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Simplified Radar Warning Receiver Block Diagram Modern Jamming Techniques Three Areas of EW / Common Acronyms Signal and Waveform Analysis
IF Digital There are two categories of jammers, Noise and Deceptive. As radar threats have become UXA X-Series Signal Analyzers VSA 89601B-BHQ Pulse Analysis Software N7620B Signal Studio for Pulse Building Software
frequency words more diverse and complex over time, the need for more efficient and precise jamming Electronic warfare
techniques was needed. Below are two of the more recent jamming techniques implemented
RF Spectrum Para Digital in EW systems today:
ADCs Display Electronic Support Electronic Counter Electronic Counter-
converter estimator encoder processor
Measures (ESM) Measures (ECM) Counter Measures (ECCM)
Digital RF Memory (DRFM)
Special
function – Detection Anti active Anti passive Analyze modulation on pulses, sidelobe levels, and more,
generator – ELINT – Direct finding from 3 Hz to 6.5 GHz, extendable to 1.1 THz, with up to
Create complex, wideband pulse patterns with custom pulse shapes
– COMINT – Analysis 510 MHz analysis bandwidth.
and intervals, pulse modulations and antenna patterns for controlling
False target speeding up – Identification Measures and visualizes a wide range of pulse parameters. vector signal generators and AWGs.
and moving outbound Runs with multiple hardware platforms at various frequency bands and
False target speeding up Real-Time Spectrum Analysis
This is a simplified block diagram of the most widely deployed EW receiver: the Radar and moving outbound
bandwidths across signal analyzers, oscilloscopes, and modular digitizers.

Warning Receiver (RWR). The RWR serves two basic functions: to promptly warn the 5 5
Cover Active Passive E5505A Phase Noise Measurement Solutions
aircrew with sufficiently accurate information to react to a threat engagement, and to 4 pluse

uency Shift
4

uency Shift
Network Analysis

Increasing Freq /Bins

ins
provide threat radar parametric data to other counter measures systems. Deception Jamming

Doppler Filters/B
3 Chemical Mechanical

Doppler Filters
3

Increasing Freq
2 2 PNA and PNA-X Microwave Network Analyzers
As RF pulses are received, they are downconverted to an IF frequency, which is then processed False target slowing down False target slowing down EM Electromagnetic Jammer EW transmitter used to interfere, upset, or deceive a victim radar,
by an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). The digitized output from the ADC is then fed into 1 and moving outbound and moving outbound 1 EME EM Environment communications, or navigation system
EMS EM Spectrum J/S Jam to Signal Ratio
the spectrum estimator for conversion to the frequency domain. The output of the spectrum EOB Electronic Order of Battle PDW Pulse Descriptor Word
SIGINT Signal Intelligence LEA/ECM Electronic Attack/Electronic Counter Measures: involves
estimator is comprised of spectral lines, which is then passed through the parameter 2 2 ELINT Electronic Intelligence the use of EM energy or anti-radiation weapons to
See, capture and understand dynamic or hidden signals with
real-time spectrum analysis up to 510 MHz.
encoder which converts those lines into the desired, digital Pulse Descriptor Words (PDW). 3
COMINT Communications Intelligence attack personnel, facilities, or equipment This capability is an upgrade option to new and
3 EP/ECCM Electronic Protection/Electronic Counter-Counter existing MXA, PXA and UXAPXA signal analyzers.
Measures: Actions taken to protect personnel,
4

Amplitude
4
Amplitude

5 5 facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly Examine absolute and residual phase noise, AM noise, low-level
This information is processed and drives aircrew interfaces such as displays and warning Time Time Time Time Time
or enemy use of EMS Infiniium Z-Series and V-Series Oscilloscopes spurious signals and more in one- and two-port devices. Make fast, accurate measurements of CW, X-parameters,
Time Time Time Time Time ES/ESM Electronic Support / Electronic Support Measures: and pulsed S-parameters, noise figure, compression, IMD and har-
tones, as well as provides support for special functions such as jammers or other 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Involves search for, intercept, identify, and locate monics with models to 110 GHz, extendable to 1.05 THz.
sources of EM energy for the purpose of threat
countermeasures systems. Range Gates/Bins recognition or targeting
Range Gates/Bins
Increasing Time Delay Jamming signals Increasing Time Delay RWR Radar Warning Receiver, warns a pilot of a SAM or radar lock on Signal Generation
N5264A Receiver for Antenna Test
Coordinated Outbound RGPO/VGPO Pulls Coordinated Inbound RGPO/VGPO Pulls Arbitrary Waveform Generators (AWG)
Simplified DRFM Based Jammer Block Diagram Target skin return

Digital RF Memory (DRFM): DRFM based jamming allows a jammer to produce very high
Conduct time-domain, frequency-domain and digital modulation-domain
quality false targets by sampling incoming pulses and storing them. Stored pulses measurements as well as analysis of chirped, Barker-coded or other
Generate long, realistic, high-dynamic range radar waveforms
and signal scenarios to reduce costly flight testing of radar systems.
accurately preserves characteristics of the received pulses, such as frequency, modulated pulsed signals with bandwidths up to 63 GHz and sampling rates
of 160 GSa/s on two channels and 80 GSa/s on four channels.
The M8190A AWG provides up to 2-channels at 12 GSa/s, 5 GHz bandwidth
per channel and up to 90 dBc SFDR. The M8195A AWG provides up to
Receiver/ Downconverter ADC amplitude, intrapulse modulation, and phase coherency with the radar’s waveform. 4-channels at 65 GSa/s and 20 GHz bandwidth per channel.
Processor to baseband IF 400,000 points per second acquisition simultaneously
These stored pulses can then be modulated and precisely retransmitted back toward M9393A PXIe Performance Vector Signal Analyzer on five receiver channels significantly speeds antenna test.
8510/8530 backwards compatibility for easy
the radar to be accepted and processed in advance of the radar’s target return. PSG High-Performance Analog and Vector Signal Generators upgrades to your antenna range.
FPGA
Modulator
The images to the left shows two common scenarios of DRFM jamming where false targets
E/A-18G Growler
are created and modulated in increasing and decreasing frequency or time to create an
Transmitter
Upconverstion DAC outbound or inbound RGPO/VGPO pulls. Circuit Design and Simulation
to RF
Advanced Design System (ADS) Software
Cross-Eye Jamming The M9393A, with up to 27 GHz frequency coverage and 160 MHz
analysis bandwidth, meets stringent system requirements with microwave
Produce pulse-modulated signals with superior level accuracy and
phase noise performance and output power up to 1 Watt.
performance previously unseen in modular. Quickly test to tighter tolerances The E8257D operates up to 70 GHz, extendable to 1.1 THz.
with best-in-class switching speed and amplitude accuracy.
The most widely used method of target simulation today is to employ a DRFM (dur-fum) or Basic Equations for EW/Radar Create vector modulated waveforms, with pulse shaping and
digital RF memory. The DRFM allows the indefinite storage (delay) of radio frequency signals Multi-Channel Antenna Calibration, Reference Solution
pulse trains with varying pulse width and PRI plus pulse compression
simulation, all with high output power and low phase noise using
in digital form. Signals can be played back in exact replication of the original coherent signal the E8267D. Use with AWGs for >2 GHz bandwidth signals
with carrier frequencies to 44 GHz.
or with the signal altered for the user’s purpose. Pt Gt Aeσ G Rl 2
Power(receiver) = Antenna effective aperture: A e =
(4p)2R4 4p N5193A UXG Agile Signal Generator
As RF pulses are received, they are downconverted to IF and fed into an analog to digital cTr
converter (ADC) and sent as digital information to be processed and/or stored in an FPGA. Range to target =
2
_ 150 m/us Radar range
=4
P t G 2l 2σ
From there, the signal can be re-transmitted, starting as digital data sent to a digital to equation (4 p ) 3 S min Design and simulate RF and microwave circuits for
Radar Systems, including layout, DRC, LVS,
cTr c
analog converter (DAC), upconverted to RF which shares the same fast tuned synthesizer Maximum unambiguous range = = EM and Electro-Thermal simulation.
2 2Fp
as the downconverter, and finally retransmitted, either retaining the same characteristics
Jammer signal PjGjGRl2
of the original signal or with adjustments. Pt
Average power = p = PptFp power at the radar = Off the shelf, the UXG is a powerful building block, whether W1905 SystemVue Radar Library
Tp (4 p ) 2 R 2 Accelerate large antenna array calibration with precise cross-element phase you want a dependable LO or a scalable threat simulator. By blurring the lines
and magnitude measurements. Get ready for the future with increased between analog and vector technologies, it lowers the barriers between new
2Ft vr measurement bandwidth and system flexibility. System is scalable in channel
Compare and Contrast: Radar and EW Doppler frequency =
c Minimum detectable P t G t G R l 2σ
count (up to 40+ channels measured in parallel) because of the versatile
M9703A digitizer. Real-time digital downconversion provides increased
intelligence and up-to-date signal scenarios. Key capabilities enable you to:
switch frequency, amplitude and phase in as little as 250 ns; generate wide
chirps that are 10 to 25% or carrier frequency; use pulse descriptor words to
signal power at radar = amplitude/phase sensitivity. generate long pulse trains and individually control pulse characteristics.
Fd c (4 p ) 3 R 4
Target radial velocity =
2Ft
FieldFox Handheld RF and Microwave Analyzers Signal Studio for Multi Emitter Signal Generation
Radar system EW system
t J P j G j (4 p )R 2
Typically operate in relatively narrow bandwidths Need wider instantaneous bandwidth to capture Pulse duty cycle = Jam to signal ratio =
Bandwidth
(compared to EW system) frequency movements of the threat emitters Tp S PtGtσ

Power Requires high power and low duty cycle

Typically requires high power with close to 100% 1
duty cycle Pulse repetition frequency =
Tp
Need to cover a wider frequency range; often rely
Typically operate within a set frequency band Where Where
Frequency range on separate units to cover low, medium and high
(e.g., L-, S-, X- or K- band) Ae = antenna effective aperture, m2 Smin = minimum detectable signal, W
frequencies to address a variety of threat emitters.
Uses active electronically-steered arrays (AESA),
Cross-eye jamming, also known as phase front jamming, is an angle deception ECM c = speed of light (_ 3 x 108 m/s) Tp = pulse repetition period
Model wideband RF radar systems and realistic environmental
Fd = Doppler frequency Tr = time to and from target
Antenna technique that employs two spatially separated jamming sources. Each source acts as a Fp = pulse repetition frequency vr = radical velocity of target
scenarios at your desk, then interoperate C++, math algorithms,
and HDL against real signals and COTS test equipment.
beams, beam shaping and beam steering. Typical Create Keysight-validated, performance-optimized multi-emitter signal
characteristics shaping and beam steering. Typical radar uses a
jammer uses a beam that is quite broad.
repeater-type jammer transmitting the same signal at the same time, and if the two signals Ft = transmitter frequency s = radar cross section of target, m2 FieldFox portable analyzers are an all-in-one combination analyzer scenarios using one or more N5193A UXG agile signal generators for Reduce dependence on expensive ranges
G = antenna gain t = pulse width l = transmit wavelength
narrow beam. arrive at the missile antenna approximately 180° out of phase, wavefront distortion occurs. Pt = peak power Gj = antenna gain, jammer
with a maximum frequency range of 4 GHz up to 26.5 GHz. electronic warfare (EW) test from 0 to 40 GHz. and custom test strategies.
Centered on identifying threat signals, character-
Signal processing
Centered on measuring the range and velocity of a
izing them and producing an appropriate response
This area of distortion is indicated by the arrows in the figure to the left. Threats assume Pp = average peak power Pj = jammer power
target; calculates, acceleration to sustain tracking
(e.g., wideband, narrowband, deceptive, etc.) that the signal source lies along the normal to the wavefront, and subsequently when it tries R = range, m G = antenna gain, radar

to re-align its antenna at right angles to the distorted wavefront, it will be an incorrect
alignment, potentially resulting in a substantial miss distance of the threat. The standard radar-frequency letter band nomenclature table is reprinted with permission from IEEE Std 521-2002, IEEE Standard Letter Designations for
Radar-Frequency Bands, Copyright 2003 by IEEE. The IEEE disclaims any responsibility or liability resulting from the placement and use in the described manner.

Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice. ©Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2015, Printed in USA, June 18, 2015 • 5992-0741EN