STS

ANCIENT TIMES
 Science A. MESOPOTAMIA (The First Civilization)
- a system of knowledge of the natural world - Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
gained through scientific method (modern-day Iraq)
- “philosophy of the natural world” FAMOUS CHARACTER
 Technology  Hammurabi
- Greek words tekne meaning “art or craft” and– - King of Babylon, known for creating one of
logia meaning a “subject or interest”. the first written laws, the Code of
- applied science Hammurabi, which set rules like "an eye for
 Society an eye."
- an organized group of persons associated
together for religious, benevolent, cultural, B. ANCIENT EGYPT
scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes - Along the Nile River in northeastern Africa.
 Scientific method FAMOUS CHARACTER
- is a mathematical experimental and technique  Pharaoh Tutankhamun (King Tut)
employed in the sciences. - The boy king whose tomb, filled with
1. Scientific Observations treasures, was discovered nearly intact.
- are the starting point of the scientific method.  Cleopatra
- It may create questions for scientists or - The last Pharaoh of Egypt, known for her
provide answers. intelligence and political alliances with Julius
- Observations lead to creating questions and Caesar and Mark Antony
then experimentation.
2. Hypothesis C. ANCIENT GREECE
- an educated guess or prediction about the - Southeastern Europe, made up of city-states
relationship between two variables like Athens and Sparta.
3. Experiment FAMOUS CHARACTER
- a detailed procedure designed to test a  Socrates
hypothesis. - a philosopher who taught by asking questions
4. Analysis (the Socratic method).
- critically examines the data and observations  Alexander the Great
collected. - A powerful military leader who created one of
5. Conclusion the largest empires by the age of 30
- a statement based on experimental
measurements and observations. D. ANCIENT ROME
- Centered in the city of Rome, expanding
3 MAJOR BRANCHES OF SCIENCE across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle
1. Physical science East.
2. Life science FAMOUS CHARACTERS
3. Earth science  Julius Caesar
- A military general who became the dictator of
CHAPTER 1 Rome and played a key role in the rise of the
1. Ancient Times Roman Empire
o Engineering contributions of ancient  Augustus Caesar
civilizations (e.g., pyramids, aqueducts, and - The first emperor of Rome, who brought peace
road systems). and prosperity in the period known as the Pax
2. Medieval/Middle Ages Romana (Roman Peace).
o Architectural and mechanical engineering
advancements (e.g., cathedrals, windmills). CONCERNS DURING THE ANCIENT TIMES
3. Modern Times a. Transportation
o Industrial Revolution and the rise of b. Communication
mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering. c. Weapons and armors
4. Philippine Inventions d. Conservation of life
o Engineering-related innovations by Filipinos e. Engineering
(e.g., SALT Lamp, bamboo-based f. Architecture
technologies). g. Ornamentation

THE FIVE PERIODS OF ANCIENT TIMES

1. Prehistoric Period (Before 3000 BCE)
2. Bronze Age (Around 3000-1200 BCE)
3. Iron Age (1200-600 BCE)
4. Classical Antiquity (600-476 BCE)
5. Late Antiquity (300-600 CE)
I. PREHISTORIC PERIOD (3000 BCE)
“Stone Age”
- Humans used stone tools and lived as hunters SEVEN WONDERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD
and gatherers. This era includes the 1. Great Pyramid of Giza
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic ages. 2. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
a. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) 3. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
- Early humans used basic stone tools and were 4. Lighthouse of Alexandria
nomadic 5. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
b. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) 6. Statue of Zeus at Olympia
- Transition period with more advanced tools 7. Colossus of Rhodes
and beginnings of farming
c. Neolithic (New Stone Age) CIVILIZATIONS DURING THE ANCIENT TIMES
- Development of agriculture, domestication of A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
animals, and permanent settlements - Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known
II. BRONZE AGE (Around 3000-1200 BCE) for their high degree of cooperation with one
- named for the use of bronze tools and weapons another and their desire for great things.
- rise of the first civilizations such as  Cuneiform
Mesopotamia (Sumerians, Babylonians), - first writing system
Ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and Ancient - utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols
China which are carved on clay wedge using
- Early forms of writing like cuneiform and instruments and then left to dry
hieroglyphs were developed. - it allows sumerians to keep records of things
with historical value of their everyday life
III. IRON AGE (Around 1200-600 BCE) DISADVANTAGE: clay is fragile, hard to write, and
- Characterized by the widespread use of iron space consuming
tools and weapons, which were stronger than  Uruk City
bronze. - considered to be the first city in the world
- Expansion of civilizations and empires like the - built using only mud or clay from the river,
Hittites, Assyrians, and Persians. which they mixed with reeds, producing
- Development of complex societies with sunbaked bricks.
advanced technology and trade networks - they used bricks to make houses that protected
them from the harsh weather and to build a
IV. CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY (Around 600-476 wall around the city that prevented wild
CE) animals and neighboring raiders from entering
- marked by the rise of great empires and  The Great Ziggurat of Ur
cultures like Ancient Greece and Ancient - also called the mountain god, was built the
Rome. same manner that they constructed the City of
- Major advancements in philosophy, science, Uruk
art, and architecture. - originally built around 2100 BCE by King Ur-
- Key figures include Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Nammu of the Third Dynasty of Ur as a
Alexander the Great, and Julius Caesar. temple for the moon goddess Nanna
- Spread of democracy, republics, and law. - Served as the sacred place of their chief god,
where only their priests were allowed to enter
V. LATE ANTIQUITY (300-600 CE)  Irrigation and dikes
- transition period from the Classical Age to the - sumerians created dikes an irrigation canals to
Middle Ages. bring water to farmlands at the same time
- Decline of the Roman Empire and rise of control the flooding of the rivers. Sumerians
Byzantine Empire. were able to enjoy year-long farming and
- Spread of major religions such as Christianity harvesting, which increased their food
and Buddhism. production
- Early foundations of what would become  Sailboats
medieval society. - boats were not enough to meet the increasing
demands of the Sumerians like
accommodating more people and products.
 - They also wanted to discover faraway lands to laws. It was made up of sot combined wiith
settle down. These demands were met by the other chemicals.
use of sailboats.  Hieroglyphics
 Wheel - writing system of the Egyptians as a result of
- The first wheels were not made for trade between civilizations
transportation but to farm work and food - believed that this writing system was provided
processes. to them by their gods
 The plow - God of Wisdom: Thoth
- the plow is another farm technology invented  Cosmetic and Wig
by Sumerians.  Cosmetic
- The plow was invented to dig the earth in a - cosmetics were used for both health and
faster pace. aesthetic reasons.
- As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer - Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to
would just drop the seeds and farm work prevent and even cure eye disease.
would already be done. This enables the - believed that a person wearing a make-up was
farmers to cultivate larger parcels of land protected from evil and that beauty was a sign
faster resulting to mass production of food of holiness
without taking so much effort and time  Wigs
 Roads - used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
- Roads were developed to facilitate faster and Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun
easier travel. - considered cleaner than natural hair because it
- With this, the flow of traffic became faster and prevented the accumulation of head lice
more organized.  Water clock/Clepsydra
- The creation of roads were done with the same - water clock utilizes gravity that affects the
concept in making the sunbaked bricks of flow of water from one vessel to the other.
Ziggurat of Ur - The amount of water remaining in the device
- roads are used for communication, navigation, determines how much time has elapsed since it
for trading, and quick movement for military is full. In, the process, time is measured.
troops to travel
D. GREEK CIVILIZATION
B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of
Babylonian civilization emerged near Tigris and Europe and known as the birthplace of western
Euphrates Rivers. The Babylonian were great philosophy.
builders, engineering and architects. Major achievements of Greeks include in-depth
 Hanging Gardens of Babylon works on philosophy and mathematics including
- one of their major contributions the famous coliseum and Olympics
- said to be a structure made up of layers upon  Alarm clock
layers of gardens that contained species of - main purpose: similar to the present day- to
plants, trees, and vines tell an individual when to start and when to
- the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar stop.
II built the gardens for his wife Queen - used large complicated mechanisms to time
Amytis. the alarm, They made use of water (or sand
stones) that dropped intro drums which
C. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION sounded the alarm.
The Egyptian civilization is located in North - Plato, a greek philosopher and student of
Africa. Pyramids (monuments to house the tombs of Socrates (founding father of Western
the pharaohs) are not the only contribution of the Philosophy), uses four water vessels lined up
Egyptian civilization. vertically:
 Papyrus and Ink 1. The upper vessel supplies water which then
- One of the earliest contributions of Egyptian drops to the vessel below, which was set to
Civilization is the paper or papyrus. be filled in a given time.
- Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly 2. After it was full, water is siphoned in the
along the Nile River. Paper was light to third vessel at a faster rate which would
transport and less breakable compared to clay cause the expulsion of contained air,
tablets. Record keeping does not take huge creating a whistling noise.
storage spaces. 3. Afterwards, this vessel would empty
- Ink was invented since they cannot use towards the bottom vessel for storage and
engraving when using paper. The ink must reuse
withstand the elements of nature since it was  Water mill
used to record, history, culture and codified
 - one of the most important contributions of the worms) and process it to produce paper and
Greek civilization clothing.
- It is commonly used in agricultural processes - Production of silk opened China to the outside
like milling of grains which was a necessary world, making way for cultural, economic, and
form of food processing during that time. It scientific exchanges
then resulted to mass production of rice,  Tea production
cereals, flours, etc. - A Chinese inventor created a machine that was
- considered better than mills powered by farm able to shred tea lives into strip using a wheel–
animals because they required less effort and based mechanism with sharp edges attached to
time to operate since the farmer does not have a wooden or ceramic pot.
to raise animals - This led to a fast and increase production of
E. ROMAN CIVILIZATION tea allowing trade between other countries.
1. Expansion through conquest
 Great Wall of China
2. Republican government
- considered to be the only man-made structure
3. Establishment of laws
4. Engineering feats that could be seen from the outer space. It is
5. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) said to be the largest and most extensive
6. Influence on language and culture infrastructure that China ever built.
7. Rise of Christianity - It was built to keep out foreign invaders and
8. Decline and fall control borders of China.
 Newspaper - It is made up of stone, brick, wood, earth, and
- One of the major contributions of the romans other materials.
is the newspaper. - The wall’s construction put the nation among
- The first newspapers, known as gazettes, the powerful civilizations during the ancient
contained announcements of the Roman times
Empire to the people.  Gunpowder
- These gazettes were engrave in metal or stone
- originally developed by Chinese alchemist
tablets then publicly displayed just before
paper was invented who aimed to achieve immortality.
 Bound books or Codex - It is made up of a mixture of charcoal, sulfur,
- with the invention of paper, it became easier and potassium nitrate.
for civilizations to write down everything that - But instead of creating an elixir for
happened in their time immortality, they accidentally invented black
- Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking powder that could actually generate large
up papyrus to form pages of books. amounts of heat and gas in an instant.
- they were able to protect the papyrus using - Gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets
covers made up of wax but then later on from guns and cannons, and even in fireworks
replaced with animal skin which proved to be during celebrations in China
stronger and longer-lasting.
 Roman Architecture
- The development in the field of engineering
and architecture during the Roman civilization
was fully supported and funded by the Roman
government so they were able to implement
major projects such as large churches,
coliseums, amphitheaters and residential
houses
 Roman Numerals

F. CHINESE CIVILIZATION
The Chinese civilization is considered to be the
oldest civilization. It was famous among other ancient
civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a great
amount was written about ancient China partly due to
its distance from the other civilizations
 Silk
- one of the things that connected Far East
China to the world.
- Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk (from silk