Learner Guide

1 Types and components of computer systems

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
1.1 Hardware and software Hardware consists of the physical components of a computer system

Internal components including Central Processing Unit (CPU), processor,

motherboard
Internal memory including random access memory (RAM), read-only memory
(ROM)
Hardware components including graphics card, sound card, Network Interface
Card (NIC), camera, internal/external storage devices, input and output devices
Software are programs for controlling the operation of a computer or processing
of electronic data
Applications software provides the services that the user requires to solve a task

Examples of applications software including word processing, spreadsheet,

database management systems, control, measurement, applets and apps, video
editing, graphics editing, audio editing, computer aided design (CAD)
System software provides the services that the computer requires to operate

Examples of system software including compilers, linkers, device drivers,

operating systems and utilities
Characteristics of analogue and digital data

Differences between analogue and digital data

The need to convert:

• analogue to digital data so it can be processed by a computer
• digital data to analogue data so it can be used to control devices
1.2 The main components of The role of the CPU in processing instructions entered into the computer in
computer systems order to produce an output
Characteristics of ROM and RAM

Differences between ROM and RAM

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Characteristics of input and output devices

Differences between input and output devices

Characteristics of backing storage

Differences between backing storage and internal memory

1.3 Operating systems Characteristics of operating systems including: Command Line Interface (CLI),
Graphical User Interface (GUI), dialogue based and gesture based interface
Differences between types of operating systems

Advantages and disadvantages of the different types of operating systems

1.4 Types of computer Characteristics of a desktop computer

Uses of a desktop computer including office and business management,

education, gaming and entertainment
Characteristics of mobile computers including laptop computers, smartphones,
tablet and phablet computers
Uses of mobile computers including office and business management,
education, gaming, entertainment and remotely controlled devices
Advantages and disadvantages of the different types of computer including
portability and expandability
1.5 Emerging technologies Impact on everyday life including Artificial Intelligence (AI), extended reality
(virtual and augmented)

2 Input and output devices

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
2.1 Input devices and their Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of input devices including:
uses keyboard, numeric keypad, pointing devices, remote control, joystick/driving
wheel, touch screen (as an input device), scanners, camera, microphone, sensors,
light pen

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

2.2 Direct data entry and Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of direct data entry
associated devices devices including: magnetic stripe reader, chip and PIN reader, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) reader, Optical Mark Recognition/Reader (OMR), Optical
Character Recognition/Reader (OCR), bar code reader, QR scanner
2.3 Output devices and Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of output devices including:
their uses monitors, touch screen (as an output device), multimedia projector, laser printer,
inkjet printer, dot matrix printer, plotter, 3D printers, speaker, actuator

3 Storage devices and media

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
3 Storage devices and Characteristics, uses, media, advantages and disadvantages of storage devices
media including magnetic, optical and solid-state
Magnetic drives including fixed and portable magnetic hard drives, magnetic
tape drives
Optical drives including CD, DVD, Blu-ray

Fixed and portable solid-state drive (SSD) including SSD, pen drive, flash drive

Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of storage media including

magnetic, optical and solid-state
Magnetic drives including magnetic hard disks, magnetic tape

Optical discs including CD, DVD, Blu-ray

Solid-state media including memory cards (SD, xD, CFast)

4 Networks and the effects of using them

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
4.1 Networks The operation and purpose of a router including:
• connecting networks and devices to the internet
• storing computer addresses in a router
• routing data packets

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Common network devices Including: network interface cards (NIC), hubs,
bridges, switches
The uses of wi-fi and Bluetooth

Connecting a device to a network using:

• wi-fi
• Bluetooth
Similarities and differences between Bluetooth and wi-fi

The characteristics, uses and issues relating to cloud computing

How data is stored, managed and shared using cloud computing

Advantages and disadvantages of using cloud storage compared to other

methods
Characteristics, uses and purpose of an extranet, intranet and the internet

The differences and similarities between an extranet, intranet and the internet

Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wide Area
Network (WAN) and the differences between these networks
4.2 Network issues and Privacy and confidentiality of data transfer
communication
Avoiding password interception by using up to date anti-spyware and regularly
changing passwords
The differences between strong and weak passwords

Other authentication methods including: zero login, biometric methods,

magnetic stripes, smart cards, physical tokens, electronic tokens
The use of anti-malware and anti-virus software

The operation of removing/quarantining viruses using up to date software

Scanning the storage media used to transfer data

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Scanning the data/software when downloading

Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of video-conferencing,

audio-conferencing, web-conferencing
The hardware, software and network connection required to set up each type of
electronic conference

5 The effects of using IT

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
5.1 Microprocessor- The positive and negative effects of microprocessors/smart devices in
controlled devices monitoring and controlling devices in the home including the impact on lifestyle,
leisure time, physical fitness, security of data, the degree of social interaction
The positive and negative effects of microprocessors/smart devices in
monitoring and controlling transport including security of data, autonomous
vehicles, transport safety
5.2 Potential health Health issues including: repetitive strain injury (RSI), back problems, eye
problems related to problems, headaches
the prolonged use of IT The causes of these health issues and strategies for preventing them
equipment

6 ICT applications
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
6.1 Communication Communication media characteristics and uses including newsletters, posters,
websites, multimedia presentations, audio, video, media streaming and
ePublications
The use of mobile devices for communication including: SMS messaging, phone
calls, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video calls, accessing the internet
6.2 Modelling applications Computer modelling including: personal finance, bridge and building design,
flood water management, traffic management, weather forecasting
Advantages and disadvantages of using computer modelling rather than humans

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

6.3 Computer controlled Including: robotics in manufacture, production line control, autonomous vehicles
systems
Advantages and disadvantages of using computer controlled systems rather
than humans

6.4 School management Systems are used to manage learner registration and attendance
systems
Systems are used to record learner performance including computer aided
learning
6.5 Booking systems Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of online booking systems
including travel industry, concerts, cinemas, sporting events
6.6 Banking applications Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Automatic Teller
Machines (ATM) including: withdrawing cash, depositing cash or cheques,
checking account balance, mini statements, bill paying, money transfers
Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Electronic Funds Transfer
(EFT), credit/debit card transactions, cheques, internet banking
6.7 Computers in medicine Information systems in medicine - Characteristics and uses of patient records,
pharmacy records
3D printers - Including printing of prosthetics, tissue engineering, artificial blood
vessels, customised medicines
6.8 Expert systems Characteristics, uses and purpose of expert systems including mineral
prospecting, car engine fault diagnosis, medical diagnosis, chess games, financial
planning, route scheduling for delivery vehicles, plant and animal identification
Components of an expert system: user interface, inference engine, knowledge
base, rules base, explanation system
How an expert system is used to produce possible solutions for different
scenarios
6.9 Computers in the retail Characteristics and uses of computers in the retail industry including point of
industry sale (POS) terminals and electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS)
terminals
Point of sale (POS) terminals including updating stock files automatically and
ordering new stock automatically

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals including checking
of the validity of cards, the use of chip and PIN, the use of contactless cards, the
use of Near Field Communication (NFC) payment, the communication between
the supermarket computer and the bank computer
Internet shopping - Characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of internet
shopping
6.10 Recognition systems Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of:
• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) including school registers, multiple-choice
examination papers, barcode, QR code
• Optical Character Recognition (OCR) including automated number plate
recognition (ANPR) systems
• Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) including tracking stock,
passports, automobiles, contactless payment
• Near Field Communication (NFC) including payment using a smartphone
• Biometric recognition including face, iris, retina, finger, thumb, hand, voice
6.11 Satellite systems Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of satellite systems
including Global Positioning Systems (GPS), satellite navigation, Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), media communication systems (satellite television,
satellite phone)

7 The systems life cycle

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
7.1 Analysis Analysis of the current system - Characteristics, uses, advantages and
disadvantages of the research methods of observation, interviews,
questionnaires and examination of existing documents
Record and analyse information about the current system - The need to identify
the inputs, outputs and processing of the current system, problems with the
current system, the user and information requirements for the new system
System specification - Identify and justify suitable hardware and software for
the new system
7.2 Design Design file/data structures, input formats, output formats and validation
routines
File/data structures including field length, field name, data type, coding of data
for example M for male, F for female

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Validation routines including range check, character check, length check, type
check, format check, presence check, check digit
Input formats including data capture forms

Output formats including screen layouts and report layouts

7.3 Development and The need to test the system before implementation
testing
Test designs, test strategies, test plan (test data, expected outcomes, actual
outcomes, remedial action) following testing
Test designs including the testing of data structures, file structures, input
formats, output formats and validation routines
Test strategies including to test each module, each function and the whole
system
The definition, characteristics and use of test data using normal, abnormal and
extreme data
The use of live data

7.4 Implementation System implementation - Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of

the four methods of implementation, direct changeover, parallel running, pilot
running, phased implementation
7.5 Documentation Characteristics, uses and purpose of technical and user documentation

Components of technical documentation including: purpose of the system/

program, limitations of the system, program listing, program language, program
flowcharts/algorithms, system flowcharts, hardware and software requirements,
file structures, list of variables, input format, output format, sample runs/test
runs, validation routines
Components of user documentation including: purpose of the system,
limitations of the system, hardware and software requirements, how to load/
run/install software, how to save a file, how to print data, how to add records,
how to delete/edit records, input format, output format, sample runs, error
messages, error handling, troubleshooting guide/helpline, frequently asked
questions, glossary of terms

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

7.6 Evaluation Evaluate a solution including the efficiency of the solution, the ease of use of the
solution, and the appropriateness of the solution
Compare the solution with the original task requirements, identify any
limitations and necessary improvements to the system, evaluate the users’
responses to the results of testing the system

8 Safety and security

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
8.1 Physical safety Safety issues including: electrocution from spilling drinks near electrical
equipment and touching live cables, fire from sockets being overloaded or
equipment overheating, tripping over trailing cables, heavy equipment falling
and injuring people
The causes of these safety issues and strategies for preventing them

8.2 eSafety The principles of a typical data protection act and why data protection
legislation is required
Characteristics of personal and sensitive data including personal name, address,
date of birth, a photograph in school uniform, medical history
The need for personal data to be kept confidential and protected to avoid
inappropriate disclosure
The need for eSafety when using the internet, email, social media, online gaming

Minimise the potential danger of using:

• The internet including only using trusted websites recommended by
teachers, using a search engine that only allows access to age appropriate
websites
• Email including an awareness of the potential dangers of opening or replying
to an email from an unknown person. An awareness of the risks associated
with sending personal identifiable data or images via email
• Social media including knowing how to block and report unwanted users,
an awareness of the potential dangers of meeting an online contact face to
face, avoiding the distribution of inappropriate images, avoiding the use of
inappropriate language, respecting confidentiality of personal data of other
people

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

• Online gaming including not using real names, not giving out personal or
financial data
8.3 Security of data Characteristics and effect of threats to data including hacking, phishing,
pharming, smishing, vishing, viruses, malware, card fraud
Hacking including the measures that must be taken in order to protect data

Phishing, pharming, smishing, vishing including the methods that can be used to
help prevent them
Viruses and malware including how to take preventative action to avoid the
danger of infecting a computer from a downloaded file
Card fraud including shoulder surfing, card cloning, key logging

Characteristics and methods of protecting data including biometrics,

digital certificate, secure socket layer (SSL), encryption, firewall, two-factor
authentication, user id and password
Biometrics including the use of biometric data

Digital certificate including its purpose and contents

Secure socket layer (SSL) including encrypted links between the server and the
client computer
Encryption including its purpose for the protection of data on hard discs, email,
cloud, HTTPS websites
Firewall including its purpose

Two-factor authentication including its purpose and function

User id and password including how they are used to increase the security of
data

9 Audience
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
9.1 Audience appreciation Show a clear sense of audience and purpose

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Planning ICT solutions that are responsive to and respectful of the needs of an
audience
Analyse the needs of an audience when creating ICT solutions

9.2 Copyright The need for copyright legislation and the principles of copyright relating to
computer software (e.g. software piracy)
The methods that software producers employ to prevent software copyright
legislation being broken

10 Communication
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
10.1 Communication with Characteristics, uses and constraints of email communication including
other ICT users using email acceptable language, guidelines set by an employer, the need for security,
netiquette, email groups, carbon copy (cc), blind carbon copy (bcc), forward,
attachments
Characteristics and effects of spam email including the methods which can be
used to help prevent spam
10.2 Effective use of the Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of using the internet
internet including the differences
between the internet, an intranet, an extranet and the World Wide Web
(WWW), blog, forum, wiki, social networking
Functionality including Internet Service Provider (ISP), structure of a web
address, Uniform Resource Locator (URL), hyperlink, web browser
Use of search engine including speed of searching, amount of information, the
speed of finding relevant information, ease of finding reliable information
Evaluating the information found on the internet including how up to date,
reliable, biased and valid this information is
Internet protocols including HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HyperText
Transfer Protocol secure variant (HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure
Socket Layer (SSL)
Risks of using the internet including inappropriate and criminal material,
restricting data through parental, educational and ISP control

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11 File management
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
11.1 Manage files effectively Locate stored files

Open and import files of different types

Save files in a planned hierarchical directory/folder structure

Save files using appropriate file names

Save and print files in a variety of formats including a document, screenshots,

database reports, data tables, graphs/charts, a web page in browser view, a web
page in HTML view
Save and export in the file format of an application package including .docx,
.doc, .xlsx, .xls, .sdb, .sdc, .accdb .odb, .rtf, .pptx, .ppt
Save and export in a generic file format including .csv, .txt, .rtf, .pdf, .css, .htm,
.jpg, .png
Characteristics and uses of file formats including css, csv, gif, htm, jpg, pdf, png,
rtf, txt, zip, rar
The need for generic file formats

11.2 Reduce file sizes for Reduce file sizes for storage or transmission where necessary using file
storage or transmission compression including .zip, .rar
The need to reduce file sizes for storage or transmission

12 Images
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
12 Images Place an image with precision

Resize an image as specified to maintain or adjust the aspect ratio of an image

Crop an image

Rotate an image

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Reflect (flip) an image horizontally or vertically

Adjust the brightness of an image

Adjust the contrast of an image

Group and layer images including grouping and ungrouping, moving to the front
or back
Recognise that reducing the file size can be achieved by reducing the image
resolution or colour depth

13 Layout
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
13.1 Create or edit a Enter and modify text and numbers with total accuracy
document
Use editing techniques to manipulate text and numbers including highlight,
delete, move, cut, copy, paste, drag and drop
Place objects into the document from a variety of sources including text, image,
screenshot, shapes, table, graph or chart, spreadsheet extract, database extract
Wrap text around a table, chart or image including above, below, square and
tight
13.2 Tables Create a table with a specified number of rows and columns

Place text or objects in a table

Edit a table and its contents including insert row(s) and column(s), delete row(s)
and column(s), merge cells
Format a table including to set horizontal cell alignment (left, right, centre, fully
justified), set vertical cell alignment (top, middle, bottom), show gridlines, hide
gridlines, wrap text within a cell, shading/colouring cells, adjust row height,
adjust column width
13.3 Headers and footers Know the purpose of headers and footers

Create or edit headers and footers

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Align the contents of the header and footer consistently within a document
including to left margin, right margin and centred within margins
Place text and automated objects in headers and footers including file
information, page numbering, total number of pages, date, time

14 Styles
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
14 Styles Create, modify, update and apply styles to ensure consistency of presentation

Font including font face, type (serif, sans-serif), point size, colour

Text alignment including left, right, centre, fully justified

Text enhancement including bold, underline, italic

Spacing including paragraph (before and after) and line

Bullets including shape, alignment, line spacing and indent

Purpose and uses of a corporate house style

15 Proofing
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
15.1 Software tools Use automated software tools (spell check, grammar check) and make
appropriate changes to ensure all work produced contains as few errors as
possible
Use validation routines to minimise data entry errors

Know that automated suggestions given by spell check software do not always
give the correct response
Importance, characteristics and uses of appropriate validation including range
check, character check, length check, type check, format check, presence check

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15.2 Proofing techniques Identify and correct data entry errors including transposed numbers, incorrect
spelling, inconsistent character spacing, inconsistent case
Identify and correct inconsistent line spacing, remove blank pages/slides,
remove widows/orphans, inconsistent or incorrect application of styles, ensure
that tables and lists are not split over columns or pages/slides
Importance, characteristics and uses of verification including visual checking and
double data entry to reduce data entry errors
The need for validation as well as verification

16 Graphs and charts

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
16 Graphs and charts Select data to produce a graph or chart including using contiguous data, non-
contiguous data and specified data ranges
Select the graph or chart type

Label the graph or chart including chart title, legend, sector labels, sector values,
percentages, category axis title, value axis title, category axis labels, value axis
labels, data value labels
Add a second data series

Add a second axis

Format numerical values to a specified number of decimal places

Format numerical values to display currency symbols

Adjust the maximum and minimum values of an axis scale and set incremental
values
Enhance the appearance of a graph or chart including extracting a pie chart
sector, changing the colour scheme or fill patterns

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17 Document production
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
17 Document production Edit page layout including page size, page orientation, page margins, number
of columns, column width, spacing between columns, set and remove breaks
(page, section and column breaks)
Set line spacing including: single, 1.5 times, double, multiple, spacing before and
after paragraphs
Set tabulation including: left, right, centred and decimal tabs, indented
paragraphs and hanging paragraphs
Text enhancement including bold, underline, italic, superscript and subscript,
changes in case
Create or edit lists including bulleted, numbered

Find and replace text including matching case, whole words

Add and delete bookmarks/hyperlinks

The purpose of setting page, section and column breaks

The purpose of setting gutter margins

18 Databases
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
18.1 Create a database Import data from existing files (including .csv, .txt) using specified field names to
structure create tables
Set appropriate data types to fields including text, numeric (integer, decimal,
currency), date/time, Boolean/logical
Set sub-types of numeric data including percentage, number of decimal places

Set display format of Boolean/logical field (yes/no, true/false, checkbox)

Set display format of date/time data

Create and edit primary and foreign keys

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Create relationships between tables

Create a data entry form including specified fields, appropriate font styles and
sizes, appropriate spacing between fields, character spacing of individual fields,
use of white space, radio buttons, check boxes, drop down menus
Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of a flat file and a relational
database
Characteristics of primary key and foreign keys

Characteristics of good form design

18.2 Manipulate data Use arithmetic operations or numeric functions to perform calculations
including calculated fields, calculated controls
Use formulae and functions to perform calculations at run time including
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sum, average, maximum,
minimum, count
Use a single criterion, or multiple criteria to sort data into ascending or
descending order
Use a single criterion, or multiple criteria to select subsets of data using a query

Perform searches using a variety of operators including AND, OR, NOT, LIKE, >,
<, =, >=, <=, <>
Perform searches using wildcards

18.3 Present data Produce reports to display data including displaying all the required data and
labels in full
Use appropriate headers and footers within a database report including report
header, report footer, page header, page footer
Set report titles

Produce different output layouts including controlling the display of data, labels,
tabular or columnar format
Align data and labels appropriately including right aligning numeric data and
decimal alignment

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Control the display format of numeric data including number of decimal places,
currency symbol, percentage

19 Presentations
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
19 Presentations Create a new presentation using a text file

Use a master slide Insert and edit objects consistently including images, text,
shapes, logos, slide headers and footers, placeholder position, automated slide
numbering
Format master slide objects including headings, subheadings, bullets,
background colour
Apply slide layout

Insert a new slide

Move or delete a slide

Insert and edit objects on a slide including text (headings, subheadings, bulleted
lists), images (still images, video clips, animated images), charts, tables, audio
clips (sound), symbols, lines, arrows, call out boxes and shapes
Add presenter notes

Insert and edit a hyperlink including linking text or objects to a slide within the
presentation, an external file or an email address
Insert an action button including modifying settings to navigate to a specified
slide or file
Add alternative text/screentip to an object

Apply consistent transitions between slides

Apply consistent animation effects on text, images and other objects

Hide slides within a presentation

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Display the presentation for a variety of purposes including looped on-screen
carousel, presenter controlled
Print the presentation in a variety of layouts including full page slides, presenter
notes, handouts

20 Spreadsheets
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
20.1 Create a data model Insert cell(s), row(s) and column(s), delete cell(s), row(s) and column(s), merge
cells
Create formulae using cell references

Replicate formulae using absolute and relative cell references where appropriate

Use arithmetic operators in formulae including add, subtract, multiply, divide,

indices
Use named cells and named ranges

Use functions including sum, average, maximum, minimum, integer, rounding,

counting, LOOKUP, VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, IF
Use external data sources within functions

Use nested functions

The difference between a formula and a function

The order in which mathematical operations are performed including the use
brackets to make sure that formulae work
Characteristics and use of absolute and relative cell referencing

20.2 Manipulate data Using a single criterion, or multiple criteria sort data into ascending or
descending order
Using a single criterion, or multiple criteria, select subsets of data

Perform searches using a variety of operators including AND, OR, NOT, >, <, =,
>=, <=, <>
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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Perform searches using wildcards

20.3 Present data Display either formulae or values

Adjust row height, column width and cell sizes so that all data, labels, and
formulae is fully visible
Wrap text within cells so that all data is fully visible

Hide and display rows and columns

Enhance a spreadsheet including text colour, cell colour, bold, underline, italic,
shading
Format numeric data appropriately including to display the number of decimal
places, different currency symbols, percentages
Use conditional formatting to change the display format depending on the
contents of a cell
Set the orientation to portrait or landscape

Control the page layout to print including specified number of pages, print area,
display or hide gridlines, display or hide row and column headings

21 Website authoring
Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments
21.1 Web development Content layer is used to enter the content and create the structure of a web
layers page
Presentation layer is used to display and format elements within a web page

Behaviour layer is for a scripting language to control elements within a web page

21.2 Create a web page Create the content layer of a web page

Place appropriate elements in the head section of a web page including:

• insert a page title to display in the browser
• attach external stylesheets (with the correct hierarchy, using a relative file
path)

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• metatags to use the appropriate attributes including to define the charset,
name attributes (description, keywords, author, viewport), content attributes
• default target windows
Place appropriate content in the body section of a web page

Insert a table including table header, table rows, table data

Use appropriate table attributes to meet the needs of the audience including to
adjust cells to span more than one row or column, to set table and cell sizes in
terms of pixels or % values, to apply styles to tables
Insert appropriate objects into a web page including text, images, sound clips,
video (display controls, remove controls, autoplay), to adjust image or video
size, aspect ratio and apply alternate text
Use the <div> tag including to apply styles and classes

Apply tags to text within a web page to display predefined styles including h1,
h2, h3, p, li
Apply classes to elements within a web page

Apply styles to elements within a web page including to a list (ordered list,
unordered list)
Create a bookmark within a web page using an id attribute

Create hyperlinks from text and images to:

• bookmarks on the same page
• other locally stored web pages
• a website using the URL
• send mail to a specified email address
• to open in a specified location (the same window, a new window, with a
window named as specified)
Purpose of the head and body sections of a web page

The reason tables are used to structure elements within a web page

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Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Function of metatags including to define: the charset, keywords for search
engines, the author of the web page, a description of the web page, the viewport
(to make your web page display on all devices)
Function of a hyperlink

Concept of a bookmark including methods of creating a bookmark within a web

page
Function of an anchor

Relative file path and absolute file path including the reason absolute file paths
must not be used for hyperlinks to locally saved web pages/objects
21.3 Use stylesheets Create the presentation layer of a web page

Create generic external styles and inline style attributes including:

• background properties including colour, images
• font properties
• table, table row, table header and table data properties including size,
background colour, horizontal and vertical alignment, spacing, padding,
borders: including collapsed, colour, thickness, visible/invisible
Create classes including:
• background properties including colour, images
• font properties
• table, table row and table data properties including size, background colour,
horizontal and vertical alignment, spacing, padding, borders: including
collapsed, colour, thickness, visible/invisible
Create external styles to be tagged in a web page including h1, h2, h3, p, li

Specify the font properties including font family, size, colour, alignment, bold,
italic
Attach comments to an external stylesheet

Save styles in cascading stylesheet format

42 Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology 0417 / 0983

Learner Guide

Topic You should know and understand R A G Comments

Characteristics of cascading stylesheets including the difference between
attached stylesheets and inline style attributes, the hierarchy of multiple
attached stylesheets and inline styles within a web page
Characteristics of a style and a class including the difference between them

Reason relative file paths must be used for attached stylesheets

Cambridge IGCSE Information and Communication Technology 0417 / 0983 43