Population and Employment
Important Definitions And Formulas
1. Population Explosion: The rapid and dramatic rise in
population of an area is termed as population
explosion.
2. Population Growth= Natural increase + net migration
3. Natural Increase = Birth rate – death rate
4. Net Migration = immigration – emigration
5. Population Density: average number of people per square
kilometer or miles TOTAL POPULATION/ TOTAL AREA
6. Dependency Ratio: Total population
Working population
6.Life expectancy: average length of time people are expected to
live when born.
7. Literacy rate: number of people in a country who can read or
write.
8.Infant mortality rate: number of deaths per thousand babies
within one year of birth.
9. Urbanization: when rural area develops as a city
10.Population structure: percentage of males and females in
different age groups represented by a pyramid
11. Unemployment: state of being unable to find a paid job
12. Underemployment: when a person is employed below his
qualification and experience
13. Population distribution: spread of people in an area
14. Over population: when the number of people exceeds the
existing resources
15. Under population: number of people are few to explore
the existing resources
16. Depopulation: sudden decline in population due to
natural disaster, crime or diseases.
17. Birth rate: number of babies born per 1000 people per
year
18. Death rate: number of deaths per 1000 people per year
19. Census: survey conducted to find the age, size, gender and
occupation of population in a given period of time.
20. Immigration: movement of people into a country not native of for
permanent residence.
21. Emigration: movement of people from a native country to live in
another country
22. Internal migration: movement within the country it has four
types-
▪ Rural to Urban
▪ Rural to rural
▪ Urban to urban
▪ Urban to rural
23.Demographic transitional model : Graphs suggesting sequence of
change in relationships between birth and death rates over a period
of time
24.Population pyramids: It is the graphical representation of
population structures
25. Disguised unemployment: more number of people employed
than actual requirement
POPULATION GROWTH
Reasons for population growth:
1. Death rate has been controlled due to
improved medical facilities.
2. Reduction in infant mortality rate.
3. Migration from Afghanistan.
4. High birth rate.
Sustainable Population Growth
Population size that can be supported by available resources
Problems caused by unsustainable population growth
Shortage of food
Unemployment rises
Pressure on health as diseases increase
Illiteracy rate increases
Pressure on utilities such as: water, electricity and sanitation
Traffic congestion
Shortage of housing and rise in squatter settlements
Pressure on land resources
Standard of living falls
Increase in crime rate due to poverty
Rise in pollution, e.g. litter
Lack of government funds to provide for everyone
Human resource development (HRD)
HRD is "the process of increasing the knowledge, the skills, and the
capacities of all the people in a society. In economic terms, it could
be described as the accumulation of human capital and its effective
investment in the development of an economy
REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE IN PAKISTAN
1. Due to illiteracy people are unaware of economic
burden.
2. Lack of family planning acceptance
3. Desire for having son
4. Large families required to earn/ work on farm
5. Practice of polygamy
6. Limited knowledge and use of contraceptives/
unavailability in remote areas
7. Early marriages increases the span of reproduction
8. Support in old age
9. Religious beliefs/Allah will provide/prestige of large
families
REASONS FOR DECLINE IN DEATH RATE
1. Education on health matters
2. Education for women on infant care ( welfare
centres for mothers and children)
3. Increased food production/ reduced
malnutrition
4. Improved hygiene and sanitation
5. Increased availability of medicines and life
saving drugs
6. Improved medical facilities e.g. availability of
doctors and lady health workers in rural areas
7. Free treatment in government hospitals
8. Better transport to reach hospitals in time
MEASURES TAKEN FOR DECLINE IN BIRTH RATE IN
RECENT YEARS
1. Family planning and welfare programs are
effectively implemented
2. Education provided in rural areas regarding
economic burden
3. Overall literacy rate increased
4. More career-oriented females/ late marriages
5. Desire for material possessions and high
standard of living result in keeping small
families.
Possible measures to reduce the birth rate
1. -Access to, education of, and use of
contraceptives/family planning -E.g. Sabz sitara,
green star (example of government scheme)
2. -Reduce need for child labour/ban child labour
3. -Education and awareness of population
growth/how to improve living standards -
Education of women/jobs for women
4. -More clinics and hospitals
5. -Healthy environment/better sanitation/better
living conditions
6. -Religious support for birth control
Family planning programmes / named examples, e.g. subz-sitara
clinics
People aware of benefits of / desire smaller families;
People have knowledge of problems of / understand issues of
overpopulation;
Increased literacy rates / people become educated;
More women working / career orientated;
Mechanisation of farming / fewer workers needed on farms;
Later marriages;
Decreased span of reproductivity;
Desire for material possessions, e.g. cars rather than having children;
Internal migration / international migration;
Etc.
Benefits more young
children:
Enough people to work in
the future;
Can pay more taxes;
Can support families when
are older;
Provides a growing market
for manufactured
products; etc.
