sts

`` ~ ୨୧ ♡ · – there is an end to all of the actions that we perform

which we desire for itself.
| DEFINITION OF HAPPINESS – EUDAIMONIA : a property of one's life when
IN PSYCHOLOGY considered as a whole.
– mental or emotional state of well-being – FLOURISHING : the highest good of human
– positive or pleasant emotions ranging from endeavors and that toward which all actions aim.
contentment to intense joy.
TO BEHAVIORIST | NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
– cocktail of emotions we experience when we do – philosophical inquiry into the nature of the good life
something good or positive. for a human being
TO NEUROLOGIST – Human flourishing arises as a result of different
– the experience of a flood of hormones released in the components :
brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival. (-) PHRONESIS
HEDONISTIC VIEW OF WELL-BEING (-) FRIENDSHIP
– the polar opposite of suffering (-) WEALTH
– the presence of happiness indicates the absence of (-) POWER
pain.
– hedonists believe that the purpose of life is to ^ | ANCIENT GREEK SOCIETY
maximize happiness, which minimizes misery. – believe that acquiring these will surely bring the
seekers happiness
^ allows them to partake in the greater notion of
| EUDAIMONIA : what we call the “good”
– "good" and "spirit"
– happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better
person. | TIME CHANGES AND…
– done by challenging themselves intellectually or by – elements that comprise human flourishing changed.
engaging in activities that make them spiritually – people found means to live more comfortably, explore
richer people. more places, develop more products, and
– “good spirited” make more money.
– coined by Greek philosopher Aristotle – Humans of today are expected to become “man of the
– describes the pinnacle of happiness that is world.”
attainable by humans.
– “human flourishing” | DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN
FLOURISHING
| ARISTOTLE (1) EASTERN
– believed that human flourishing requires a life with – community centric
other people. – individual sacrifice himself for the society
– chinese confucian system
| EUDAIMONIA BY ARISTOTLE – japanese bushido
– people acquire virtues through practice – encourage study of literature, sciences, and art for a
– a set of concrete virtues could lead a person toward greater cause
his natural excellence and happiness.

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(2) WESTERN (5) GATHER AND ANALYZE RESULTS :

– focused on the individual throughout and upon culmination of the experiment.
– human flourishing as an end – examine if the data gathered are significant
enough to conclude results.
– aristotelian view (6) FORMULATE CONCLUSIONS AND
– aims for eudaimonia = greater good PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS : in case
others would want to broaden the study.
| SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN
FLOURISHING | VERIFICATION THEORY
– discovery, innovation and success contributes to – a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or
our pool of human knowledge interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis
– human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the being accepted.
world by finding proofs to trace evolution.
– elicits our idea of self-importance. | PREMIUM ON EMPIRICISM.
– HEIDEGGER : “ technology is a human activity we take into account those :
excel in as a result of achieving science. “ – results which are measurable
– good is inherently related to the truth. – experiments which are repeatable.

| SCIENCE AS METHODS AND RESULTS | VIENNA CIRCLE

– science stems from objectivity brought upon by a group of scholars who believed that :
rigid method. – only those which can be observed should be regarded
– claim to reason and empiricism. as meaningful
[EMPIRICISM : the theory that all knowledge is – reject those which cannot be directly accessed as
derived from sense-experience.] meaningless.

| STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD | FALSIFICATION THEORY

(1) OBSERVE AND DETERMINE : unexplained – an ideology that is not proven to be false and;
occurrences unfolding. ^ can best explain a phenomenon over alternative
(2) DETERMINE THE PROBLEM & IDENTIFY theories,
FACTORS INVOLVED. we should accept the said ideology.
(3) THROUGH PAST KNOWLEDGE OF
SIMILAR INSTANCE: – allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by
– formulate hypothesis the verification theory.
– explain the said phenomenon. – encourages research to determine which among the
GOAL : reject the null hypothesis theories can stand the test of falsification.
– accept the alternative hypothesis of the study “to
count as significant” “to generate prediction” “to infer | KARL POPPER
from past experiments”). – aim at the production of new, falsifiable predictions.
(4) CONDUCT EXPERIMENT : by setting up – SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE : characterized by its
dependent and independent variables continual effort to test theories against experience and
– trying to see how independent ones affect dependent make revisions based on the outcomes of these tests.
ones.
`` ~ ୨୧ ♡ ·

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– a challenge for the people in the field of science and

| GENERATION GAP : the differences between technology to make these technological advancements
generations more accessible and less confusing for people who are
– causes conflict and complicate communication not as
^ which creates a “gap” young anymore.
– a challenge for the younger generation to take
| HOW ARE GENERATIONS DISTINGUISHED? the older generation to an exciting journey in
– there are 4 major groups science and technology.
I. TRADITIONAL (1945 & BEFORE )
– value workplaces that are conservative, hierarchical | HUMAN CONDITION
and have a clear chain of command and top-down I. BEFORE THE COMMON ERA
management. – HOMO ERECTUS TIME- uses fire for cooking
– BABY BOOMERS (1946-1964) – HOMO SAPIENS TIME – uses sharpen stones
– value workplaces that have flat hierarchies, like knife or simple machine like wedge
democratic cultures, humane values, equal – Difficult period yet remarkably distinct way
opportunities, and warm and friendly environments. – Crave drawings and unearthed artifacts
– Metal works, fur clothing and animal skin used for
II. GENERATION X-ERS (1965-1976) comfort
– values workplaces that are positive, fun, efficient, – Primitive Gods
fast-paced, flexible, informal and have access to – PRIMARY GOAL : is to survive
leadership and information.
II. IN THE COMMON ERA
III. MILLENNIALS OR GEN Y (1977-1995) – HOLOCENE EXTINCTION – anthropocene
— value workplaces that are collaborative, extinction (an ongoing extinction event of
achievement-oriented, highly creative, positive, diverse, several species both flora and fauna due to human
fun, flexible and continuously providing feedback. activity.)
– Upper hand in development and adaptability
IV. GENERATION Z OR IGEN OR – Formation of communities
CENTENNIALS (1996-NOW) – Humanity became more complex
– motivated by security, may be more competitive – Fixated with Gold
– wants independence, will multi-task – Physical strength was valued at most
— more entrepreneurial – PRIMARY GOAL : is to live a good life
– wants to communicate face-to-face
– truly digital-native and wants to be catered to. | NOTABLE COMPARISON (DUE TO
TECHNOLOGY )
| GENERATION GAP CHALLENGES MORTALITY RATE.
– Changes brought about by technology. — lesser women and children die during birth
– older generation think that these technologies are – assuring a robust population and strong
too workforce.
complicated to operate. – medical care for premature infants allows them
to survive and develop normally

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– proper maternal care ensures that mothers can fully – enhances man’s standard of living.
recover and remain empowered. – one’s traditions of existence become better with
improved technology.
AVERAGE LIFESPAN. – invention of sophisticated tools makes labor easier
– people engage less in combat and are less likely to for mankind.
die in treatable diseases now as opposed to then – communication and transportation become more
– enhancing living status and discovering different effective.
remedies to most diseases. – making life become more comfortable.
– distribution of medicines is also made easier and
faster. | THE BAD SIDE OF TECHNOLOGY
I. INDUSTRIALIZATION
LITERACY RATE. – uses man as a means and not as an end, human
– access to education provided to more individuals beings now lack full use of their faculty and
generally creates a more informed public that could potentials.
determine a more just society. II. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
– this pollution comes from industrial wastes and
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) - causes skin diseases, cancer which is one of the most
– used to determine the value of the country’s goods deadly diseases of our time.
and services produced within the territory given a
certain time period. MARTIN HEIDEGGER
– Higher country income is brought upon by high – german philosopher
productivity, often an indicator of the presence of – a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition of
technology. philosophy.
– one of the most original and important
| THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY philosophers of the 20th century.
INSTRUMENTAL DEFINITION : technology is a
means to an end. | HEIDEGGER’S VIEW ON TECHNOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEFINITION : technology – technology as a way of revealing.
is a human activity. – the true can only be pursued through the correct.
^ what is correct leads to what is true. –
GOAL ORIENTED VIEW OF TECHNOLOGY : – envisioned technology as a way of revealing
– modern humans are reliant on technology in search – a mode of bringing forth.
of a good life.
– we see ways and means from nature BRINGING FORTH : can be understood through
^ to utilize and achieve growth – a goal that would the Ancient Greek philosophical concept,
bring forth betterment. POIESIS : to the act of bringing something out of
concealment
MARTIN HEIDEGGER – the truth of that something is revealed.
ans to achieve man’s end and constitutes human activity.

h is understood through another Ancient Greek concept

| THE GOOD SIDE OF TECHNOLOGY

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ALETHEIA : unclosedness, unconcealedness, people think how to do things faster, more effectively
disclosure, or truth. and with less effort.

– TECHNOLOGY IS A FORM OF POIESIS : a

way of revealing that unconceals aletheia or the
truth. THE DANGER OF TECHNOLOGY
– its essence, purpose, and being are different from – lies on how humans let themselves be consumed
each other. by technology.
– He was able to expound on this point upon HEIDEGGER : one of the most important points is
identifying that technology can either be how this idea makes us complacent to existential
(a) PERCEIVED AT FIRST, a means to achieve danger. With this mindset, we could ruin ourselves.
man’s end, and second that which constitutes human
activity. `` ~ ୨୧ ♡ ·
(b) SECOND PERSPECTIVE paints technology in | ARISTOTLE
such a way that each period reveals a particular – ancient greek philosopher and scientist
character regarding man’s being.
– one of the greatest intellectual figures of western
history.
| THE QUESTIONS CONCERNING
TECHNOLOGY – first philosopher who approached the problem of
– by: Martin Heidegger reality from a scientific lens
– technology is not an instrument (it is a mode of – first thinker who dabbled into the complex
understanding). problematization of the end goal of life : happiness
– technology is not a product of human activity – gave definitive distinction between :
(develops beyond our control and comprehension). I. THEORETICAL DISCIPLINES – LOGIC,
– technology is the highest danger.
BIOLOGY, PHYSICS, METAPHYSICS AMONG
OTHERS
TECHNOLOGY : WORKING WITH NATURE
(relationship with nature) - aims for the truth
TECHNOLOGY : CONTROLLING THE II. PRACTICAL DISCIPLINES – ETHICS,
NATURE POLITICS
(productivity) - good is the end goal

| TECHNOLOGY AS A | HAPPINESS AS THE GOAL OF A GOOD LIFE

CHALLENGING-FORTH.
JOHN STUART MILL | 18th CENTURY
– reduces objects as standing reserve or something to
– declared the greatest happiness principle
be disposed of.
– how people use natural resources with very little ^ an action is right as far as it maximizes the
concern for the ecological consequences that come attainment of happiness for the greatest number of
with it. people.
– challenges nature by extracting something from it
and transforming, storing and distributing it. It makes

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I. MATERIALISM | DEMOCRITUS AND – The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the
LEUCIPUS communion with God.
– led a school whose primary belief is : the world is
made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible – the world we are in is only just a temporary reality
units in the world called “atomos” or “seeds” where we have to maneuver around while waiting for
FOR DEMOCRITUS AND HIS DISCIPLES : the the ultimate return to the hands of God.
world, including human beings, is made of matter.
– atomos simply come together randomly to form the V. HUMANISM
things in the world, as such only material entities – espouses the freedom of man to carve his own
matter. destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the
– in terms of human flourishing, matter is what shackles of a God that monitors and controls.
makes us attain happiness. – man is literally the captain of his own ship.
– inspired by the enlightenment in seventeenth
II. HEDONISM | EPICURUS century
– see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. – humanists see themselves not merely as stewards of
– pleasure has been the priority of hedonists. the creation but as individuals who are in control of
– life is about obtaining and indulging pleasure themselves and the world outside them.
because life is limited. – the motivation of the humanist current, scientists
– MANTRA OF HEDONISM IS : “eat, drink and be eventually turned to technology in order to ease
merry for tomorrow we die.” the difficulty of life.
– does not buy any notion of afterlife just like the – social as an example has been so far a very effective
materialists. way of employing technology in purging time and
space.
III. STOICISM | EPICURUS
– The stoics espoused the idea that : to generate
happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be `` ~ ୨୧ ♡ ·
apathetic. TECHNOLOGY : came from two Greek words
– “APATHEIA” : means to be indifferent. – TECHNE : art
– happiness can only be attained by a careful – LOGOS : word
practice of apathy. ^ technology means a discourse on arts
– adopt the fact that some things are not within our – first appeared in the 17th century
control. – concept was only used to talk about the arts,
– The sooner we realize this, the happier we can specifically applied arts.
become.
| PROBLEMS WITH TECHNOLOGY:
IV. THEISM – anything too much is bad.
– find the meaning of their lives using God as a – various ethical dilemmas involving the use of
fulcrum of their existence. technological devices.
– Philippines as a predominantly Catholic and – misuse or invention to produce bad results.
Christian country is witness to how people base their
life goals on beliefs that hinge on some form of
supernatural reality called heaven.

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| MOST COMMONLY USED TECHNOLOGICAL – 30% of the Philippine urban population

DEVICES: nationwide said that mobile phones are necessities
I. TELEVISION SETS in life.
KANTAR MEDIA – used for communication
In Philippines, 92% of urban homes and 70 % of
rural homes own at least one television set. MARTIN COOPER
– an American senior engineer at Motorola.
– medium for advertisement placements – April 3, 1973, made the world’s first mobile phone
– household with TV set reached 15.135M call.
– majority use this type of device. – he called a rival engineer to brag about his
– platform for advertisements and information accomplishment.
dissemination.
– one of the most used technological devices. INFO ABOUT THE MOBILE PHONE USED BY
– serves as a recreational activity and good stress COOPER :
reliever to most families. –weighed 1.1 kg
– propaganda and advocacies. – measured 228.6 x 127 x 44.4 mm
– good way to bond with one’s family member. – 30 minute talk time
–10 hours to charge
PAUL GOTTLIEB NIPKOW MOTOROLA DYNATAC 8000X : In 1983,
– a German student in the late 1800s. Motorola made their 1st commercial mobile phone
– successful in his attempt to send images through
wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk (Nipkow III. COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS
disk). – due to high cost it is not possible for each filipino
– “electric telescope” – 18 lines of resolution. household to own at least 1
– most profits gained by computer and laptop
ALAN ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL-SWINTON manufacturers come from offices, business or
(ENGLISH SCIENTIST) AND BORIS ROSING schools.
(RUSSIAN SCIENTIST) – they still offer their own unique features that
– 1907 make them more attractive.
– created a new system of television by using the
cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner CHARLES BABBAGE
system. - 19th century English Mathematics professor.
– gave rise to two types of television systems, – Designed the Analytical Engine
a. mechanical ^ used as the basic framework of computers
b. electronic television. even until the present time.
– released in April 1981 by the Osborne Computer
II. MOBILE PHONES Corporation
– more than half of the Filipino population own at – OSBORNE 1 – considered to be the first true
least one mobile phone regardless of type. portable, full featured computer.
– 2010, Synovate declared 67 % product ownership
in the country.
– 1 out of 3 Filipinos cannot live without a mobile
phone

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A TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD OWNS AT LEAST 4 DIFFERENT KINDS OF ROBOTS

OF THE FOLLOWING DEVICES : – SERVICE ROBOT : a robot that performs useful
– mobile phone – 89% tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial
– smartphone -53% application.
– tablet – 14% – a robot may be classified according to its intended
– desktop – 39% application as either :
– laptop or netbooks – 37% a. industrial robot
– smart TV 4% b. a service robot

FACTS ABOUT FILIPINOS AND THEIR USE – PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOT/ SERVICE
OF GADGETS AND THE INTERNET : ROBOT FOR PERSONAL USE IS A SERVICE
– mobile phone subscription is at 119 M. ROBOT : used for a non-commercial task, usually
– approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours by laypersons.
on desktop daily. [ examples : domestic servant robot, automated
– the philippines has one of the highest digital wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot, pet
populations in the world. exercising robot ]
– 47M active fb accounts.
– fastest growing application market in sEA. – PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT/SERVICE
ROBOT FOR PROFESSIONAL USE : is a service
ETHICAL DILEMMA FACED BY THESE robot used for a commercial task, usually operated
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS by a properly trained operator.
– most parents would argue that these devices make [ examples : cleaning robot for public places, delivery
their children lazy and unhealthy. robot, firefighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and
— people are freely exposed to different things on surgery robot in hospitals ]
televisions, mobile phones, laptops or computers.
– Ethics of responsibility : focuses on the notes :
positive rather than the negative. – earliest conception of robots can be traced around
– What ought to be allowed? 3000 B.C.
– from the Egyptians.
| IV. ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY WATER CLOCKS USED HUMAN FIGURINES
WORKING DEFINITION FOR ROBOTS (IFR TO STRIKE THE HOUR BELLS : built to carry
2012) out a specific physical task regularly.
– ROBOT : an actuated mechanism programmable ^ from that time on, different machines were
in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy already built that displayed the same mechanism and
– moving within its environment characteristics as the robots in the present.
– performs intended tasks.
GEORGE DEVOL
–AUTONOMY : the ability to perform intended – American inventor known for developing
tasks based on current state and sensing without Unimate
human intervention. – UNIMATE : the first material handling robot
employed in industrial production work.

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interaction.
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTICS – a robot with full autonomy can perform actions or
– ease the workload of mankind activities even without a master telling it what
– make life more efficient and less stressful should be done or what should be performed next
– perform complicated activities
– pleasure, entertainment in parks or exhibits {-} using Asimov’s laws for robots, robots are
– toys, child friendly ethical but only if they strictly follow the laws
– used in movies specified.
{-} at the end of the day, ethics should be enforced in
ISAAC ASIMOV the field of technology so as to ensure the safety and
– American writer and professor of biochemistry at morality of these devices to people.
Boston university.
• formulated the laws of robot in the 1940s.
`` ~ ୨୧ ♡ ·
“THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS” BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM
1. a robot may not injure a human being or through
inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. BIODIVERSITY : vast variety of life forms in the
2. a robot must obey orders given it by human entire Earth
beings except where such orders would conflict with – encompasses all kinds of life forms, from the
the first law single-celled organisms to the largest multi-celled
3. a robot must protect its own existence as long as organisms.
such protection does not conflict with the first or – definition is in the structural and functional
second law. perspective and not as individual species.
– “the variability among living organisms from all
ETHICAL DILEMMA/S FACED BY ROBOTICS sources, including terrestrial, marine and other
A. SAFETY aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
– who should be held accountable if someone’s which they are part; this includes diversity within
safety is compromised by a robot species, between species, and of ecosystems.
– who should be blamed, the robot, the agent using – the source of the essential goods and ecological
the robot, or the maker/inventor of the robot? services;
{-} it is important to know who should be blamed and – that constitutes the source of life for all and it has
who should be held responsible if such a thing direct consumptive value in food, agriculture,
happens. medicine, and in industry.” (Villagio Global, 2009).

B. EMOTIONAL COMPONENT
– it is not completely impossible for robots to | CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY
develop emotions. – changes in biodiversity could have erratic effects
not only in wildlife or marine life but also in human
IN THE FIELD OF ROBOTICS : beings.
PARTIAL AUTONOMY : includes active
human-robot interaction
FULL AUTONOMY : excludes active human robot

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example 4. POLLUTION AND CONTAMINATION

– humans inhabiting the forest would disturb the – biological system respond slowly to changes in
natural order of life. their surrounding environment.
– trees and plants would be affected in the – pollution and contamination cause irreversible
land-clearing operations where the houses would be damage to species and varieties.
built. – humans have the most contribution to the
– the loss of these life forms could affect the entire pollution of the Earth such as burning of fossil fuels,
ecosystem governing the environment. release of toxic materials, agricultural activities,
–the food chain might be damaged and may have irresponsible waste disposal, and mining operations.
cascading negative effects on humans.
5. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE : both climate
| THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY variability and climate change cause biodiversity
– identified by the UNITED NATIONS’ loss.
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (WHO, N.D.): – species and populations may be lost permanently
if they are not provided with enough time to adapt
1. HABITAT LOSS AND DESTRUCTION : to changing conditions.
major contributing factor in the inhabitation of
human beings and the use of land for economic notes :
gains. – loss of biodiversity threatens food supplies,
– includes habitat fragmentation caused by opportunities for recreation and tourism, and the
highways, urbanization, and even climate change. sources of wood, medicines and energy.
– interferes with essential ecological functions.
2. ALTERATION IN ECOSYSTEM – main cause for the speeding up of climate change
COMPOSITION : within species groups or within is the quantity of greenhouse gasses in the
the environment atmosphere emitted by anthropogenic activities.
– are a critical factor contributing to species and
habitat loss. | CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS
– includes introduction of invasive species and – particular species making up an ecosystem
habitat degradation that alters the ecological determines its productivity, affects nutrient cycles
relationship of organisms to organisms and/or and soil contents, and influences environmental
environment. conditions such as water cycles, weather patterns,
climate, and other non-biotic aspects.
3. OVEREXPLOITATION : over-hunting, – TILMAN : “the earth will retain its most striking
overfishing or over-collecting of species can quickly feature, its biodiversity, only if humans have the
lead to its decline. prescience to do so. this will occur, it seems, only if
– changing consumption patterns of humans is often we realize the extent to which we use biodiversity.”
cited as the key reason for this unsustainable
exploitation of natural resources | NUTRITIONAL IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY
– main cause of overexploitation is the lack of – WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) :
sustainability of humans. “biodiversity is a vital element of human beings'
nutrition because of its influence on food
production.

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– biodiversity is a major factor that contributes to — Indirect effects also include decrease in food
sustainable food production for human beings. security, disrupt clean access to water, and increase
– nutritional composition between foods and among the chance of infection.
varieties/cultivars/breeds or the same food can differ
dramatically, affecting micronutrients availability
in the diet.
– habitat simplification, species loss, and species
succession often enhance communities'
vulnerabilities as a function of environmental
receptivity to ill health.
– healthy local diet with adequate average levels of
nutrients intake requires maintenance of high
biodiversity level.

| HEALTH, BIOLOGY, AND BIODIVERSITY

– advances in agriculture, sanitation, water
treatment, and hygiene have had a far greater
impact on human health than medical technology.
– although the environment sustains human life, it
can also cause diseases.
– in 2015, approximately 350,000 children under the
age of five died from diarrheal diseases related to
unsafe drinking water
– and approximately 1.8 billion people used drinking
water contaminated with feces
– more than two billion people lacked access to basic
sanitation.

| ENVIRONMENT-RELATED DISEASES
– environment can affect the human health through
food production causes environmental damage from
pesticides and fertilizers, soil salinization, waste
produced by livestock, carbon emissions from food
manufacturing and transportation, deforestation, and
overfishing.
– climate change could also have a serious impact
on human health and could deteriorate farming
systems and reduce nutrients in some foods.
– climate change increases the risk of fatalities
through natural hazards and illnesses through
increased temperature, more frequent heavy rains
and even runoff.

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