TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

UNIT-5
TRAINER- ANJANI JOHRAWANSHI
 VOCABULARY
Vocabulary refers to the set of words that a
person is familiar with and uses in a
particular language. It encompasses the
words we understand (receptive vocabulary)
and the words we use (expressive
vocabulary). Having a rich vocabulary is
essential for effective communication and
comprehension.
 TYPES OF VOCABULARY
• Receptive Vocabulary: This includes words that a person can understand
when reading or listening but may not necessarily use in their own speech or
writing.
• Expressive Vocabulary: These are the words that a person actively uses in
their speech and writing. It reflects the ability to convey thoughts and ideas
using a diverse range of words.
• Reading Vocabulary: The words a person recognizes and understands when
reading. A strong reading vocabulary is crucial for comprehension.
• Writing Vocabulary: The words a person uses when writing. It reflects their
ability to choose appropriate words to convey meaning effectively.
 TYPES OF VOCABULARY
• Spoken Vocabulary: Words that a person uses in everyday conversations. This
includes both formal and informal language.
• Formal Vocabulary: Words that are used in more serious or professional
settings. This type of vocabulary is often employed in academic or business
contexts.
• Informal Vocabulary: Words used in casual and everyday conversations.
Informal vocabulary is common in social interactions and relaxed settings.
• Technical Vocabulary: Specialized words related to a specific field or
profession. For example, medical or scientific terms constitute technical
vocabulary.
 TYPES OF VOCABULARY
• Academic Vocabulary: Words commonly used in academic settings, such as
schools and universities. It includes terms used in textbooks, lectures, and
scholarly discussions.
• Cultural Vocabulary: Words that are specific to a particular culture or
community. This type of vocabulary may include slang, idioms, or
expressions unique to a certain group.
• Jargon: Specialized words or expressions used within a particular profession
or group that may not be easily understood by those outside that group.
• Receptive vs. Expressive Vocabulary Discrepancy: When there is a significant
difference between a person's ability to understand words (receptive
vocabulary) and their ability to use those words (expressive vocabulary).
 GENERAL VOCABULARY
• Audience: For everyone, not just experts. It's like telling a story that anyone
can enjoy, whether they know a lot about the topic or not.

• Language: Uses everyday words and phrases. It's like talking to a friend or
writing a letter to family.

• Purpose: To inform, entertain, or express ideas in a way that's easy for most
people to understand. It's like sharing news in a simple and friendly
manner.

• Examples: Stories, articles, personal letters, social media posts - things that
anyone can read and understand.
 TECHNICAL VOCABULARY
• Audience: Mostly for experts or people in a specific field. It's like writing a
manual for a complicated toy that needs clear instructions.

• Language: Uses specialized terms and details. It's like writing a recipe for
someone who loves cooking and understands specific cooking terms.

• Purpose: To provide clear, accurate, and detailed information about a

specific topic. It's like giving instructions on how to assemble something or
use a complex machine.

• Examples: Manuals, research papers, scientific reports - things that require

in-depth knowledge or specific instructions.
 INTRODUCTION
Pronunciation etiquette refers to the customary or
polite way of pronouncing words and sounds in a given
language. It involves adhering to accepted norms and
standards to ensure effective communication and avoid
misunderstandings.
 PRONUNCIATION ETIQUETTES INCLUDES
• Listen Carefully
• Use Standard Pronunciations
• Ask for Clarification
• Be Open to Correction
• Practice Pronunciation
• Be Mindful of Regional Differences
• Speak at a Moderate Pace
• Use Pronunciation Guides
• Consider Your Audience
 REMEMBER
By being conscious of pronunciation etiquette and
making a consistent effort to improve, you can enhance
your communication skills and contribute to effective
and clear interactions with others.
 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING & WRITING
• Grammar and Syntax Errors: Incorrect verb tenses (e.g., mixing
past and present tense), Subject-verb agreement errors,
Misuse of pronouns (e.g., using "it's" instead of "its"),
• Spelling Mistakes: Incorrect spelling of words (e.g., "their"
instead of "there"), Homophone confusion (e.g., "your" vs.
"you're").
• Punctuation Errors: Misuse of commas, semicolons, and
apostrophes, Run-on sentences and comma splices.
 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING & WRITING
• Word Choice and Usage: Incorrect use of words (e.g., "affect"
vs. "effect"), Wordiness and redundancy.
• Sentence Structure: Lack of parallelism in sentence
construction, Awkward sentence structure and unclear
phrasing.
• Mispronunciation and Accent: Mispronouncing words or using
incorrect stress patterns, Strong accents that may impede
understanding.
 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING & WRITING
• Informal Language: Inappropriate use of slang or overly casual
language in formal writing or speech.
• Incomplete Sentences: Sentences lacking a subject, verb, or
complete thought.
• Lack of Clarity: Ambiguous or unclear expression of ideas.
• Capitalization Errors: Incorrect capitalization of words (e.g.,
writing "Government" instead of "government").
 COMMON ERRORS IN SPEAKING & WRITING
• Usage of Double Negatives: Using two negative words in a
sentence, which can lead to confusion (e.g., "I don't need no
help").
• Confusing Words: Confusing similar-sounding words (e.g.,
"complement" vs. "compliment").
• Sentence Fragments: Incomplete sentences that do not express
a complete thought.
• Lack of Consistency: Inconsistent use of a particular style or
format.
 SYLLABLES SOUND
A syllable is a unit of sound in a word. It
typically consists of a vowel sound and any
accompanying consonant sounds. For
example, the word "water" has two syllables:
wa-ter.
 CONSONANT SOUND
Consonants are speech sounds produced by obstructing or restricting
the airflow. Unlike vowels, consonants are often paired with vowels to
form syllables. Examples of consonants include b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m,
n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, and z. Consonants can be categorized based on
factors such as voicing (whether the vocal cords vibrate) and manner of
articulation (how the airflow is restricted).
 VOWEL SOUND
Vowels are speech sounds produced with an open vocal tract. They are
a fundamental component of syllables and play a central role in
forming words. In English, the primary vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and
sometimes y. Vowels can be short or long, and they contribute to the
overall pronunciation and rhythm of a word.
 REMEMBER!
Understanding and manipulating syllables, vowel
sounds, and consonant sounds are crucial aspects of
phonetics and phonology, which are branches of
linguistics that deal with the study of speech sounds
and their patterns. These concepts are fundamental to
language learning, pronunciation improvement, and
linguistic analysis.
 TONE
Tone in linguistics refers to the pitch or intonation
patterns used when speaking, which can convey
different meanings or functions in a language. Rising
tone and falling tone are two fundamental types of
tonal patterns.
 RISING TONE
A rising tone is characterized by an increase in pitch. It gives the
impression of a pitch that goes up, typically at the end of a statement
or sentence. In some languages, a rising tone may indicate a question
or uncertainty. For example, in English, when we ask yes-no questions,
the pitch often rises at the end of the sentence, as in "You're coming to
the party, right?" The rising pitch signals the expectation of a response.
 FALLING TONE
A falling tone, on the other hand, is characterized by a decrease in
pitch. The pitch falls or drops, often at the end of a statement. In
English, falling tones are common in declarative statements. For
instance, in the statement "You are going to the store," the pitch
generally falls towards the end of the sentence, indicating a statement
of fact or completion.
 FLOW OF SPEAKING
Flow in speaking refers to the smooth, natural, and
uninterrupted expression of thoughts and ideas during
verbal communication. A speaker with good flow can
convey information coherently, maintain a steady pace,
and engage the audience effectively.
 HOW TO HAVE GOOD FLOW
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice helps improve fluency and reduces
hesitations. Practice speaking on a variety of topics to enhance your
comfort and confidence.
• Know Your Material: Familiarize yourself with the content you're going
to present. When you know your material well, you're less likely to
stumble or lose your train of thought.
• Organize Your Thoughts: Structure your speech or conversation with a
clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Use signposts or transitional
phrases to guide your audience through different sections.
 HOW TO HAVE GOOD FLOW
• Use Connectors: Connectors and transition words (e.g., "however,"
"therefore," "moreover") help link ideas and create a seamless flow
between sentences and paragraphs.
• Mind Your Pace: Pay attention to your speaking pace. Speaking too
quickly can make it difficult for the audience to follow, while speaking
too slowly may lead to disengagement. Aim for a moderate pace.
• Vary Your Pitch and Tone: Monotone delivery can make your speech
sound dull. Vary your pitch and tone to add emphasis and keep the
audience engaged. Use appropriate intonation for questions and
statements.
 HOW TO HAVE GOOD FLOW
• Pause Effectively: Strategic pauses can enhance your speaking flow.
Pausing allows your audience to absorb information and provides you
with a moment to collect your thoughts.
• Be Mindful of Fillers: Minimize the use of fillers such as "um," "uh," or
"like." These can distract from your message. Pausing momentarily is
often more effective than using fillers.
• Adapt to Your Audience: Be aware of your audience's level of
understanding and interest. Adjust your speaking style accordingly,
avoiding jargon or overly complex language if it doesn't suit your
audience.
 HOW TO HAVE GOOD FLOW
• Use Visual Aids: If appropriate, use visual aids like slides or props to
complement your verbal communication. Well-designed visuals can
enhance understanding and flow.
• Maintain Eye Contact: Engage with your audience through eye contact.
This helps build a connection and shows that you are present and
connected to your listeners.
• Receive Feedback: Seek feedback from others to identify areas for
improvement. Constructive feedback can provide valuable insights into
your speaking style and flow.
 SPEAKING WITH PURPOSE
Speaking with a purpose involves communicating
with clarity and intent, ensuring that your
message is meaningful, focused, and achieves a
specific goal.
 HOW TO SPEAK WITH PURPOSE
• Define Your Objective: Clearly articulate the purpose of your communication. Ask
yourself what you want to achieve by speaking—whether it's to inform,
persuade, entertain, inspire, or something else.
• Know Your Audience: Tailor your message to your audience. Consider their
interests, level of knowledge, and expectations. Adapting your communication
style to resonate with your audience enhances the effectiveness of your message.
• Organize Your Content: Structure your speech or conversation in a logical and
coherent manner. Use a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Organizing your
content helps your audience follow your message and grasp its significance.
 HOW TO SPEAK WITH PURPOSE
• Use Clear and Concise Language: Express your ideas using simple, clear,
and concise language. Avoid unnecessary jargon or complexity that
might hinder understanding. Make your message accessible to a broad
audience.
• Stay Focused: Stick to your main points and avoid unnecessary
digressions. Keeping your message focused helps maintain the
attention and interest of your audience.
• Support Your Points: Provide relevant examples, evidence, or
anecdotes to support your key points. This adds credibility to your
message and helps the audience better connect with and understand
your purpose.
 HOW TO SPEAK WITH PURPOSE
• Consider Tone and Style: Choose a tone and style that align with your purpose
and audience. For instance, a persuasive message might benefit from a confident
and assertive tone, while an informative presentation may require a more neutral
and factual style.
• Engage Your Audience: Encourage audience participation, whether through
questions, discussions, or interactive elements. Engaging your audience increases
their involvement and helps convey your purpose more effectively.
• Adapt to Feedback: Be receptive to feedback and adjust your communication as
needed. Pay attention to non-verbal cues and verbal responses to gauge the
effectiveness of your message.
 HOW TO SPEAK WITH PURPOSE
• Practice Active Listening: Actively listen to the concerns, questions, or reactions
of your audience. Responding appropriately to their feedback demonstrates that
you are engaged and focused on their needs.
• Use Visual Aids (If Appropriate): Visual aids, such as slides or charts, can
complement your spoken words and enhance understanding. However, ensure
that visual elements support your purpose rather than distract from it.
• End with a Call to Action: If applicable, conclude your communication with a clear
call to action. State what you want your audience to do or take away from your
message.
 SPEECH & PERSONALITY
Speech plays a significant role in shaping and reflecting
one's personality. The way an individual speaks—
whether in terms of tone, choice of words, articulation,
or overall communication style—can convey various
aspects of their personality.
 SPEECH & PERSONALITY INCLUDES
• Tone of Voice: The tone of voice can reveal a lot about one's emotions,
confidence, and attitude. For example, a person with a confident and assertive
tone may be perceived as self-assured, while a hesitant or timid tone might
suggest shyness or uncertainty.
• Expressiveness: How expressive someone is while speaking can convey their level
of enthusiasm, passion, or interest. Animated and dynamic speech can be
associated with an outgoing and energetic personality.
• Vocabulary and Language Use: The choice of words, level of vocabulary, and
language style can provide insights into a person's education, intellectual
curiosity, and cultural background. Someone who uses a rich and diverse
vocabulary may be seen as knowledgeable and articulate.
 SPEECH & PERSONALITY INCLUDES
• Pacing and Rhythm :The speed at which a person speaks and their overall speech
rhythm can reflect aspects of their personality. Fast-paced speech might be
associated with high energy or excitement, while a slower pace could convey
thoughtfulness or a calm demeanor.
• Clarity and Articulation: Clear and articulate speech is often associated with
effective communication and can reflect qualities such as confidence and
precision. On the other hand, mumbled or unclear speech may be linked to
shyness or nervousness.
• Listening Skills: How a person engages in conversations, including their ability to
listen actively, respond thoughtfully, and show empathy, can contribute to
perceptions of their personality. Good listeners are often seen as considerate and
approachable.
 SPEECH & PERSONALITY INCLUDES
• Humor and Wit: The use of humor, wit, or clever wordplay in speech
can reveal a person's sense of humor and creativity. Being able to inject
humor appropriately into conversation can contribute to a friendly and
likable personality.
• Adaptability: The ability to adapt one's speech to different situations,
audiences, or contexts can indicate flexibility and social intelligence.
Being able to communicate effectively with diverse groups suggests a
versatile personality.
• Confidence and Assertiveness: Confident and assertive speech
patterns, including maintaining eye contact and using a strong, clear
voice, are often associated with a strong and authoritative personality.
 SPEECH & PERSONALITY INCLUDES
• Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness of and sensitivity to cultural nuances in speech
can demonstrate an open-minded and considerate personality, especially in
multicultural or diverse settings.
 PROFESSIONAL PERSONALITY
A professional personality refers to the set of
characteristics, behaviors, and qualities that individuals
exhibit in a work or business environment. It's how you
carry yourself and interact with others in a professional
setting.
 PROFESSIONAL PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES
• Responsibility: It's like making sure you do your tasks well,
just like taking care of your toys or pets.
• Punctuality: Being on time is like arriving at the playground
when you're supposed to, so you don't miss any games.
• Adaptability: It's like being able to play different games with
different rules and still having fun.
• Teamwork: Working with others is like playing on a team. You
share, listen, and help each other score points.
• Communication: Talking and listening well is like telling a
friend about your favorite game or asking for help when
needed.
 PROFESSIONAL PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES
• Positive Attitude: Being positive is like having a happy face, even
when things are tough. It helps you and others feel good.
• Problem Solving: Figuring things out is like solving a puzzle. You
think, try different pieces, and find the right solution.
• Initiative: Taking the lead is like being the first to suggest a new
game. It shows you're ready for action.
• Integrity: It's like playing fair and telling the truth. Just like not
cheating in a game, even when no one is looking.
• Professionalism: Acting professional is like wearing the right
clothes for the right occasion. It's about showing you're serious
and ready for work.