Mannheim

Mannheim (German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] ⓘ ; Palatine German: Mannem[4]

or Monnem), officially the University City of Mannheim (German: Mannheim
Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in Baden-Württemberg Mannem / Monnem (Palatine German)
after Stuttgart, the state capital, and Germany's 21st-largest city, with a
City
population of around 317,000. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the
Rhine-Neckar, Germany's seventh-largest metropolitan region, with nearly 2.4
million inhabitants.[5]

Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Upper Rhine and the Neckar in the
Kurpfalz (Electoral Palatinate) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The
city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, Germany's warmest region, between the Old City Hall and St. Frederick Square
Sebastian
Palatine Forest and the Oden Forest. Mannheim forms a continuous urban zone
of around 500,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the Rhineland-
Palatinate, while some northern suburbs lie in Hesse. Hamburg is the only other
German city with such a presence in two states other than its own.

Surrounded by a ring of avenues, central Mannheim's streets and avenues are laid
out in a grid pattern unusual for German cities, leading to its nickname Christ Mannheim Palace
Church
Quadratestadt (Square City) and tourism slogan "Leben im Quadrat" ("Life in
the[a] Square").[6] At the southern base of that system is Mannheim Palace, one
of the largest palace complexes in the world. It was the former home of the
Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the University of
Mannheim, which repeatedly receives top marks in business administration and View of Mannheim from Heidelberg with wind
is sometimes known as the "Harvard of Germany".[7][8][9] The Mannheim May turbines in the Palatine Forest in the
Market is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany.[10] The civic background
symbol of Mannheim is the Romanesque Mannheim Water Tower, completed in
1886 and rising to 60 metres (200 feet) above the highest point of the art nouveau
area Friedrichsplatz. Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the
automobile,[11][12] the bicycle,[13][12] and the tractor,[12] which is why the city is
often called the "city of inventions".[14][15][16] The city is the starting and Flag Coat of arms
finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route, which follows the tracks of
the first long-distance automobile trip in history. Location of Mannheim in Baden-
Württemberg
A Großstadt (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896,[17]
Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a university town,
and a major transportation hub between Frankfurt and Stuttgart, including an ICE
interchange (the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof), Germany's second-largest
marshalling yard[18] (the Mannheim Rangierbahnhof), and Germany's largest
inland port[19] (the Mannheim Harbour). The city is home to many factories,
offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as Roche, ABB,
IBM, Siemens, Unilever and more. Mannheim's SAP Arena is home to German
ice hockey record champions Adler Mannheim as well as the popular handball
team Rhein-Neckar Löwen. Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the
UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of "UNESCO City of
Music".[20] In 2020, Mannheim was classified as a global city with 'Sufficiency'
status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC).[21]
Mannheim is a smart city;[22] the city's electrical grid is installed with a power-
line communication network.[23]

History

Early history
A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from Mannheim
74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times.[24]

The name of the city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in
766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from
Lorsch Abbey.[25] The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form
of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann.[26] Mannheim remained a
Mannheim
mere village throughout the Middle Ages.

Early Modern Age

In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building the fortress of
Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues.
On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city",[27]
whether it really was one by then or not.

Mannheim was mostly levelled during the Thirty Years' War around 1622 by the
forces of Johan Tilly. After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the
French Army in 1689 during the Nine Years' War (also called “The War of
Palatinate Succession” as Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, a younger brother of Louis Coordinates: 49°29′16″N 08°27′58″E
XIV made a competing claim to the electorate of the Palatinate). Country Germany
State Baden-Württemberg
After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Admin. region Karlsruhe
Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720[28] District Urban district
when Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began construction of Mannheim Palace Founded 1607
and the Jesuit Church; they were completed in 1760.
Subdivisions 17 Stadtbezirke
Government
18th and 19th centuries • Lord mayor Christian Specht[1] (CDU)
(2023–31)
In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim:
Area
• City 144.96 km2 (55.97 sq mi)
Elevation 97 m (318 ft)

Population (2022-12-31)[3]
• City 315,554
• Density 2,200/km2 (5,600/sq mi)
• Metro 2,362,046 (2,012)[2]
Demonym Mannheimer
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Postal codes 68001–68309
Dialling codes 0621
Vehicle MA
registration
Website www.mannheim.de (http
s://www.mannheim.de/en)

Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at the confluence of the Rhine and Neckar over both of which
there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and
the streets are broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in
 Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were razed in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There is
a large château here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed
when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the Grand
Duchess, widow of the late Grand Duke who was succeeded by his uncle having left only three daughters. She is
the sister of Eugene Beauharnais [sic; in fact, she was his second cousin]. There is a cathedral, a theatre which is
considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two
kilometres (one point two miles) below the town the Russian Army crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population
18,300.

During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of

the "Mannheim School" of classical music composers.
Mannheim was said to have one of the best court orchestras in
Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua. The
royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as
Charles Theodore had become Elector of Bavaria and moved
to Munich. Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was
removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Mannheim in 1758
Baden.

In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim.

The climate crisis of 1816–17 caused famine and the death of many horses in Mannheim. That
year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle.

Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and the
Historical map of Mannheim in 1880 construction of the first Baden railway, which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840.
Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim
gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848, the city was a centre for political and
revolutionary activity.

In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF) in Mannheim,
but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared air pollution from its
operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in the world. After opening a workshop in
Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, Karl Benz patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in Mühlburg (now
part of Karlsruhe).

Early 20th century and World War I

The Schütte-Lanz company, founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was
the Zeppelin works.

When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played a key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to
the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the
air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's
repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during the first half of 1915.

When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The
French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French
garrison.

Inter-war period
After the First World War, the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As a result of the
invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange, Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car
at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By
1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a
population of 385,000.

World War II
During World War II, air raids on Mannheim completely destroyed the city centre. Mannheim
was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United
States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at
night-time area bombing, killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's
Jews were sent to Nazi concentration camps. Some sources state that the first deliberate
strategic bombing of the war occurred at Mannheim during a Royal Air Force night raid on 16
December 1940.[29] Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before
1950.[30]
US troops in street fighting in
Mannheim, 1945
In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was
potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city
and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945.[31] There was later a large American military occupation
presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see United
States military installations below).

1950s to 1980s
Rebuilding of the city began industriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower
(Wasserturm) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building
at a new location. At the old location, there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum
Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas.

In 1964, the City Hospital (Städtisches Krankenhaus) became part of the Heidelberg
University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim. In 1967, the University of Mannheim was
established in the city.
The Wasserturm Garden
In 1975, the Bundesgartenschau (Federal horticulture show) was celebrated in Luisen and
Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the
telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine (the Kurt Schumacher Bridge) were built, the pedestrian zone was
established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as a temporary transport system.

A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a

planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a
new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and
Work, Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened.

Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city was
economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent
the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial
areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria
Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway Mannheim skyline viewed from Heidelberg
land.

Victoria Turm Mannheim at the marshalling yard at night

Post-reunification
Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper
was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the
anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city's new
eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of
the old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events
without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title University Hospital
Mannheim. In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975.

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Mannheim (1991–2020 normals)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

16.9 20.2 26.1 32.0 33.2 38.9 39.0 39.8 34.3 28.5 22.6 17.5 39.8
Record high °C (°F)
(62.4) (68.4) (79.0) (89.6) (91.8) (102.0) (102.2) (103.6) (93.7) (83.3) (72.7) (63.5) (103.6)

Mean daily maximum 5.3 7.3 12.2 17.2 21.0 24.5 26.7 26.5 21.6 15.5 9.3 5.9 16.1
°C (°F) (41.5) (45.1) (54.0) (63.0) (69.8) (76.1) (80.1) (79.7) (70.9) (59.9) (48.7) (42.6) (61.0)

2.4 3.3 7.1 11.3 15.3 18.8 20.7 20.3 15.8 10.9 6.2 3.3 11.3
Daily mean °C (°F)
(36.3) (37.9) (44.8) (52.3) (59.5) (65.8) (69.3) (68.5) (60.4) (51.6) (43.2) (37.9) (52.3)

Mean daily minimum −0.7 −0.5 2.1 5.1 9.2 12.7 14.6 14.4 10.6 6.7 2.8 0.4 6.5
°C (°F) (30.7) (31.1) (35.8) (41.2) (48.6) (54.9) (58.3) (57.9) (51.1) (44.1) (37.0) (32.7) (43.7)

−18.7 −21.1 −13.6 −6.4 −0.1 4.0 4.7 5.3 2.5 −5.0 −8.7 −18.3 −21.1
Record low °C (°F)
(−1.7) (−6.0) (7.5) (20.5) (31.8) (39.2) (40.5) (41.5) (36.5) (23.0) (16.3) (−0.9) (−6.0)

Average
41.9 40.6 42.3 40.5 67.6 63.8 71.2 61.7 50.0 53.0 52.9 55.0 640.5
precipitation mm
(1.65) (1.60) (1.67) (1.59) (2.66) (2.51) (2.80) (2.43) (1.97) (2.09) (2.08) (2.17) (25.22)
(inches)

Average
precipitation days 15.1 13.9 13.5 12.0 14.4 13.0 14.4 13.5 11.8 13.8 15.5 17.2 168.3
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average snowy days

5.7 3.1 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 3.0 13.4
(≥ 1.0 cm)

Average relative
82.4 77.8 70.7 64.8 67.0 66.0 65.2 66.6 72.9 81.3 85.4 84.9 73.7
humidity (%)

Mean monthly
56.0 82.1 135.9 190.8 216.9 225.6 235.6 224.2 169.7 108.1 56.1 44.1 1,733.7
sunshine hours

Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[32]

Source 2: Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst[33]

Climate data for Mannheim 2019–present

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean daily maximum °C 7.2 11.3 13.0 19.1 19.3 25.9 27.5 27.6 21.4 16.6 8.7 7.6 17.1
(°F) (45.0) (52.3) (55.4) (66.4) (66.7) (78.6) (81.5) (81.7) (70.5) (61.9) (47.7) (45.7) (62.8)

4.4 6.1 8.2 12.3 13.7 19.9 21.0 20.9 16.0 12.6 6.0 4.8 12.2
Daily mean °C (°F)
(39.9) (43.0) (46.8) (54.1) (56.7) (67.8) (69.8) (69.6) (60.8) (54.7) (42.8) (40.6) (53.9)

Mean daily minimum °C 1.0 1.6 3.1 4.8 7.0 12.9 13.8 14.8 10.2 9.0 3.0 1.9 6.9
(°F) (33.8) (34.9) (37.6) (40.6) (44.6) (55.2) (56.8) (58.6) (50.4) (48.2) (37.4) (35.4) (44.5)

Average precipitation 15.6 49.3 35.7 22.6 55.4 81.4 38.3 63.3 77.1 89.9 48.6 52.3 629.5
mm (inches) (0.61) (1.94) (1.41) (0.89) (2.18) (3.20) (1.51) (2.49) (3.04) (3.54) (1.91) (2.06) (24.78)

Average snowfall cm 4.0 1.6 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 2.0 5.6 2.6

(inches) (1.6) (0.6) (0.5) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.4) (0.8) (2.2) (1.0)

Mean monthly sunshine

57.3 116.2 164.0 251.2 247.9 268.1 286.1 248.9 199.1 97.5 38.2 53.4 2,027.9
hours

Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst[34]

Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region, the "Rhine shift". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C
(95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can
be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in
Baden-Württemberg.[35]

In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has a higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is
rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of
thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall
year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate),[36]
bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F).

Demographics

Population
Mannheim, population 315,000, is the 2nd largest city in Baden-Württemberg. Its location near Historical population
the Rhine and Neckar rivers spurred Mannheim's industrialization and transition into a major
Year Pop. ±%
city in the early 19th century. The city was heavily damaged during WWII but soon regained
1450 570 —
prominence as an industrial centre, causing rapid population growth in the 1950s. Many motor,
1663 3,000 +426.3%
electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other cities in the Rhine-Neckar
1729 15,760 +425.3%
Region, including Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg, which lies just kilometres up the Neckar. The 1777 25,353 +60.9%
population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but began to rebound in the 2010s, 1802 18,818 −25.8%
partially due to its large university population. 1852 24,316 +29.2%
1871 39,606 +62.9%
Nationalities 1890 79,058 +99.6%
1895 97,780 +23.7%
The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by 1900 141,131 +44.3%
nationalities.[37] In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The 1919 229,576 +62.7%
Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt 1925 247,486 +7.8%
district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of the immigrants are from the Balkans 1933 275,162 +11.2%
and European countries. 1939 284,957 +3.6%
1945 186,310 −34.6%
Rank Nationality Population (31 December 2022) 1950 245,634 +31.8%
1 Turkey 15,779 (5.12%) 1956 287,210 +16.9%
1961 313,890 +9.3%
2 Italy 8,165 (2.65%)
1966 329,301 +4.9%
3 Bulgaria 6,997 (2.27%) 1971 332,378 +0.9%
4 Poland 6,595 (2.14%) 1976 309,059 −7.0%
5 Romania 5,663 (1.83%)
1981 304,219 −1.6%
1986 294,648 −3.1%
6 Croatia 4,565 (1.48%) 1990 310,411 +5.3%
7 Ukraine 4,207 (1.32%) 2001 308,385 −0.7%
8 Greece 3,341 (1.08%)
2011 290,117 −5.9%
2022 313,693 +8.1%
9 Spain 1,754 (0.56%) Population size may be affected by
10 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,680 (0.54%) changes in administrative divisions.

11 Syria 1,642 (0.53%)

12 India 1,541 (0.5%)

13 Hungary 1,341 (0.43%)

14 France 1,266 (0.41%)

15 Kosovo 1,164 (0.37%)

Religion
The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is Roman Catholic 25.4%, Protestant
20.0%, and other/none 54.6%.[38]

Culture

Theatre
The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of Die Räuber,
written by Friedrich Schiller, was shown.[39]

Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as the Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the
Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne
Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit.

Sport
There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim, who
currently are playing in the third tier 3. Liga, but who have played in the top tier, the
Bundesliga; and VfR Mannheim, winner of the German championship in 1949, now playing in
the sixth tier Verbandsliga Baden.

The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice
hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga, having won the German
championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time the former
Carl-Benz-Stadion, the home
highest German ice hockey league known as Bundesliga).[40]
stadium of SV Waldhof Mannheim

The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados, the oldest operational baseball and softball club
in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than
any other club.[41]

In 2003, the American football club Rhein-Neckar Bandits was founded. They are playing in the first German Football League which
is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game.[42]

Rhein-Neckar Löwen are a handball team playing in the professional German Handball League.[43]

The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event.[44]

UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim.[45]

Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and the FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007[46]
14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium.

In 2002, Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg.[47][48][49]

The Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964.

Inventions
According to Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and
was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide.[50]

Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim:

Karl Drais built the first two-wheeled draisine in 1817.

Karl Benz drove the first automobile on the streets of Mannheim in 1886. At his
workshop in Mannheim, he produced a lightweight three-wheeled vehicle powered
by a single cylinder petrol/gasoline-fueled engine, first shown in public during
1886. This powered tricycle subsequently came to be widely regarded as the first Monument of first motorcar in
automobile/motor car powered by an internal combustion engine. Karl's wife Mannheim
Bertha Benz undertook the world's first road trip by automobile from Mannheim to
 Pforzheim and back,[51] about 65 miles then, on modern roads about 55 miles, in August 1888.
The Lanz Bulldog, a popular tractor with a rugged, simple Diesel engine was introduced in 1921.
Karl Benz developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at the Benz & Cie. motor works in Mannheim in
1923.
Julius Hatry built the world's first rocket plane in 1929.
Dario Fontanella, an Italian guest worker, invented the first Spaghettieis (spaghetti ice cream) in 1969.

The world's first The world's first Official sign of Bertha

bicycle, built in motorcar, built in Benz Memorial
Mannheim by Karl Mannheim by Karl Route,
Freiherr von Drais in Benz in 1885 commemorating the
1817 world's first long-
distance journey by
automobile from
Mannheim to
Pforzheim in 1888
104 km (65 mi)

Education

The University of Mannheim's main campus – the Palace in a 180-degree panoramic view

The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the Palatine
Academy of Sciences, established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in
Mannheim Palace, it is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the
world. Described by Die Zeit as the 'Harvard of Germany',[7] it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than
12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester.[52]

The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University (at the University Hospital Mannheim), the
Hochschule Mannheim, a branch of the Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg and several musical and theatrical
academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large
and diverse student body.

Dependents of U.S. military personnel attended Mannheim Elementary School until it closed in June 2012.[53] In the 1980s the school
had 2,200 students.[54]

Government and politics

Mayor
The mayor is the head of the city council and chairman of the council, being selected by direct suffrage for a term of eight years. The
current mayor is Christian Specht from the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).
In 2023, Specht ran in the election for mayor of Mannheim, in which incumbent Peter Kurz
(SPD) did not run again, and was supported by the CDU Mannheim, the Mannheimer Liste
and the FDP Mannheim.[55][56] In the first round of voting on June 18, 2023, he received
45.64% of the vote. On July 9, 2023, he won the second round of voting with 49.9% of the
vote, ahead of SPD candidate Thorsten Riehle (48.7%) and independent candidate Uğur Çakir
(1.3%).[57] Due to an objection to the election results, Specht was initially elected as appointed
mayor by the city council.[58] The objection was rejected by the Karlsruhe Regional Council
on August 2, 2023, making Specht's election valid.[59] He took office on August 4, 2023,[60]
making him the first CDU mayor in Mannheim since Josef Braun (1945–1948).[61]

First round Second round

Candidate Party
Votes % Votes %
Christian Specht in 2011
Christian Christian Democratic
34,329 45.6 35,981 49.9
Specht Union
Thorsten Social Democratic
22,748 30.2 35,122 48.7
Riehle Party
Raymond Alliance 90/The
10,379 13.8 Withdrew
Fojkar Greens
Thomas
Die PARTEI 2,327 3.3 Withdrew
Bischoff

David Frey Independent 1,081 1.4 Withdrew

Tanja Krone Independent 903 1.2 Withdrew
Uğur Çakir Independent 638 0.85 947 1.3
Others 41 0.1 70 0.1
Valid votes 75,222 99.4 72,120 99.4
Invalid votes 467 0.6 415 0.6

Total 75,689 100.0 72,535 100.0

Electorate/voter turnout 234,942 32.2 234,861 30.9
Source: City of Mannheim (https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/lb/produktion/wahltermin-
20230618/08222000/praesentation/index.html)

The city leaders since 1810 are:

1810–1820: Johann Wilhelm Reinhardt 1928–1933: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)

1820–1832: Valentin Möhl 1933–1945: Carl Renninger (NSDAP)
1833–1835: Heinrich Andriano 1945–1948: Josef Braun (CDU)
1836–1849: Ludwig Jolly 1948–1949: Fritz Cahn-Garnier (SPD)
1849–1852: Friedrich Reiß 1949–1955: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)
1852–1861: Heinrich Christian Diffené 1956–1972: Hans Reschke (independent)
1861–1870: Ludwig Achenbach 1972–1980: Ludwig Ratzel (SPD)
1870–1891: Eduard Moll 1980–1983: Wilhelm Varnholt (SPD)
1891–1908: Otto Beck 1983–2007: Gerhard Widder (SPD)
1908–1913: Paul Martin 2007–2023: Peter Kurz (SPD)
1914–1928: Theodor Kutzer 2023–present: Christian Specht (CDU)

City council
The council has 48 seats and is elected by direct suffrage for five years. In the local elections in Baden-Württemberg, voters are
allowed to take advantage of cumulative voting and vote splitting. Since the Second World War the SPD, except in the elections of
1999, 2004, and 2024, has received more votes than the CDU. In the 2019 election, the Greens received the most votes for the first
time.

The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:
 Party Votes % +/- Seats +/-
Christian Democratic Union
1,110,883 21.6 2.5 10 1
(CDU)
Alliance 90/The Greens
1,035,384 20.1 4.3 9 3
(Grüne)

Social Democratic Party

952,919 18.5 2.7 9 1
(SPD)
Alternative for Germany (AfD) 731,679 14.2 5.0 7 3 Town hall in E 5
Free Voters/Mannheimer List
346,759 6.7 0.7 3 1
(ML)
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 276,672 5.4 0.7 3 0
The Left (Die Linke) 254,373 4.9 1.1 2 1
Animal Protection Party
112,496 2.2 1.1 1 0
(Tierschutz)
Die PARTEI (PARTEI) 108,638 2.1 0.9 1 0

Middle-Class for Mannheim

76,555 1.5 0.2 1 0
(MfM)
The Mannheimers 64,393 1.3 New 1 New
Climate List Baden-
59,228 1.2 New 1 New
Württemberg (Klima)
Protect the Cars 12,632 0.2 New 0 New
Valid votes 5,142,611 100.0
Invalid ballots 2,479 2.1

Total ballots 120,729 100.0 48 ±0

Electorate/voter turnout 238,394 51.5 1.7
Source: City of Mannheim (https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/lb/produktion/wahltermin-
20240609/08222000/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=1677&stimmentyp=0&id=eb
ene_-10065_id_16232)

United States military installations

A number of U.S. Army Europe installations were located in and near Mannheim during the Cold War. The following locations
provided services to and housed the "U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim" and other units of the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army Garrison
Mannheim was formally deactivated on 31 May 2011.[62]

Coleman Barracks and Coleman Army Airfield (Mannheim-Sandhofen): the headquarters of the American Forces
Network-Europe, and Also, the location of the United States Army Corrections Facility-Europe.
Funari Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal), vacated in 2014.
Spinelli Barracks (Mannheim-Feudenheim), vacated in 2015, the home of the Army's 28th Transportation Battalion.
Sullivan Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): formerly the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 7th Signal Brigade and the
529th Military Police Honor Guard Company's 2nd Platoon; vacated in 2014.
Taylor Barracks (Mannheim-Vogelstang): formerly the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 2nd Signal Brigade; vacated in
2011.
Turley Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): in the early 1990s was home to the 181st Transportation Bn, with companies of
40th, 41st, 51st, 590th, TTP, and HHC transportation companies and also the headquarters of the NATO ACE Mobile
Force (Land) (AMFL).
The Benjamin Franklin Village (Mannheim-Käfertal), housing. Also, it was the home of the Mannheim American High
School and the Middle School,[63] which closed on 9 June 2011. The last soldier and his family moved out in 2012.
The following locations were part of the "U.S. Army Garrison Heidelberg" but were within the area of the city of Mannheim until
they were vacated in 2010 and 2011:

Friedrichsfeld Service Center (Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld)

 Hammonds Barracks (formerly Loretto Kaserne) (Mannheim-Seckenheim)
Stem Kaserne (Mannheim-Seckenheim)
All personnel of the U.S. Army military community left Mannheim by 2015, some of them moving to Wiesbaden. With the exception
of four barracks, all other barracks formerly occupied by the U.S. military had been returned to the German state for conversion to
civilian use in 2011.

Main sights
Fernmeldeturm Mannheim – 217.8-metre-high telecommunication tower, landmark of
Mannheim
Synagoge (Mannheim) – post World War II synagogue
Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque
Luisenpark – named one of the most beautiful parks in Europe with around 1.2 million
visitors annually[64]
Mannheim Palace (Mannheimer Schloss) – the city castle, main building of the University
of Mannheim and second-largest palace complex in Baroque style after Versailles
Wasserturm – the town's landmark water tower (https://www.visit-mannheim.de/en/Media/
attractions/water-tower)
Jesuit Church
SAP Arena – multifunctional indoor arena, home of Mannheim's ice-hockey team "Die Jesuit Church (background)
[65] and Sternwarte (defunct
Adler" ("The Eagles")
observatory; in the
Breite Strasse, Kunststrasse, and Kapuzinerplanken – Mannheim's main shopping foreground)
destinations
International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg
Kunsthalle Mannheim – museum of modern and contemporary art
Technoseum – technology museum
Multihalle – multi-purpose hall in Mannheim's Herzogenriedpark, the world's
largest self-supporting wooden lattice-shell construction (https://www.visit-mannhei
m.de/en/Media/attractions/multihalle-mannheim)
Wildpark and Waldvogelpark am Karlstern
The city centre – designed in squares (Quadratestadt)
Reißinsel – a natural area that an honorary citizen of Mannheim, Carl Reiß, Neckaruferbebauung Nord in 2014
bequeathed to the residents of Mannheim[66]
Reiß-Engelhorn-Museen – museum with four exhibition halls presenting exhibits in
archaeology, world cultures, history of art and culture, photography, and history of theater and music
Maimarkt – largest regional trade fair in Germany[67]
Marktplatz (Market square) – hosts a farmers' market every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.[68] Fresh fruit,
vegetables, and flowers are sold.
Mannheimer Mess (Mannheim Fair) – twice a year (spring & autumn), a big fair that takes place on Neuer Messplatz-
square[69]

Economy
With a gross domestic product (GDP) of €20.921 billion, Mannheim ranks 17th on the list of German cities by GDP as of 2018.

In the 2019 edition of the Zukunftsatlas, the independent city of Mannheim ranked 35nd out of 401 counties and independent cities in
Germany, making it one of the places with "high future opportunities".[70]

Mannheim is among the most attractive business locations in Germany thanks to its competitive business environment and growth
opportunities and is considered the economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, which is one of Germany's most
important business locations.[22]

The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing
Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.[22]

The unemployment rate of Mannheim is 7.2% as of 2020.[71]

The successor to the Karl Benz automobile manufacturing companies begun in Mannheim, Daimler AG, has had a large presence in
Mannheim. Today, diesel engines and buses are assembled there. The Swiss Hoffmann–La Roche diagnostic group (formerly known
as Boehringer Mannheim) has its division headquarters in Mannheim.[72] Additionally, the city also hosts large factories, headquarters
and/or offices of ABB,[73] IBM,[74] Alstom,[75][76] BASF (Ludwigshafen), Bilfinger Berger,[77] Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever,[78]
Essity,[79] Phoenix Group,[80] Bombardier,[81] Pepperl+Fuchs,[82] Caterpillar, Fuchs Petrolub, John Deere, Siemens,[83] SCA,
Südzucker, and other companies. The University Hospital Mannheim provides health care to the inhabitants of Mannheim and the
Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region.

With €4.5 billion, Mannheim ranks 22nd on the list of cities by market value of its DAX, TecDAX and MDAX companies.[84]

MVV Energie based in Mannheim is the largest municipal energy supplier in Germany.

Media
In addition to the only local daily newspaper Mannheimer Morgen, the Ludwigshafen newspaper Die Rheinpfalz, the Heidelberg
newspaper Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung and the Bild Rhein-Neckar offer a local section for Mannheim. In addition, the weekly paper
Wochenblatt Mannheim (https://wirkungswerk.de/) with its official gazette is published. The Kommunal-Info Mannheim is published
fortnightly. Free district newspapers are distributed in almost all parts of the city.

Transport

Road transport
The Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area is surrounded by a ring of motorways connecting it to
Frankfurt in the north, Karlsruhe in the south, Saarbrücken in the west and Nuremberg in the
east.

Railway transport
Mannheim Hauptbahnhof (central station) is at the end of the Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed
rail line and is the most important railway junction in southwestern Germany. It is served by
ICE high-speed train system with connections to Frankfurt am Main–Berlin, Karlsruhe–Basel,
and Stuttgart–Munich. A new high speed line to Frankfurt also is planned to relieve the
existing Mannheim–Frankfurt railway.[85]
Roadmap of Mannheim

River transport
Mannheim Harbour is the second-largest river port in Germany and has a size of 1131
hectares.[86] In 2016, 6.9 million tons of goods were handled on the water side.[87] Around 500
companies, with about 20,000 employees, are in the Mannheim Harbour.[88]

Air transport
Although Frankfurt International Airport is only 65 km (40 mi) to the north, at various times
over the years there were daily passenger flights from Mannheim City Airport (IATA code
MHG) to London, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Saarbrücken. Currently,
commercial passenger flights serve Sylt.

Local public transport

Local public transport in Mannheim includes the RheinNeckar S-Bahn, eleven tram lines, and
numerous bus lines operated by Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (Rhine-Neckar transport) (RNV).

The RheinNeckar S-Bahn, established in 2003, connects most of the Rhine-Neckar area,
Mannheim on the Rivers Rhine and
including lines into the Palatinate, Odenwald and southern Hesse. All S-Bahn lines run Neckar
through Mannheim Hauptbahnhof except S5. Other S-Bahn stations are Mannheim-
Rangierbahnhof, Mannheim-Seckenheim, and Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld-Süd.
The 1,000 mm (3 ft 33⁄8 in) metre gauge integrated Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway network
also extends to Heidelberg. It is operated by RNV, a company that is wholly owned by the
three cities mentioned and a couple of municipalities in the Palatinate. RNV is the result of a
merger on 1 October 2009 between the region's five former municipal transportation
companies.[89] Interurban trams are operated by RNV on a triangular route between
Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Weinheim that was originally established by the Upper Rhine
Railway Company (Oberrheinische Eisenbahn, OEG), and the company also operates
interurban trams between Bad Dürkheim, Ludwigshafen, and Mannheim. In the 1970s a Mannheim City Airport
proposal to build a U-Bahn out of the Mannheim and Ludwigshafen tramways was begun, but
only small sections were built due to lack of funds. The only underground station in Mannheim
is the Haltestelle Dalbergstraße. U-Bahn planning now has stopped. All public transport is offered at uniform prices set by the
Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar Transport Union, VRN).

Block Numbering
The city centre uses an addressing system that is unique within Germany. Within a
ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares that are labeled with
letters and numbers instead of street names. The practice dates back centuries and is
a result of the original use of the city centre as a fort, with the fort's internal system
being retained when the streets became public.

The codes are laid out in a progressive pattern. A street named Breite Straße goes
through the middle of the blocks from south to north, with streets A-K on the west
side of the street and L-U on the east. Intersecting streets divide these lettered
streets into blocks from 1 to at most 7 based on distance from Breite Straße. Thus,
C3 is between C2 and C4 in one direction and B3 and D3 in the other. Further, a
number is given to each building: C3, 17 is block C3, building 17. House numbers
begin on the south corner nearest Breite Straße and go counterclockwise for A-K
The squares with their numbers
and clockwise for L-U.[90]

Those not used to the system will often become lost. It also causes major issues with most mapping software, as the databases that
they use are based on the standard street-number system, and so the software cannot accommodate a completely different system for a
small area. A variety of fixes have been tried, none with a high level of success. In particular, the systems have issues because an
address on a block can be on any of up to four roads and so attempts to fix the issue by giving the roads false names within the
database have often failed to give accurate addressing, but such can still be seen on some platforms like Google Maps. Finding an
address in the area thus generally requires resorting to asking directions or using one of the many posted public maps.[91]

Twin towns – sister cities

Mannheim is twinned with:[92]

Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom (1957) Bydgoszcz, Poland (1991)

Toulon, France (1959) Klaipėda, Lithuania (2002)
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (Berlin), Zhenjiang, China (2004)
Germany (1961) Haifa, Israel (2009)
Windsor, Canada (1980) Qingdao, China (2016)
Riesa, Germany (1988) Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2022)
Chișinău, Moldova (1989)

Notable people Telecommunication

tower and
Josepha von Heydeck (1748–1771), mistress of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria Luisenpark
Johann Baptist Cramer (1771–1858), English pianist and composer
Friedrich Engelhorn (1821–1902), industrialist, founder of BASF
Marcus Otterbourg (1827–1893), American diplomat, lawyer, and judge
Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902), Austro-German psychiatrist
 Carl Benz (1844–1929), engine designer and automotive engineer. He built the first practical motorcar.
Henry Morgenthau Sr. (1856–1946), American politician and real estate investor
Robert Kahn (1865–1951), composer and pianist
Otto Hermann Kahn (1867–1934), investment banker, collector and philanthropist
Emmy Wehlen (1887–1977), musical comedy actress and silent screen star
Sepp Herberger (1897–1977), football player and manager
Wilhelm Fuchs (1898–1947), Nazi SS officer and Holocaust perpetrator executed for war crimes
Hedwig Hillengaß (1902–1970), operatic soprano
Albert Speer (1905–1981), Nazi architect, Minister for Armaments and Munitions during World War II
Julius Hatry (1906–2000), aircraft designer and builder. He created the world's first purpose-built rocket plane.
Hans Filbinger (1913–2007), politician
Samuel Hans Adler (born 1928), German-American composer, conductor and professor
Claus Leininger (1931–2005), theatre director and manager
Wolf Wolfensberger (1934–2011), German-American psychologist
Roger Fritz (1936–2021), actor
Rudi Altig (1937–2016), cyclist
Christiane Schmidtmer (1939–2003), actress
Fred Breinersdorfer (born 1946), writer
Karl W Schweizer (born 1946), historian and author
Kurt Fleckenstein (born 1949), artist/sculptor
Peter Dani (1956–2002), American footballer
Norbert Schwefel (1960–2015), musician
Juergen Adams (born 1961), ice hockey player
Uwe Rahn (born 1962), footballer
Christine Lambrecht (born 1965), politician (SPD)
Franz Jung (born 1966), Roman Catholic bishop
Steffi Graf (born 1969), tennis player
Xavier Naidoo (born 1971), pop singer
Christian Wörns (born 1972), footballer
Lexi Alexander (born 1974), director
Bülent Ceylan (born 1976), German-Turkish comedian
Jochen Hecht (born 1977), ice hockey player
Uwe Gensheimer (born 1989), handball player
Giulia Enders (born 1990), writer and medical researcher
Pascal Groß (born 1991), footballer
Hakan Çalhanoğlu (born 1994), Turkish footballer
Paulina Krumbiegel (born 2000), footballer

Notes and references

Notes
a. in dem → im

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Further reading
Wiederkehr, Gustav: Mannheim in Sage und Geschichte, H. Haas'schen Buchdruckerei, 1907, (Festgabe zur Feier
des dreihundertjährigen Bestehens der Stadt).
David, Manfred: Mannheimer Stadtkunde. Edition Quadrat, Mannheim 1982, ISBN 3-87804-125-X.
Staatl. Archivverwaltung Baden-Württemberg in Verbindung mit d. Städten u. d. Landkreisen Heidelberg u. Mannheim
(Hrsg.): Die Stadt- und die Landkreise Heidelberg und Mannheim: Amtliche Kreisbeschreibung. Band 1: Allgemeiner
Teil. Karlsruhe 1966, DNB 458203858. Band 3: Die Stadt Mannheim und die Gemeinden des Landkreises Mannheim.
Karlsruhe 1970, DNB 366145509.
Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Das Land Baden-Württemberg – Amtliche Beschreibung nach
Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band V.
Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-17-002542-2.
Huth, Hans: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Stadtkreises Mannheim. München 1982, ISBN 3-422-00556-0.
Oesterreich, Carmen And Volker (Hrsg.): Mannheim, wo es am schönsten ist – 55 Lieblingsplätze. Berlin 2008,
ISBN 978-3-936962-43-7.
Schenk, Andreas: Mannheim und seine Bauten 1907–2007. Hrsg. v. Stadtarchiv Mannheim und Mannheimer
Architektur- und Bauarchiv e. V. 5 Bde. Edition Quadrat, Mannheim 2000–2007, ISBN 3-923003-83-8.
Walz, Guido (Red.): Der Brockhaus Mannheim. 400 Jahre Quadratestadt – Das Lexikon. Bibliographisches Institut &
F. A. Brockhaus, Mannheim 2006, ISBN 3-7653-0181-7.
Naturführer Mannheim. Entdeckungen im Quadrat. Hrsg. von der Stadt Mannheim und der Bezirksstelle für
Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Karlsruhe. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2000, ISBN 3-89735-132-3.
Ellrich, Hartmut: Mannheim. Sutton, Erfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-86680-148-6.
Nieß, Ulrich and Caroli, Michael (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Mannheim. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher,
Band 1: 2007, ISBN 978-3-89735-470-8. Band 2: 2007, ISBN 978-3-89735-471-5. Band 3: 2009, ISBN 978-3-89735-
472-2.
Mannheimer Altertumsverein/Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen: Mannheim vor der Stadtgründung – Teile I und II. Hrsg.
Hansjörg Probst, 4 Bände. Mannheim 2007/08, ISBN 978-3-7917-2074-6.
 Vetter, Roland "Kein Stein soll auf dem andern bleiben" Mannheims Untergang während des Pfälzischen
Erbfolgekrieges im Spiegel französischer Kriegsberichte ISBN 3-89735-204-4.

External links
Official website (https://www.mannheim.de/en)
Official tourism site (https://www.visit-mannheim.de/en)
Mannheim travel guide from Wikivoyage

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