Seminar Report on

Li-Fi Technology

Submitted by

Amarjyoti Tripathy
Regd. No.: 2101229032

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Degree of B.Tech. in Computer
Science & Engineering under DRIEMS University

2021 - 2025

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Surajit Mohanty

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

School of Engineering and Technology, Tangi, Cuttack-

754022
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology, Tangi, Cuttack -
745022

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide Seminar report, titled “Li-Fi Technology”, done
satisfactorily by Amarjyoti Tripathy (2101229032) in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering under Biju Patnaik
University of Technology (BPUT).

This Seminar report on the above mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Prof. Surajit Mohanty Prof. Surajit Mohanty

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept. of CSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness to my guide Prof. Surajit Mohanty, Associate Professor of

the Computer Science & Engineering department who spared his valuable time to go
through manuscript and offer his scholar advice in the writing. His guidance,
encouragement and all out help have been invaluable to me. There is short of words to
express my gratitude and thankfulness to him.

I am grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department,

DRIEMS, for their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mamata Rath, H.O.D
of Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended towards
me throughout the duration of this seminar.

I am also thankful to my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly for the success
of this seminar.

Amarjyoti Tripathy
Regd. No.: 2101229032
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
School of Engineering and Technology, DRIEMS University
 ABSTRACT

The Li-Fi or Light Fidelity,is an innovative wireless communication

technology that utilizes light waves to transmit data,offering a compeling
alternative to traditional
Wi-Fi.This seminar explore the fundamental principles of Li-Fi,including the
modulation of light signals for data transmission and its potential
applications.We will delve into the advantages of Li-Fi such as higher data
transfer rates,increased security,and reduced electromagnetic interference.
Aditionally,the seminar will discuss the current state of Li-Fi
technology,ongoing research efforts ,and potential impact on various
industries.
Attendees will gain insight into the future prospects of Li-Fi as a promising
technology for efficient and secure wireless communication .

Keywords: Visible light communication, VLC, data transmission, LED lights,

wireless communication, high-speed internet, modulation techniques,

electromagnetic spectrum, networking, Internet of Things (IoT), energy
efficiency.
 CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES i
CHAPTER 1 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY 2
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EMERGENCE OF LI-FI 4
CHAPTER 2 7
2 UNDERSTANDING LI-FI 7
2.1 EXPLANATION OF LI-FI PRINCIPLES 7
2.1.1 USING VISIBLE LIGHT FOR COMMUNICATION 9
LED BULBS, PHOTODETECTORS, MODULATION
2.1.2 9
TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 3 11
3 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LI-FI 11
3.1 MODULATION TECHNIQUES 11
3.1.1 INTENSITY MODULATION
11
3.1.2 FREQUENCY MODULATION

3.2 CHALLENGES IN LI-FI DEPLOYMENT 12

3.3 APPLICATIONS OF LI-FI 12
3.4 ADVANTAGES 13
3.4.1 HIGHER DATA RATES 13
3.4.2 SECURITY BENEFITS 14
3.5 SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONSIDERATIONS 15
3.5.1 PRIVACY CONCERNS RELATED TO Li-Fi 15
3.5.2 SECURITY ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF LI-FI 16
CONCLUSION 17
REFERENCES 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 2.1 Working process of Li-Fi 6

Fig 2.2 Li-fi working view 6
Fig 3.1 Li-fi Vs Wi-Fi 9
Fig 3.2 Advantages of Li-Fi 11
Fig 3.3 Security and Privacy 13

i
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In today's digital age, the demand for high-speed wireless communication is ever-increasing,
driven by the proliferation of connected devices and the insatiable appetite for data-intensive
applications. In response to this demand, traditional radio frequency-based communication
systems, like Wi-Fi, have been the cornerstone of wireless connectivity for decades.
However, with the radio frequency spectrum becoming increasingly congested, there is a
pressing need for alternative solutions that can deliver faster data rates, greater reliability, and
enhanced security.

Enter Li-Fi, a groundbreaking technology that utilizes light to transmit data wirelessly.
Coined by Professor Harald Haas during a TED Talk in 2011, Li-Fi promises to revolutionize
the way we connect and communicate by tapping into the vast potential of the visible light
spectrum. Unlike Wi-Fi, which relies on radio waves for communication, Li-Fi harnesses
light emitted by LED bulbs to transmit data, offering several key advantages over traditional
wireless communication technologies.

At its core, Li-Fi operates by modulating the intensity of light to encode data, which is then
detected by specialized receivers, enabling bidirectional communication. The use of light as a
medium for data transmission opens up a myriad of possibilities, including significantly
higher data transfer rates, reduced latency, and improved security. With theoretical data rates
reaching several gigabits per second, Li-Fi has the potential to revolutionize industries that
demand ultra-fast and reliable wireless connectivity, such as healthcare, transportation, and
smart infrastructure.

Moreover, Li-Fi offers inherent security benefits, as light signals are confined within the
physical boundaries of a space, reducing the risk of interception or unauthorized access.
Additionally, Li-Fi can coexist with existing radio frequency-based communication systems
without causing interference, making it an attractive solution for environments where
electromagnetic interference is a concern.
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While the potential of Li-Fi is undeniable, the technology is still in its infancy and faces
several challenges that need to be addressed for widespread adoption. These challenges
include line-of-sight communication requirements, susceptibility to light blockage, and the
cost of implementing Li-Fi infrastructure. Nevertheless, ongoing research and development
efforts are steadily advancing the capabilities of Li-Fi, paving the way for its integration into
our everyday lives.

In this seminar report, we will delve deeper into the principles, technical aspects,
applications, advantages, limitations, recent developments, and future prospects of Li-Fi
technology.

1.1 Brief Overview Of Li-Fi Technology

Li-Fi, short for Light Fidelity, represents a cutting-edge wireless communication technology
that utilizes light to transmit data. Coined by Professor Harald Haas during a TED Talk in
2011, Li-Fi has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize the way we
connect and communicate wirelessly.At its core, Li-Fi operates by modulating the intensity of
light emitted by LED bulbs to encode data. These modulations are then detected by
specialized photodetectors, enabling bidirectional communication.

Advantages:
High Speed:
 Li-Fi offers significantly higher data transfer rates compared to traditional Wi-Fi,
potentially reaching several gigabits per second.
Security:
 Light signals are confined within physical boundaries, reducing the risk of interception
or unauthorized access.
Reliability:
 Li-Fi can coexist with existing radio frequency-based communication systems without
causing interference. • Suitable for device bandwidths ranging from a few kb/s to several
hundred Mb/s.
Applications:

 High-Speed Internet: Ideal for applications that demand ultra-fast and reliable wireless
connectivity, such as video streaming and large-scale data transfers.
 More possible applications in many Govt and Pvt sectors

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Indoor Localization:

 Li-Fi can be used for precise indoor positioning systems, enabling location-based
services.

Secure Environments:

 Suitable for environments where electromagnetic interference is a concern, such as

hospitals and aircraft cabins.

Challenges:

Line-of-Sight Communication:

 Requires direct line of sight between the transmitter (LED bulb) and receiver
(photodetector).
Light Blockage:

 Susceptible to obstruction by physical objects, limiting range and coverage.

Infrastructure Cost:

 Initial implementation costs may be higher compared to traditional Wi-Fi infrastructure.

Future Prospects:

 Ongoing research and development efforts are addressing these challenges, paving the
way for the widespread adoption of Li-Fi technology in various industries and
applications. Upgrade path:

1.2 Historical Background And Emergence Of Li-Fi

Li-Fi emerged from Alexander Graham Bell's 1880 photophone, transmitting sound via light.
In 2011, Professor Harald Haas introduced Li-Fi, using LED bulbs to modulate data through
light. Haas's TED Talk sparked global interest, leading to research and the establishment of
the Li-Fi Consortium to standardize and promote the technology. Li-Fi's potential to deliver
high-speed, secure wireless communication has positioned it as a promising complement to
traditional radio frequency-based systems. Looking ahead, Li-Fi holds tremendous promise
for revolutionizing wireless communication in the digital age. With its unparalleled speed,
security, and reliability, Li-Fi has the potential to transform industries, enhance connectivity,
and unlock new possibilities for innovation and collaboration. As researchers and industry

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stakeholders continue to push the boundaries of Li-Fi technology, the future of wireless
communication looks brighter than ever before.

Early Conceptualization:

 The idea of using light for wireless communication dates back to Alexander Graham
Bell's invention of the photophone in 1880, which transmitted sound over a beam of
light.
 However, limitations such as reliance on sunlight and short transmission distances
hindered its widespread adoption.

Modern Resurgence:

 In the 21st century, the emergence of LED technology paved the way for a renewed
interest in using light for communication.
 LEDs offered energy-efficient and versatile solutions for illumination, laying the
groundwork for Li-Fi technology.

Introduction of Li-Fi:

 Professor Harald Haas introduced Li-Fi as a groundbreaking wireless communication

technology during his TED Talk in 2011.
 Li-Fi utilizes LED bulbs to modulate light intensity, encoding data for transmission. This
marked a significant departure from traditional radio frequency-based communication
systems like Wi-Fi.
Formation of Li-Fi Consortium:

 In 2011, the Li-Fi Consortium was established to standardize and promote the adoption
of Li-Fi technology globally. It brought together researchers, companies, and
organizations to collaborate on advancing Li-Fi technology and driving its
commercialization.

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5|Page
 CHAPTER 2

UNDERSTANDING LI-FI

2.1 Explanation Of Li-Fi Principles

At the heart of Li-Fi technology is the modulation of the intensity of light emitted by LED
(Light Emitting Diode) bulbs. These LEDs are rapidly turned on and off, or dimmed and
brightened, in a controlled manner to encode digital data. This modulation is imperceptible to
the human eye but can be detected by specialized photodetectorsBidirectional
Communication: Li-Fi enables bidirectional communication, allowing data to be transmitted
and received using light. LED bulbs serve as the transmitters, while photodetectors, such as
photodiodes or image sensors, act as receivers. When transmitting data, the LED bulbs
modulate the light intensity, encoding digital information. The photodetectors then capture
these modulations and convert them back into digital data. Li-Fi typically operates on a line-
of-sight basis, requiring direct visibility between the LED transmitter and the photodetector
receiver. This direct line of sight ensures optimal signal transmission and reception,
minimizing interference and maximizing data transfer rates. However, advancements in Li-Fi
technology are exploring methods to overcome line-of-sight limitations, enabling
communication in non-line-of-sight scenarios. One of the key advantages of Li-Fi is its
seamless integration with existing LED lighting infrastructure. Since LED bulbs serve dual
purposes as both light sources and data transmitters, Li-Fi can be easily implemented in
indoor environments, such as offices, homes, and public spaces, without the need for
additional infrastructure. Li-Fi offers inherent security benefits due to the physical properties
of light. Light signals are confined within the physical boundaries of a space, reducing the
risk of interception or unauthorized access. Additionally, Li-Fi signals do not penetrate
through walls, providing a level of privacy that is not easily achieved with radio frequency-
based communication systems. One of the most significant advantages of Li-Fi is its potential
for high-speed data transfer. With LED bulbs capable of rapidly modulating light intensity,
Li-Fi can achieve data transfer rates that far exceed those of traditional Wi-Fi systems,
potentially reaching several gigabits per second. In summary, Li-Fi operates by modulating
the intensity of light emitted by LED bulbs to encode digital data, enabling bidirectional
communication between transmitters and receivers.

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 Fig 2.1 Working process of Li-Fi

Li-Fi, or Light Fidelity, is a wireless communication technology that utilizes visible light to
transmit data. Unlike traditional radio frequency-based communication systems, Li-Fi uses
light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs to encode and transmit digital information. These LED
bulbs are modulated to rapidly change their intensity, transmitting data in the form of light
pulses. Specialized photodetectors receive these light pulses and convert them back into
digital data. Li-Fi operates on the principle of bidirectional communication, allowing data to
be transmitted and received using light. It offers advantages such as high-speed data transfer,
enhanced security, and seamless integration with existing LED lighting infrastructure.

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 Fig 2.2 Li-fi working view

2.1.1 Using Visible Light For Communication

In Li-Fi, visible light is modulated to encode data, transmitted by LEDs, and received by
photodetectors. Modulation changes light intensity to represent digital signals. Photodetectors
capture light variations, converting them into electrical signals for data recovery. This
bidirectional communication method offers high-speed data transfer, enhanced security, and
immunity to electromagnetic interference. Li-Fi's reliance on visible light spectrum confines
communication within physical boundaries, reducing the risk of interception

2.1.2 Led Bulbs, Photodetectors, Modulation Techniques

LED bulbs serve as the light sources in Li-Fi systems, emitting light within the visible
spectrum. The intensity of light emitted by LED bulbs is modulated to encode digital data.
This modulation can be achieved using various techniques, including on-off keying (OOK),
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), or orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM).
LEDs can rapidly switch on and off, allowing for high-speed data transmission. This
capability enables Li-Fi to achieve data transfer rates that exceed those of traditional Wi-Fi
systems.Receiving Data: Photodetectors, such as photodiodes or image sensors, capture the
modulated light signals transmitted by LED bulbs.Conversion to Electrical Signals: The
photodetectors convert the variations in light intensity into electrical signals, which can then
be processed to recover the transmitted data.Sensitivity and Bandwidth: Photodetectors in Li-
Fi systems need to be highly sensitive to detect subtle changes in light intensity. Additionally,
they must have sufficient bandwidth to accurately capture the modulated signals, especially
in high-speed communication scenarios.Intensity Modulation: This technique involves
varying the intensity of light emitted by LED bulbs to encode digital data. The light intensity
is modulated in accordance with the data signal, with higher intensity representing binary '1'
and lower intensity representing binary '0'.Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): PPM is a
modulation technique where the position of light pulses within a time slot is varied to encode
data. Each time slot represents a discrete symbol, and the position of the pulse within the slot
determines the value of the symbol.Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):
OFDM divides the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, each carrying a
portion of the data. This allows for efficient use of the spectrum and mitigates the effects of
multipath propagation, making it well-suited for high-speed Li-Fi communication.

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 CHAPTER 3
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF LI-FI

3.1 Modulation Techniques

Intensity modulation is one of the fundamental modulation techniques used in Li-Fi
systems. In intensity modulation, the amplitude or intensity of the light emitted by the LED
bulbs is varied to encode digital data.
3.1.1 Intensity Modulation
In intensity modulation, the LED bulb emits light at a constant wavelength, and the variation
in intensity represents the digital signal.Higher intensity of light corresponds to a binary '1',
while lower intensity represents a binary '0'.Intensity modulation may have limited dynamic
range, particularly in environments with varying ambient light conditions, which can affect
the reliability of data transmission.

3.1.2 Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation is another modulation technique employed in Li-Fi systems. Unlike
intensity modulation, where the amplitude of the light is varied, frequency modulation
involves changing the frequency of the light to encode digital data.
Simple, low-cost implementation.In frequency modulation, the LED bulb emits light at a
constant intensity, but the frequency of the light is modulated to represent the digital signal.
Variations in the frequency of the light correspond to changes in the data signal, with
different frequencies representing binary '1' or '0'.
Frequency modulation is used in Li-Fi systems for applications requiring robust and high-
speed wireless communication, such as indoor internet access, data streaming, and smart
infrastructure.

3.2 Challenges In Li-Fi Deployment

Li-Fi typically operates on a line-of-sight basis, requiring direct visibility between the
LED transmitter and the photodetector receiver. This can limit the flexibility of deployment,
especially in environments where obstacles obstruct the line of sight, such as in crowded
spaces or areas with complex architecture.

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Li-Fi signals can be easily blocked or attenuated by physical obstacles such as walls,
furniture, or even human bodies. This limitation can restrict the coverage area and reliability
of Li-Fi communication, particularly in environments where there are frequent obstructions to
the light path.Li-Fi systems may experience interference from ambient light sources, such as
sunlight or other artificial lighting. Changes in ambient light intensity can affect the
performance and reliability of Li-Fi communication, leading to potential signal degradation
and data transmission errors.
Integrating Li-Fi technology with existing infrastructure and devices can pose challenges,
particularly in environments where Wi-Fi or other wireless communication systems are
already established. Ensuring seamless compatibility and i The WUSB host can logically
connect to a maximum of 127 WUSB devices, considered an informal WUSB cluster. WUSB
clusters coexist within an overlapping spatial environment with minimum interference, thus
allowing a number of other WUSB clusters to be present within the same radio cell.

Fig 3.1 Li-fi Vs Wi-Fi

3.3 Applications Of Li-Fi

Radio system power (power used only by the radio) will be expected to meet the most
stringent requirements where mobile and handheld battery life is important. For example,
typical PDAs use 250–400 mW without a radio connection, while typical cellular phones use
Li-Fi-enabled LED bulbs can serve dual purposes as both lighting fixtures and data

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transmitters, forming the backbone of smart lighting systems. These systems can dynamically
adjust light intensity, color, and distribution while simultaneously providing wireless
communication capabilities for IoT (Internet of Things) devices, sensors, and smart
appliances.
Indoor Positioning and Navigation: Li-Fi technology can be utilized for precise indoor
positioning and navigation systems, enabling location-based services and asset tracking in
environments where GPS signals may be unreliable or unavailable
3.4 Advantages
Li-Fi offers significantly faster data transfer rates compared to traditional Wi-Fi,
enabling rapid transmission of large volumes of data.Li-Fi provides inherent security benefits
as light signals are confined within physical boundaries, reducing the risk of interception or
unauthorized access.Li-Fi is immune to electromagnetic interference, making it suitable for
environments where electromagnetic compatibility is a concern.Operating in the vast visible
light spectrum, Li-Fi offers greater bandwidth, supporting higher data rates and reducing
network congestion.Li-Fi uses energy-efficient LED bulbs, resulting in lower energy
consumption and reduced operational costs.Li-Fi can be seamlessly integrated with existing
LED lighting infrastructure, simplifying deployment and reducing implementation costs.

3.4.1 Higher Data Rates

Li-Fi technology offers significantly higher data transfer rates compared to traditional Wi-
Fi systems.By modulating light signals, Li-Fi can achieve data rates of several gigabits per
second, enabling rapid transmission of large volumes of data.This makes Li-Fi ideal for
applications requiring ultra-fast connectivity, such as high-definition video streaming,
realtime communication, and large file transfers.With its high-speed data transfer capabilities,
Li-Fi enhances user experiences and supports emerging technologies like virtual reality,
augmented reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

3.4.2 Security Benefits

Li-Fi provides inherent security benefits due to the physical properties of light.
Light signals used in Li-Fi are confined within the physical boundaries of a space, reducing
the risk of interception or unauthorized access.Unlike radio frequency signals, which can
penetrate through walls and be intercepted outside the intended area, signals are contained
within the immediate vicinity, enhancing data privacy and security.

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 Fig 3.2 Advantages of Li-Fi

3.5 Security And Privacy Considerations

Li-Fi signals are confined within the physical boundaries of a space, reducing the risk of
interception or eavesdropping from outside entities. This inherent physical layer security
makes Li-Fi particularly suitable for environments where data confidentiality is crucial.Li-Fi
signals are transmitted using visible light, which is immune to electromagnetic interference
from electronic devices. This reduces the risk of signal interception or disruption from
external sources, enhancing the overall security of Li-Fi communication.

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Li-Fi signals have limited range and do not propagate through walls or opaque obstacles.
This inherent limitation reduces the likelihood of signal leakage and unauthorized access
from neighboring spaces, enhancing the privacy of Li-Fi communication within a confined
area.
Implementing robust authentication and encryption mechanisms is essential to ensure the
security of Li-Fi networks. Authentication protocols such as WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access
3) can be used to verify the identity of users and devices before granting access to the
network. Additionally, encryption techniques such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
can be employed to secure data transmission over Li-Fi networks, preventing unauthorized
access and data tampering.

3.5.1 Privacy Concerns Related To Li-Fi

Data Leakage: While Li-Fi signals are confined within the physical boundaries of a space,
there is still a risk of unintentional data leakage through windows or transparent partitions.
This could potentially compromise the privacy of sensitive information transmitted over Li-Fi
networks.It's possible for sophisticated attackers to intercept and analyze Li-Fi signals to
extract sensitive information, especially in environments where there is limited control over
physical access. This highlights the importance of implementing encryption and
authentication mechanisms to protect data privacy.Li-Fi technology can be used for indoor
positioning and navigation systems, raising concerns about potential privacy implications. If
not properly anonymized or secured, location data collected through Li-Fi networks could be
exploited for tracking individuals' movements without their consent.Li-Fi-enabled devices
could potentially be used to track users across different locations or contexts based on their
unique identifiers or usage patterns. This could raise privacy concerns similar to those
associated with tracking cookies in web browsers..

3.6.1 Security Advantages And Challenges Of Li-Fi

Li-Fi signals are confined within physical boundaries, reducing the risk of interception or
eavesdropping from outside entities. This inherent physical layer security enhances the
overall security of Li-Fi communication.Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference: Li-Fi

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signals are transmitted using visible light, which is immune to electromagnetic interference
from electronic devices.

Fig 3.3 Security and Privacy

Implementing robust authentication and encryption mechanisms is essential to secure Li-Fi

networks effectively. However, ensuring seamless authentication and encryption across all
connected devices and maintaining key management practices can be challenging, especially
in large-scale deployments.Physical security of Li-Fi infrastructure, including LED bulbs and
photodetectors, is crucial to prevent tampering or unauthorized access. Securing access points
and ensuring the integrity of hardware components can be challenging in environments with
multiple access points or high physical accessibility. The whole connection makes a mixture
of wired and wireless conection which leads to decrease in throughput. It is always
recommended to use the wireless host integrated into the host system as PCI or PCI(e)
device.
While Li-Fi signals are immune to electromagnetic interference, they can still be susceptible
to physical obstructions or intentional jamming. Mitigating the impact of interference and
jamming on signal quality and reliability requires robust signal processing techniques and
adaptive communication protocols.

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 CONCLUSION

The global adaptation of Li-Fi could lead to seamless connectivity in diverse

environments, propelling the digital revolution forward.If this technology put into practical
use then every LED bulb can be used something like a Wi-Fi hotspot.
As research and development efforts continue to advance, Li-Fi technology is poised to play
an increasingly significant role in shaping the future of wireless communication
Li-Fi technology holds tremendous promise for delivering high-speed, secure, and reliable
wireless connectivity in a wide range of applications. With ongoing advancements and
strategic investments, Li-Fi has the potential to become a transformative technology that
revolutionizes how we connect and communicate in the digital age.

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REFERENCES

1. Haas, H., Yin, L., Wang, Y., Chen, C., & Hranilovic, S. (2016). What is Li-Fi? Journal
of Lightwave Technology, 34(6), 1533-1544.
2. Egeela, H., Meshi, R., & Haas, H. (2011). Indoor optical wireless communication:
potential and state-of-the-art. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(9), 56-62.
3. Chi, Y., & Wang, Z. (2015). An introduction to Li-Fi technology. Journal of
Communications, 10(11), 838-847.
4. Komine, T., & Nakagawa, M. Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication
system using LED lights. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 50(1), 100-
107.,2004
5. Rajagopal, S., Roberts, R. D., & Lim, S. K. Experimental demonstration of 3.5 Gbps
VLC using OOK modulation with predistortion. Journal of Lightwave Technology,
30(24), 3804-3813,May 2012.
6. M. Pendergrass, “Empirically Based Statistical Ultra-Wideband Channel Model,” IEEE
P802.15-02/240-SG3a, July 2002
7. A. Saleh and R. Valenzuela, “A statistical model for indoor multipath propagation,”
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol. SAC-5, pp. 128-137, February
1987

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