Motorcycle

A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or, if three-wheeled,

a trike) is a two or three-wheeled motor vehicle
steered by a handlebar from a saddle-style seat.[1][2][3]

Motorcycle designs vary greatly to suit a range of

different purposes: long-distance travel, commuting,
cruising, sport (including racing), and off-road riding.
Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and being
involved in other related social activities such as
joining a motorcycle club and attending motorcycle
rallies. A classic Norton motorcycle

The 1885 Daimler Reitwagen made by Gottlieb

Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Germany was the
first internal combustion, petroleum-fueled
motorcycle. In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller
became the first series production motorcycle.[4][5]

Globally, motorcycles are comparable numerically to

cars as a method of transport: in 2021, approximately
58.6 million new motorcycles were sold around the
world,[6] while 66.7 million cars were sold over the
same period.[7]

In 2022, the top four motorcycle producers by volume

and type were Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, and
Suzuki.[8]

According to the US Department of Transportation,

1955 NSU Lambretta 150 scooter
the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was
37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars.[9]

Types
The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction (see § Legal definitions and
restrictions).

There are three major types of motorcycle: street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there
are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes. There is often a racing counterpart to each
type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross including dirt bikes.
Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, and many other types. Off-road
motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not
street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the dual-sport style are made to go off-road but
include features to make them legal and comfortable on the street as well.

Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a
different riding posture.

In some countries the use of pillions (rear seats) is restricted.

A cruiser (front) and a sportbike A Ural motorcycle with a French gendarme motorcyclist
(background) sidecar

Police motorcycle

History

Experimentation and invention

The first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed
and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, Germany,
in 1885.[10] This vehicle was unlike either the safety bicycles or the boneshaker bicycles of the era in that
it had zero degrees of steering axis angle and no fork offset, and thus did not use the principles of bicycle
and motorcycle dynamics developed nearly 70 years earlier. Instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to
remain upright while turning.[11]

The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen ("riding car"). It was designed as an expedient testbed
for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle.[12][13]
The first commercial design for a self-propelled cycle was a three-
wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle, conceived of Edward
Butler in England in 1884.[14] He exhibited his plans for the
vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884. The vehicle
was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in
Greenwich, in 1888.[15]

The Butler Petrol Cycle was a three-wheeled vehicle, with the rear
wheel directly driven by a 5⁄8 hp (0.47 kW), 40 cc (2.4 cu in)
displacement, 21⁄4 in × 5 in (57 mm × 127 mm) bore × stroke, flat
twin four-stroke engine (with magneto ignition replaced by coil
and battery) equipped with rotary valves and a float-fed Replica of the Daimler-Maybach
carburettor (five years before Maybach) and Ackermann steering, Reitwagen

all of which were state of the art at the time. Starting was by
compressed air. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over
the rear driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a
throttle valve lever. No braking system was fitted; the vehicle was
stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a
foot-operated lever; the weight of the machine was then borne by
two small castor wheels. The driver was seated between the front
wheels. It was not, however, a success, as Butler failed to find
sufficient financial backing.[16]
Butler's Patent Velocycle
Many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric
motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition
of a 'motorcycle', and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the world's first motorcycle.[17][18][19] Given the
rapid rise in use of electric motorcycles worldwide,[20] defining only internal-combustion powered two-
wheelers as 'motorcycles' is increasingly problematic. The first (petroleum fueled) internal-combustion
motorcycles, like the German Reitwagen, were, however, also the first practical motorcycles.[18][21][22]

If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam propulsion is considered a motorcycle, then the first motorcycles
built seem to be the French Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede which patent application was filed in
December 1868,[12][13] constructed around the same time as the American Roper steam velocipede, built
by Sylvester H. Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts,[12][13] who had been demonstrating his machine at
fairs and circuses in the eastern U.S. since 1867.[10] Roper built about 10 steam cars and cycles from the
1860s until his death in 1896.[19]

Summary of early inventions

Number of
Year Vehicle Inventor Engine type Notes
wheels

Pierre Michaux
1867– Michaux-Perreaux Louis-
2 Steam One made
1868 steam velocipede Guillaume
Perreaux
1867– Roper steam Sylvester
2 Steam One made
1868 velocipede Roper

Gottlieb
Petroleum
Daimler 2 (plus 2 Daimler
1885 internal- One made
Reitwagen outriggers) Wilhelm
combustion
Maybach

Petroleum
3 (plus 2
1887 Butler Petrol Cycle Edward Butler internal-
castors)
combustion

Heinrich Modern
Hildebrand configuration
Petroleum
Hildebrand & Wilhelm First mass-produced
1894 2 internal-
Wolfmüller Hildebrand motorcycle
combustion
Alois
Wolfmüller First machine to be
called "motorcycle"

First motorcycle companies

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series
production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle
(German: Motorrad).[12][13][19][23] Excelsior Motor Company,
originally a bicycle manufacturing company based in Coventry,
England, began production of their first motorcycle model in
1896.

The first production motorcycle in the US was the Orient-Aster,

Diagram of 1894 Hildebrand & built by Charles Metz in 1898 at his factory in Waltham,
Wolfmüller
Massachusetts.

In the early period of motorcycle history, many producers of

bicycles adapted their designs to accommodate the new internal combustion engine. As the engines
became more powerful and designs outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of motorcycle producers
increased. Many of the nineteenth-century inventors who worked on early motorcycles often moved on to
other inventions. Daimler and Roper, for example, both went on to develop automobiles.
At the end of the 19th century the first major mass-production
firms were set up. In 1898, Triumph Motorcycles in England
began producing motorbikes, and by 1903 it was producing over
500 bikes. Other British firms were Royal Enfield, Norton,
Douglas Motorcycles and Birmingham Small Arms Company who
began motorbike production in 1899, 1902, 1907 and 1910,
respectively.[24] Indian began production in 1901 and Harley-
Davidson was established two years later. By the outbreak of
World War I, the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world was
Indian,[25][26] producing over 20,000 bikes per year.[27] 1902 Orient motocycle

First World War

During the First World War, motorbike production was greatly ramped up for the war effort to supply
effective communications with front line troops. Messengers on horses were replaced with despatch
riders on motorcycles carrying messages, performing reconnaissance and acting as a military police.
American company Harley-Davidson was devoting over 50% of its factory output toward military
contract by the end of the war. The British company Triumph Motorcycles sold more than 30,000 of its
Triumph Type H model to allied forces during the war. With the rear wheel driven by a belt, the Model H
was fitted with a 499 cc (30.5 cu in) air-cooled four-stroke single-cylinder engine. It was also the first
Triumph without pedals.[28]

The Model H in particular, is regarded by many as having been the first "modern motorcycle".[29]
Introduced in 1915 it had a 550 cc side-valve four-stroke engine with a three-speed gearbox and belt
transmission. It was so popular with its users that it was nicknamed the "Trusty Triumph".[30]

Postwar
By 1920, Harley-Davidson was the largest manufacturer,[31] with
their motorcycles being sold by dealers in 67 countries.[32][33]

Amongst many British motorcycle manufacturers, Chater-Lea

with its twin-cylinder models followed by its large singles in the
1920s stood out. Initially, using converted a Woodmann-designed
OHV Blackburne engine it became the first 350 cc to exceed
100 mph (160 km/h), recording 100.81 mph (162.24 km/h) over
the flying kilometre during April 1924.[7] Later, Chater-Lea set a
Motorcycle rider on his Rudge-
world record for the flying kilometre for 350 cc and 500 cc
Whitworth motorbike, Australia,
motorcycles at 102.9 mph (165.6 km/h) for the firm. Chater-Lea c. 1935
produced variants of these world-beating sports models and
became popular among racers at the Isle of Man TT. Today, the
firm is probably best remembered for its long-term contract to manufacture and supply AA Patrol
motorcycles and sidecars.

By the late 1920s or early 1930s, DKW in Germany took over as the largest manufacturer.[34][35][36]
 In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an increasing part in the
development of racing motorcycles and the "dustbin fairing" held
out the possibility of radical changes to motorcycle design. NSU
and Moto Guzzi were in the vanguard of this development, both
producing very radical designs well ahead of their time.[37] NSU
produced the most advanced design, but after the deaths of four
NSU riders in the 1954–1956 seasons, they abandoned further
development and quit Grand Prix motorcycle racing.[38]
NSU Sportmax streamlined
Moto Guzzi produced competitive race machines, and until the
motorcycle, 250 cc class winner of
the 1955 Grand Prix season end of 1957 had a succession of victories.[39] The following year,
1958, full enclosure fairings were banned from racing by the FIM
in the light of the safety concerns.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, small two-stroke motorcycles were popular worldwide, partly as a
result of East German MZs Walter Kaaden's engine work in the 1950s.[40]

Today
In the 21st century, the motorcycle industry is mainly dominated
by Indian and Japanese motorcycle companies. In addition to the
large capacity motorcycles, there is a large market in smaller
capacity (less than 300 cc) motorcycles, mostly concentrated in
Asian and African countries and produced in China and India. A
Japanese example is the 1958 Honda Super Cub, which went on to
become the biggest selling vehicle of all time, with its 60 millionth
unit produced in April 2008.[41] Today, this area is dominated by
mostly Indian companies with Hero MotoCorp emerging as the Royal Enfield Bullet
world's largest manufacturer of two wheelers. Its Splendor model
has sold more than 8.5 million to date.[42] Other major producers
are Bajaj and TVS Motors.[43]

Technical aspects

Construction
Motorcycle construction is the engineering, manufacturing, and
assembly of components and systems for a motorcycle which
results in the performance, cost, and aesthetics desired by the
Yamaha Troops motorbike
designer. With some exceptions, construction of modern mass-
produced motorcycles has standardised on a steel or aluminium
frame, telescopic forks holding the front wheel, and disc brakes. Some other body parts, designed for
either aesthetic or performance reasons may be added. A petrol-powered engine typically consisting of
between one and four cylinders (and less commonly, up to eight
cylinders) coupled to a manual five- or six-speed sequential
transmission drives the swingarm-mounted rear wheel by a chain,
driveshaft, or belt. The repair can be done using a motorcycle lift.

Fuel economy
Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly with engine displacement
and riding style.[44] A streamlined, fully faired Matzu Matsuzawa
A Suzuki GS500 with a clearly
Honda XL125 achieved 470 mpg‑US (0.50 L/100 km; visible frame, painted silver
560 mpg‑imp) in the Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Challenge "on real
highways – in real conditions".[45] Due to low engine
displacements (100–200 cc (6.1–12.2 cu in)), and high power-to-mass ratios, motorcycles offer good fuel
economy. Under conditions of fuel scarcity like 1950s Britain and modern developing nations,
motorcycles claim large shares of the vehicle market. In the United States, the average motorcycle fuel
economy is 44 miles per US gallon (19 km per liter).[46]

Electric motorcycles
Very high fuel economy equivalents are often derived by electric motorcycles. Electric motorcycles are
nearly silent, zero-emission electric motor-driven vehicles. Operating range and top speed are limited by
battery technology.[47] Fuel cells and petroleum-electric hybrids are also under development to extend the
range and improve performance of the electric drive system.

Reliability
A 2013 survey of 4,424 readers of the US Consumer Reports magazine collected reliability data on 4,680
motorcycles purchased new from 2009 to 2012.[48] The most common problem areas were accessories,
brakes, electrical (including starters, charging, ignition), and fuel systems, and the types of motorcycles
with the greatest problems were touring, off-road/dual sport, sport-touring, and cruisers.[48] There were
not enough sport bikes in the survey for a statistically significant conclusion, though the data hinted at
reliability as good as cruisers.[48] These results may be partially explained by accessories including such
equipment as fairings, luggage, and auxiliary lighting, which are frequently added to touring, adventure
touring/dual sport and sport touring bikes.[49] Trouble with fuel systems is often the result of improper
winter storage, and brake problems may also be due to poor maintenance.[48] Of the five brands with
enough data to draw conclusions, Honda, Kawasaki and Yamaha were statistically tied, with 11 to 14% of
those bikes in the survey experiencing major repairs.[48] Harley-Davidsons had a rate of 24%, while
BMWs did worse, with 30% of those needing major repairs.[48] There were not enough Triumph and
Suzuki motorcycles surveyed for a statistically sound conclusion, though it appeared Suzukis were as
reliable as the other three Japanese brands while Triumphs were comparable to Harley-Davidson and
BMW.[48] Three-fourths of the repairs in the survey cost less than US$200 and two-thirds of the
motorcycles were repaired in less than two days.[48] In spite of their relatively worse reliability in this
survey, Harley-Davidson and BMW owners showed the greatest owner satisfaction, and three-fourths of
them said they would buy the same bike again, followed by 72% of Honda owners and 60 to 63% of
Kawasaki and Yamaha owners.[48]

Dynamics
Two-wheeled motorcycles stay upright while rolling due to a
physical property known as conservation of angular momentum in
the wheels. Angular momentum points along the axle, and it
"wants" to stay pointing in that direction.

Different types of motorcycles have different dynamics and these

play a role in how a motorcycle performs in given conditions. For
example, one with a longer wheelbase provides the feeling of
Racing motorcycles leaning in a turn
more stability by responding less to disturbances.[50] Motorcycle
tyres have a large influence over handling.

Motorcycles must be leaned in order to make turns. This lean is induced by the method known as
countersteering, in which the rider momentarily steers the handlebars in the direction opposite of the
desired turn. This practice is counterintuitive and therefore often confusing to novices – and even many
experienced motorcyclists.[51][52][53]

With such short wheelbase, motorcycles can generate enough torque at the rear wheel, and enough
stopping force at the front wheel, to lift the opposite wheel off the road. These actions, if performed on
purpose, are known as wheelies and stoppies (or endos) respectively.

Accessories
Various features and accessories may be attached to a motorcycle either as OEM (factory-fitted) or
aftermarket. Such accessories are selected by the owner to enhance the motorcycle's appearance, safety,
performance, or comfort, and may include anything from mobile electronics to sidecars and trailers.

Records
The world record for the longest motorcycle jump was set in 2008 by Robbie Maddison with
107 metres (351 ft).[54]
Since late 2010, the Ack Attack team has held the motorcycle land-speed record at
376.36 mph (605.69 km/h).[55]

Safety
Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal accidents than automobiles or trucks and buses. United States
Department of Transportation data for 2005 from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System show that for
passenger cars, 18.62 fatal crashes occur per 100,000 registered vehicles. For motorcycles this figure is
higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered vehicles – four times higher than for cars.[56] The same data shows
that 1.56 fatalities occur per 100 million vehicle miles travelled for passenger cars, whereas for
motorcycles the figure is 43.47 which is 28 times higher than for
cars (37 times more deaths per mile travelled in 2007).[9]
Furthermore, for motorcycles the accident rates have increased
significantly since the end of the 1990s, while the rates have
dropped for passenger cars.

The most common configuration of motorcycle accidents in the

United States is when a motorist pulls out or turns in front of a
motorcyclist, violating their right-of-way.[57] This is sometimes Motorcycle equipment

called a SMIDSY, an acronym formed from the motorists'

common response of "Sorry mate, I didn't see you".[58]
Motorcyclists can anticipate and avoid some of these crashes with
proper training, increasing their visibility to other traffic, keeping
to the speed limits, and not consuming alcohol or other drugs
before riding.[59]

The United Kingdom has several organisations dedicated to

improving motorcycle safety by providing advanced rider training
beyond what is necessary to pass the basic motorcycle licence test.
These include the Institute of Advanced Motorists (IAM) and the Wearing a motorcycle helmet (which
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA). Along is a legal requirement in many
with increased personal safety, riders with these advanced countries) reduces the risks of death
or head injury in a motorcycle crash.
qualifications may benefit from reduced insurance costs[60]

In South Africa, the Think Bike campaign is dedicated to

increasing both motorcycle safety and the awareness of motorcycles on the country's roads. The
campaign, while strongest in the Gauteng province, has representation in Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal
and the Free State. It has dozens of trained marshals available for various events such as cycle races and
is deeply involved in numerous other projects such as the annual Motorcycle Toy Run.[61]

Motorcycle safety education is offered throughout the United States by organisations ranging from state
agencies to non-profit organisations to corporations. Most states use the courses designed by the
Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), while Oregon and Idaho developed their own. All of the training
programs include a Basic Rider Course, an Intermediate Rider Course and an Advanced Rider Course.

In Ireland, since 2010,[62] in the UK and some Australian

jurisdictions, such as Victoria, New South Wales,[63] the
Australian Capital Territory,[64] Tasmania[65] and the Northern
Territory,[66] it is compulsory to complete a basic rider training
course before being issued a Learners Licence, after which they
can ride on public roads.

In Canada, motorcycle rider training is compulsory in Quebec and

Manitoba only, but all provinces and territories have graduated
licence programs which place restrictions on new drivers until An MSF rider course for novices
they have gained experience. Eligibility for a full motorcycle
licence or endorsement for completing a Motorcycle Safety course
varies by province. Without the Motorcycle Safety Course the chance of getting insurance for the
motorcycle is very low. The Canada Safety Council, a non-profit safety organisation, offers the Gearing
Up program across Canada and is endorsed by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry Council.[67] Training
course graduates may qualify for reduced insurance premiums.

Motorcyclists and motor scooter riders are also exposed to an increased risk of suffering hearing damage
such as hearing loss and tinnitus (ringing ears).[68][69] The noise is caused by wind noise while riding,
rolling noise from the tyres and the engine itself.[70] The helmet only provides insufficient protection
against high sound pressure levels.[71] Medicine (as of 2024) is not able to cure hearing damage. Wearing
hearing protection, such as special earplugs for motorcyclists, can help prevent hearing damage.

Motorcycle rider postures

The motorcyclist's riding position depends on rider body-geometry
(anthropometry) combined with the geometry of the motorcycle
itself. These factors create a set of three basic postures.[72]

Sport – the rider leans forward into the wind and the
weight of the upper torso is supported by the rider's core
at low speed and air pressure at high speed.[73] The
footpegs are below the rider or to the rear. The reduced
frontal area cuts wind resistance and allows higher
speeds. At low-speed in this position the rider's arms BMW C1, with a more upright
may bear some of the weight of the rider's torso, which seating position
can be problematic.
Standard – the rider sits upright or leans forward slightly.
The feet are below the rider. These are motorcycles that
are not specialised to one task, so they do not excel in any
particular area.[74][75] The standard posture is used with
touring and commuting as well as dirt and dual-sport bikes,
and may offer advantages for beginners.[76]
Cruiser – the rider sits at a lower seat height with the upper
torso upright or leaning slightly rearward. Legs are
extended forwards, sometimes out of reach of the regular
controls on cruiser pegs. The low seat height can be a
consideration for new or short riders. Handlebars tend to be
high and wide. The emphasis is on comfort while
compromising cornering ability because of low ground
clearance and the greater likelihood of scraping foot pegs,
floor boards, or other parts if turns are taken at the speeds Bombardier Can-Am Spyder,
other motorcycles can more readily accomplish.[77][78] showing location of rider on the
trike
Factors of a motorcycle's ergonomic geometry that determine the
seating posture include the height, angle and location of footpegs,
seat and handlebars. Factors in a rider's physical geometry that contribute to seating posture include torso,
arm, thigh and leg length, and overall rider height.

Legal definitions and restrictions

A motorcycle is broadly defined by law in most countries for the purposes of registration, taxation and
rider licensing as a powered two-wheel motor vehicle. Most countries distinguish between mopeds of
49 cc and the more powerful, larger vehicles, including scooter type motorcycles.[79] Many jurisdictions
include some forms of three-wheeled cars as motorcycles.

In Nigeria, motorcycles, popularly referred to as Okada have been subject of many controversies with
regards to safety and security followed by restriction of movement in many states. In 2020, it was banned
in Lagos, Nigeria's most populous city.[80][81]

Environmental impact
Motorcycles and scooters' low fuel consumption has attracted interest in the United States from
environmentalists and those affected by increased fuel prices.[82][83] Piaggio Group Americas supported
this interest with the launch of a "Vespanomics" website and platform, claiming lower per-mile carbon
emissions of 0.4 lb/mile (113 g/km) less than the average car, a 65% reduction, and better fuel
economy.[84]

However, a motorcycle's exhaust emissions may contain 10–20 times more oxides of nitrogen (NOx),
carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons than exhaust from a similar-year passenger car or
SUV.[82][85] This is because many motorcycles lack a catalytic converter, and the emission standard is
much more permissive for motorcycles than for other vehicles.[82] While catalytic converters have been
installed in most gasoline-powered cars and trucks since 1975 in the United States, they can present
fitment and heat difficulties in motorcycle applications.[82]

United States Environmental Protection Agency 2007 certification result reports for all vehicles versus on
highway motorcycles (which also includes scooters),[86] the average certified emissions level for 12,327
vehicles tested was 0.734. The average "Nox+Co End-Of-Useful-Life-Emissions" for 3,863 motorcycles
tested was 0.8531. 54% of the tested 2007-model motorcycles were equipped with a catalytic converter.

United States emissions limits

The following table shows maximum acceptable legal emissions of the combination of hydrocarbons,
oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide for new motorcycles sold in the United States with 280 cc or
greater piston displacement.[87]

Tier Model year HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km)

Tier 1 2006–2009 1.4 12.0

Tier 2 2010 and later 0.8 12.0

The maximum acceptable legal emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide for new Class I and II
motorcycles (50 cc–169 cc and 170 cc–279 cc respectively) sold in the United States are as follows:[87]
 Model year HC (g/km) CO (g/km)

2006 and later 1.0 12.0

Europe
European emission standards for motorcycles are similar to those for cars.[88] New motorcycles must
meet Euro 5 standards,[89] while cars must meet Euro 6D-temp standards. Motorcycle emission controls
are being updated and it has been proposed to update to Euro 5+ in 2024.[90]

Vietnam
According to the National Environmental Status Report 2016 and recent air quality reports, emissions
from motor vehicles have been identified as the main cause of environmental pollution.[91][92] Among
them, with over 68 million vehicles in operation nationwide (statistics from the Ministry of Transport,
2021), motorcycles are the largest source of pollutant emissions.[93][94][95]

In Hanoi, there are over 6 million motorcycles, of which nearly 3 million were manufactured before
2000.[96][97][98] In Ho Chi Minh City, there are about 7.8 million motorcycles, of which 67.89% are over
10 years old.[99][100] Air quality index (AQI) in urban centers often spikes during peak traffic times, such
as rush hour in the morning and evening.[93][101][102]

A study by the Institute of Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City,
found that motorcycles account for about 29% of NO emissions, 90% of CO emissions, 65.4% of
NMVOC emissions, 37.7% of particulate matter emissions, and 31% of fine particulate matter
emissions.[93][103][104]

Traffic emissions account for 50% of total emissions in Ho Chi Minh City.[105] While the world is
moving towards Euro 6 emission standards, most cars in Vietnam meet Euro 4 or Euro 5 standards.
However, motorcycles still meet Euro 2 or Euro 3 standards, which were implemented over 25 years
ago.[93]

See also

Companies portal

Transport portal

Bicycle and motorcycle geometry

List of motorcycle manufacturers
List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands
Motorcycle industry in China
Scooter (motorcycle)
Streamlined motorcycle

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General references
de Cet, Mirco (2002), The illustrated directory of motorcycles (https://books.google.com/boo
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Motorcycle", in Krens, Thomas; Drutt, Matthew (eds.), The Art of the Motorcycle, Harry N.
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ISBN 978-0-7603-1990-1
Georgano, G.N. (2002), Early and Vintage Years, 1885-1930: The Golden Era of
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yqp4wC), Hoboken, New Jersey: For Dummies, Wiley Publishing, ISBN 978-0-470-24587-3
Lienhard, John H. (2005), Inventing Modern: Growing Up with X-Rays, Skyscrapers, and
Tailfins, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-518951-5
Maher, Kevin; Greisler, Ben (1998), Chilton's Motorcycle Handbook (https://archive.org/detai
ls/chiltonsmotorcyc00grei/page/2), Haynes North America, pp. 2.2–2.18 (https://archive.org/
details/chiltonsmotorcyc00grei/page/2), ISBN 0-8019-9099-8
Setright, L.J.K. (1979), The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats, Guinness
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Stermer, Bill (2006), Streetbikes: Everything You Need to Know (https://books.google.com/b
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7603-2362-5
Duglin Kennedy, Shirley (2005), The Savvy Guide to Motorcycles (https://books.google.com/
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Walker, Mick (1999). Mick Walker's German Racing Motorcycles (https://books.google.com/
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Willoughby, Vic (1982), Exotic Motorcycles, London: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 0-85045-
322-4

External links

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