TRAVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A REPORT SUBMITTED FOR THE COURSE NAMED P ROJECT - I (CS3201)

S UBMITTED B Y

H ARSH A NAND
SEMESTER - V
220101058
S UPERVISED B Y

D R . K ABITA T HAOROIJAM

D EPARTMENT OF C OMPUTER S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING

I NDIAN I NSTITUTE OF I NFORMATION T ECHNOLOGY S ENAPATI ,
M ANIPUR
NOVEMBER,2024
 Abstract

In the present travel industry, efficient and accurate management of travel-

related services is of utmost importance for agencies to maintain seamless op-
erations and ensure customer satisfaction. Traditional methods for booking
and managing travel arrangements are often manual, time-consuming, and
prone to errors, especially when handling a large volume of customers. This
project proposes a Travel Management System developed using C++ with a
file-structure-based database, aimed at automating and streamlining various
aspects of travel management.
The primary objective of this project is to simplify and enhance the pro-
cess of booking travel services, including cab rentals, hotel reservations, and
generating receipts, by providing a comprehensive software solution. The
system offers features such as creating, updating, deleting, and retrieving
records without compromising data security through file handling mecha-
nisms. It allows administrators and customers to efficiently interact with the
system, with customer information stored securely for future reference.
The system generates receipts automatically after every transaction, en-
suring that accurate and detailed records are maintained. Each transaction
is recorded in a structured manner, facilitating easy retrieval of data at any
point in time. With an easy-to-use and secure interface, this travel manage-
ment system not only improves the overall user experience but also ensures
that the management of travel services is efficient, error-free, and scalable.
 Declaration

In this submission, I have expressed my idea in my own words, and I

have adequately cited and referenced any ideas or words that were taken
from another source. I also declare that I adhere to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and that I have not misrepresented or falsified any
ideas, data, facts, or sources in this submission. If any violation of the above
is made, I understand that the institute may take disciplinary action. Such a
violation may also engender disciplinary action from the sources which were
not properly cited or permission not taken when needed.

HARSH ANAND
220101058

DATE:OCTOBER 2024

1
 Department of Computer Science Engineering
Indian Institute of Information Technology Senapati, Manipur

Dr. Kabita Thaoroijam Email: kabita@iiitmanipur.ac.in

Assistant Professor Contact No: +91 9436891895

To Whom It May Concern

This is to certify that the project report entitled "Travel

Management System", submitted to the department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology
Senapati, Manipur in partial fullfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering is
record bonafide work carried out by Harsh Anand bearing roll
number ROLLNO. 220101058

Signature of Supervisor

( Dr. Kabita Thaoroijam)

Signature of the Examiner 1 ............................

Signature of the Examiner 2 ............................

Signature of the Examiner 3 ............................

Signature of the Examiner 4 ............................

 Acknowledgement

I want like to express my sincere gratitude to several individuals for

supporting me throughout my Project. First, I wish to express my sincere
gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Kabita Thaoroijam, for his enthusiasm, pa-
tience, insightful comments, helpful information, practical advice and un-
ceasing ideas that have helped me tremendously at all times in my project
and writing of this thesis. His immense knowledge, profound experience and
professional expertise has enabled me to complete this project successfully.
Without his support and guidance, this project would not have been possible.
I could not have imagined having a better supervisor in my study. I would like
to express our deepest gratitude to our guide, for his valuable guidance, con-
sistent encouragement, personal caring, timely help and providing us with
an excellent atmosphere for doing research.

Harsh Anand

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Contents

List of Figures 7

1 INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 GOAL OF PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.1 Automation and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Data Quality and Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.3 User-centered Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.4 Data Accessibility and Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.5 Manage and Control Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.6 Security and Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.7 Scalability and Adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 12
2.1 Current System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Problem with the Current System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.1 Economic Viability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.2 Technical Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3 Operational Viability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 System Design and Architecture 16

3.1 Architecture of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.1 Software Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.2 Technical Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 UML Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2.1 Class Diagram for Travel Management System . . . . . . 18
3.2.2 Activity Diagram of Travel Management System . . . . . 20
3.2.3 Use case Diagram for Travel Management System . . . . 22
3.2.4 Dataflow Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.2.5 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

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4 Implementation 30
4.1 Programming Language and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2 Code Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3 Action Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Implementation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.1 Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.2 Customer Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.3 Cab and Hotel Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.4 Billing Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.5 Important Considerations and Potential Improvements . 32
4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 Testing and Validation 34

5.1 Testing Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.1.1 Overview of Testing Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.1.2 Types of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.2 Test Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3 Testing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3.1 Hardware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3.2 Software Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.3.3 Configuration Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4 Results and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4.1 Summary of Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4.2 Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.4.3 Error Rates and Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5 Validation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5.1 Criteria for Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.5.2 Techniques Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.6 User Acceptance Testing (UAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.1 UAT Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.2 Participant Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.3 Changes Made Based on UAT Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.7 Regression Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.7.1 Purpose of Regression Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.7.2 Frequency and Scope of Regression Tests . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.8.1 Summary of Testing Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.8.2 Overall Project Validation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

6 Results 38
6.1 Summary of Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2 Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3 Error Rates and Anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4 Feedback from User Acceptance Testing (UAT) . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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 6.5 Regression Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7 Conclusion 41
7.1 Key Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2 Areas for Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.3 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Bibliography 44

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List of Figures

3.1 Class Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.2 Activity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Use Case Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 DFD Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5 Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5.1 Test Cases for Travel Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The operations of a travel management system involve managing customer

information, booking cabs, reserving hotel accommodations, and handling
billing processes. These tasks can become time-consuming and prone to er-
rors when handled manually, especially for travel agencies managing a high
volume of bookings. Our project aims to simplify these administrative bur-
dens by developing a C++-based travel management system utilizing file
structures and a console-based interface.
The system efficiently records customer details, manages cab and ho-
tel bookings, and generates receipts, providing a comprehensive solution for
travel service management. By automating the booking process and inte-
grating file handling for data storage, it eliminates the need for paper-based
records and reduces human errors, ultimately saving valuable time. The sys-
tem’s user-friendly interface ensures seamless interaction for administrators
and customers alike.
In terms of implementation, the project uses C++ for its backend, lever-
aging file handling to store and manipulate customer, cab, and hotel data.
Key real-world challenges such as data persistence, security, and the ability
to perform all CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on service
records are addressed effectively.
A key output of this project is a permanent record of customer informa-
tion, cab rentals, and hotel bookings stored in files. These records are easy
to access and retrieve, providing detailed receipts for each transaction. The
system also includes a simple authentication mechanism to ensure that only
authorized personnel can access administrative functions.
This travel management system integrates file handling and an intuitive
interface to deliver a complete solution for managing bookings and customer
information. By enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of the travel booking
process, it reduces administrative burdens and improves the overall customer
experience.

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1.1 OBJECTIVE
A crucial objective of this project is to design a robust travel management
system using the C++ programming language for travel agencies and related
stakeholders. This system aims to automate the management of customer
information, cab rentals, and hotel bookings, ensuring efficiency, accuracy,
and easy access. It will employ file structures and a console-based interface
to systematically generate, store, retrieve, and manage service records. Ad-
dressing real-world challenges related to data persistence, user validation,
and CRUD operations is essential for the system’s effectiveness in managing
travel services. Ultimately, this project seeks to reduce administrative bur-
dens, improve accountability, and provide real-time insights into bookings
and customer management. The secondary objectives include:

• Reducing the occurrence of manual errors and redundant work.

• Storing customer, cab, and hotel booking records securely in a stan-

dardized, file-based system.

• Implementing a user-friendly interface for smooth interaction with the

system.

• Enabling efficient data retrieval for customer details, cab, and hotel
bookings.

• Supporting CRUD operations for creating, reading, updating, and delet-

ing booking records. Ensuring data permanence by maintaining lasting
records for each service transaction.

• Implementing an authentication system to restrict access to authorized

personnel.

• Enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of travel service management.

• Generating detailed receipts and summaries to assist in tracking trans-

actions and customer preferences.

• Ensuring scalability to accommodate a growing number of customers,

cab rentals, and hotel bookings over time.

9
1.2 GOAL OF PROJECT
The project aims to develop a comprehensive travel management system that
effectively addresses the challenges encountered while managing customer
information, cab rentals, and hotel bookings. The key benefits of utilizing
C++ programming capabilities, file handling, and a user-friendly console-
based interface are outlined as follows:

1.2.1 Automation and Efficiency

This system will transition from labor-intensive and time-consuming manual
processes to a streamlined, automated system for managing travel services,
saving valuable time for both administrators and customers.

1.2.2 Data Quality and Completeness

Records for customers, cab rentals, and hotel bookings will be highly reli-
able and trustworthy, significantly reducing the risk of human error typically
associated with manual data entries.

1.2.3 User-centered Design

The console-based interface will be intuitive and easy to use, facilitating
hassle-free interactions for administrators and customers when managing
bookings and generating receipts.

1.2.4 Data Accessibility and Retrieval

Travel service records will be easily accessible and quick to retrieve based on
flexible criteria such as customer details, travel dates, and booking informa-
tion, enabling staff to manage services efficiently.

1.2.5 Manage and Control Data

The system will empower staff to create, view, update, and delete records for
customers, cab rentals, and hotel bookings, ensuring that accurate informa-
tion is maintained over time.

1.2.6 Security and Authorization

Robust security features will be implemented, including an authentication
system, to protect customer and booking data while restricting access to au-
thorized personnel only.

10
1.2.7 Scalability and Adaptability
The system architecture will support the seamless addition of more customers,
cabs, and hotel bookings, ensuring continued effectiveness as the agency
grows over time.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Current travel management systems often rely on outdated and cumbersome
tools that are prone to errors. Manual processes for managing customer de-
tails, cab rentals, and hotel bookings can lead to inaccuracies due to human
oversight or illegible record-keeping, particularly when handling large vol-
umes of bookings. Managing these tasks becomes burdensome for staff, es-
pecially during peak travel seasons when the number of customers and book-
ings is significantly higher. This reliance on manual entry can result in de-
lays, lost customer information, and errors that negatively impact the overall
customer experience.
Furthermore, traditional travel management systems often lack flexibil-
ity and accessibility, limiting staff ’s ability to manage bookings efficiently
outside regular working hours. This constraint hampers their ability to as-
sist customers promptly, resolve booking issues, or handle cancellations ef-
fectively. The absence of a centralized, secure repository for customer and
booking data exacerbates concerns about data integrity, confidentiality, and
unauthorized access or modifications.
These inefficiencies extend beyond immediate bookings, placing additional
strain on administrative staff tasked with compiling and analyzing service
data. Delayed reporting and decision-making can lead to missed opportuni-
ties and reduced customer satisfaction. Additionally, the lack of advanced
analytics tools makes it challenging to track customer preferences, evaluate
service demand, and implement targeted improvements to enhance service
quality.
To address these pressing challenges, an efficient and user-friendly travel
management system is essential. This system should automate the booking
processes for cabs and hotels, minimize errors, and provide accurate, up-to-
date service records for both staff and customers. Moreover, it should ensure
strong data security, integrity, and offer an intuitive interface that accommo-
dates the diverse needs of a modern travel agency.

11
Chapter 2

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 Current System

The current mechanism of managing travel services, including customer man-
agement, cab rentals, and hotel bookings, often involves manual processes,
which introduce several inefficiencies:

• Manual Customer Management: Customer details are often recorded

on paper or basic spreadsheets, which are prone to errors, loss, and
require considerable time and effort to maintain.

• Cab and Hotel Bookings: Bookings for cabs and hotels are often han-
dled separately using paper records or spreadsheets, making the pro-
cess time-consuming for staff and prone to mistakes, especially in peak
seasons when managing high volumes of bookings.

• Receipt Generation: Calculating costs and generating receipts manu-

ally can result in inaccuracies, leading to potential billing errors and
customer dissatisfaction.

• Customer Interaction: Customers typically need to visit the agency or

contact them via phone to make bookings, leading to long wait times
and a poor customer experience.

2.2 Problem with the Current System

The existing travel management system has several issues that impact its
efficiency and reliability:

• Inaccuracies: Manual entry of customer details, bookings, and receipts

increases the chances of errors, whether due to illegible handwriting,
missed entries, or incorrect calculations.

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• Vulnerability of Physical Records: Paper records are prone to loss or
damage, and spreadsheets can be easily altered without proper version
control, compromising data integrity and security.

• Lack of Real-Time Accessibility: The manual system does not allow

staff to easily track service availability (e.g., cab availability or hotel
vacancies) or manage customer bookings in real-time, leading to ineffi-
ciencies.

• Inconsistent Reporting: Gathering and analyzing booking data from

different sources is labor-intensive, making it difficult to generate ac-
curate reports or gain meaningful insights into booking trends and cus-
tomer preferences.

2.3 Proposed System

The proposed travel management system, developed using C++, aims

to overcome the shortcomings of the current system by providing the
following features:

– Automated Customer, Cab, and Hotel Booking Management: The

system will streamline the process of managing customer details,
cab rentals, and hotel reservations.
– Centralized Data Storage: All customer, cab, and hotel booking
records will be stored in a centralized file-based system, ensuring
easy access and efficient data management.
– User-Friendly Console Interface: A menu-driven interface will en-
able both staff and administrators to interact with the system ef-
fortlessly, simplifying the booking process and data management
tasks.
– Real-Time Service Availability: The system will allow staff to check
the availability of cabs and hotel rooms instantly, improving the
overall booking experience.
– Accurate Receipt Generation: The system will automatically cal-
culate costs and generate detailed receipts for customers, reducing
the risk of billing errors.
– Efficient Data Management: The system will support CRUD (Cre-
ate, Read, Update, Delete) operations for customer information,
cab bookings, and hotel reservations.
– Automated Report Generation: Staff can easily generate reports
for customer data, cab rentals, and hotel bookings, providing in-
sights to aid decision-making.

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2.4 Feasibility Study

2.4.1 Economic Viability

The proposed travel management system is highly cost-effective, lever-

aging the C++ programming language and basic file handling technolo-
gies, which are widely available and inexpensive. The system will re-
duce operational costs by automating manual tasks, eliminating the
need for paper records, and minimizing administrative overhead.
Over the long term, the system will enhance resource allocation and
optimize decision-making, leading to further cost savings by freeing up
staff time and improving efficiency in service management.
The system also frees up faculty time for teaching and other academic
activities, resulting in increased productivity. Over the long term, the
system’s optimization of resource allocation and decision-making will
lead to additional cost savings.

2.4.2 Technical Feasibility

The system is technically feasible, as it is built using well-established

technologies, such as the C++ programming language and file handling,
which are widely used for various applications. These technologies are
reliable and have been tested in numerous software systems.
The system is scalable and can be expanded to accommodate an in-
creasing number of customers, cab rentals, and hotel bookings. In fu-
ture implementations, support for databases could be added to handle
even larger volumes of data.

2.4.3 Operational Viability

The proposed system is operationally viable, as it offers a user-friendly

console interface that is easy for staff to learn and use. By automat-
ing manual processes, the system reduces human error, improves data
accuracy, and ensures efficient management of bookings and customer
data.
The system’s integration of file management and data handling capa-
bilities ensures that customer information, cab rentals, and hotel book-
ings are securely stored and easily accessible. Staff will be able to focus
on higher-priority tasks while the system automates routine operations
like booking management and receipt generation.

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Additionally, centralized data storage allows for quick retrieval of records,
making it easier to generate reports and analyze booking data for in-
formed decision-making.
Overall, the proposed travel management system is economically, tech-
nically, and operationally feasible. It addresses the inefficiencies of the
current system, delivering an effective solution that will improve the
accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of travel service management.

15
Chapter 3

System Design and

Architecture

3.1 Architecture of the System

3.1.1 Software Architecture

The software architecture of the travel management system is modu-

lar and file-based, ensuring that different functionalities are separated
into distinct modules for efficient handling of travel-related services.
The key modules of the system include:

– Login Module:Login and Authentication Module: This module

manages user authentication and ensures that only authorized
staff can access the system.
– Customer Management Module: This module is responsible for
capturing and managing customer details, including name, age,
contact information, and address. It allows staff to create, update,
and view customer records.
– Cab Management Module: This module handles all cab rental
bookings, allowing staff to input trip details (e.g., distance, type of
cab) and calculate the total cost of the journey. It supports creat-
ing, updating, and deleting cab rental bookings.
– Hotel Booking Management Module: This module allows staff
to manage hotel bookings, including selecting a hotel and room
type. It handles hotel reservations and the associated costs for
each booking.
– Receipt Generation Module: This module automatically calcu-
lates the total cost of cab rentals and hotel bookings, generating a

16
 detailed receipt for each customer. Receipts are stored in files for
future reference.
– Data Management Module: This module is responsible for cre-
ating, storing, retrieving, and deleting customer, cab, and hotel
records. It ensures data persistence and handles file operations.
– Reporting Module: This module generates reports based on
customer details, cab bookings, and hotel reservations, allowing
the staff to view summaries and make data-driven decisions.

3.1.2 Technical Architecture

The technical architecture of the travel management system is built on

the following components:

– Programming Language : C++

The system is developed using C++, which offers robust file-handling
capabilities and supports object-oriented programming to ensure
efficient management of travel services.
– Data Storage: Files (plain text files)
The system stores customer, cab, and hotel booking records in
plain text files. This approach ensures data persistence and easy
access to historical booking records. Future implementations may
incorporate databases for larger-scale operations.
– Operating System: Windows
The system is designed to run on the Windows operating system,
leveraging the system’s file-handling and console-based interface
capabilities.

17
3.2 UML Diagrams

UML diagrams serve as valuable tools for visualizing the structure and
behavior of a system. Several pertinent diagrams for the project en-
compass

3.2.1 Class Diagram for Travel Management System

Figure 3.1: Class Diagram

– Customer Class:
* Cabs Class
* Booking Class
* Charges Class
* ManageMenu Class

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– Main Functions

* main(): The entry point of the program, allowing users to in-

teract with the system by choosing options such as booking
cabs, hotels, viewing bills, or managing their details.
– File Management
* Customer and service data is stored in text files, enabling the
system to read and write information related to customer de-
tails, cab bookings, and hotel reservations.
* File Handling: The program employs file handling techniques
to persist data even after the program closes, ensuring that
user information and bookings are retained.
– Possible Refinements

* Inheritance: Consider implementing inheritance for special-

ized classes, such as Luxury Cab or Standard Cab, to differ-
entiate between cab types and offer distinct features.
* Additional Classes:You might want to introduce more classes
like User, Payment, or Invoice to improve the system’s modu-
larity and maintainability.
* Improved File Handling: Explore using a more structured
data management approach, such as a relational database
(e.g., SQLite), to enhance data integrity and retrieval effi-
ciency.

19
3.2.2 Activity Diagram of Travel Management System

Figure 3.2: Activity Diagram

20
– Start: The diagram begins with the black start circle.
– Authentication: The user enters their login ID and password. If
the user is not registered, they are prompted to register.
– Registration Decision : A decision point indicates if the user
chooses to register. If they do, they provide a username and pass-
word, and the system checks for username availability.
– Login Decision: If the user chooses to log in, the system au-
thenticates the credentials. If authentication is successful, the
flow proceeds to the main menu. If not, an error message is dis-
played, and the user can retry or exit.
– Main Menu Loop: The main menu is displayed, allowing the
user to choose different actions, such as customer management,
booking a cab, reserving a hotel, generating receipts, or exiting.
This is represented by a loop.
– Action Selection:Nested decision points determine which action
the user has chosen:
– Customer Management: Allows the user to enter new customer
details or view existing ones.
– Cab Booking:Prompts the user to choose a cab type (Standard
or Luxury), enter the kilometers to be traveled, and calculate the
cost. The user can confirm the booking.
– Hotel Booking: Displays available hotels and package options
(Standard, Premium, Luxury), and the user can confirm the book-
ing.
– Charges & Bill: Displays the receipt for the services (cab and
hotel) booked.

* Key Elements:
· Login Process: The flow begins with user login or regis-
tration.
· Main Menu Loop: Allows users to repeatedly choose
actions like searching flights, booking tickets, canceling
reservations, etc.
· Booking Flow: Separate processes for cab, hotel, and
flight bookings.
· Bill Generation: Users can generate a bill at any point
after booking services.
· Exit: Logout option to end the session and stop the pro-
cess.

21
3.2.3 Use case Diagram for Travel Management System

A use case diagram is suitable for illustrating the project workflow. It

would show the actors (faculty, administrators) and their interactions
with the system.

Figure 3.3: Use Case Diagram

Here’s a breakdown of the elements and what they represent for the
Use Case Diagram of Travel Management System:

– Travel Management System: This is the central system that

manages travel-related functionalities, including customer book-
ings, cab rentals, hotel reservations, and payment receipts.
– Customer/User: A regular user who interacts with the system
to perform various tasks related to travel services.
– Admin: An administrative user with higher-level management
capabilities, such as accessing all customer details, generating re-
ports, and handling data modifications.
– Use Cases: These are the primary functions the system offers to
the users:
* Register Customer: Allows users to register their details
in the system for access to services like cab rentals and hotel
bookings.
* Login User: Grants users access to the system using valid
credentials to perform tasks like booking and managing their
travel.

22
 * Book Cab: Users can rent a cab for travel by choosing be-
tween different types of cabs and entering the required jour-
ney details.
* Book Hotel:Users can book hotels by selecting from a range
of available options and confirming their choice.
* View Customer Details: Allows customers to view their
stored personal details and previous bookings within the sys-
tem.
* Cancel Booking:Enables users to cancel their hotel or cab
bookings.
* Generate Bill/Receipt:The system generates a detailed re-
ceipt for services rendered (cab rental and hotel booking).
* Exit System: Provides users with the option to log out or exit
the system.
– This use case breakdown highlights the roles and interac-
tions within the Travel Management System, including key
actions such as customer registration, cab and hotel book-
ings, and receipt generation.

23
3.2.4 Dataflow Diagrams

Dataflow diagrams (DFDs) can be used to visualize the flow of data

within the Travel Management System.

Level 0 DFD: The Level 0 DFD provides an overall view of the Travel
Management System as a single process. The inputs include customer
details, cab or hotel booking requests, and user selections, while the
outputs include booking confirmations, receipts, and customer data re-
ports. This diagram gives a high-level view of how customers interact
with the system and the essential data exchanges that occur during
these interactions.

Here’s a breakdown of the elements:

– Travel Management System: This is the central processor re-

sponsible for managing customer details, cab and hotel bookings,
and generating receipts.
– Customer: This external entity represents users who interact
with the system to book cabs, hotels, and manage their travel ser-
vices.
– Customer Database: This data store holds information about
registered customers, including their personal information and
booking history.
– Cab Database: This data store contains information about the
available cab services.
– Hotel Database: This data store maintains information about
available hotel packages.
– Booking Records: This data store holds the records of cab and
hotel bookings made by customers.

The arrows represent data flows, showing how information is exchanged

between the different entities and the system:

– Registration/Login Details: Customers provide their details to

register or log into the Travel Management System.
– Retrieve Customer Data: The system retrieves customer infor-
mation from the Customer Database.
– Search Cab/Hotel: The system queries the Cab Database and
Hotel Database to retrieve available cabs or hotels based on user
inputs.

24
– Create/Read/Delete Booking Records: The system creates, reads,
or deletes booking records in the Booking Records data store.
– Booking Confirmation/Receipt:The system provides booking
confirmations or receipts to the customer.

Figure 3.4: DFD Diagram

25
Level 1 DFD: This Level 1 DFD decomposes the Travel Management
System into its main modules (login, customer management, cab book-
ing, hotel booking, billing, and data management) and shows the data
flow between them.

– Processes:
* Register/Login Customer: The main process responsible
for customer registration and login.
* Book Cab: The process where the customer selects and books
a cab for travel.
* Book Hotel: The process where the customer selects and
books a hotel for accommodation.
* View/Manage Customer Details: The process that allows
customers to view and manage their personal details and book-
ing history.
* Generate Bill:The process that calculates the total cost and
generates a receipt for cab and hotel services.
* Cancel Booking: The process where the customer cancels
an existing cab or hotel booking.
– External Entities:
* Customer: The user who interacts with the system to reg-
ister, book, manage bookings, or cancel cab and hotel reserva-
tions.
* Customer Database: The data store that holds customer
registration and login details.
* Cab Database: The data store where information about avail-
able cabs and cab bookings is kept.
* Hotel Database: The data store where hotel package and
booking information is stored.
– Data Flows:
* User Credentials: Input provided by the customer during
login or registration.
* Validated Credentials: The system confirms the customer’s
credentials are correct and allows access to the system.
* Cab/Hotel Search Criteria: Input provided by the customer
to search for available cabs or hotel packages.
* Available Cabs/Hotels: The system retrieves and shows avail-
able cabs or hotels based on the customer’s search criteria.
* Booking Request: The customer selects a cab or hotel to
book, initiating a booking request.

26
 * Booking Confirmation: The system processes and confirms
the cab or hotel booking.
* Cancellation Request: The customer requests to cancel a
cab or hotel reservation.
* Cancellation Confirmation: The system confirms the can-
cellation of the booking.
* Billing Request: The system generates a bill after a success-
ful booking.
* Generated Bill: The final bill detailing the charges for cab
and hotel bookings.
– Sub-Processes:
* Validate Customer Credentials: Ensures that the customer
has entered valid login or registration details.
* Search Cabs/Hotels: The process of retrieving available cabs
or hotel options based on the customer’s search criteria.
* Book Cab/Hotel: The system books a cab or hotel after con-
firming availability.
* Cancel Booking: The system cancels an existing cab or hotel
reservation based on the customer’s request.
* Generate Receipt: The system generates the final receipt
for the booked services (cab and hotel).

27
3.2.5 Flow Chart

Figure 3.5: Flow Chart

28
The diagram represents a flowchart outlining the key steps in a Travel
Management System. It visualizes how a user interacts with the sys-
tem for cab bookings, hotel bookings, and bill generation. Here’s a
breakdown of the key components in the system:

– Login/Registration: The user begins by logging in or registering

to access the system.
* Login: Users enter credentials (username and password) to
authenticate.
* Registration: New users provide personal details to create
an account.
– Main Menu: After a successful login, the user can navigate through
different options available in the system:
* Book a Cab: The user can choose a cab type (standard or lux-
ury) and enter journey details (e.g., kilometers to be traveled).
The system calculates the fare and confirms the cab booking.
* Book a Hotel: The user selects a hotel from the available
options, chooses a package (standard, premium, or luxury),
and the system calculates the total cost based on the selection.
– Cab and Hotel Operations:
* Search Cabs: Users can search for cab options and check
pricing based on distance.
* Book Cab: Once a cab is selected, the user books the service
and confirms.
* Search Hotels: Users can search for hotels, view package
options, and select one based on preferences.
* Book Hotel: Users confirm the hotel booking and details.
– Charges and Bill:
* View Charges: After booking cabs or hotels, users can view
the calculated charges.
* Generate Bill: The system generates a bill showing the total
amount for the bookings (both cab and hotel).
– Exit or Logout: Once the user finishes, they can log out or exit
the system.

This flow chart shows how users navigate through the Travel Manage-
ment System to manage cab and hotel bookings.

29
Chapter 4

Implementation

4.1 Programming Language and Tools

• Programming Language: C++

• Tools/Libraries:

– iostream: Standard input/output stream library (for functions

like cout, cin, etc.)
– string: String manipulation library (for handling string objects)
– vector: Dynamic array library (for storing lists of items such as
customers and bookings)
– fstream: File input/output library (for reading/writing files for
user data, bookings, etc.)
– ctime: Time and date library (for getting the current time and
formatting it)
– algorithm: Standard library for common algorithms (for sort-
ing/searching, if needed)

4.2 Code Structure

• Initialization: Defines user IDs, passwords, and initializes travel-
related data such as cab and hotel information.

• User Registration: Prompts the user to create a new account with a

unique ID and password.

• Login:

– Prompts the user for login ID and password.

– If successful, displays a welcome message and proceeds to the
main menu.

30
 – If unsuccessful, prompts for retry or exit.

• Main Menu: Offers an action menu with options:

– Manage Customers (1): Allows adding, viewing, and deleting

customer records.
– Cab Rentals (2): Provides options for searching and booking cab
rentals.
– Hotel Bookings (3): Prompts user for hotel preferences and man-
ages reservations.
– Billing/Receipts Management (4): Displays and generates bills
for completed transactions.
– Logout (5): Exits the system and thanks the user.

4.3 Action Handling

• Manage Customers:

– Allows adding new customers and viewing existing records.

– Enables deletion of customer records as needed.

• Cab Rentals:

– Prompts the user for cab rental preferences.

– Retrieves available cabs based on user input and allows selection
for booking.

• Hotel Bookings:

– Allows users to search for hotels based on their preferences.

– Facilitates booking and cancellation of hotel reservations.

• Billing/Receipts Management:

– Generates and displays billing information for completed book-

ings.

• Logout: Returns the user to the login prompt and exits the application.

4.4 Implementation Details

4.4.1 Authentication
The code utilizes a secure method for authenticating users by comparing the
inputted login ID and password against stored credentials in a database. It is

31
crucial that passwords are not hardcoded into the application. Instead, mod-
ern implementations employ hashing and salting techniques for password se-
curity, ensuring that sensitive information remains protected and minimizing
risks associated with unauthorized access.

4.4.2 Customer Management

• Customer Data: The system manages customer data, which includes
information such as names, contact details, and booking history.

• Customer Registration: Users can register with unique IDs and pass-
words, ensuring their information is securely stored.

• Data Retrieval: Users can view and manage their personal informa-
tion and booking history as needed.

4.4.3 Cab and Hotel Management

• Cab Data: The system retrieves cab data from files, including cab
types, availability, and rental costs.

• Hotel Data: The system maintains hotel information, enabling users

to search for available accommodations.

• Booking Process: Users can book cabs and hotels, which involves
checking availability and confirming reservations through secure data
storage.

4.4.4 Billing Management

• Billing Records: Billing information is stored in a structured format
within files, allowing for easy retrieval and reporting.

• Receipt Generation: The system generates detailed receipts for all

transactions, including itemized lists of services and total costs.

4.4.5 Important Considerations and Potential Improvements

• Security: Although the current authentication mechanism is secure,
additional measures like multi-factor authentication can further en-
hance user safety.

• Error Handling: The system should implement comprehensive error

handling for scenarios such as failed file operations or booking errors,
providing users with clear feedback.

32
 • Code Organization: To improve maintainability, the code should uti-
lize modular design patterns, encapsulating functionalities into distinct
classes or functions.

• User Interface: The current console-based interface could be enhanced

with a graphical user interface (GUI) for a more user-friendly experi-
ence.

• Data Storage: Transitioning from flat files to a relational database

management system (e.g., SQLite) will improve data handling and scal-
ability, especially with large datasets.

• Input Validation: The system should include thorough input valida-

tion to ensure that user inputs meet expected formats and ranges, pre-
venting potential errors during processing.

4.5 Conclusion
The Travel Management System, while functional, exhibits several areas for
improvement in security, code organization, and user experience. The au-
thentication mechanism, although more secure than hardcoded passwords,
can benefit from enhanced measures such as multi-factor authentication and
stronger password hashing techniques. The code structure, while opera-
tional, could be further refined through modular design patterns to improve
readability and maintainability.

33
Chapter 5

Testing and Validation

5.1 Testing Methodology

5.1.1 Overview of Testing Approaches
A combination of black-box and white-box testing is suitable.

• Black-box: This approach validates the system’s functionality based

on user interactions and inputs without requiring knowledge of the in-
ternal code. It ensures that the program behaves as expected during
operations like customer registration, cab rentals, hotel bookings, and
billing.

• White-box: This method involves creating test cases based on the in-
ternal logic of the code. It tests various paths, conditions, and loops,
such as validating user input and processing bookings.

5.1.2 Types of Testing

• Unit Testing: Tests individual functions/modules, such as user regis-
tration, login validation using string comparison, file operations, and
data handling.

• Integration Testing: Verifies the interaction between different mod-

ules, for example, how user authentication integrates with customer
management and how booking processes affect availability.

• System Testing: Evaluates the entire system in a real-world con-

text, simulating user scenarios such as logging in, managing customers,
renting cabs, booking hotels, and generating bills to ensure seamless
operation.

• Acceptance Testing: Involves end-users testing the system to ensure

it meets their requirements and usability standards before deployment.

34
5.2 Test Cases

Figure 5.1: Test Cases for Travel Management System

5.3 Testing Environment

5.3.1 Hardware Requirements
A regular computer with sufficient storage space to accommodate all travel-
related records and user data.

5.3.2 Software Requirements

• A C++ compiler, for example, GCC or any suitable IDE that supports
C++ development.

• A text editor or IDE (such as Visual Studio, Code::Blocks, or Qt Creator)

for code editing.

• An operating system that supports file handling and data storage, like
Windows, Linux, or macOS.

35
5.3.3 Configuration Settings
The compiler should be properly configured to compile C++ programs, and
the application must have necessary permissions to create and delete files
and databases in specified paths.

5.4 Results and Analysis

5.4.1 Summary of Test Results
Document which test cases for functionalities such as login, customer man-
agement, cab rentals, hotel bookings, and billing passed, failed, or executed
with unexpected behavior.

5.4.2 Performance Metrics

While not always necessary, it can be beneficial to measure the time taken for
operations such as searching for cabs or hotels, booking a cab, and generating
bills to ensure optimal performance.

5.4.3 Error Rates and Anomalies

Log errors that occur during testing. Identify sources of errors, such as in-
correct file paths, logical errors in data handling, and issues with user input
processing.

5.5 Validation Procedures

5.5.1 Criteria for Validation
• Functional correctness: The system performs its intended functions
correctly (user registration, login, customer management, cab rentals,
hotel bookings, billing).

• Data integrity: Travel-related data should be stored accurately and

consistently.

• User-friendliness: The interface should be easy to navigate and un-

derstand for end-users.

5.5.2 Techniques Used

• Manual Testing: Executing test cases by interacting with the program
via the console.

• Code Reviews: Reviewing the code for potential flaws and weaknesses
in logic and design.

36
5.6 User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
5.6.1 UAT Objectives
• Ensure the system meets the actual needs of the users (customers and
staff).

• Identify any usability issues or areas of confusion.

5.6.2 Participant Feedback

Collect feedback from users on their experience with the system, focusing on
ease of use and functionality.

5.6.3 Changes Made Based on UAT Results

Modify the system based on user feedback (e.g., improving instructions, adding
features, fixing bugs).

5.7 Regression Testing

5.7.1 Purpose of Regression Testing
Ensure that new changes or bug fixes do not introduce new issues or damage
existing functionality.

5.7.2 Frequency and Scope of Regression Tests

Perform regression testing after making significant code changes. Re-run a
subset of the most important test cases to ensure core functionalities remain
intact.

5.8 Conclusion
5.8.1 Summary of Testing Outcomes
Summarize the overall testing process, including the number of test cases
executed, pass/fail rates, and key findings.

5.8.2 Overall Project Validation Status

Based on the outcomes and results of testing and user feedback, the Travel
Management System has been successfully validated for use.

37
Chapter 6

Results

This chapter presents the results of the testing and validation procedures
that were outlined in Chapter 3. Specifically, we will summarize the results
of the test cases executed, analyze the performance metrics, and discuss any
errors or anomalies that were encountered while testing the system.

6.1 Summary of Test Results

The table below lists the overall results of the test cases that were executed
on the Travel Management System:

Test Case ID Description Result

TC_001 Valid user login credentials Pass
TC_002 Invalid user login credentials Pass
TC_003 Search for available cabs Pass
TC_004 Book a cab with valid details Pass
TC_005 Cancel a booked cab Pass
TC_006 Attempt to book a cab with insufficient balance Fail
TC_007 Attempt to search with invalid criteria Fail
TC_008 Attempt to cancel a non-existent booking Fail
TC_009 Update user details with valid information Pass
TC_010 Attempt to view booking history Pass

Table 6.1: Summary of Test Results

The system passed all test cases related to valid logins and cab booking
functionalities. However, it failed in cases concerning error handling and
input validation, such as booking with insufficient balance, searching with
invalid criteria, and canceling non-existent bookings.

38
6.2 Performance Metrics
Although performance optimization was not the primary focus of this project,
we observed satisfactory performance metrics during testing:

• Login Response Time: The average time taken for user login was
approximately 1.0 seconds.

• Cab Search Time: The time taken to search for available cabs aver-
aged around 0.7 seconds.

• Booking Confirmation Time: The average time for confirming a book-

ing was about 1.2 seconds.

• Cancellation Time: Canceling a booking took less than 1 second on

average.

These metrics indicate that the system performs well and meets user ex-
pectations for responsiveness.

6.3 Error Rates and Anomalies

During testing, the following errors and anomalies were encountered:

• TC_006: The system failed to handle cases of insufficient balance grace-

fully, leading to an error message instead of prompting the user for a
valid balance check. This highlights the need for better input valida-
tion.

• TC_007: Searching with invalid criteria resulted in an unhandled ex-

ception, indicating inadequate error handling mechanisms within the
cab search functionality.

• TC_008: The system did not handle the cancellation of non-existent

bookings correctly, causing a program exit rather than providing a user-
friendly error message.

These errors underscore the need for improved error handling and user
feedback mechanisms.

6.4 Feedback from User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

User acceptance testing (UAT) was conducted with a group of five users, in-
cluding both customers and staff, to gather feedback on the system’s usability
and efficiency. Overall feedback was positive, but some concerns were raised:

39
 • Clarity of Instructions: Some users indicated that the on-screen in-
structions could be clearer, particularly for the booking and cancellation
functionalities.

• Error Messages: Users noted that certain error messages lacked clar-
ity and did not guide them effectively on how to rectify the issue.

• Confirmation Prompts: Users suggested implementing confirmation

prompts for critical actions, such as canceling a booking, to prevent
accidental actions.

In response to this feedback, the following modifications were made:

• Improved on-screen instructions for better clarity.

• Enhanced error messages to be more informative and user-friendly.

• Added confirmation prompts before executing critical actions like book-

ing and canceling cabs.

6.5 Regression Testing

After implementing the modifications based on UAT feedback, a regression
test was conducted to ensure that no new bugs were introduced and that ex-
isting functionalities remained intact. All previously passed test cases were
re-executed, and the system continued to function as expected.

6.6 Conclusion
The testing and validation process revealed that the Travel Management Sys-
tem largely meets its functional requirements. However, it also highlighted
areas for improvement, particularly in input validation, error handling, and
user interface design. Feedback from UAT provided valuable insights into
addressing usability issues to better serve the intended users.
In summary, while there are areas for enhancement, the overall valida-
tion status of the project is positive. The system serves as a functional core
for a travel management system, with significant potential for further devel-
opment and refinement in future iterations.

40
Chapter 7

Conclusion

This project has successfully initiated a core Travel Management System us-
ing C++ with file handling and database management techniques. The sys-
tem supports essential features such as user registration, login, cab rentals,
hotel bookings, and billing/receipts management.

7.1 Key Achievements

• Functional Core System: The project has effectively implemented
essential travel management functions, including user authentication,
cab rentals, hotel bookings, and billing management.

• File-Based Data Storage: The system uses file handling techniques

to ensure data persistence for booking and user information.

• Modular Design: The code is organized into separate modules, such

as user management, cab management, hotel management, and billing
management, allowing for better scalability and future enhancements.

• User Interaction: The system provides a command-line interface (CLI)

for user interaction, enabling users to navigate through various func-
tions seamlessly.

7.2 Areas for Improvement

• Security Enhancement: The current authentication system lacks ro-
bust security measures. Implementing password encryption (hashing
and salting) will ensure user data protection and strengthen the sys-
tem’s security.

• Code Optimization: The code structure can be further optimized by

refactoring nested if-else statements into more modular components

41
 and utilizing better design patterns, making the system more main-
tainable and easier to extend.

• Error Handling: The error handling mechanism could be improved

by implementing better exception handling during file operations and
user input, ensuring the system handles unexpected inputs or system
failures more gracefully.

• User Interface Enhancement: Transitioning from a console-based

interface to a graphical user interface (GUI) will improve user experi-
ence, making the system more intuitive and visually appealing.

• Database Integration: Replacing the current file-based data storage

with a full database integration (e.g., using SQLite or MySQL) will en-
hance data querying capabilities and efficiently handle larger datasets.

• Input Validation: Strengthening input validation will help prevent

invalid inputs, reducing the chances of errors and improving system
robustness.

• Advanced Reporting: Adding advanced reporting features such as

customer statistics, booking trends, and revenue reports will provide a
comprehensive overview for administrators.

7.3 Future Directions

• GUI Development: Developing a user-friendly graphical interface us-
ing libraries like Qt will enhance user interaction by providing more
visual elements, buttons, and menus.

• Full Database Integration: Shifting to a database management sys-

tem for handling bookings, cab rentals, and user data will improve per-
formance, data consistency, and scalability as the system grows.

• Advanced Features: Future improvements could include automated

email notifications for booking confirmations, integration with payment
gateways for ticket purchases, and support for multiple user roles (ad-
min, staff, customer).

• Mobile App Development: A mobile version of the Travel Manage-

ment System will allow users to book and manage their reservations on
the go, providing a more accessible and convenient experience.

• Cloud Deployment: Deploying the system to a cloud platform (e.g.,

AWS, Azure) will improve accessibility, allowing users to access the sys-
tem from any location while ensuring data backups and scalability.

42
7.4 Conclusion
In conclusion, this project demonstrates the development of a fundamental
Travel Management System with core features such as booking, canceling,
and managing rentals and hotel reservations. While the system functions
well for basic operations, there are opportunities for significant improve-
ments in security, performance, and user experience.
Future enhancements, such as stronger authentication mechanisms, database
integration, and graphical user interfaces, will make the system more ro-
bust, secure, and user-friendly. This project highlights the potential of C++
programming for real-world applications, utilizing file handling, modular de-
sign, and database management techniques.
The current implementation serves as a foundational system that, with
further development, could evolve into a full-fledged Travel Management
Platform capable of handling complex operations and providing a seamless
user experience.

43
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[5] Hipp, Richard. SQLite Documentation. SQLite.org, 2024. Link

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