Generating system :
◦ Fuel : hydro, coal, gas
◦ Prime mover : steam, hydraulic turbine, IC engine
◦ Generator : alternator or D.C. machine
◦ Load : light, motor, heat devices
Control system functions :
◦ To keep speed of machine constant
◦ To keep voltage within limits – adjust fuel , generator excitation
within capability
◦ To check real power – freq / speed control
◦ To check reactive power and voltage – excitation control
System performance parameters :
◦ Level of power resistances
◦ Voltage inertia moments
◦ Frequency time constants
◦ Wave shape
◦ Phase balance
◦ current
Types of transmission lines :
◦ Radial system subtransmission and distribution ckts
◦ Loop system
◦ Network system HV transmission lines
V V sin
P 1 2
X L Sub-
V1 V2 Transmission and
distribution
voltages are
increasing with
time
1 pu 1.5pu
Components
installed capacity
increases from
2pu Gen. – Load
3pu
Consumers
demand quality
power
6 pu
Indian electricity rules (1956) :
In case of
◦ low / medium voltage 6%
◦ High voltage 6-9%
◦ Extra high voltage 10-12.5%
Frequency of AC shouldn’t vary by more than 3%
Harmonic content should limited to 5%
◦ each component should not exceed 3%
Availability of resources in India and world :
Coal
Oil installed capacity, potential
Other sources
Major sources --- installed capacities
Percentage generation share of total electricity
Percentage consumption share of total electricity
total generation of world
Total demand of world
total generation of india
Total demand of india
100
150
200
250
50
0
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Middle East
Iran
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Africa
Algeria
Egypt
South Africa
Asia & Oceania
Australia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Korea, South
Malaysia
Pakistan
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Vietnam
ENERGY(Quadrillion Btu)
450.0
460.0
470.0
480.0
490.0
500.0
510.0
520.0
530.0
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION OVER 2008 - 2011
1
2
World
2008-2011
4
Aim :
◦ To supply power – reliable, minimum cost, flexibility for
expansion
Criteria and constraints :
◦ Reliability
◦ Environment
◦ Economics
◦ Electricity pricing
◦ Financial constraints
◦ Society impacts
◦ Value of electricity
Available tools :
◦ Simulation tools : Simulate the behaviour under certain conditions
Load flow generation reliability
Short circuit studies generation cost
Fault studies risk analysis
Transient studies optimum generation mix
Harmonic studies dynamic studies
Production costing studies subsynchronous osc.
Estimation of envr impact system reliability eval.
◦ Optimization tools : Minimize / maximize an objective function by
choosing adequate values for decision variables
Optimum power
Least cost expansion
Generation expansion planning
◦ Scenario techniques :
Create and study future situations for probable sequence of events
Case is recorded and database is built
All possible outcomes are investigated
Scenario can be optimistic or pessimistic
Done by state electricity boards, research organisations
Utilities should prepare integrated resource plans
The long term plans seek to develop the best mix of demand
and supply option to meet consumer needs for energy
Govt. of India
Ministry of State / UT
Dept of National Planning Ministry of govt
nonconventional
atomic energy development commission power energy sources
council
Ministry of
power
Planning Central electricity authority
commission
Nuclear State electricity
regulatory NTPC / NHPC / NEEPC inspection
board organisaion
DVC / BBMP
State electricity
Atomic boards
energy Energy management council
commission
State electricity
NPTI / CPRI / CBIP depts
National
power corp PGCIL Private sector
licencees
PFC / REC
Joint ventures /
municipal sector
licensees
Functions of planning organizations :
◦ Set vision, mission, values statements and policy
◦ Set out practical proposal to implement the above
◦ Recommend preferred mode of development
◦ Communicate the decisions to
design, procurement, construction, operational and finance departments
for execution
◦ Criteria related to the following should be brought out and embodied in
various standards, guides and manuals :
demand forecasts transmission
investments sub transmission
generating plant requirement distribution
various system developments
G
integrated
ORGANISATION MODELS model T C
(Europe)
To lower electricity cost
To guarantee security and quality of supply D C
To seek private investment
To limit environmental consequences
To contribute to social and political objectives
G
G
Competitatve
Vertically G integrated
integrated model T C
T C
model (Europe)
(INDIA) D C
D C
G G
G G
Open access Open access
model T C model T C
(USA) (USA)
D C D C
Decentralised G
G
Spot market generator
T C
model model
T C
(UK) (Future) D C
D C
DG C
Concerns of regulatory bodies :
◦ Price setting, consumer tariff, wheeling charges, long term bulk
power purchase agreements
◦ Quality of service standard and monitoring
◦ Compliance with public service obligations
◦ Dealing with consumer complaints
◦ Ensuring fair and open competition
◦ Monitoring investment
◦ Repair of infrastructure
◦ Third party use of infrastructure
Objective of regulatory bodies :
◦ Improve efficiency
◦ Uniformity of tariff
◦ Develop and manage integrated energy systems
◦ Competitative power development
Rules by regulatory bodies :
◦ grid connection
◦ Interstate tariff
◦ Power pooling
◦ Power banking / selling with public or private sector
◦ Competative tariffs from private parties
◦ Pass energy conservation laws
◦ Access to private generators
◦ Technical aspects of operation and despatch of power
ELECTRICITY ACTS
Indian Telegraphic Act,1885
◦ Previlages and power of govt to place telegraphic lines / posts
◦ Penalties and provisions regarding electrical lines
India Electricity Act, 1910 : For laws relating supply and use of electrical energy
◦ Licenses : grant / revocation / amendment / renewal / annual account
◦ Works : laying of lines / notifications / permission / compensation
◦ Supply : licensees permission to enter premises / obligation to supply energy / restriction /
powers of state on licensee / power to control distribution and consumption of energy /
metering / discontinuance
◦ Tranmisson and use of energy by non licensees : sanctions / control of transmission and use
◦ General protective clause : protection of public infrastructure / notice of accidents / prohibition
of connection / power of govt . To interefere
◦ Administration and rules : advisory boards / appointment of electrical inspectors
◦ Criminal offenses and procedure : theft / penalty for wastage by consumers / penalty of
unauthorised supply of energy / penalty for tampering with meters
◦ Supplementary privisions : recovery of sums / protection of acts done in good faith
ELECTRICITY ACTS
Indian Electricity rules, 1956
◦ Authorization of electric installations
◦ Inspection of electric installations
◦ Licensing
◦ General safety precautions
◦ General conditions relating to supply and use of energy
◦ Electric supply lines, system and apparatus for low, medium, high
and extra high voltages
◦ Overhead lines
◦ Electric traction
◦ Additional precautions for mines and oil fields
◦ Miscellaneous provisions
PROJECT CLEARANCES
Cost estimates :
◦ Limits are set for each capacity group – justify the investment
Techno-economic clearance by CEA :
◦ Possible economic output
◦ Examination of rivers / dams for hydro projects
◦ Reasonableness of the scheme
◦ Site location for optimum utilization of fuel resources, distance
from load centres, environmental considerations
PROJECT CLEARANCES
Publications :
◦ Schemes of operation, tariff plans
SEB Clearance :
Water availability Pollution clearance
Forest clearance Civil aviation clearance and chimney height
Registration of Rehabilation and settlement of displaced
company families
Land availability Financing / investment approval
Transportation of fuel
Forest conservation act, 1980 : Guidelines for power lines
◦ Where routing of power lines through the forest areas cannot be
avoided, these should be aligned in such a way that it involves least
amount of tree cutting
◦ As far as possible, the route alignment through forest areas should not
have any line deviation
◦ The maximum width of right of way for the power lines on forest land
should be as follows :
Line voltage(kV) Width of RoW (m) Line voltage(kV) Width of RoW (m)
11 7 132 27
33 15 220 35
66 18 400 52
110 22 800 85
◦ Below each conductor, width clearance of 3m would be permitted for
taking the swinging of string equipment. The trees on such strips would
have be felled out would be allowed to regenerate later
◦ Felling, pruning of trees will be done with the permission of local forest
officers whereever necessary.
◦ One outer strip shall be left clear to permit maintainance of the line
◦ In the remaining width, trees will be felled or looped to the extent
reqd, for preventing electrical hazards by maintaining the following : (sag
and swing of the conductors are to be kept in view while working out the
minimum clearance )
Line voltage(kV) Min clearance between Line voltage(kV) Min clearance between
trees and conductors (m) trees and conductors (m)
11 2.6 132 4.0
33 2.8 220 4.6
66 3.4 400 5.5
110 3.7
Types of loads :
Demand factor % Diversity factor % Load factor %
Domestic 70-100 1.2-1.3 10-15
Commercial 90-100 1.1-1.2 25-30
Industrial (small / 70-80 / 85-90 60-65 /70-80
medium / large )
Agriculture 15-25 1-1.5 90-100
Other loads ( bulk
supplies / street
light / traction /
govt. loads )
From the load distribution transformers sub transmission
transmission level, pattern changes from random to predictable to
average
System load is divided into :
◦ Motive load
◦ Heating load
◦ Lighting load
◦ System losses
Few reasons for load growth :
Increase in domestic consumption, decline in industrial share
Peak demand is rising due to changing lifestyle
Increase in electrification of the agricultural sector
Intensified rural electrification
Conversion to electric traction
Wide use of household appliances
Modification in production processes
