is coupled to the shaft of the
generator
ii. The mech energy of the steam turbine is converted into
electrical energy

6. Condenser
i. Steam exhausted from the steam turbine is collected in the
condenser
ii. In condenser steam is condensed using cooling water
iii. The condensed amt of water is known as condensate

Working
i. because of fission reaction of U235, High amount of heat
generated in the reactor
ii. The coolent from the coolant pump enters into the reactor
iii. Because of this the temp of coolant icreases and it becomes hot
iv. The hot coolant then enters into the HX
v. At the same tim the feed water is also enters into the HX
vi. IN THE HX, the hot coolant transfers its heat to the feed water
As a result of this water is converted into steam
viii. This steam enters into the steam turbine and used to rotate turbine
ix. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with the shaft of the generator

Advantages
i. Less space requirement
ii. High amount of heat generated
iii. Fuel require is less as compare to coal in steam plant
iv. Water required is very less
v. Fuel transport cost is very less
vi. Reliable in opern

Disadvantages
i. High initial cost
ii. High maintainance cost
iii. Skilled operator is required
iv. High risk is there
Nuclear power plant in India
i. Rana Pratp Sagar in Rajasthan
ii. Kalpakam in Uttar Pradesh
iii. Narora in Uttar Pradesh
iv. Kaiga in Karnataka
Solar power plant
Introduction
i. Solar energy has greatest potential of all the sources of renewable
energy
ii. The solar energy is largely available in our country
iii. The main difficulty in using this energy is its collection and storage

Construction
1. Flat Plate Collectors
i. Flat plate collectors are used for collecting the solar energy
ii. These are made in rectangular panels
iii. These are simple to construct
iv. It consist of transparent cover and absorbing surface

2. Insulation
i. The insulation is used to prevent the loss of heat
ii. The commonly used insulating material is fiber glass
3. Heat Exchanger
i. Heat exchanger is used to exchange the heat
ii. In HX heat absorb by coolant from the Flat Plate Collectors
iii. is transferred to the water
iv. Because of high temp of coolant, water is converted into steam

4. Steam turbine
i. High pressure and temp steam from the HX is passed into the
steam turbine
ii. Because of High pressure and temp steam shaft of the turbine
rotates
iii. After this the steam is exhausted to the condenser

5. generator
i. The shaft of steam turbine is coupled to the shaft of the
generator
ii. The mech energy of the steam turbine is converted into
electrical energy
26
6. Condenser
i. Steam exhausted from the steam turbine is collected in the
condenser
ii. In condenser steam is condensed using cooling water
iii. The condensed amt of water is known as condensate

Working
i. The solar rays falls on the absorbing surface of the flat plate
collector
ii. The absorbing surface absorbs the solar radiation energy
iii. This energy is converted into heat and water flowing through the
tube gets heated
iv. The coolant from the coolant pump enters into the reactor
v. Because of this the temp of coolant increases and it becomes hot
vi. The hot coolant then enters into the HX
vii. At the same time the feed water is also enters into the HX
viii. IN THE HX, the hot coolant transfers its heat to the feed water
ix. As a result of this water is converted into steam
x. This steam enters into the steam turbine and used to rotate turbine
xi. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with the shaft of the generator27
Advantages
i. Solar energy is renewable energy source
ii. Available free of cost
iii. Clean and pollution free
iv. The source doesn’t deplete with use
v. solar energy avoid fuel provision
vi. solar energy avoid transportation cost
Disadvantaged
i. Varies with climatic conditions
ii. Because of irregularity , it requires storage device
iii. High cost of conversion of energy
iv. It is not available at night
Applications
i. Solar water heating
ii. Solar pumping
iii. Solar cells
iv. Solar furnace
v. Solar cells
vi. Solar cooking
 Photovoltaics (PV)
Introduction
i. Photovoltaics directly convert solar energy into electricity.
ii. They work on the principle of the photovoltaic effect.
iii. When certain materials are exposed to light, they absorb photons
and release free electrons.
iv. This phenomenon is called as the photoelectric effect.
Photovoltaic effect is a method of producing
direct current electricity based on the
principle of the photoelectric effect.

29
Construction
i. The semiconductor materials like arsenide, indium, cadmium,
silicon, selenium and gallium are used for making the PV cells.
mostly silicon and selenium are used for making the cell.
ii. Consider the figure below shows the constructions of the silicon
photovoltaic cell.
iii. The upper surface of the cell is made of the thin layer of the p-type
material so that the light can easily enter into the material.
iv. The metal rings are placed around p-type and n-type material which
acts as their positive and negative output terminals respectively.

30
Working
i. The light incident on the semiconductor material may be pass or
reflected through it.
ii. The PV cell is made of the semiconductor material which is neither
a complete conductor nor an insulator.
iii. This property of semiconductor material makes it more efficient for
converting the light energy into electric energy.
iv. When the semiconductor material absorbs light, the electrons of
the material starts emitting. This happens because the
light consists small energise particles called
photons.
v. When the electrons absorb the photons, they become energised
and starts moving into the material. because of the
effect of an electric field, the particles move only in the
one direction and develops current.
vi. The semiconductor materials have the metallic electrodes through
which the current goes out of it.

31
Wind Energy
Introduction
i. Wind energy can be used for generation of electrical energy
ii. It is a renewable energy source
iii. The wind power can generated where wind velocities are more than
8 kmph

Construction
It consists of
1. Blades
Types of Windmill
Horizontal axis
Vertical axis
2. NacelleIt
i. It is a fibre glass tube that contains the gearbox, brakes and a
generator.
ii. Also it has got direction and speed sensors mounted as back as
possible on nacelle to prevent them from the dirt coming from
blades.

3. Gearbox
i. Shaft connected to hub directly goes into gearbox and it increase
its rpm to required level .
ii. it is the most heavy part in the nacelle.

4. Brakes
i. Brakes are used when wind is blowing above critical level to same
turbine from damage .
ii. Brakes is mounted just behind the gearbox.
5.Generator
i. It converts the energy of fast rotating shaft into electrical energy,
ii. the high voltage transformer converts it to high voltage to be ready
to go in transmission lines.

6.Yaw Platform
i. It is a steel platform at the top of the tower and helps the nacelle to
yaw in the direction of the wind.
ii. It has also got brakes in some high end wind turbines to maintain
the direction of the nacelle.
Advantages
i. Wind energy is renewable energy source
ii. Available free of cost
iii. Clean and pollution free
iv. The source doesn’t deplete with use
v. Wind energy avoid fuel provision
vi. Wind energy avoid transportation cost

Disadvantages
i. wind energy is fluctuating in nature
ii. Because of irregularity , it requires storage device
iii. This system has high weight
iv. Wind energy system is noisy
 Windmill
i.Windmills are those machines that uses wind energy to
produce electricity.
ii.Windmills convert the kinetic energy of wind to electricity
iii. The main parts of windmills are its blades, also called vanes.
iv. These blades are connected to a shaft, which is straddled on a tower.
v.Blades rotate due to wind and thereby turning the shaft.

Types of Windmill
Horizontal axis
Vertical axis
1.Horizontal axis
i.Horizontal axis wind turbines are the most common type used
ii.All of the components (blades, shaft, generator) are on top of a tall
tower, and the blades face into the wind.
iii. The shaft is horizontal to the ground. The wind hits the blades of the
turbine that are connected to a shaft causing rotation.
iv. The shaft has a gear on the end which turns a generator.
v.The generator produces electricity and sends the electricity into the
power grid.
vi.The wind turbine also has some key elements that adds to efficiency.
Inside the Nacelle (or head) is an anemometer, wind vane, and controller
that read the speed and direction of the wind.
vii. As the wind changes direction, a motor (yaw motor) turns the
nacelle so the blades are always facing the wind.
viii. The power source also comes with a safety feature. In case of
extreme winds the turbine has a break that can slow the
shaft speed. This is to inhibit any damage to the turbine in extreme
conditions.
2. Vertical axis
i. In vertical axis turbines the shaft the blades are connected to is
vertical to the ground.
ii. All of the main components are close to the ground.
iii. Also, the wind turbine itself is near the ground, unlike horizontal
where everything is on a tower.
iv. There are two types of vertical axis wind turbines; lift based and
drag based
Sr. Particulars Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis

1 Rotor orientation About Horizontal Axis About Vertical Axis

2 structure Require tall structure doesn’t Require tall

structure

Advantages Disadvantages
3 Power generation more less
4 Efficiency more less
5 Blades Easy difficult
manufacturing
6 suitability For large power For small power generation
generation
Disadvantages Advantages
7 Yaw mechanism Required not required
8 Support Required not required
9 Overall cost large less
41
 Tidal Energy
Introduction
i. Tidal energy, also known as tidal power is a renewable form of
hydropower where the kinetic or potential energy of the tides are
used for the generation of electricity.
ii. A tide is created by the gravitational effect of the sun
and the moon on earth, thereby causing cyclical movement of the
seas, leading to the tides

42
iv. the Sun and the rotation of the Earth both have some tidal impact, the
location of the Moon has the biggest affect on the tide.
v.The gravity of the Moon causes a high tide both on the side of the
Earth directly below the Moon (sublunar tide) and the opposite side of
the Earth (antipodal).
vi.Low tides are on the sides of the Earth 90 degrees away from the
Moon.

43
Construction
This consists of following parts.
1. Tidal barrage
i. A tidal barrage is used to hold the water back during high tide.
ii. The function of barrage is to form barrier between sea and the
basin.

2. Sluice gate
i. The sluice gate opens during high tide and closed during low tide.
ii. This creates the water level difference.

3. Turbine
i. High pressure water strikes on the turbine.
ii. Because of this shaft of the turbine rotates

4. generator
i. The shaft of turbine is coupled to the shaft of the generator
ii. The mech energy of the steam turbine is converted into
electrical energy 44
Working
i. During the high tide period, the level of the tide is more than the
level of the water in the tidal basin.
ii. As a result of this water flows from sea to a tidal basin.
iii. This operates the turbine and ultimately generator.
iv. Hence electricity is produced.
v. During the low tide period, the level of tide is lower than the level of
water in the tidal basin.
vi. As a result of this water flows from tidal basin to sea.
vii. This operates the turbine and ultimately generator.
viii. Hence electricity is produced.
sea Tidal basin
Tidal basin sea

Tidal basin

high tide low tide

45
Advantages
i.Tidal energy is a renewable energy resource
ii.process is free and clean as no fuel is needed and no waste bi-products
are produced.
iii. Tidal energy has the potential to produce a great deal of free and
green energy.
iv. Tidal energy is not expensive to operate and maintain compared to
other forms of renewable energies
v.Low noise pollution as any sound generated is transmitted through
the water.
vi.High predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in
advance, unlike wind.

46
Disadvantages
i.Tidal energy is not always a constant energy source as it depends on the
strength and flow of the tides which themselves are effected by the
gravitational effects of the moon and the sun.
ii.Tidal Energy requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams
are consistently strong.
iii. high capital, construction and maintenance costs.
iv. High power distribution costs to send the generated power from the
submerged devices to the land using long underwater cables.
v.Intermittent power generation, only generates power ten hours a day
during the ebb and flow of the tides
vi.Danger to fish and other sea-life as they get stuck in the barrage or
sucked through the tidal turbine blades.

47
 Hydrogen energy
Hydrogen
i.Hydrogen is a very light gas.
ii.Its density is eight times less than that of natural gas.
iii. There are no significant problems with regard to storage,
transportation

Advantages of Hydrogen
(i) Easy storage
A large volume of hydrogen can be easily stored in a number
of different ways.

(ii) High efficiency

Hydrogen is considered as a highly efficient fuel.

48
(iii) Pollution free
Hydrogen is a pollution free fuel.
(iv) Various applications
It can used for transportation, heating and power .
generations in places where it is difficult to use electricity.
(v) Economical
It is less costly to ship hydrogen by pipeline than sending
electricity over long distances by wire in some
instances.
Disadvantages of Hydrogen
i.It is expensive. While widely available, hydrogen is expensive.
ii.It is difficult to store.
iii. Hydrogen is very hard to move around.
iv. It is not easy to replace exiting infrastructure.
v.It is dependent on fossil fuels

49
 Hydrogen Fuel Cell
i.A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the
chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent
into electricity.
ii.Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as
fuel and oxygen are supplied.

50
Construction
1. Anode
i. It is the positive post of the fuel cell.
ii. Through Aathode Hydrogen enters in a fuel cell.
2. Cathod
i. It is the negative post of the fuel cell.
ii. Through Cathode oxygen enters in a fuel cell.
3. Electrolyte
i. This is the proton exchange membrane.
ii. This only conducts positively charged ions.
4. Catalyst
i. This is a special material that facilitates the reaction of oxygen
and hydrogen.
ii. It is usually made of platinum nanoparticles very thinly coated
onto carbon paper or cloth.

51
iii. The catalyst is rough and porous so that the maximum surface area of
the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen.
iv. The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.

Working
i.A fuel cell is composed of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte
membrane.
ii.A fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel
cell and oxygen through the cathode.
iii. At the anode site, the hydrogen molecules are split into electrons
and protons.
iv. The protons pass through the electrolyte membrane, while the
electrons are forced through a circuit, generating an electric
current and excess heat.

52
At the cathode, the protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to
produce water molecules.

Reactions
Cathode:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O
Anode:
2H2 → 4H+ + 4e–
Overall:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

53
Advantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells
i.Hydrogen fuel cells are pollution-free
ii.Have greater efficiency than traditional combustion technology.
iii. These fuel cells offer a better overall fuel economy.
iv. It does not release emissions when being used.
v.Hydrogen fuel cells are much safer than other types of fuel.
vi.It is able to perform consistently at any size.

Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel Cells

i.Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are currently very expensive than
conventional vehicles or any hybrids
ii.It is not an affordable technology for the average person.
iii. Hydrogen fuel cells are available in limited quantities.
iv. It requires a huge capital investment

54
v. The costs of transporting hydrogen are extremely high.
vi. It requires a specific temperature zone for consistent operation.

Applications
i. power devices like hearing aids, video recorders, cellular phones
and laptop computers.
ii. source of power to cities, towns and buildings.
iii. used for back-up
iv. remote power applications including remote weather stations and
rural locations

55
 Geothermal Power Plant
Introduction
i.The magma heats the water present inside the earth and increases its
temperature greater than 182 degree Celsius.
ii.This hot water from the earth is piping to the surface of the
earth through hot water wells.
iii. The steam from the hot water is separated and made it to strike on the
turbine blade and it starts rotating.
iv. A Generator is coupled to the turbine also starts rotating
and produces electricity.
The Geothermal power plant which is in working is of three types
Dry steam power plant
Flash steam power plant
Binary cycle power plant

56
 Binary cycle power plant

Introduction
i.In binary cycle power plant, the heat of hot water is transferred to another
liquid (called as secondary liquid).
ii.The heat of hot water causes another liquid to change into steam and
then this steam is used to rotate turbine.
iii. It is the most recent developed power plant which may be operated at
lowest temperature of atleast 58 degree Celsius.
iv. The secondary fluid (i.e. another liquid) used in this binary cycle
geothermal power plant has much lower boiling point than water.
v.The thermal efficiency of this power station is expected to be lie
in between 10-13%.
vi.This power plant is called as binary, since here we are using two
liquids (hot water and secondary liquid) for its working.

57
Construction
1.Hydrothermal resources
i. It is a source which has both heat and water.
ii. In the earth crust we have both water and heat (magma).
2.Dry or hot water wells
i. These are the wells through which the dry steam and hot water
from the earth is taken out.
ii. If dry steam is taken out than it is called as dry steam well and if hot
water is taken out through it than it is called as hot water well
3.Turbine & Generator
Turbine is rotating device which converts the kinetic energy of the
fast moving steam into rotational energy (i.e. Mechanical energy).
Generator is coupled to the turbine shaft and converts mechanical
energy
of the turbine into electrical energy.

58
4.Heat Exchanger
i. Heat exchanger is used to exchange the heat
ii. In the HX there is a exchange of heat between hot water and isobutene
takes place and isobutene steam is produced.
5.Secondary or binary liquid
i.The secondary fluid (i.e. another liquid) used in power plant has
much lower boiling point than water
ii.Isobutane is use as secondary fluid in this power plant
6.Injection Well
It is the well which is drilled in the earth to inject the condensed water
again into the earth crust

59
Working
i.The hot magma present inside the earth heats the water present in
the earth.
ii.The temperature of the water increases upto 58 to 80 degree Celsius
iii. The hot high pressure water, due to its own pressure moves upward in
the hot water well.
iv. As the water reaches to the surface of the earth, its temperature
increases but its not converted into steam.
v.So that high temp water is enters inside the HX.
vi.Similarly at the same time another liquid isobutene which has
very low boiling point is also enters in the HX
vii. So in the HX there is a exchange of heat between hot water and
isobutene takes place and isobutene steam is produced.
viii. The steam produced in HX is allowed to strike on the blades of the
turbine.
ix.As this high pressures steam strikes the blades of the turbine, it starts
rotating. The generator coupled with the turbine also rotates and
electricity is produced. 60
ix. The exhaust steam from the turbine which has low pressure sent to
the low pressure turbine where it is further used to produce
electricity.
x. The exhaust steam is than enters into the condenser where it gets
converted into liquid isobutene.
xi. Finally the liquid isobutene from the condenser is collected in the HX.

61
Advantages
i.It requires no fuel for its working.
ii.It requires minimal land and fresh water.
iii. Renewable energy source
iv. Harmful gases are nt emitted
v.Capital cost is 40-60% less than thermal and Nuclear plants
vi.Short construction period

62
Disadvantages
i.The fluid taken out from deep earth contains mixtures of gases such as
Hydrogen sulphide, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, and Radon. If these gases
are released, it will contribute to global warming, acid rain, Radiation
and noxious smell.
ii.The hot water taken out from the geothermal sources is hold in a solution
which may contain traces of toxic chemicals like mercury, boron, antimon
and salt. when water cools these toxic chemicals comes out of the
soln and responsible for the environment pollution if released.
iii. Geothermal power plant constructed at the site may adversely affect
land stability.
iv. Low efficiency (10-12%)
v.Availability at certain regions only (Where magma is nearer to the surface
vi.It requires emission control system to reduce the exhaust acids and
volatile chemicals.

63
 Biomass Energy
Introduction
Biomass is fuel that is developed from organic materials, a renewable and
sustainable source of Energy used to create electricity or other forms of
power.

Sources of Biomass Energy

1.Leaves of the plants
i. In the densely planted places lots of leaves fall from the trees.
ii. These can be dried, powdered and converted into small pieces, whic
can used as the biomass fuel to generate heat used usually for
cooking food.

2.Agricultural waste
i. Lots of waste materials obtained from the farms are a great source
of biomass materials.
ii. Livestock waste can also be used to generate methane gas. 64
3.Wood and waste wood
i. Wood is the most commonly used type of biomass. earliest the fuel
being used for cooking and heating is the wood.
ii. Even at present wood as the biomass material is major source of
energy in a number of developing
countries.
iii. Wood as a biomass can be used in various forms like large wooden
blocks obtained from the trees, wooden chips, and saw dust.
iv. The wasted wood and wooden scrap are also the source of biomass

4.Waste paper
i. Tons of waste paper is produced dailly. These can be burnt to
produce lots of heat.
ii. The paper is manufactured from the plants, so it is considered as
biomass material.

65
5.garbage
i.The garbage, also called as municipal solid waste is another source
of biomass.
ii.The garbage can be in the form of food scrap, lawn clippings, waste
paper, fallen leaves etc all mixed together or collected individually.

6.Human waste
i.The human wastes are also considered to the source of biomass.
ii.These can used to generate methane gas which is the major
component of natural gas.

66
The methods of generating energy
The methods of generating energy can be split in two different groups.
There are the dry processes and the wet processes.
The dry processes are: Combustion and Pyrolysis
The wet processes are: Anaerobic Digestion, Gasification and
Fermentation
1.Combustion
i. The most obvious way of extracting energy from biomass, the
technology of direct combustion is well understood,
straightforward and commercially available.
ii. Combustion systems come in a wide range of shapes and sizes
burning virtually any kind of fuel, from chicken manure and
straw bales to tree trunks, municipal refuse and scrap tyres.
iii. Some of the ways in which heat from burning wastes is currently
used include space and water heating, industrial
processing and electricity generation
iv. One problem with this method is its very low efficiency.

67
 v. With an open fire most of the heat is wasted and is not used to
cook or whatever.
vi. One method of improving this in developing countries is to build
stoves out of mud and scrap iron.

2. Pyrolysis
i. A wide range of energy-rich fuels can be produced by roasting dry
woody matter like straw and woodchips. The
process has been used for centurie
to produce charcoal.
ii. The material is pulverised or shredded then fed into a reactor vessel
and heated in the absence of air.
iii. Pyrolysis can also be carried out in the presence of a small quantity of
oxygen ('gasification'), water ('steam gasification') or hydrogen
('hydrogenation').
iv. One of the most useful products is methane, which is a suitable fuel
for electricity generation using high-efficiency gas turbines.

68
3.Anaerobic Digestion
i. Biogas is produced when wet sewage sludge, animal dung or green
plants are allowed to decompose in a sealed tank
under anaerobic (oxygen-free)
conditions.
ii. Feedstocks like wood shavings, straw and refuse may be used,
but digestion takes much longer. Each kilogram of organic material
(dry weight) can be expected to yield 450-500 litres of biogas.
iii. The residue left after digestion is a potentially valuable fertilizer
or compost.

4.Gasification
i. This process, usually using wood produces a flammable gas mixture
of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and other non flammable
by products.
ii. This is done by partially burning and partially heating the biomass
(using the heat from the limited burning) in the presence of
charcoal (a natural by-product of burning biomass).
69
 i. The gas can be used instead of petrol and reduces the power output
of the car by 40%.
ii. It is also possible that in the future this fuel could be a major source
of energy for power stations.

5.Fermentation
i. If the biomass used is (or can be converted into) mostly sugar, then
yeast can be added.
ii. The fermentation that follows produces alcohol which is a very high
energy fuel that makes it very practical for use in cars.

70
Appl
i.Biomass systems range from small stoves used in homes for heating
or cooking to large power plants used by centralized utilities to
produce electricity.
ii.In residential applications, biomass can be used for space heating or
for cooking.
iii. Wood is the most common source of fuel, although many different
materials are used.
iv. New designs for woodstoves can improve the efficiency of the cooking o
heating system, decreasing the amount of fuel that is needed.

71
 Pelton Turbine
Introduction
i.It is a type of tangential flow impulse turbine used to generate electricity
in the hydroelectric power plant.
ii.The energy available at the inlet of the Pelton turbine is only kinetic energ
iii. The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric pressure

72
Construction
1.Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement (Spear)
i.Nozzle is used to increase the kinetic energy of the water that is going to
strike the buckets or vanes attached to the runner.
ii.The quantity of water that strikes the buckets is controlled by spear The
spear is installed inside the nozzle and regulates the flow of water
that is going to strike on the vanes of the runner
iii. It is operated by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction.
iv. When the spear is move backward the rate of flow of water increases an
when it is pushed forward the rate of flow of water decreases.
2.Runner and Buckets
i.Runner is a rotating part of the turbine.
ii.It is a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly
spaced are fixed.
iii. The buckets are designed in such a way that the jet of water strike the
buckets, deflected through 160 degree to 180 degree.
iv. The buckets are made up of cast iron, cast steel bronze or stainless stee
73
3.Casing
i.The outer covering of the this turbine is called casing.
ii.It prevents the splashing of the water
iii. helps to discharge the water to the trail race.
iv. Cast iron or fabricated steel plates are used to make the casing of the
Pelton Turbine.

4. breaking jet
i.When the jet of water is completely closed by pushing the spear in forwar
direction than the amount of water striking the runner becomes zero.
ii. but still the runner keeps moving due to the inertia of the runner.
iii. In order to stop the runner in the shortest possible time a small nozzle
is provided which directs the jet of water at the back of the vanes.
iv. This jet of water used to stop the runner of the turbine
is called breaking jet.

74
Working
i.The water stored is made to flow through the penstock and reaches the
nozzle of the Pelton turbine.
ii.The nozzle increases the K.E. of the water and directs the water in the
form of jet.
iii. The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the buckets (vanes) of the runne
iv. This made the runner to rotate at very high speed.
v.The quantity of water striking the vanes or buckets is controlled through
spear present inside the nozzle.
vi.The generator is attached to the shaft of the runner which converts the
mechanical energy ( i.e. rotational energy) of the runner into
electrical energy.

75
Advantages
Less Space requirement
blade manufacturing is simple
Steam velocity is higher
Less Pressure drop

Disadvantages
Less Efficiency
Suitaible for Small power requirement

76
 Pumps
i. Pump increases the energy of flowing fluid
ii. The main difference between turbine and pump is that, in case
of turbine flow of fluid takes place from high pressure
to low pressure
iii. In case of pump the floe of fluid takes place from low
pressure to high pressure

Types of pump

1. Positive diplacement pump

Example : reciprocating pump

2. Rotodynamic pump
Example : centrifugal pump

77
Reciprocating Pump

78
Introduction
i. Reciprocating pump is positive displacement type pump
ii. In this liquid is displaced using piston cylinder arrangement
which is driven using crank and connecting rod

Construction
1. Suction pipe
i. Suction pipe is connected to the sump and through this pipe
liquid is sucked into the pump
ii. Delivery pipe is connected to the discharge end of the suction
pipe

2. Piston and cylinder

i. The piston reciprocates inside the cylinder

79
3.Crank and connecting rod
i. The crank is mounted on the crankshaft
ii. It is driven either by IC engine or electric motor

4.Sump
It is the reservoir through which the liquid is pumped into the system

Working
1.Suction stroke
i.The crank is connected to the piston by connecting rod hence the
rotary motion of crank is connected into reciprocating motion of the
piston
ii.Initially the crank is at IDC
iii. When the crank rotates in CW direction, piston moves towards right
side
iv. Hence at the left side of the piston, vacuum or space is created

80
v. This vacuum opens the suction valve and the water from sump will
forced to the left side of the piston
vi. At the end of the suction stroke the cylinder is full of water

2. Delivery stroke
i. When the crank rotates from ODC to IDC the volume inside the
cylinder will reduced and water will be compressed
ii. because of this high pressure will de developed inside the cylinder
iii. because of high pressure, delivery valve opens and water is delivered
through the delivery pipe

81
 Centrifugal Pump
Introduction
Centrifugal pump is the hydraulic
m/c in which mechanical energy is
converted into pressure
Construction
1. Impeller
i. It is the rotating part of centrifugal pump
ii. It consist of curved vanes
2. Casing
i. It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller
ii. The casing is of spiral type in which the area of flow increases
gradually
iii. This increases the area and increase the pressure of the water
flowing through the casing

82
3.Suction pipe
i.Its one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dips
into the water sump
ii.At the lower end of the suction pipe, strainer is fitted to remove dust
and dirt
4.Delivery pipe
i.Its one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end
delivers the water at desired height
ii.To control the flow of water delivery valve is connected to this pipe
Working
i.The water from the sump is forced on the shaft
ii.Water falls on the impeller which consist of curved vanes
iii. Because of rotating curved vanes water is discharged with high
pressure
iv. guide vanes are used to guide water to delivery pipe

83
Comparison between Centrifugal pump and
Reciprocating pump

Sr particulars Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

no
advantages disadvantages
1 Initial cost Low High
2 Maintenance cost Low High
3 Space requirement Less More

4 Flow rate Continuous and smooth Fluctuating

5 Quantity of liquid Large Small

supplied
6 Speed Run at high speed Run at low speed
7 Torque Uniform Non uniform
8 noise Produce less noise Produce more noise
Sr no particulars Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump

disadvantages advantages
1 pressure not suitable for high suitable for high pressure
pressure

Applications domestic water supply Boilers

power plant fire Hand operated pumps

protection sprinkler
Agriculture field
Air conditioners
Pressure washing
Chemical industries
Irrigation
 Air compressors
Introduction
i. A device or machine providing air at high pressure is called air
compressor
ii. An air compressor atm air is compressed and delivers high
pressure air to storage vessel known as receiver
Applications of compressed air
i. Machine tools
ii. Cleaning of workshops and automobiles
iii. Super charging of IC engines
iv. Spray painting
v. Refrigeration
vi. Air-conditioning
vii. Diesel engine
viii. Air braking 86
Classification
1. Type of motions
i. Reciprocating
ii. Rotary

2. According to number of stages

i. Single stage
ii. Multi-stage

3. According to working position of piston

i. Single acting
ii. Double acting

4. According to discharge pressure

i. Low
ii. Medium
High
87
Reciprocating Compressor

88
Introduction
This is the single stage single acting reciprocating compressor

Construction
1. Crank and connecting rod
i. The crank is mounted on the crankshaft
ii. It is driven either by IC engine or electric motor

2. Inlet and exhaust valve

Inlet and exhaust valves are closed by the pressure
difference on both side of valves

Working
The working of reciprocating compressor is divided into two stroke

89
1. Suction stroke
i. During suction stroke, piston moves downward.
ii. because of this the pressure inside the cylinder falls below
atm pressure
iii. Hence the inlet valve is open and air is sucked inside the
cylinder
iv. At the end of inlet valve is closed

2. delivery stroke
i. In this stroke piston moves from bottom side to top
ii. because of this movement volume inside the cylinder reduces
and
air is compressed
As the air is compressed its pressure increases When the pressure
increases above the receiver pressure delivery valve opens and air is
discharged to the receiver

90