344 Index
desaturation, of filter cakes (contd.) dried harbor sludge, shrinkage cracks in
for sharp edges and corners 218 204
non-wetting 216 drum filter
soil-washing 216 for counter-current washing 192
surface tension 208 filtrate discharge 253
bubble method 214 dutch weaves 304
capillary method 214 maximal cut size 304
of different liquids 209 three-dimensional weave technology
dynamic 212 of 305
as function of surfactant
concentration 210, 211 e
plate method 213 electrically enhanced press filtration
ring method 212 292–293
of water 210 energy consumption, for mechanical
surfactants and thermal cake deliquoring
adsorption equilibrium 211 246–248
concentration gradient 211 extraction process 176
migration 210
three-phase contact line 215 f
deformation of solid body 215 Fest pressure filter 201
force balance 215 FEST rotary pressure filter 178,
wetting 192–194
definition 216 fibrilized cellulose fibers 81
pore geometry 218 filter apparatuses 1, 6, 32, 41, 65, 76,
diafiltration, in fed batch mode 183 104, 105, 136, 178, 193, 201, 232,
diaphragm filter press 275 251, 282, 299–301, 321, 323
heat transfer plate for 275 filter cakes 176
diatomaceous earth 4, 5, 15, 80–82, fingering effects during permeation
302 washing 188
dilution washing 176, 182 gas consumption matrix 244
diafiltration in fed batch mode 183 homogeneous 187
in hydrocyclones 183 pore size distribution in 188
paddle washer 184 shrinkage cracks in 192
in single cake filtration apparatus shrinkage of 198
185 filter cloth 92, 108, 110, 120, 123, 135,
stirred pressure nutsche filter 186 137, 157, 159, 197, 199, 232,
two-stage co-current dilution 309–312, 321, 322, 329
washing 185 filter media
dimension matrix 58 belt filters 301
disc filters, ceramic filter element for ceramic filter element for disc filters
302 302
discontinuous cake filtration process depth 301
106 in double wire presses 301
dispersion 182, 186 drainage system 300
in porous beds 187 filter cake deliquoring 300
displacement 80, 186–191, 214, 236, flow resistance 299, 310
237, 247, 258, 259, 283 function 299
Index 345
interactions with slurry properties hyperbaric filter 110, 111, 192, 193,
299 201, 249
particle retention 299
porometry 310–320 i
semipermeable 321–330 ideal sharp fractionation 27
surface filtration 302 incompressible cake desaturation, by gas
types 301 differential pressure 203
vacuum belt filter 302 influencing parameters 41, 58, 60, 94,
woven filter media 304–310 213, 239
filter press cycle 138 integral material balance 26, 27
filtration kinetics, in filter presses 140 isentropic coefficient 243
fingering effect 188, 227, 228, 236, 258
flocculation 45, 75, 80, 89, 196
k
Kaolin particles 15, 16
flow resistance 4, 15, 50–54, 57, 68, 91,
Kelvin-equation 224
97, 98, 120, 125, 127, 129, 130,
132–135, 151, 152, 156, 197, 299,
l
310, 312, 326, 327, 330 lab filtration unit 98
FrameTrak system 310 laminar flow 30, 60, 66, 69, 127, 187
friction forces 60, 197 limestone filter cake, shrinkage cracks in
204
g liquid bridges 203, 218, 219, 229, 237,
gas differential pressure, incompressible 266, 280, 281
cake desaturation by 203 liquid flow through porous particle
gas pressure 4, 41, 87, 100, 159, 201, layers
203, 219, 226, 231, 234–236, 243, dimension analytic approach 57–61
246, 261, 270, 278, 283, 314 empirical approach 61–63
Gibbs equation 208 liquid properties 13, 14
glass beads 54, 62, 92, 221, 312, 313, liquid saturation degree 206, 228
318 liquid viscosity, permeation washing
grade efficiency 28, 31 188
lotus-effect 217
h
Hagen–Poiseuille equation 266 m
HiBar drum filter 111 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
HiBar oyster filter 112 133, 258
homogeneous filter cakes 42, 52, 103, matrix transformation 58, 59
139, 187, 231, 232, 243 maximal pore size 311, 317
horizontal filters 32, 115, 187 microporous ceramic plates 321
horizontal peeler centrifuges 153, 154, microporous membranes 4, 5, 90, 91,
157, 199 99, 226, 248, 299, 302, 305,
horizontal vacuum belt filters 192 325–329
hydrocyclone 4, 25, 26, 31, 66, 70, 76, mode of filtration 96, 97
77, 164, 183 moving bed washer 190
particle washing in 183
hydrostatic pressure 87, 119, 142, 146, n
159, 214, 224, 314, 323 non-wetting 218
hyperbaric disc filter 110, 111 definition 216
346 Index
p wash ratio, influence of 189
paddle washer 184 piston-film model 267
parallel cylindrical tubes 225 plate method
particle arrangement 41, 42, 46, 49–52 contact angles 219, 220
particle porosity 44 surface tension 213
particle retention 299, 300, 304, 305, poreless membranes 4
310 pore size 52, 54
particle washing determination
characterization 180–182 capillary flow porometry 313
co-current 178 conventional microscopic analysis
counter-current 178 312
dilution 176, 182 direct measuring methods 312,
limits 178–180 313
permeation 176, 186 glass beads 313
principles 176–178 indirect measuring methods 312,
particles 313
collectives distribution 311
characterization 20–24 porometry
fractionation 24–31 bubble-point and microscopic
properties 14–31 analysis
single, of characterization 16–19 circular pore 316
peeler centrifuges 10, 151, 153–159, slotted pore 317
199, 267, 269, 270, 289 square shaped pore 318
permeation washing 176, 181 bubble-point and sieving analysis
dispersion in porous beds 187 dutch weaved fabrics 320
drum filter for counter-current lace weaved fabrics 320
washing 192 bubble-point correlation 315–318
FEST rotary pressure filter 193 bubble-point measurement apparatus
on filter presses 196 313
fingering effect 188 circular pore 315
in horizontal peeler centrifuges 199 maximal pore size 311
on lab scale diaphragm filter press pore size determination 312–315
194 pore size distribution, wet and dry
liquid viscosity on 188 run 314
moving bed washer 190 single plain dutch weave pore 318
pusher centrifuges 194 slotted pore 317
shrinkage cracks in filter cake 192 square shaped pore 316
shrinkage of filter cakes 198 triangular shaped pore 317
stagnant locations near filter media porosimetry 41
197 porosity
steam cabin 200 agglomerate 45
steam pressure filtration 201 for different pressure 136
steam washing and deliquoring 200 elementary cell volume 47
vacuum belt filter 192 function 48, 51
vacuum pan filter 193 irregular shaped 43
in ventrical filter centrifuges 196 macro-pores 45
washing time, influence of 189 packing density 47
