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 A HANDBOOK AND GRAMMAR

OF THE

TAGALOG LANGUAGE,

BY

First Lieut. W. E. W. MacKINLAY,

First Ca-valry, U. S. Army,
Member American Oriental Society.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1905.
 WAR DEPARTMENT,
Document No. 260.

OFFICE OF CHIEF OF STAFF.

. f.'
 ERRATA.
Page 29, ninth line from bottom. For "(Sp.)" read ''(Sp. : from
A-ztec.)-'
Page 45. twenty -seventh line from bottom. For ''^
Loiigos-- read

Page &2, eleventh line from bottom. For pmuiing " read
'"'' '"''
paxiang.'''^
 fiUCKAMMEX

PL
(oo£3

[Extract.]

War Department,
Office of the Chief of Staff,
Washington, August 30, 1905.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a work
entitled "A Handbook and Grammar of the Tagalog Language," consist-
ing of 399 pages of typewriting, which I estimate will make about 200 pages
in print. I would suggest that the work be bound in a substantial water-
proof cover, similar to that used for the latest edition of the "Soldier's
Handbook," and that the size be 8 by 5| inches, or approximately so.
I would also invite attention to the folders accompanying. * * * it
would be best to have the left-hand edge of the folders begin at the outside
margin of the printed page, so that when extended the student could read
the corresponding text to the synopsis at the same time and not be obhged
to turn the pages back and forth.
* * ^ * * * *
Very respectfully,
William E. W. MacKinlay,
First Lieutenant, First Cavalry.
Maj. William D. Beach,
Chief, Second {Military Information) Division,
Washington, D. C.
3

688209

: r».'«iXlLDiJr
 PREFACE.
Shortly after the arrival of the author in the Philippines he, in common
with inanj' others, felt the need of a work upon the Tagalog language in
English, and began to prepare this compendium, working upon it from
time to time as other military duties permitted, and, upon being ordered to
duty in Washington for the purpose of having better facilities for the c(jm-
pletionof the work, has been enabled to bring it to such completion, under
the direction of Maj. W. D. Beach, Fifteenth Cavalry, chief of the Second
Division, General Staff.
As the Tagalog, belonging to a very different family of languages from
those with which Americans are familiar, has extremely dissimilar char-
acteristics from English or any Aryan tongue, the writer has devised a
type scheme, presented in the folder herewith, by which the salient points
of difference may be seen at a glance and vividly retained in the memory,
thus enabling the student to use correct and intelligible Tagalog.
Supplemented by that constant practice necessary for the ear, it is believed
that the copious index to this work, together with the type scheme, selected
vocabularies, and plain nontechnical (as far as possible) explanations of
the grammatical structure of Tagalog, will prove to be of value to those
whose duty or inclination may lead them to consult this book. Such, at
least, is the hope of the writer.
The Tagalog language is easily pronounced, regular in its forms, and
although its structure is complex," yet when once grasped it is so plain that
it is not only clearly comprehended, but is a key to all the INIalayan tongues,
especially to those of the Philippines. It is an idiom which builds up its
sentence's and parts of speech from roots by means of particles which
are prefixed, infixed, or suffixed to the roots. Several of these particles
may l)e combined with the sameroot, each having its share in the modifi-
cation of the inherent idea of the root.
Attention is also invited to the great use of the "definite" in Tagalog,
the so-called "passive" of the Spanish writers upon this subject.
The index, which has been made very full and copious, should be con-
sulted, as every probable combination of particles has been noted, as well
as Tagalog roots and English words occurring in the work. For example,
every word preceded by the compound particle ipinag has been listed, thus
enabling the root to be" found at once, and so on in like manner.
The writer desires to express his appreciation for assistance received
from the militarv authorities both in the Philippine Islands and the United
States, from maiiv of his brother oflicers, and from Profs. Friedrich Hirth,
of Columbia; E. W. Hopkins, of Yale (secretary of the American Oriental
Societv) Paul Haupt and F. \V. Blake, of Johns Hopkins; Otis T. INIason,
;

of the Smithsonian Institution, and the late John W. Huett, of Luther

College, Illinois. Valuable suggestions were also received from Messrs.
Pedro Serrano Laktaw, author of a Tagalog-Spanish dictionary; Luis
Torres, and Vicente Albert, all of Manila.
 A HANDBOOK AND GRAMMAR OF THE TAGALOG
LANGUAGE.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OI^ TAGALOG.

BOOKS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK.

It is scarcely necessary to mention that authorities upon Tagalog have

not been very plentiful, even with the great revival of interest in the
Malayo-Polynesian languages which has taken place within the last few
years. The number of works, old and new, large and small, upon this
subject, or bearing upon it, is very close to forty, and many of these are
of little value or are obsolete. The number of reprints, however, brings
the aggregate up to about one hundred, but this has no bearing upon the
material available for study.
The isolation of the Philippine Islands under the Spanish regime also
contributed to the neglect of the Philippine languages, and it seems almost
as if Spanish and foreign workers in this field studiously avoided consulting
one another's researches, or else were ignorant of them. In the review
of books written upon Tagalog, or containing notices of it, works written

——
to teach Spanish to the Tagalogs, novels generally romances of the type
current in the middle ages in Europe lives of saints, and miscellaneous
works, which make up what may be called the Tagalog literature, have
been omitted. The total number of works in Tagalog may be estimated
at from four to five hundred, and very few can be said to have a literary
value.
The energy of those who are able to write Tagalog well has mainly been
absorbed in newspaper work, and no great work has as yet appeared in the
language.
It can scarcely be doubted that if some of the great works of the world
were translated into Tagalog and placed where they would be accessible to
the common })eop]e, who do not speak or read Spanish, and are almost too
old to learn English well, that the results would be of great and immediate
importance in the mental development of the race.
The honor of the first written treatise upon the Tagalog language prob-
ably belongs to the Friar Agustin de Alburquenjue, who arrived at Manila
from Nueva Espafia (^lexico) in 1571, and after three years' residence in
Taal, Balayan, and other parts of Batangas, became Prior of Tondoin 1575,
holding the position until his death in 1580. This treatise has neter been
published, and the assertion is opposed by the Franciscan order, which
claims the credit for the first work upon this subject. (See Vol. II, p.
563, " Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas, de Zufiiga," edited by W. E. Retana,
^Madrid, 1893; " La Poh'tica de Espafia en Filipinas," ano VI, niim. 134; and
the "Cattilogo Bio-Bibliografico de los Religiosos Agustinos," Perez,
Manila, 1901.)
To the Franciscan friar Juan de Plasencia, or Portocarrero, who came
to the Philippines with the first mission of his order in 1577, is attril)uted
an '* Arte y Diccionario " of Tagalog in 1581, which has remained in manu-
script. (See " Catalogo Biografico de los Religiosos Franciscanos, " Moya,
Manila, 1880.)
8 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
However, the most important point is when the first printed work upon
the language was published, and this was undoubtedly in the year KilO,
when an " Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala," by Friar Francisco de San
Jose of the Dominican order, and who arrived in the Philippines in 1595,
was printed in the "Fartido de Bataan," probaljly by Tomtts Pinpi'n, a
Tagalog. The book is a quarto of 327 pages of rice paper. One copy
exists in the ]\Iaseo-Biblioteca de Ultramar at Madrid. Other editions of
this book were printed at Manila in 1752 and 1832. (See Retana' sedition
of Zuniga, pp. 101-105.)
This work was followed in 1612 by the "Yocabulario de la Lengua
Tagala," by Friar Pedro de Ran Buenaventura of the Franciscan onler,
who was in charge of parishes in the present province of La Laguna, and
whose work was printed in Pila by Tomas Pinpin and Domingo Loag,
Tagalogs. The book is described by Medina in his "La Imprenta en
Manila," Santiago de Chile, 1896, and a facsimile of the title-page is given.
The Franciscan friar Juan de Oliver, who died in the Camarines in
1597, is said to have written a treatise upon the Tagalog, but his work
seema to have been limited to correcting and adding to the "Arte y Diccio-
nario" of Plasencia. Another of the same order, Francisco de San Anto-
nio, who was in charge of Baler from 1611 to 1616, and from that time
until his death in 1624 resided in the present La Laguna, wrote an
" Arte " and a Tagalog-Spanish vocabulary, which works existed in manu-
script in 1745, the author being known also as "Orejita." (See Cat.
Biog. Rel. Fran., Manila, 1880; and the preface to the "Arte" of Totanes.)
The Augustinian friar Juan de Quinones, who died in Manila in 1587,
also left a work ui^on the Tagalog, which is said by Beristain to have been
printed in Manila in 1581. (See Beristain, Biblioteca Hispano-Americana
Setentrional, Amecameca, Mexico, 1883-1887, 2d ed. ) The first edition
was printed in Mexico City in 1816. (See Vol. II, p. 464.) The matter
seems to be doubtful.
The Franciscan friar Geronimo Monte y Escamilla, who died in 1614,
is said to have left in manuscript an "Arte" and "Diccionario" in Taga-
log, but the work, if extant, is in the archives of his order. (See Cat.
Rel. Fran., Manila, 1880, p. 60.) A similar manuscript is said to have
been written by Francisco de San Antonio, of the same order, who came
to the Philippines in 1606 and died at Pila, La Laguna, in 1624. (See Id.,
p. 139.)
The third printed work upon Tagalog was the "Arte de Idioma Taga-
log," by the Franciscan Agustin de la Magdalena, who arrived in the
islands in 1665 and lived in Tayabas and Laguna for some years. Return-
ing to Mexico he there gave his manuscripts to the press in 1679, and in
1684 returned to Manila, dying in Santa Cruz de La Laguna in 1689. (See
La Imprenta en Mexico, Medina, Sevilla, 1893, No. 1784; and Cat. Rel.
Fran., Manila, 1880, p. 292.)
The Dominican friar Teodoro (Quiros) de la Madre de Dios, who came
to the islands in 1627 and died in 1662, has been credited with an "Arte"
of Tagalog by some bibliographers of Philippine literature, but ]\Iedina
marks such a work as doubtful, as far as the printing is concerned.
The eighteenth century witnessed a revival of interest in the language,
and in 1703 two works, both of which have been reprinted, were printed.
The first was the "Compendio de la Arte de la lengua Tagala," printed
in Manila. This excellent treatise was reprinted at Sampaloc in 1787, and
in Manila proper in 1879. Both the early editions are now rare. The
author was the Augustinian friar Gaspar de San Agustin, who came to the
Philippines in 1668, and died in Manila in 1724. He is better known as
the author of the work "Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas," Part I, Mad-
rid, 1698; Part II, Valladolid, 1890. The third edition, however, retains
many obsolete words.
The second work was a "Yocabulario," or dictionary of the Tagalog,
written by the Franciscan friar Domingo de los Santos, who came to the
Philippines in 1665, and after administering parishes mainly in La Laguna,
('^

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 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 9
died in Majayjay in 1695. His work was printed in the town of Taya])as
in 1703, and but two copies seem to be known. One is from the Marsden
collection, and is in the library of King's College, London, and the other
in the archives of the Franciscan order. Some leaves of a manuscript
"Arte" by the same author are also preserved in the archives. This dic-
tionary was reprinted in Samp;iloc in 1794 and in INIanila in 1835. It is
now obsolete. (See Cat. Kel. Fran., Manila, 1880, p. 294; Biblioteca Fili-
pina, Retana, Madrid, 1898 [referred to hereafter as R.]; Nos. 77 and 148;
Id., Nos. 26 note, 66 note, 66 and 594; and Cat. Bio.-Bib. Rel. Agustinos'
Manila, 1901, pp. 133-134.)
The next work upon this subject was the "Arte y Reglas de la lengua
Tagala," by the Augustinian friar Tomus Ortiz, printed at the convento
of Sampaloc in 1740. The author came to tlie Philippines in 1690, was a
missionary in China until about 1712, and died in ^Manila in 1742. (See
Medina, La Imprenta en Manila and Cat. Rel. Agustinos, p. 169.)
In 1742 the Franciscan friar IMelchor Oyanguren de Santa Ines, who
had lived in the Philippines, mainly at Los Baiios and Sariaya, from 1717
to 1736, gave a work to the press in Mexico entitled "Tagalysmo." This
interesting book, which has never been reprinted, compares with Tagalog
the Mandarin dialect of Chinese, Hebrew, and Greek, the Tagalog being
reduced as far as possible to a Latin basis. (R., 39.)
In 1745 the work of the Franciscan Sebastian de Totanes was printed
at Sampaloc. This valuable treatise, entitled "Arte de la lengua Tagala y
Manual Tagalog," was rei)rinted at Sampaloc in 1796, at Manila in 1850,
and in Binondo ( Manila) in 1865. (R., 42, 79, 202, and 329. ) The author
came to the Philippines in 1717 and remained twenty-nine years in the
islands. During his residence at Lilio and Pagsanhan, La Laguna, from
1732 to 1738, he wrote the foregoing book. He died in ^Madrid in 1748,
having left the Philippines in 1746. (Cat. Rel. Fran., Manila, 1880, pp.
390-391.)
In 1754 the great " Vocabulario," or dictionary, of the Tagalog, explained
in Spanish, was printed at Manila by the Jesuits. The main authors were
Juan de Noceda, S. J., and Pedro de San Lucar, S. J. A second edition,
with a Spanish-Tagalog api:)endix, was printed in Valladolid in 1832, which
is now very rare, nearly all copies having been lost by shipwreck en route
to the islands. There is a copy in the Library of Congress. Another
edition, with additions, was printed by the Augustinian order at ^lanila
in 1860. This work, although many words are obsolete, is the standard
on Tagalog as yet. It is also becoming rare. (R., 48, 136, and 268.
The next work containing a notice of Tagalog is in English. In Johann
Reinhold Forster's "Observations made during a Voyage round the
World" (London, 1778; German
translation by his son, Georg Forster,
Berlin, 1783) a list of 47 English words
is given, with their equivalents in
Tagalog, Pampango, Malay, and several Polynesian dialects. From some
rare words the Tagalog would appear to have been taken from Noceda
and San Lucar. Forster was born in Germany in 1729, a descendant of
the Forester family of Scotland, and accompanied Captain Cook in his
second voyage to tlie South Sea (1772-1775). After his return he became
professor at Halle, Germany, where he died in 1798. His book is espe-
cially valuable concerning the Polynesian races and islands.
A few years later the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas (born 17-11,
died 1811), who had become professor of natural history in the Imperial
Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg in 1768, published there in 1787-
1789 the' work known as the " Vocabularium Catharina\" from its patron-
ess, Catharine II. Written in Russian, it gives the corresponding word
for nearlv 200 terms in 200 languages. In this list Pampango is No. 186
and Tagalog No. 187. The source is not given, but that for the Tagalog is
evidently the same as that of Forster. Tlie Latin equivalent for the Rus-
sian words is given in the preface. The full title of the work is " Linguarum
totius Orbis Vocabularia comparativa. " It is in two quarto volumes.
10 TAQALOG LANGUAGE.
At the .same time the Spanish author Lorenzo Hervas y Panduro (born
1735, died 1809), of the Society of Jesus, ])ul)Ushed two works bearing
upon Tagalogto a slight extent, but of importance as ins])irinu; other work
upon the same line. The first Mas his "Aritmetica," published in Cesena,
Italy, in 1785, and the second, his " Vocabolario Poliglotto," pul)Ushed at
the same place in 1787, both in Italian. In the latter he gives specimens
of the language of 1593, of 1604, and his own time. The Spanish edition,
printed at Madrid in two volumes in 1801, has his observations upon
Tagalog in the second volume.
In 1803 Prof. Franz Carl Alter, librarian of the Imperial and Royal
University of Vienna, published a work of 60 i:)ages upon the Tagalog,
with the title "Ueber die tagalische Sprache." This work seems based
upon a manuscript vocabulary from the library of Count Wrbna at Vienna,
supplemented by words from Pallas and the works of the Abbe Hervas.
The latter seems to have corresponded with Alter, who speaks of Hervas
in the preface to his book, and also of Miss Knight, of England, probably
a sister of Thomas Payne Knight, the numismatist, as being interested in
his researches.
A work which is yet of value to the student is that of Johann Christoph
Adelung (born in Germany in 1731, died in Dresden, Saxony, 1806),
entitled "^Nlithridates, oder Allgemeine Sprachenkunde." In the first
volume, which appeared at Berlin in 1806, on pages 127 and 128, two ver-
—
sions of the Lord's Prayer are given one of 1593 and the other of current
—
form with an explanation of the granunatical forms as deduced from the
W'Ords. The author, who gives specimens from over 500 languages, is best
remembered for his great work in (German philology, and at the time of
his death was principal librarian of the Elector of Saxony, at Dresden,
Adriano Balbi (born in Venice in 1782, died there 1848) published an
"Atlas Ethnographique du Globe" at Paris in 1826. (See Table No. 364
and pp. 246 to 249, for remarks upon Tagalog.)
The catalogue of "William Marsden, the eminent orientalist (born in
England in 1754, died there 1836), puV)lished at London in 1827, contains
mention of some manuscript "Artes" of Tagalog not known to have been
printed. One is an "Arte" by a Dominican friar, dated 1736, and the
other a " Vocabulario" by the Dominican INIiguel Ruiz, dated 1580. This,
however, must be an error, as the Dominicans did not arrive in the Phil-
ippines until 1587. Miguel Ruiz was one of their early friars, but little
seems to have been recorded about him. In Marsden's Miscellaneous
Works (London, 1834), page 94, are also some observations upon Tagalog.
To the genius of the German author Wilhelm von Humboldt the world
is indebted for his magnificent work upon the Malayo-Polynesian languages,
which was published by the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin, in three
volumes, in 1838, under the title "Ueber die Kawi-Sprache auf der Insel
Java." His dissertation upon the Tagalog verbal system and formations
in Volume II, pages 347 to 396, clearly establishes the fact that the Tagalog
and allied tongues of the Philippines have preserved the verbal modifying
particles to a greater extent than any other members of this great linguistic
family, and on page 288 of the same volume he goes so far as to say that at
first view the student of Tagalog seems to have come into a wholly new
system. This noted philologist, who was l)orn in 1767 and died in 1835,
has evidently taken the greater part of his material upon the Tagalog from
the second (1796) edition of Totanes, and hence lacked the advantage of
having been upon the ground.
The Augustinian friar Manuel Buzeta, better known as the author of the
"Geographical Dictionary" or Gazetteer of the Philippines (in cooperation
with Bravo), published a Tagalog grammar at Madrid in 1850. (R., 199.)
The author, whose name is spelled "Buceta" in the Cat. Rel. Agustinos,
came to the Philippines in 1827, where he was in charge of the church at
Guiguinto in 1832 and of ]\Ialate in 1848. He returned to Spain in 1849,
and resided at iladrid until 1854, in which year he left the order and
returned to secular life.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. ] 1

The work of Sinibaldo de I\Ia,s upon the islands, pubHshed at Madrid in

two vohiines in 1843, contains a short comparative vocabulary (jf Tagalog,
Visayan, Ilocano, Ibanaji (Cagayan), and Malay. (R., 180.)
In 1854 the "Tagalog-Spanish Dictionary" of Rosalio Serrano, a Tagalog
ofBulacau Province, was jjrinted atilanifa, and second and third editions
have appeared, the third being printed in Binondo (]\huiila) in 1869. A
Spanish-Tagalog dictionary bv the same author was printed in Manila in
1872. (K., 227, 370, 426.)
In 1855 Carlos Cuarteron, a priest who had also been a pilot in the
Southern Islands, published a work at Rome entitled " Sp^gazione e tra-
duzione," at the end of which there is a vocabularv of Italian, Malay,
Tagalog, iind Joloano. (R., 229.
In 1872 the grammar of Joaquin de Coria (Gil y Montes de Santo
Domingo) was published at Madrid, where the author had accepteii the
position of professor of Tagalog in the Central University. The work
shows the careful study of the author, who came to the islands in 1831
and resided in the Tagalog region until his return to Spain in 1866. On
account of his accepting the chair of Tagalog against the wish of the prel-
ate of his (jrder, he was dropped from its rolls; ):>ut, unfortunately, the plan

of Minister ]\Ioret did not succeed, and the jiosition to which he was
elected never became active. The author was bjrn in 1815 and entered
the Franciscan Order in 1830. (R., 411; also Cat. Biog. Rel. Fran., p. 656.
The same year, 1872, appeared the popular Spanish-Tagalog "Lessons
upon the (irammar" of Bishop Jose Hevia Camponianes, bishop of Xueva
vSegovia (Vigan). A second edition appeared in 1877,. the third in 1883,
the fourtl; in 1888, and the sixth in 1901. All the editions were printed
at ^Manila and are alike, no corrections or additions having been made.
(R., 1133.)
Here should be mentioned the interesting work of V. M. de Abella, the
"Vade-mecum Filii:)ino," a manual of Spanish-Tagalog dialogues. It con-
tains a vocaV)ulary of INIanila local words and phrases. The first edition
was published in 1868 (T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Bib. Fil., No. 9), and other
editions were published in 1809 and 1871, and the ninth had been reached
in 1873. ( R., 2524. ) Alf editions were printed in Manila.
The most practical of all Tagalog-Spanish grammars appeared in Manila
in 1878, the work of the Recoleto friar Tori bio Minguella. Interlinear
translations, simplicity of arrangement, and clearness of explanation make
this little book of great value, and many of its suggestions and ideas have
been very useful in the preparation of this present work.
In 1880 Prof. H. Kern, a Javan-born Hollander, made a valuable con-
tribution to philology by his list of words in Tagalog which are derived
from the Sanskrit. This article, which appeared in the "Bijdragen tot
de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederland-Indie " at The Hague, volg.
(series) 4, deel (volume) 4, pages 535 to 564, shows the large number of
such words and their importance in expressing some most necessary ideas
of civilization. This field was further explored by T. H. Pardo de Tavera,
who published a pamphlet of 55 pages at Paris in 1887, in which the San-
skrit words which have passed into Pampango are also noted. (R., 1066.
Kern remarks in his article that the scarcity of Sanskrit words in the dia-
lects of northern Celelies indicates that the'Tagalog received this element
directly from Cambodia and Sumatra, and not by Avay of Celebes. This is
an interesting suggestion, which might lead to something if studied upon.
Dr. F. R. Blake.'teacher of Tagalog and Visayan at Johns Hopkins I'ni-
versity, Baltimore, Md., also read an article on "Sanskrit loan-words in
Tagalog" at the April, 1903, meeting of the American Oriental Society, at
Baltimore, Md. Doctor Blake has also written articles upon "Analogies
between Semitic and Tagalog" and the "Differences between Tagalog and
Bisavan."
In 1882 appeared the second edition of a Spanish-Tagalog and Pampango
vocabularv by E. Fernandez, printed at Manila. This was followed in
12 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
1883 by his Tagaiog-Spanish vocabulary, both of which are very useful
books. (P. T., 1061, and R., 756.)
The valuable "rapport" of Dr. Joseph Montano, Paris, 1885, to the
French minister of public instruction, contains several Philippine vocabu-
laries, some of them of little known languages, and also Cjuite an analysis
of the Tagalog. (R., 885.)
Under the pseudonym of Julius Miles, an unknown author published a
small Tagalog-Spanish grammar and phrase book at Barcelona, Spain, in
1887. (R., 1054.)
In 1889 Friar Toribio Minguella, Recoleto, published a work in Madrid
upon the unity of the human race as proved by philology. In this work
he makes some comparisons between Semitic and Tagalog.
The same year Dr. Pardo de Tavera published his pamphlet upon the
oingin of the names of the Tagalog numerals, at Manila. W. G. Seiple, of
Johns Hopkins University, also i)ublished an article upon the Tagalog
numerals in the Johns Hopkins University Circular, No. 163, June, 1903,
Baltimore, Md.
In 1889 also appeared the "Spanish-Tagalog Dictionary" of Pedro Serrano
Laktaw, son of Rosalio Serrano, and in 1903 director of the Spanish paper.
El Pueblo, of Manila. It is understood that the author is now working
upon a Tagalog-English dictionary. (R., 1260.)
In 1890 a most valuable little work was published in Manila, under the
title "Coleccion de Refranes, Frases y Modismos Tagalos," translated and
explained in Spanish by the Franciscan Friars Gregorio Martin and Mariano
Martinez Cuadrado, and edited by the Friar Miguel Lucio y Bustamente.
The first came to the Philippines in 1874, the second in 1875, and the
editor in 1860. All administered parishes mainly in J^a Laguna Province,
Friar IVIartfnez also serving for many years at Binangonan de Lampon, on
the Pacific. This collection comprises 879 proverl)s, phrases, and idiomatic
ex]iressions as used in the vicinity of Tanay and Pililla, where the authors
resided, and embraces but a part of the wealth of the language in this
regard. Many of these expressions, marked "T. P." (Tagalog proverbs)
have been quoted in the explanation of the language. (R., 1318.
In 1893 Dr. Ferd. Blumentritt, of Leitmeritz, Bohemia, published a
translation of a sketch of Tagalog orthography by Doctor Rizal, at The
Hague, under the title "Die Transcription des Tagalog," von Dr. Jose Rizal.
The advent of the United States forces at Manila and the occupation of
the Tagalog region led to several small ]:)amphlets being issued with the
English, Spanish, and Tagalog in parallel columns. One of these was
written by Capt. John Bordman, jr., Twenty-sixth U. S. Volunteer
Infantry.
In 1902 Constantino Lendoyro, a Spanish gentleman of more than
twenty years' residence in the Philippines, published his work, entitled
"The Tagalog Language," at Manila. It is a very good book, but is full
of typographical errors, and in many places the English is not idiomatic.
The author deserves much credit for his labor, and a corrected edition
would be of great value. At any rate, he is entitled to commendation for
having written, in a foreign language, a work upon the Tagalog which
shows his thorough knowledge of the Philippine tongue.
In 1902 R. Brandstetter issued a work upon the Tagalog and Malagasy
languages at Lucerne, which is of interest as showing the resemblance
between these two languages spoken at such distant points.
In 1903 the " English-Tagalog Pocket Dictionary," of P. D. Neilson, was
published at Manila, and, while merely giving the Tagalog equivalent for
the English word, is of considerable value. The Tagalog-English part has
also been published.
i\Iention should also be made of Crawfurd's Grammar of the Malay Lan-
'

'

guage," which has also a dictionary attached, London, 1852. Many valu-
able comparisons are made between Tagalog and other Malayan languages.
For a grammatical discussion of authority upon the Malayan languages
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 13
the student is referred to the "Grundriss der Spraohwissenschaft," of F.
Muller, II. Band, II. Abtheilung, pages 87-160 ( Vienna, 1887)

THE TAGALOG LANGUAGK.

The Tagalog is the most important of the many tongues and dialects of
the Phihpi^ines, which seem to number well over threescore,» on account
of its being the most widely understood, the most euphonious, and the
most developed by contact with foreign idioms. It thus occupies a similar
position to that held by Malay farther to the south, and to English in the
world at large. Spoken by over a million and a half of the most energetic
race in the islands, occupying the city of Manila, eight provinces surround-
ing the metropolis, and a number of outlying islands and districts beyond
these limits, it is also generally understood by many far beyond its own
territory, especially in seaport towns throughout the archipelago.
The language seems to be divided into a northern and a southern dia-
lect, the former being si)oken in Bulacan, Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, and
Tarlac, and the latter occupying La Laguna, Batangas, Cavite, Tayabas,
Marinduque, the coast of Mindoro, and part of Ambos Camarines. ' Each
of these dialects is more or less split up, each town almost having local
mannerisms by which the people of one neighborhood easily dintinguish
a stranger. Yet the region above described is clearly the territory of one
and the same language, which is different and distinguishable from the
Pampangan language on the north and the Bicol on the south by the test
of intelligibility.
Philologically, Tagalog belongs to the Malayan branch of the great
Malayo-Polynesian linguistic family, which extends from Hawaii to Mada-
gascar and from Formosa to Easter Island west of Chile, including New
Zealand, Tonga, and Samoa, as well as Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula, and the Philippines, from east to west, a distance of
180°, or half the circumference of the earth.
Considering the rudimentary state of culture existing up to compara-
tively recent times of the majority of the peoples speaking the languages
of this family, its unity is remarkable, and a thorough knowledge of one
tongue is found to be of great utility in the acquirement of any other of the
great group, especially in the same branch.
Tagalog, together with other civilized tongues of the Philippines, such
as Visayan, Pampangan, Ilocano and Bicol, has preserved the verbal system
better than any other, and the basis for the comparative study of the
family must be taken from the Philippine tongues and not from the more
cultivated Malay, Kawi, or modern Javanese, all three of which have been
profoundly affected by Sanskrit and to a lesser degree by Arabic, some-
thing as English has been affected by Latin and French elements.
The number of roots or primitive-itlea words in Tagalog seems to be
about 17,000, there being 16,842 words in the Noceda and Sanlucar dic-
tionary of 1832, according to Crawfurd, the distinguished INIalay scholar.
("Malay Grammar," p. cxiv. ) Of these some 284 are derived from the
Sanskrit, and are evidently borrowed through the Malay. Many of these
are names for things unknown to the primitive Malayan peoples, but
others are abstracts and various words, some of which would seem to have
supplanted a primitive Malayan word. Thus in many cases American and
Tagalog u.se words in their own languages wliich are from the same remote
source in India, and coming around the earth east and west meet again
in the Philippines. Such a word is pad, "foot," from the Sanskrit j)ada,
whidi has descended into English "foot" and Spanish "pie." The origin
of these words is marked after each in the handbook. The names of the
chief workers in this field have been given in the list of books consulted.

«The Philippine Bureau of EthDologv, however, has given out as a result of its re-
number of distinct tongues is not over 15 or 16, the larger number being
searches, that the
made up by counting very similar dialects.
14 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The Japanese languacje seeuis to have furnished no words to the Taga-
log, although manyJapanef^e came to the inlands during the f-eventeenth
century, owing to the expuli^ion of Japanese converts^ to Catholicism, who
found a refuge in Manila and the adjoining iirovinces, mainly in Pam-
panga, Avhere it is said many of them settled around Macabebe. It is
thought that some Japanese expressions still exist in the Macabebe dialect
of the Pamj)angan language.
Notwithstanding a com])aratively close contact with the Chinese for
several centuries, and certainly antedating the Spanish conquest by many
hundred years, very few words seem to have come into Tagalog from any
of the numerous dialects of that Empire. The Chinese element in Tagalog
seems limited to a few conmifrc'ial terms, some household implements,
and a few miscellaneous terms, some of which are confined in their use to
Sangley or Chinese-]\Iestizo iamilies. These words are noted wherever
they occur in the handbook. Professor Hirth, the Chinese scholar, thinks
that the tirst notices of the Philii)i)ines are to be found in the work of
Chao Ju-kua, collector of customs of Chuan-chou, a city in Fo-Kien Prov-
ince, between 1210 and 1240. In this work he speaks of the islands of
Po-ni (Borneo), Ma-i (Mindoro? or Panay?), and of the Pi-Sho-y6 of
Taiwan (Formosa). This latter name sounds something like "Bisaya,"
the native name for Yisava. The l)ook speaks also of the San-sii, or
" Three Islands." Book 325 of the " History of the Ming Dynasty 1368- (

1643) of China," as abstracted by Groeneveldt, speaks of the Kings (Sultans)

of Sulu as attacking Puni ( Borneo ) in 1368, and of the King of Sulu, Paduka
(Javanese " Lord " ) Pahala as dying while on a visit to the Emperor at Te
Chou on the Grand Canal (Shantung Province). The Emperor then
recognized his eldest son, Tumohan, as Sultan of Sulu, in 1417. The
brother of Pahala, who was named Suli, made a visit to China in 1421,
but a few years after this no more was heard from this Kingdom. From
this and other extracts it would seem that the Chinese knew of the Moham-
medan settlements at Manila and Tondo ])rior to the arrival of the Span-
iards, and must have carried on a lucrative trade with them, otherwise the
pirate Li-Ma-hong would not have made such a desperate attempt t< take >

the city so soon after its foundation in 1571.

The Arabic words in Tagalog, which are hardly more than a dozen in
numV)er, evidently came in with the Mohammedan religion, and upon the
extinction of that faith around the mouth of the Pa^ig, all but a few words
fell into disuse. INIohammedanism could have hardly become established
in the Tagalog region before 1450 to 1500, as it came very slowly from India
or Arabia to Java, and thence l\v way of Borneo and Sulu to the Bay of
Manila and the Pasig Valley. It had apparently not extended to the
inland provinces, its farthest northern point appearing to have been Hago-
noy. Arabic words which were adopted by the Spanish and thus brought
into Tagalog are not included in the above remarks.
Spanish, as a matter of course, has contributed a great number of words
to Tagalog, many of which have been thoroughly naturalized. They are
mainly religious, governmental, social, legal, and abstract terms, including
also terms for foreign articles and luxuries. Some names for Mexican
articles are not Spanish but Nahuatl or Aztec, owing to the intimate con-
nection between JNIexico and the Philippines for more than two centuries,
and there are even some Arawak words from the tongue of CuT)a, Haiti,
and Puerto Rico among these.
English has as yet given but few words to Tagalog. Of these the news-
papers use four, which seem to have no exact native or Spanish equiva-
lents, viz: "Self-government," "high life," "sport," and "besbol," or
baseball. The latter has been verbalized and taken into the language
bodily, while the others are still quoted.
The construction of Tagalog does not seem to have been influenced by
any of the foregoing, but to have retained its Malayan structure.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 15

THE PRONUNCIATION OF TAGALOG.

The most succinct statement upon the above subject is that given by-
Rev. W. A. Goodell, of the Methodist mission in the Philippines, as printed
in Stuntz's "The Philippines and the Far East," page 483:
"II. The pronunciation of Tagalog is very simple, and there are no sounds
to which the American vocal organs are not accustomed. Theletter (sound)
most difficult to get is 'rig,' which has exactly the sound which it has in
the middle of the word 'ringing,' but which becomes difficult when at the
beginning of a word, as in the word(s) 'riguni't,' one of the words (terms)
translating the conjunction but,' and which often occurs at the beginning
'

of a sentence.
"But although word pronunciation, Tagalog is extremely
so simple in
difficult in utterance, for one reason because of the great number of Ion»
words (compounds) it contains, and for another and more important still,
because of the rhythmic movement of the language, a quality that can not
be described and a characteristic for which no rules whatever can be given,
but which is entirely as much a part of the Tagalog language as are its
words themselves."
The "rhythmic movement" spoken of by the Rev. Mr. Goodell, who is
an excellent speaker of Tagalog, is what may be called the "national
"^accent," and, like the tones of Chinese and other allied tongues, can only
be acquired by long practice.
The vowels are really but three in number, although a, e, i, o, and u,
with their Spanish values, are printed (ah, a, e, o, oo). Of these "e" and
"i" are habitually confused, and "e" can hardly be said to exist in pure
Tagalog. "O" and "u" are also confused, the tendency being to drop
" o " and substitute "u" in many words, a process which has already taken
effect in Pampangan. The diphthongs are ao (ow), au (aw), less nasal
than ao, and ua (wa); but there are-no triphthongs, as each vowel in such
combinations preserves its own sound.
The native consonants, pronounced (except rig) as in English, are B, C
(K ), D, G hard), H, L, M, N, NIt, P, R, S, and T. The sound of F does not
(

exist in Tagalog, and is replaced by P. V is also a foreign sound merging

with B to the Tagalog ear. Z is pronounced like S, and is found only in
Spanish words. The same is true of X, which is pronounced at the begin-
ning of a word as H. W
is beginning to be used in native papers as a semi-
vowel in place of initial ua (wa) and in ao (aw). K is also used by many
in place of hard C and Q. Y is used as a part of the diphthong ay (ai),
and also as an initial consonant.
The pronunciation and construction of the language will be more clearly
understood by carefully studying the two versions of the Dominical Oration,
or Lord's Prayer, given below with interlinear pronunciation and trans-
lation.
[From the Vulgate.]

Tag. Ama namin sungmasalarigit ka; sambahfn

Pro. Ah-mah ndlimeen soong-mali-mh-lahng-eet Jcah ; sahm-baJi-heen
Eng. Father our(of us) art in heaven thou; adored (worshiped)
Tag. ang rigalan mo; mapasaamin ang kaharian
Pro. ahng ngdh-kihn moh ; wali-paJi-sah-dh-meen ahng kaJi-hah-ree-ahn
Eng. the name of thee; come to us the kingdom
Tag. mo; sundin ang loob mo; dito sa lupa para
Pro. moh; soondeen ahng loh-obe moh; dee-tohsah loo-pah pAh-rah
Eng. of thee; (be) done the will of thee; here upon earth according
Tag. nang sa larigit; bigyun moilgayon nang
kami
Pro. nahng sah Wuuj-eet; beeg-iidhn moh kah-mee ngeye-6hn nahng
Eng. to (that) in heaven; (be) given of thee we (us) now of the
16 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Tag. aming kanin sa :irao-arao at patawarin mo
Pro. ah-meeng kdh-neen sah uh-roa-dh-row aht jxili-toir-ali-reen moh
Eng. our food upon every day and (be) pardoned of thee
Tag. kami nang aming maiigu utang, para nang
Pro. kah-mee nahng ali-meeng mnhiuj-ah o6-tahng, pah-rah nnhng
Eng. we (us) of the our (sign of plurality) debts, according as
Tag. pagpatawad namin sa maiigagkakautang sa aniin;
Pro. pahg-pa-tow-dd ndh-meen sah mah)~g-ahg-kah-kah-o6-tahngsah dh-meen;
Eng. (are) forgiven of us to those indebted to us;

Tag. athouag mo kaming ipahintulot sa tukso,

Pro. hoo-dhg moh
aht kah-meaig ee-pah-heen-to6-loht sah took-soh,
Eng. and do not of thee (let) us (be) permitted into temptation,

Tag. at iadya mo kami sa dilang masama.

Pro. aht ee-dydh moh kah-mee salt (hclahng mah-sah-mcih.
Eng. but (be) delivered of thee we (us) from all evil.

The version from the translation of the American Bible Society, follow-
ing the authorized, or King James, version, is as follows:

Tag. Ama namin nanasalaiigit ka; sambahin

Pro. Ah-mdh ndh-meen naJt-itah-sah-ldhng-eet kah; sahm-bah-heen
Eng. Father our(of us) (art) in heaven thou; hallowed (worshiped)
Tag. ang parigalan mo: dumating ang kaharian
Pro. aJtng paluTg-dhl-ahn moh: doo-mdit-teeng ahng kaJt-hali-ree-ahn
Eng. the name of thee: to arrive the kingdom
Tag. mo. Gawin ang iyong kalooban, kung paano sa
Pro. moh. Goween ahng eeyong kah-loli-6-hahn, koong pali-dh-no sah
Eng. of thee. (Be) done the thy will if as in

Tag. liiiigit, ay gayon din naman sa lupa. Ibigay mo

Pro. IdhiTij-eei, eye guy-on deen nah-mdhn sah loo-pah. Ee-hig-eye moh
Eng. heaven, be thus truly also in earth. (Be) given of thee
Tag. sa amin ang aming
rigayon kanin sa arao-arao.
Pro. sah dh-meen iTgeye-ohn ahng dh-meeng kdh-neen sah dh-roir-dh-row.
Eng. to us now(thisday) the our food on everyday.
Tag. Atipatawad mo sa amin ang aming maiiga
Pro. Aid ee-pah-tow-dhd moh sah dh-meen ahng dh-meeng mahiTg-dh
Eng. And (be) pardoned of thee to us the our (sign of plur.

Tag. utang, gaya naman namin na nagpatauad sa

Pro. od-tahng, guyah nah-mdhn ndh-meen nah nalig-pah-tow-uhd sah
Eng. debt(s), as also by us now (are) forgiven (to)

Tag. maiiga may litang sa amin. At houag

Pro. mahiTg-dh my oo-tahng sah dh-meen. Aht hoo-dhg
Eng. (s. of plur. ) those-having debts against us. And do not
Tag. mo kaming dalhin sa tukso, kungdi
Pro. moh kah-meeng dahl-heen sah took-soh, koong-dee
Eng. of thee (let) us (be) brought into temptation, but
Tag. iligtas mo kami Sapagka't
sa masama:
Pro. ee-lig-tdss moh kah-mee .sa/i mah-sah-mdh: Sah-pdhg-kah't
Eng. (be) delivered by thee us from evil: For (because)
Tag. iyo ang kaharian at ang kapangyarihan at
Pro. eeyoh ahng kah-hahree-ahn aht ahng kah-pahng-yahrei-hahn aht
Eng. ttiine the kingdom and the power and
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 17
Tag. ang kaloualhatian, magpakaildn man.
Pro. ahng kah-luo-ahl-hah-tee-ahn, mahcj-puhcah-eeWin malm.
Eng. the glory, ever (for ever) also
Tag. SiyA nana.
Pro. Seeynh ndiv-ah.
Eng. Amen.
The same prayer may be taken to show the changes in the language
since it reduced to Roman letters by the missionaries.
wat^ first
From the Doctrina Cristiana of 1593, reprinted by Hervas in "Saggio
Prattico," p. 129. Also found in Adelung's "iJithridates," Vol. I, p. 609.
" Anid namin nasaldngit ca, ipasambn mo ancj ngala ma; moui (return) sa
amin ang pagiaharl mo, Ipasovor (be obeyed) 7no ang l6ob mo, dito sa hipa
paran sa l/uTgit. Big-idn mo cami ngaion nang ramin cacunin jtara. nang sa
drao; at paraualin vto ang amin cnsalanan (sins), yagung (as) imianalan
bahaln (equally) namin sa loob ang casaman (evils) nang 7nacas(tsa (of exist-
ence) sa amin; houag mo earning {auan nang di cami) matalo nang tocs6;
datajmua't (but) yadia (be delivered) mo cami sa dllan masamd."
It may be said thatthis last version shows a comparative want of familiar-
ity with the language, except as might be spoken by servants, etc., and it
has doubtless suffered by reprinting, the proof having to be read by those
ignorant of the language, and hence unable to detect errors except l)y copy.
An example of the folklore stories is given in the "Tale of the Unlucky
Rat" from the examples of Malayan languages, published atBatavia, Java,
in 1868, by J. G. F. Riedel, the Dutch philologist. It is as follows:

Tag. Ngayon din isang daga nagwika sa kaniyil

Pro. Ngeye.-on deen eesdhng dahgd nahgweeka sah kahneeyd
Eng. Now indeed (one time) a (one) rat said to himseif
Tag. din, nasakit ang atay niyd: " Aydo na ako'y
Pro. deen, naiisahkeft ahng ahtie neeydh: " Eyeyow nah ahkoy
Eng. (self), (being) pained the liver his: "Not wish now I

Tag. matira dito, sa bayan ako'y paparoon

ko; aakyat
Pro. malitelra deetoh, sah buy-an koh; ahkoy paparo-on ahahkydht
Eng. (to) remain here, in town my; I willgo (and) ascend
Tag. sa ano sa bundok, titiiigin nang ibang bayan,
Pro. sah anoh sah boondoke, teeieengeen nahng eebdhng buyan,
Eng. somewhere into ( the ) mountains, looking for another town,
Tag. sd,an ako makakita nang kaibigan ko, nang pagkain
Pro. sdhahn ahkomahkakeeta nahng kah-eebeegan koh, nahng pahgkdheen
Eng. where I can see some of friend (s) my, some food
Tag. masarap sa daga, at nang pakabiihay na mabuti."
Pro. mahsahrdhp sah dahgdh, aht nahng pahkahboohigli nah mahbootee."
Eng. agreeable for rat(s), and some living (of) good."

Tag. Pumaruon ang daga, lumakad arao-arao, hangang

Pro. Poomalirohon ahng dahgdh, loomdhkahd dhrou'-dlirmr, hdhiigahng
Eng. Went there the rat, traveling daily, until

Tag. dumating sa baybay, nakita isang taklobo

Pro. doomdJtteeng sah bvybuy, nahkeeta eesdhng tahklohboh
Eng. arriving at (the) beach, (it) saw a (one) giant clam

Tag. nakaiTgariga nang kaunti. Nagwika ang dagd: "An6

Pro. nahkaiTgdhnga nahng kountee. Nahgweeka ahng dahgdh: "Anoh
Eng. opening-the-mouth (of) a little. Said the rat: "What
Tag. ito? Totuong wala pa akong nakikita na
Pro. eeloh? Tolitolt-ohng irahidh pah ahkohng nahkeekeetn nah
Eng. this? Truly not yet I am seeing ( have seen) now
6855—06 2
18 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Tag. ganiyan." Ngayon pumasok ang daga sa bi'big nang
Pro. gdJtnrtyahn. )77/n//o/(7( poomdhsoke iiltrig dahr/dh sah beebeeg nahng
Eng. the like. Then entered the rat into mouth of the

Tag. taklobo, tinignan ang laman nito, nguni't nasipit

Pro. iahklohbo, teeneegnahn ahng lahmdhn neetdh, /Tgoonee't nahseepit
Eng. giant clam, looking at the meat of this, but was caught
Tag. siyd hangang nasiril ang kaniyang ulu, at
Pro. seeij&h hdlui-gang nahneera ahng kalineeydhng ooloo, oht
Eng. he until was destroyed the his head, and
Tag. napiitol ang kaniyang liig.
Pro. nahpootole ahng kahneeydhrtg leeeeg.
Eng. was cut off the his neck.
FREE TRAXSL.\TI0X.

Once upon a time there was a rat who said to himself, because his liver
was out of order: "I do not wish to remain here in this town of mine; I
will go and ascend the mountains, looking for another town, where I can
see some of my friends, some agreeable food for rats, and some good liv-
ing." The rat went out, traveling daily, until arriving at the seashore it
saw a giant clam (Tridacna), with slightly opened mouth. Quoth the
rat: "What is this? Truly, I have not seen anything like this yet." Then
the rat went into the mouth of the giant clam {takloho) to look at the
meat, but was caught (by it) until his head was cracked, and it was cut
off at the neck.
ACCENTS.

From the foregoing examples it will be seen that there are three accents
used in Tagalog, the acute (^), the grave (^), and the circumflex (^).
The acute accent may fall upon any syllable, but in Tagalog is generally
to be found upon the last (ultima) or the next to the last syllable (penul-
tima). The acute accent upon a word ending in a vowel indicates that
the final vowel has an open, broad sound, and that the suffixed particles
'^an" and "in" prefix an "/)" when joined to such words. Example:
Magandd, "elegant;" kagandahan, "elegance;" bill, "trade, barter;"
ang bilhin, "what bought." Words ending in a consonant take "«)(" or
" in" only, even if bearing the acute accent, which is only written in such
words when occurring upon the penultima or antepenultima. Example:
Umutang, "to borrow;" magutang, ''to lend;" magpaiUang, " to lend freely
(or with goodwill);" kautaiTgan, "debt;" pautang, "credit." In many
cases the suffixing of " han" or "kin" draws the accent one syllable
farther toward the end of the word. This also applies to "an" or "in."
Example: Patau, "idea of killing or death;" kaniatdgan, "death" (ab-
stract noun); ang kamataijdn, "the place of death." The acute accent is
not w^ritten with words ending in a vowel, unless the accent is upon the
final vowel. It may be taken as a rule that words unmarked with an
accent, if ending with a consonant, take the accent upon the ultima,
words ending with n and s being excepted. Words ending with an unac-
cented vowel or "?i" or "s" generally take the accent upon the penultima.
This is also the rule in Spanish.
The grave accent in Tagalog merely marks those words ending in a
vowel, which take "an" or "in," instead of "han" or "hin." The stress
is not laid upon the syllable marked with the grave accent, but upon the
one preceding. Example: Bata, "child" (in general), pronounced
"bahta," the final vowel having an obscure sound; kabataan, "childish-
ness" (pro. kah-bah-tdh-an). The grave accent is not used with words
ending in a consonant.
The circumflex accent is only used upon the final vowel of those words
ending with an abrupt, obscure vowel sound, upon which the stress of the
voice is placed. It admits only "an" or "i)i" as a suffix. Example:
Dumalitd, "to suffer, to endure;" kadalitaan, "suffering, endurance;"
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 19
tunwro, "to signal;" katuronn, "signaling;" ang tinuroan, " person or sta-
tion signaled to."
Practice is the essential requirement to become familiar with the accent,
which is most important in Tagalog, as many words are only distinguished
by the accent, although differing totally in meaning. Example: As6,
"smoke;" «.so, "dog;" gdtas, "milk;" galas, "path, trail;" mmilang',
"to rise" (as the sun); sumilang (ultima), "to pass between;" bumasa,
"to read;" humu^i, "to moisten."
As has been already mentioned there are some 17,000 "roots" in the
Tagalog language, many of which are nouns, pronouns, adverbs, and prep-
ositions, etc., in themselves. Verbs are generally formed by the use of
certain particles, of which there are some 17, of which all except one
{um) have a definite and indefinite form. Together with the noun and
adjective, forming particles, of which there are several, the possible num-
ber of intelligible Tagalog words can not be far from 50,000 to 60,000, quite
sufficient to express any nontechnical ideas of any language whatsoever.
Yet with all this there are some curious facts about the language and its
vocabulary. Many general terms can not be expressed in one word, but the
modifications of a general act have many words to express them, some-
times far more than exist in English or Spanish. A similar parallel is
offered by the lack of a verb in early English to express the idea of motion
in general, although Anglo-Saxon had many words for different kinds of
motion, which are used daily by all English-speaking people. Upon this
point Brian H. Hodgson, the noted oriental scholar, says, in his work
upon the aborigines of India, published at Calcutta in 1847, page iii:
<<* * * Home-bred words are all very particular, and proportionably
numerous; while general terms, if more conveniently few, are less charac-
teristic and very apt to be of exotic (foreign) origin; take the English gen-
eral term 'to move;' it is Latin and one; but of the numerous sorts of
special motion (to hop, to skip, to jump, to tumble down, to get up, to
walk, to fly, to creep, to run, to gallop, to trot), all are 'genuine Saxon, by
the soul of Hengist.'" This idea will be more fully explained under
"The verb." In addition to .such particularizing words, there are also
many synonyms or words n^eaning the same thing in Tagalog, many of
which are local or provincial and are not heard in the same locality. For
this reason Crawfurd's remarks upon Tagalog and Visayan, as expressed
in his "Malay Grammar," London, 1852, page cxix, are still pertinent.
He saj^s:
"The languages of the Philippine Islands may be described, not as copi-
ous, but wordy. In the state of society in which the natives of the Philip-
pines were formed, ideas are considered more in concrete than in abstract,
and by an importance being attached to trivial matters a profusion springs
up which, in a more advanced state of society, are considered unworthy
of retention, or which, if retained, would only be productive of perplexity
and distraction. * * * In Tagalog there are 12 names for the cocoa-
nut, including its different varieties and conditions as to maturity and
preparation for use. * * * In the same language there are 11 words to
express the verb 'to boil' (with variations), and 75 (really about 50) for
"
the verb to go.'
'

It may be added that the verb "to carry" with its variations has some
eighty words to express all combinations in Tagalog, and there are many
other verbs which have been particularized in this manner, which will be
more fully set forth in the appropriate place.
The main object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an ele-
mentary knowledge of the Tagalog language. It should be borne in mind
that Tagalog is uot constructed on English or Spanish lines, either in gram-
mar or syntax. The universal tendency upon using a new language is to
translate' one's own language word for word, or phrase for phrase, into the
foreign one. The native may understand, but the result is not elegant.
No language can be learned entirely from books, and to supplement the
special needs of each person constant practice in speaking with educated or
20 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
intelligent Tagalogs is necessary. Even with a considerable vocabulary,
the American will find difficulty in conveying just what he wants to say
in Tagalog, unless he masters the idioms and peculiarities of the language.
This will not be a very easy task, but, once mastered, the key is held to
all the Philippine languages, and it might be said to all the Malayan lan-
guages of the East Indies.
To those who have had to depend upon ignorant or untrustworthy inter-
preters, a knowledge of the local tongue will be felt to be indispensable,
and this knowledge will also be a protection to the people ignorant of
Spanish or P^nglish who in many cases have been so unmercifully fleeced
by unscrupulous interpreters.
This work has been divided into sections, and the use of technical terms
has been avoided to as great an extent as possible. Where cases, etc., have
been used, it has not been because such exist in the Tagalog language, but
as an aid to the memorj' of those who are more or less familiar with
Latin, French, Spanish, "German, and other European tongues.
The essential peculiarities of Tagalog are its "roots," which may be
made into nouns by the use of the article, into adjectives by other prefixed
particles, into adverbs in other cases, and finally into verbs l)y the use of
a large number of particles; and the great use of the definite, which is
grammatically a "passive," and is so treattd by all grammarians who
have been consulted, although many times this " jiassive " must be trans-
lated into English by an "active" verb. For this reason the terms
" definite" and "indefinite" have been used in the present work. This
point is more fully explained under the verb.
Examples have been given wherever possible, and the vocabulary given
has largely been founded on actual experience. It is impossible to invent
a series of phrases which will serve for any two people. The questions
may be given according to the book, but the answer, coming from a speaker
of the language, will be constructed out of that vastly more extensive
vocabulary existing in his brain, and the whole scheme be thrown out of
joint. For this reason a careful study of the examples of the language and
the manner of building up the sentences will in the end prove of more
solid benefit than the memorizing of a large number of set phrases, which
may or may not be appropriate.
Some phrases suital)le to certain situations have been inserted, such as
matters relating to the procuring of something to eat, directions to the
house boys, distances to places, the weather, and other similar matters,
the careful perusal of which will enable more complex sentences to be
uttered with success and a mastery of the idiom acquired.

SOME ORDINARY PHRASES IX TAGALOG.

What do you call that (this) in the And aug parTr/alan niyan (nito) sa
Tagalog language? vikung Tagalog/
That (This) is called in our Iijdn (ltd) ay iinatdwag sa
language. dming vika.

How are you? Komustd ( Como esfd) po kayof

Well; and you, sir? Mahidi; at kayo puf
Not as well as you seem to be. Hindi luhhung malmii napara ninyd.
Good morning, sir. Magandang drao, pu.
Good morning, sir, to you. Magandang draopo namdn.
Good morning, everyone. Bigydn p6 silang lahat nang magan-
dang drao.
Good afternoon (evening), sir (used Magandang hapon pd. (Pu used as
from noon to dark). Avord of respect to both sexes.)
Good evening (night) (used either Magandang gall p6.
on meeting or retiring after dark).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 21
How is your father? (mother?) Ingay nany ama (ind) mof
.1)10 an()
(nim/6f)
Well, by the grace of God. Mahuti, sa and, nang Poong (Dios).
{Bat-haJa, used by some, is of San-
skrit origin, derived
from avutdra,
"descent," through M&Vdy batdra,
"a god." There is no connection
with the Arabic word Allah, used
by the Moros for "God," the lat-
ter being derived from a "the,"
I.,

and lldh, "God," allied to the He-

brew Eloah; EloMin.)
Not very well. Dt pa luhhang maigi.
Is that so? I regret to hear (lit., Paldf Kun ganiyan ay dinadamdam
"feel") it. ko.
How is the sick one? Maano ang may sakilf or And ang
lagay vang may sakii?
Getting better now. (ritiniginlidiia na.
Is there anything I can do for you? Maijroun kayong anomang ipuguutos.
( lit. , Have you any orders for me?) sa dkinf
No, thank you. Hindi p6, saldmat.
Sit down, sir. Umnpo p6 kayo.
Thank you. Saldmat.
I am in a hurry. I wish only to Ako'y nagmamadali. Ibig ko Idmang
speak to Pedro. kauHipin si Pedro.
I will regard it as a great favor if you Malaking utang na loob kikilalanin
will tell Pedro that I was here ko sa inyo kun masabi ninyd kay
to-day. Pedro na akoUj naparito ngaydn.
Don't worry about it, sir; I will tell Magivald p6 kayo bahala' t sasabihin ko
him. sa kaniyd.
Pedro just left this minute. Si Pedro'' y kaaalis Idmang.
Where did he go? Saan pumaroonf
1 think (It seems) he went to buy Tila namili nang kaniyang babaroin.
some cloth.
I am going away now. Yaydo na akd.
Are you going? Yaydo kayo naf
Until later. Hangang mamayd.
Until to-morrow. Hangang bukas.
Until day after to-morrow. Hangang makalawd.
Until we meet again (lit., "Until we Hangang tayo magkitd.
see each other" ).
Well, I'm going (lit., "you there"). Diydn ka na.
Where are you going? Saan ka paroroonf
I am going home. Ako'y papasabdJiay.
When are you going back to Manila? Kailan kayo uimi (magbabalik) sa
Maynild f
On iSunday. Sa Lingo (Domingo).
When are you going (down) to Kailan kayo luluds sa Maynild?
IManila?
When are you going up to La Kailan kayo susuba sa La Laguna f
Laguna?
Come up! Come down! Piimnnhik ka! Manaog ka!
Couiein! Get out of here! Pumdsok kayo! Lumabds ka dito!
Move on! Clear out! Lumdkad! Sulong.
Don't move! Come near. Honag kang gagalao! Ltimdpit ka.
Move away, all of you. Luniayo kayo.
Wait a way ])ack.
little Umurong ka nang kaunti sa likurdn.
Come Accompany me.
here! Puinariio ka! iSamaJian mo ako.
AVait a moment. Go back (return) Magantay ka sandaii. Muut ka na.
now.
Come back here. Go quickly. Bumalik ka dini. Magmadalt ka.
22 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Get out of there! Don't run! Umal'is ka diy&n ! Houag tumakbd!
They do not wit^h to. Namiyao si! a.
I did not wish to. He wishes to. Nayao ako. Siyd ibig.
I don't know. I can not understand Auan ko. Di ako naalaman ang
what you said. sinabi ninyo.

GOING ABOUT.

Driver, take me to the ^^'alled City. Cochero, ihatid mo ako sa loob yiang
Maynila.
Go by Palacio street (Calle Palacio). Tumidoy ka sa daan nang Palacio.
Straight ahead. Look out! Matuid \derecho). Tabi! {Quedao!)
Go to the side. Stop! Tumabi ka. Huminto ka (para).
To the right. To the left. Sa kanan {mono). Sa kaliv:d (-nlla).
Slowly. Whoa! Hinayhinay {despacio). Luayluay.
(This latter to horse, etc.)
Let us go by this road. Magtuloy tayo sa danng ito.
Which is the shorter of the two? Alin any (along maikst sa dalaiva?
This is shorter than that. Ito ang lalong maiksi sa roon.
Are we far away yet? Malayo pa ba tayo?
We are near now. Malapit na tayo.
What is the distance from here to And ang tayo inula dito hangang sa
the river? ilog?
Three hours riding, seven walking. Tatlong oras hung cabayohin, pito kung
lakarin.
What are you doing there? And ang ginagawd mo diydnf
I am getting water, sir. Ako' y naigib, pu.
Is this good water? Yes, sir. Mabuti ba itong tubig? Opo.
What is your occupation? Alin kayd ang iyong katungkulanf
Housebuilder, sir. Anloague, p6.
W^here do you live? Saan ka namamayanf
My house is here, sir. Ang bdhay ko, p6, dito.
W^here are you from? Taga saan kaf
I live in the country. Ako'y namamahay sa bukid.
I am from the mountains, sir. Taga bundok ako, po.
Where is the town (pueblo)? Saan naroon ang bayanf
I can not tell 3-ou. Hindi ko naalamang sabiJiin sa inyo.
Show me the road leading to the Ituro mo sa dkiii ang daang patungo
pueblo. sa bayan.
I want you to go with us to show us Ibig kong sumama ka sa amin para
the road (trail). ang daan {gatds).
ituro
Don't be afraid and don't try to run Ilouag kang matdkot at houag kang
away. tiunakbd.
If you guide us well, you will be paid Kung ituro mong maigi, ay magka-
for your trouble. kamiam ka nang kaupahdn sa iyong
pagod.
Ask that person there where there is Itanong mo doon sa tduong (maind)
a spring or well. iydn kun saan mayroon isang bukal
.
6 balon.
What are you looking for? And ang hinahdnap mo?
I am looking for . Humahdnap ako nang .

Go across the river as far as the Tawirin mo ang ilog at lumdkad ka

crossroads. hangang sa sai~jd-daan.
I want a blacksmith (horseshoer). Ibig ko nang isang panday {taga pag-
lagay nang bdkal sa cabayo).
I want a saddler (leather worker). Ibig ko nang isang mananahi nang
balat {talabartero)
I need a banca (canoe) with outrig- Kaiknujan ko isang bangkd na may
gers. kdtig.
One large enough to hold twenty- I.vxng malaki na makakadald nang
five people. isang dalaivang poud't limang ka-
fdiio.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 23
Steer straight for the ship. mo ang sasakyan.
Ituid
Land there at that point. mo doon sa d&kong iydn.
Isatsat
Do not land where it is very muddy. Houag kang sumatsat sa kaputikan.
Don't make a noise at the landing Houag kang magingay sa pagsatsat.
place.
Port! Starboard! Stop! Sa kaliwd! Sa kanan! Hinto na!
Go ahead! Astern! Sulong na! Urong!
See that everything of mine is taken IiTgatnnmo na hihat ang dking knsan-
down to the boat. knpan may jnululd sa sasakydn.
Put everything into the cart. Ilagay mo laliut sa cun-reton.
Wrap something aromid that bundle Sapinnn mo iydng balutan at bakd
so it will not get wet. hasd.
Set that basket down here; I want Ilagay mo dito iydng lampipi; may-
to get something out of it. roon ak6 kukunin.
Unfasten this cord. Tastax'in mo itong luhid.
From here to Manila, how many Buhnt hangang sa Maynild, Hang
dito
hours by road (walking)? oras lakar'm nang daanf

THE WEATHER (ANG PANAH6N).

How is the weather? Maano ang panahon?

The weather is fine. Mabuti ang panahon.
The weather bad. is Masamd ang p)anah6n.
We are in the dry season now. Na sa tagdrao tayo ngayim.
We are having the wet season now. Na sa taguldn tayo ngayon.
The sun is becoming obscured. NagdidUim ang drao. {Arao also
means "day.")
There is much fog. May mardming uJap.
Is it going to rain? JJuldn bagdf
It looks like it. Tila p6.
It has been raining fearfully all day. Katakottdkot nauldn sa maghdpong
its.
The rain is coming down now. Bumubugso na ang uldn.
Give him the umbrella. Ibigay mo
sa kaniyd ang pdyong.
It is thundering and lightening. Kumukidog at kumikidlat.
A bolt struck that tree. Isang lintik ay nahulog sa iyang kdhoy
iydn.
The wind is increasing. Lumalakds ang haiigin.
It is possible that this may turn into Mardhil ito ay mauut sa bagyd.
a typhoon (hurricane).
Come in under the shelter of this Pumdsok kayo sa s'dong nitang bdhay.
house.
The moon is rising now. Sumisilang na ang buan.
The stars are coming out. Sumisilang na ang mangd bituin.
Look and see if it is raining, because Tigndn mo kun umuuldn, at aal'is na
I must go now. ako.
Come back here at sunset (lit., At Paglnbog nang drao, ay magbalik ka
setting of the sun, return here). dint.
It is growing dark. Dumidilim na.
It is growing light. Lumiliwdnag na.

FOR TAKING LEAVE (SA PAGPAPAALAM).

I must say good-by to you now. Padlam na p6 ako sa inyd.

Why must you go? Sit dowiv first. Bdkit ka nagpapadlamf Maupo ka
)n una.
I can not sit down, because I am in Hindi ak6 makauupd sapagka't ak6 'y

a hurry. nagmamadali.
And where are you going? At saan ka paroroon?
I am going to see a friend who is Makikipagkitd ako sa im kong kaibigan
leaving for Manila to-morrow. aalis pasasa Maynild bukas.
I will come back later. Magbabalik ak6 mamayd.
24 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
We will see each other in the after- Macjkikita tayo sa hapon.
noon.
Good-by. Adios (Sp. ).

PIOUS EXPRESSIONS OF GOOD WILL.

May God guard you. Dlos ang uminyat sa iin/o.

May God help you. Dios ang tumuUmg iiigo. m
God be with you. Dios ang sumama sa imjo.

FOR EATING AND DRINKING (SA PAGKAIN AT PAGINUM).

Get me something to eat; I am hun- Bigydn mo ako nang haunting maka-

gry- kain; nagugiitum ako.
Getme a drink; I am thirsty. Painumin mo ako; nauuJiao ako.
What do you wish to eat? And ang ibig ninyong kanin?
Whatever you have. Kun and mayroon diydn.
Would you like roast chicken? Ibig ninyd ang inihao na sisiu?
Yes, and a little wine. Oo, at kaunting dlak.
What else would you like? And pa ang ibig ninydf
Give me some eggs, if there are any. Bigydn mo ako nang itlog kun mayroon.
Note.—See list for things to eat, pp. 28-29 and 39-4().

The meal is nice. Masarap ang pagkain.

Wash (wipe) this plate. Hugasan (kuskasiii) mo itong mankok
{pingdn) itd.

I have eaten enough. Marami akong kinain.

Eat some more, sir. Kumain pa kayo pd.
Just a bit more. Kapiraso pa.
Only a bite more. Isa na Idmang subo.
I am satiated now. Busog na ako.
Don't give me anything more. Houagna pd ninyd akong bigydn nang
anoman.
Bring some water to wash the hands. Magdald ka nang tubig paghugas nang
kamay. Idiomatic expr. is: Isang
(

tahong (cocoanut shell) tubig.)

FOR THE TOILET (SA PAGBIBIHIS).

Shall I get the clean clothes now? Ibig ninyong ikuha ko kayo nang damit
na malinis?
No, bring me a towel and soap first, Honag, dallidn mo muna ako nang
I am going to take a bath. isang pamdhid at sabdn at akd ay
maliligb.
Get some water and put it in the KmnuJia ka nang tubig at ilagay mo
bath tub. sa paliguan.
The bath is ready, sir. Ang paliguan pd ay handd na.
Benigno, put some water in the Benigno, lagydn mo nang tubig ang
wash basin. Jiilamosa^i.
Lay out a shirt, a pair of trousers, Ikuha mo akd nang isang bard, isang
and a coat. salatral at isang aniericana.
Khaki, sir? No, white clothes. Kaki )n)fITonag, damit na maputt.
Bringme my shoes. Dalhln ang sapln.
nio sa akin
Hand me that cap. Idbut mo sa akin iyang gorra iydn.
Get a handkerchief out of the trunk Maglahds ka nang isang panyo sa
(chest). kabdn.
Open that door. Shut the window. Buksdn mo iyang pinid iydn. Pinddn
{Sarhdn) mo angduruiTijauan {bin-
t<(na).
Take care of the house; I am going IiTijatan mo ang bdhay; at akd ay
for a walk. maglalakadldkad.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 25
If anyone calls, say that I will be Kun may sinomang pumarito, mhihin
back soon. mong va ako'y madaling laUtlik.
What time is it? A^nong oras nuf
It is five o'clock, sir. A las cinco na p6.
Wake uie up later, at six; don't for- Gisingin mo ako mamayang d las seis;
get what I tell you (lit., "my or- houag mong kalilimutan ang bilin
"
ders ) ko.
Please get up, sir; it is six now. Gnmising p6 kayo; d las sets na.
Do you know of a good barber? May nnkikilulM kang mahuting mang-
aiTjjdhit {hurheru)f
There is one, sir, I know well. May isd p6 akong nakikilalang mahiiti.
Then on him and
call tell him to Kun gayon ay tauagin mo at sabihin
bring a good razor. mongrmagdald nang mahuting labasa
{pangdhit).
Do you know how toshave well? Marunong kang umdhit na mahutif
Yes, sir. All right, shave me. Opo. Kun gayon, ahitin mo ako.
Does it hurt you, sir? Nasasaktdn po kayof
No, it is all right. Hindi, ganiydn nga. ang mabuti.
Cut my hair. Gupitin mo ang buhok ko.
Do you wish it very short, sir? Ibig po ninyong sagad na sagadf
No, leave it a little long. Houag, pabayaan mong mahabd-habd.
How much do I owe you? Magkano (gaano) ang ibabayad ko sa
iyof
What you like, sir; what you wish. Kayo po ang bahala; ang loobinpo
ninyo.
How much a month, shaving me Magkanong ibig mo buanav, sa tuing
every other day? iknlauKuig drao ay aaliitav. mo akof
Three j)esos, sir. Then come, begin- Tatlong piso, po. Kun gayon ay
ning with to-morrow. pwnarito ka muld bukas.
There is a man downstairs who May isang tduo sa ibabd na ibig mag-
wishes to work for you as a serv- paalila sa inyo.
ant.
Tellhim to come up. Sabihin mong pumanhik.
Have you any recommendations? May taglay ka katunayan?
I have, sir. Mayroon ako po.
Where are you from? Taga saan kaf
From Maloios, sir. Taga Maloios, po.
How old are you? Mayroon ka nang Hang labnf
Are you married? Yes, sir. May asdita ka? Opo.
Have you father and uaother yet? May amd't ind jjaf
No, sir. I have not. Hindi p6. Walu po.
ytay here and I (we) will pay you Tamird ka at uupahdn kitd kun ibig
if yi>u care for it five pesos a month, mo nang limang piso isang buan,
and if this does not suit you, look at kun hindi hunidnaj) ka nang (bang
for another place. paiTijinoon.
You are falling into bad habits. 3Iasuind ang pinagkaratihan mo.
Look for a substitute right now. Humdnap ka nang kahalili mo ngaydn
din.
Don't be impertinent. Houag kang magpayamot.
Keep still! or Shut up! Houag kang maiiTgay!
Where is your employer? Nasaan ang punginoo7i mof
He is not here, sir. W(Ud pd rito.
Don't you know where he went to? Di mo naalaman kun saan naparoon?
No, sir. Hindi p6.
About what time will he be back? Anong oras siyd babalikf-
Later, after eight o'clock. Mamayang makd d lasocho.
Tell him, when he comes, that I have Sabihin mo kun dumdting na ako'y
been here. naparito dito.
Are you the tailor? Ikdo ba ang mananahif
This suit does not fit well. Itong damit na iid ay hindt maigi ang
pagkagagaud.
26 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
That is too dear. Totoong napakanmhal iydn.
I must have it this week. KailaiTrjanho sa loob nang lingong
Ho.

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASE.S.

Are you teaching EngUsh? Ungniaarul {nagtuturo) kayd haga

nang ingles {Aug wikang nang
manga americano)
What did you teach this morning? And kayang inidral (ilinurd) ninyo
sa ago. f
Itaught arithmetic. Aug inidral (itinuru) ko'y arilmetica.
When did they write any English? Kaildn sungmulat sild'y nang ingles.
They have written some within a few Sungmulat sild'y nang kamakailang
days. drao.
I wish to rent a house. Ibig ko isang hdhay paupahdn.

I shall be here some time —several Ako'y matitird dint mardhil mangd
months at least. Hang buun.
I wish to rent from month to mouth. umupd bnang-buan.
Ibig ko
I will pay you in advance. Manguuna ang bay ad.
A long time. A short time. Mahabang panahon. Maiksing pana-
hon.
I will go there. Paroroon ako doon.
What do these men want? And ang ibig nitong mangd tduof
They wish to speak to you. Ibig mid makipagusap sa inyd.
What do you (thou) want? And ang ibig mof
What is your name? And ang paiTgalan mof
Is that work finished yet that I told Yuri na bagd ang gawang ipinaghilin
you to do? ko sa iyof
Not yet, sir. Then, when? Hindi pa, p6. At kaildn?
To-morrow, sir. Bukas p6.
How much isthis (all)? Magkano iio?
How much for eggs? Magkakano ang itlog ?
There is no answer. Walang sagod.
Wait, I am going to write a letter to MaghinUty ka, susidat ako nang isang
your employer. sulat sa iyong panginoon.
I am under great obligations to you. Akopo ay malaki ang pagpapasaldmat
sa. inyd.
Don't mention it (lit., It is nothing). Wald p6 anoman.
You are mistaken. Kayo pu malt,
It is the truth. ltd ang katotoohanan.
It is a lie. Ito'y kabalaan.
This woman, sir, is asking that her Itong babaye ito po ay namamanhik
husband be released. napawaldn ang kaniyang asdua.
Tell her to state her reason for ask- Ipasaysay mo sa kaniyd ang katuiran
ing. na hinihingi niyd.
Who, among you, know this woman? Sino ba sa inyo ang nakakikilala sa
babaye ito f
Tell me what you did to Pedro. May .^ay say ka sa dkin nang mangd
ginatrd mo kay Pedro.
Tell me the truth, for if you do not I Sabihin mo ang katotoohanan, at kun
shall send you to the guardhouse hindt, ipapadald kitd sa bilangoan.
(prison).
Why did you leave the barracks Ano't ikao lumabds sa cuartel nang
without permission? walang sabi.
Tell Pedro that he is wanted by the Sabihin mo kay Pedro "-a siyd'y kai-
captain. nang capitdn.
laiTgan
Wliat you did was far from the duty lyang ginawd mo iydn ay laban sa
(orders) of a soldier. mawjd utos nang isang sundalo.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 27
You should always inspect the men's Dadalaoin ninyd tuUuing ang maiTgd
quarters. kiiudalagi/dn na^g manga sundulo.
The rifles (carbines) must be cleaned Ddpat linisin urao-drao ang mangd
daily. baril.
I especially warn you not to be off PlwighibUing ko sa iy6 mahigpit na
guard (or relax vigilance) for a houag ka malihang isang mandall.
moment.
The obligation of a soldier on duty Nauukol sa sundalo taga-pagtdnod
is to know the orders. usisain ang manga utos.
Those who disobey orders will re- Ang bunahan sa utos ko ay kakamtdn
ceive severe punishment. mahigpit na parusa.
)i((iig

Tell the people here that what we Sablhin mo sa taga dito na ang dting
are going to do is for the benefit gagawin ay kagalingan nang lahat.
of all.'
Section One.

vocabulary.

Thomas. Tomds. Father. Amd.

Mai-y. Maria. Mother. Ind.
John. Juan. Brother. Kapatid na lalaki.<f
Joseph. Jose. Sister. Kapatid na babaye.^

THE ARTICLE OF PROPER NOl'NS (si).

In Tagalog a definite article, *S'(, is generally prefixed to the names of

persons related to or well known to the speaker or writer, as well as with
names of relationship and terms of affection. It may also be used with the
proper name of an animal belonging to the speaker. In some of the prov-
inces diminutives are much used, especially within the family. There are
also some terms of this nature largely used in Sangley, or Chinese-Tagalog
families, which are taken from Chinese and will be discussed later.

Older brother (first born). Koya; si my elder brother. The pro-

koya,
noun understood.
is
Elder brother. Manung (Manila and southern dialect).
Elder sister. Kakd; si kakd, my elder sister.
My father. Si amd.
My mother. Si ind.

This article is declined as follows:

Nom. John. Si Juan.
Gen. John's; of John. Ni Juan; kay Juan.
Dat. To, for John. ^
Ace. John. y Kay Juan.
Abl. From, with, John. J

When a name is to be used in the plural, the article of common nouns,

ang, used, as: The Johns, ang ma>r/jd Juan; or better, ang mangd tina-
is
tdwag na Juan (those who are called John).
The article of names has a special plural when coupled with certain
words, as of the parents, relatives, companions, or the home.

Nom. John and hia . Sind Juan.

Gen. The field of John and his family. Ang bukid nind Juan.
Dat. To, Pedro and his
for,
Ace. The Pedro and his family.
field of |- Ang kand Pedrong bukid.
Abl. From, by, Pedro and his .

a These two words are derived from " patid " and " ka," meaning " tied with the same
cord." " Lalaki" is male and ' babaye " is female. In Tagalog, however, separate words
are used to express " elder brother," " elder sister," " younger brother or sister, etc.
28 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Si is not used alone before names of persons unrelated to the speaker
except in a joking way; in other cases the Spanish word Senor, Mr., is
inserted as: /S7 Sp)lor Blanco, Mr. Blanco. Ginoo is the Tagalog equiva-
lent for "Senor" and Gat for "Don." Dayanrj is "Doiia." These terms
are used by purists.
THE ARTICLE OF COMMON NOUNS.
The article ang (the) is used with all common nouns, and also those
—
proper nouns notapplyingto persons i. e., the Pasig, ang Fdsig; the PhiHp-
pines, ang Filijmias. Sometimes this article is prefixed to names of cities.
It is declined both in the singular and plural, the word maiTgd (sign of
plurality) being added in the latter case.

DECLENSION OF "aNG."

Nom. sing. The. -ing-

Gen. sing. Of the. Nang; sa.
Dat. sing. To, for, the. Sa.
Ace. sing. The. ^''ng; sa.
Abl. sing. From, by, the. Nang; sa.
Nom. plur. The. Ang maiTga.
Gen. plur. Of the. Nang maiTga; sa maiTga.
Dat. plur. To, for, the. Sa maiTga.
Ace. plur. The. Nang manga; sa matTgn.
Abl. plur. From, with, the. Sa maiTgd; nang maiTgd.
The forms and nind of the article of names and the form nang of the
ni
article of common nouns are used when a word in the genitive follows a
nominative in the sentence. Examples: The mother of John, ang ind ni
Juan; the house of Thomas and his family, ang hdhay nind Tomds; the
darkness of the night, ang kadilimdn nang gab-i.
The forms kaij, hand, and sa are used with the genitive when inserted
between the nominative article and its noun. Examples: The mother of
John, ang krnj Juan ind; the house of Thomas and his family, ang kand
Tomds hd'hag; the darkness of the night, ang sa gab-i na kadilimdn. Ancient
Greek has almost this same construction.
THE COMMON NOUN.
Nouns in the Tagalog language are of various classes; some are root
words, whose derivation can not be traced; others are built up from roots,
and many are foreign words, mainly from Spanish, although some Arabic
and Sanskrit words are to be found, as well as a few from Chinese and
other sources. They are indeclinable, and the sign of plurality is generally
indicated by the word maiTgd placed before the noun pluralized.

VOCABULARY.

Banana (in general). Sdging.

Bed. Fdpag.
Bedquilt. Ki'imot.
Beer. Serbesa ( from Sp. , cevveza )
Blanket. Mania (Sp. ).

Bread. Tindpay (from tdpay, idea of knead-

ing, i. e., kneaded).
Breadfruit tree. Antipolo; tipolo. Antipolo is also a
town in Rizal Province.
(Mantica (Sp., manteca).
Butter- lard '
'
\Ma)itiquilla (Sp., mantequilla).
Carabao (buffalo). Kdlabao; damulag; anuang. First is
general.
Cat, domestic. Pu.m. Musang is Malay for the palm-
cat ( I'aradoxurus).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 29
Cheese. Qiiiso (Sp., queso).
Chicken; fowl. Manuk.
Child. Batcl. Also applied to house boy,
servant (muchacho).
Chocolate. Siculnte (Mex. Sp., chocolate; from
Aztec).
Cocoanut. Niog. Also applied to cocoa palm.
Cocoanut oil. Lariijis.
Coffee. Oy/x' (Sp., cafe; from Arabic, qahwa).
Corkscrew. TirdhiiHon (Sp., tirahuzon).
Corn (maize). Mais (Sp., malz).
Cow. Baca (Sp., vaca).
Cup. Tasa (Sp.).
Dog. , Aso; ay am (rare), Bicol word.
Drinking vessel. Lumbo; inuman (from inum, idea of
drinking).
Eggs. Itlog.
Fish, dried salt. Dding.
Fish, fresh. Isdd.
Flour (in general). Galapung.
Food. Pagkatn.
Fork. Panduro (Sp., tenedor).
Goat. Kambing.
Grai)e fruit. Dalanddn.
Hog; swine, domestic. Bdbui/.
Honey. Pulut.
Horse. Cabayo (Sp., caballo).
House. Bdhay.
Lamp; light. Ilaoun (from ilao, light).
Man (person). Tduo.
Mango. Manga.
Mat. Banig {Sp., petaie.).
Meat (pulp). Lamdn.
Milk. Galas.
Native spoon. Sandok.
Orange. Suha; lukban.
Pepper. Lara; paminta. (Possibly from Sp.,
pimienta.)
Plate. Pingdn.
Eat. Dagd.
Rice (cooked). Kanin.
Rice (hulled). Bigds.
Rice (unhuUed). Pdlay. Also applied to the grain,
Salt. Asm.
Sheep. Tiipa [from Sp., topar, 'to butt").
Soap. Sabon [Sp., jabon).
Spoon. Ctichara (Sp. ).
Sucking pig. B'dk ( Manila ) Kidig ( Laguna ) Biddo
; ;

(]\Iarinduque).
Sugar. Amcal (Sp., azucar). Old name
tnbo, now
"sugar-cane."
Sweet potato; vam. Camote (Sp. ). Large yam, ubi.
Table. Dulang; lamesa.
Table knife. Kampit Sp. cuchillo)
( ,

Tea. Sa (Chinese, cha).

Tumbler. Vaso (Sp.).
Vinegar. Suka.
Water. Tubig.
Wine; liquor. Alak (from Arabic, araq).
Woman. Babdye.
30 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The definite and indefinite idea runs throughout the Tagalog language,
and the words " to have," " not to have," "there is," "there is not," etc.,
bring this out plainly.
VOCABULARY.

Have (all persons; indef. Mayroon ( lit.

, '
'there is
;
" from doon,
"there.")
Have (def.). Na sa.
Have you (some, any)? iMayroonf ^Mayroon ka hagdf ^Mayf
Have vou (that, this)? iNci sa iyo? (lit., Is with you?)
I. Ako (form with nominative; indef. ).
Indeed; truly. hga.
Money. Salapi. Also means half peso.
My. Akin; ko (latter postfixed to def-
inites).
No. Hindi.
Perchance. Kay a.
Perhaps; some; any. Baga.
There is not. Wald.
What? iAno; and bagdf
Yes. 0-0.
Yes, sir. Op6.
You (thou). Ka ( form with nominative ; indef. )

Akin requires the article and is prefixed or else is preceded by a

preposition.
Ex. 1. Have you any rice? {^Mayroon kang higasf) Have you that rice?
:

{iNa sa iyo iyang higasf) 2. Yes, sir, I have some {Opo, mayroon ako).
Yes, sir, I have it ( Opo, na sa Akin) .

Mayroon is used when asking in a general way, as in the market or in a

shop or store; na sa is used when a certain object is meant. Magkano means
"how much;" ayao is "I do not wish to," and alin is "which." With
the foregoing vocabulary all ordinary comforts and supplies, except cloth-
ing, can be asked for throughout the provinces where Tagalog is under-
stood, and these words are generally understood throughout the island of
Luzon on account of their general similarity to the corresponding words
in other dialects. The most conspicuous exception is tuhig (water) which ,

is danum in Pampango, Ilocano, and other northern dialects of Luzon.

VOCABrLARY,

Afternoon. Hdpon.
American. Americano (Sp. ); Taga America.
(Boten (Sp., hotella).
Bottle.
\Prongo.
Custom; habit. Ugali.
Day; sun. Arao.
Dress; clothes. Damit.
Every day; daily, Arao-drao.
Ganta (3 liters). Salop (English equivalent, 3 quarts
If pints— 3.1701).
Glass; crvstal. Bubog.
Gold. Ginto (said to be from dialectical
Chinese, kin, "gold," and tieh,
"of," i. e., "golden;" Malay,
amas; native gold, balitok).
Inkstand. Tintero (Sp. ).

Large jar. Tapdyan.

Mirror. Salaniin (Malay, cJuirmin).
INlorning. Aga.
Night. Gab-i.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 31
Priest. Fare {Sp., padre).
Ring. Singmig (Malay, chinchin).
Sil ver. Pt/«A( Malay, perak, also place name )
Son or daughter (child). Anak.
Spaniard. Espnnol (Sp.); Taga Castila (from
Castilla, Castile).
Stone. Bato.
Tagalog. Tag&log.
Town. Bayan.
Well (noun). Bal-6n.
Sex is distinguished by the addition of the words lalaki, male, or habdye,
'
'
'
'

"female," with the appropriate "tie" {g, ng, orno). Ex.: My sister {Ang
—
aklng kapatid na babdye lit.. The my female brother); my son [ang aking
anak na lalaki).
A few words indicate sex in themselves, but they are very limited in
number compared with those in Aryan languages.

VOCABUL.\RY.

Aunt. AH.
Father. Ama.
Girl,unmarried woman. Dalaga.
Male; man. Lalaki. Itt ^ i i- i.-

Female; woman. Babdye.^^^^ ^^'^^ ^^ adjectives.

Miss; young lady. Binibini.
Mother. Ind.
Amain.
Mama. Principally heard in Ma-
Young man; bachelor; youth.
IBinatd (from
nila.
bata, boy, child).
Young man, unmarried. Bagongtduo (lit., "new man").

THE "ties."

The Tagalog ear dislikes the sequence of certain sounds, and for this
reason three ties, "g," "«</," and ''na," are much u.sed, more especially
when an adjective is prefixed to a noun or a noun in the genitive modifies
another in the nominative.
The tie "g" is added to such an adjective or nominative if ending in
"n," the genitive following the nominative modified. The adjective may
precede the noun, as in English, or follow it, as is generally the case in
Spanish. The tie is added to the noun in the latter case, if it ends
in "n." Ex.: (1) Wisdom {karitnwTgan) great (dakild) great wisdom
; ;

{karunungang dakild) (2) Silver (pikA'); imrror {salamin); silver mirror

.

(salaming p'dak )
The tie ")*^" is added to w^ords ending in a vowel not preceded by
another vowel. U, as in tduo, is considered as a consonant, as it sounds
nearly like the English " w," and is written with this letter by many natives.
Ex.: A dutiful child [Batang mabail); a bottle of wine (isang boteng dlak);
a beautiful woman {babdyeng magandd); a Manila man (isang Iduong
Maynild).
The tie '' na" is used when the first word ends in any consonant (except
"n") or in a diphthong. Ex.: A dutiful child (Mabatt na batd); a large
house [bdhay na malaki); clear water [lubig na malinao, or malmao na
tubig).

NO INDEFINITE ARTICLE.

There is no special indefinite article (a or an) in Tagalog, although the

numeral isd (one) may be used.
32 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

THE VERB "to BE."

The English verb "to be" maybe sometimes represented in Tagalog by

the particle at/, changing to '?/ for euphony after a preceding vowel. Ex.
Is your horpe white? UAng cahayo vk/ij inaputi:') The bird is singing
{Ang ibon an Jiungmuhuni). Generally in questions the verb "to be" is
—
understood, as: iA)wang sabi mof What did you say? lit.. What the said
(

your?). The verb is understood also when a predicate adjective is used;

as, ^ly father is good (Mafiutl ang dklng ama )A // also connects two clauses
.

of equal force; as, If John comes, go away {Kiin damating si Juan, ay

umalis ka).
FUTrRE AXD PAST OF "aY."

The particle ay is invariable as to tense, the idea of past or future being

expressed by the answer or an adverb of time. Ex. Beautiful then, she is
:

is ugly now {Magandd siyd noon, iTgayon ay paiTgit). You will be sick
to-morrow {Bukas ikdo ay masnkit).
Some Tagalog writers use ai in place of ay, especially in newspaper work.

THE CONJUNCTION "aND."

At, changing to under the same circumstances in which ay changes

'/,

to 'y, represents the conjunction "and." It may also stand for "because"
in compound sentences when a cause is expressed; as, I can not read,
because I have no spectacles {Hind! ako makalabasa sa pagka 't ivaM akong
salannn).
When ay and at are followed by a monosyllable, as sa, the vowel is not
dropped.
Section Two.

The principal interrogative pronouns and adverbs are as follows:

What? ^Anof
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 33
Example: /Kaninoitrj hnk'id hjanf (Whose iield is that?); Sa capitdn
(Of the mayor or presidente) iN'mo^ (Whose?); *S'a capitdn
; hayan (Of m
the mayor of the town)
From early times the title of the mayor of a town or "pueblo" was
"gobernadorcillo" (little governor) This name was changed in 1893 to
.

"cai)itan municipal," and in 1898 to "presidente," a name retained under

American administration. Natives ignorant of Spanish generally speak of
the "capitan."
While (tiio is used for things and »ini> for persons, the pronoun al'm
"which," is used for both. It is declined:
34 TAGALOO LANGUAGE.
Ace.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 35
Was or were here (clothe). Dirini.
Was or were here (more distant). Dirlto.
Was or were there. Dlii/an.
Was or were yonder. Dorooti.
The particle p(i M'ith tlie same adverbs expresses the future.
AVillbe here (close). Par'nii.
Will be here (more distant). Parito.
Will be there. Parii/ati.
Will be yonder. Paroon.
Ex. Is the man there? {Narii/dn hmja ang tduof) He is not here, he is
yonder ( ]Vald rito, naroon). Wliere is Captain Tino (Faustino)? {/Sadn
naroon [or naandoon] SI CapHdn Tinof) In Manila (Ncmi Mmjnild).
When will he come back? {/Kctilan hahalikf) Possibly within a week
(Maraliil n(t l.'i(i)u/ lingo) Who is his agent? {^-Sino ang kaniyang kaliwalaf)
.

The Chinaman Ong Laico on Calle Real {Ang insik Ong Laico su'CaUe Real).
Thank you (Saldmat).
THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

The personal pronouns in Tagalog should receive careful study, as they

exhibit several jieculiarities of form and use not found in English.
All personal pronouns have two genitives, the first form being prefixed
to the accompanying noun or verb, and the second form suffixed. The
two forms are not used in the same clause, the second form being preferred
with the definite form of the verb. However, if the sentence commences
with an ailverb or negative particle, or is a question, the suffixed forms are
placed before the verb.
The first person plural, like nearly all Malayan and Melanesian lan-
guages, has two forms, the first corresponding to "we" in a general sense,
and including those spoken to, while the second form, like the editorial
"we," excludes the person or persons addressed. There are also two
dual forms, which may be translated "thou and I." These dual forms
have the same meaning, the first form, kiid, being more general and used
in INIanila, Kizal, Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas, while the second form,
katd, is fcmnd in Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and the Tagalog-speaking parts of
Pampanga and Tarlac. Bataan probably follows Bulacan in style, while
in Cavite the usage is like that of Manila, etc.
In the use of the personal pronouns together, a very different order is
observed from P^nglish. The Tagalog order is "I (we), thou (you), and
he, she (they)," ignoring the European custom of mentioning the listener
first, the absent or third person next, and the speaker last. The Tagalog
says "I and you, "I and John," and with the further peculiarity that
he literally plnralizes the first pronoun and gives the pronoun or noun
following its genitive form in the correct number. The examples will
explain the matter more clearly.
The use of the word "it" is avoided by speakers of Tagalog. It is only
used when objects are personified, as in stories, etc. See example.

FIRST PKRSOX .SINGULAR.

Nom. I. Ako.
Gen. Of me; my. ^Hn (prefix) ; Ao (suffix).
Othercases. To, for, with, by me. Sa akin.

INCLUSIVE FIRST PERSON PLURAL.

Nom. We
(and you). Tayo.
Gen. Of us; our (and your). Atin (prefix); nalin (suffix).
Othercases. To, for, etc., us (and Saatin.
you).
36 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
EXCHTSIVE FIRST PERSON PLURAL.

Nom. We (not you). Kain'i.

Gen. Of us; our. Amui (prefix); namin (suffix).
Other cases. To, for, etc., us. >Sa arii'in.

FIRST PERSON DUAL.

Southern form. Northern form.

Nom. We (thou and I). K'lta. Kata.
Gen. Of us (-we two); our. Kanitd ( p. ) ; <« ( s. ) . Aid(p.); ta {a.).
Othercases. To, for, etc., us (we two). Sa kanitd. Sa atd.

SECOND PERSON SINGULAR.

Nom. Thou (you). Ikdo (prefix); ka (suffix).

Gen. Of thee, thy (your). Ii/6 (prefix); mo (suffix).
Other cases. To, for, etc., thee. >S« iyo.

The singular forms are still used and when respect is intended,
in Tagalog,
instead of using the plural, as in English, or the third person singular, as
in Spanish, the particle p6 is suffixed. The plural, also with pa, is used
in Manila in many cases, but may be said to be an imitation of the Spanish
vosotros (ye).
SECOND PERSON PLURAL.

Nom. You. Kayo.

Gen. Of you; your. Ill 1/6 (prefix); iiiiiyo (suffix).
Other cases. To, for, etc., you. Sa inyo.

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR.

Nom. He, she. Siyd.

Gen. Of him; of her; his; her. Kaniyd (prefix); niya (suffix).
Other cases. To, for, etc., him, her. Sn kaniyd.

THIRD PERSON PLURAL.

Nom. They. Sild.

Gen. Of them; their. Kanild (prefix) n ild ( suffi x )

Other cases. Them (to, for, etc. Sa kanild.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

These are the same as the genitives of the personal pronouns and are
genei-ally preceded by the article ang. The following examples will show
the variations:
{Ang dking anak.
My child.
{Ang aiiak ko.
{Ang iyong anak.
Thy child.
Ang anak mo.
{Ang kaniyang anak.
His (or her) child. Ang anak niyd.
(Ang kaiiilaiiganak. Ang atang anak.
Our (of we two) child.
\Ang anak ta. Aug anak ta.
(Ang ating maiTgd anak.
ik.
Our children (all of us).
\Ang mangd anak
ng maiu/d nc
nafin.
Our child (excluding person spoken (Ang anting anak.
.to). {Ang anak nainin.
(Ang inyoiig anak.
Your child.
\Ang anak ninyo.
(Aug kanilang anak.
Their child.
{Ang anak nild.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 37

The genitive forms of the personal i)ronouiis used without a following

noun are expressed with the article prefixed to the first genitive:
Mine. Ang akin.
Thine (yours). Ang iyo.
His; hers. Avg kaniyd.
Ours. Ang atin {incl.) ; ang amin (excl)
Yours. Ang inyo.
Theirs. Ang kanild.
The oblique cases with sa and the article also express this idea in Taga-
log; as, Mine, Ang sa akin.

Examples of two pronouns, or a pronoun with a noun:

Heand I (lit. "weof hiiu"). Kaminiyd.
He and his father (they and his Sild nang kaniyang amd.
father).
John and I (we of John). Kami ni Juan.
You and they (you of them). Kayo nild.
You and we (we of you). Kami ninyo.

In Manila and large towns these forms are dying out of use, the Spanish
style being used; as, John and 1 {Si Juan at aku).
To avoid the use of sii/d, "it," to indicate an inanimate object, the word
itself is repeated, or in answering a question a particle like m/a (certainly)
is used. Ex.: ^Malniti hagd ang lakatdn [a species of banana]? (Is the
lakatan good?) Malmfi iTga (Certainly [it is] good).
The third person plural is used to indicate great respect for a person,
coupled with ])6, and for still greater respect the word kamahalan (ex-
cellency) is used. Your excellency Ang inyong kamaJialan).
(

THE AFFIRMATIVE PARTICLES.

This name applied to several adverbs, and also to some words which
is
by themselves have no signification, which, added to pronouns, give them
an intensive or indefinite meaning. The following are the ones most gen-
erally used. None begin a sentence except kayd.
Self; selves. Din. preceding vowel.)
(i?in after
Perhaps. Bagd. (Generally with indef. verb.)
Perhaps; for that. Kayd. ( May begin sentence.

Also. Man.
Also. Man din. (Southern Tagalog only.)
Now. Na. (No meaning alone.
Certainly. Nga.
Certainly. ^gani. (Southern Tagalog; Bicol,
gnani.
Yet. Pa.
Actually! Is that so! Paid. (Idea of wonder inherent.
At; in; to; for, etc. Sa. (Greatly used word.)
Own. Sarin.
Enough now; plenty. Siyd na.
Ex.: Akorin; akoman (I myself). Siyd iTga{h.e, certainly). Ikdo man
(you also). Ang sarili kong cabayo (my own horse). 06 tTija (yes, cer-
tainly). Hindi iiga {no, mdeed)
The particle man attached to an interrogative pronoun converts the lat-
ter into an indefinite pronoun. Ex.: Anuman (anything; something).
Alinman (whichever; whatever). Sinoman (whoever). Sinomang Iduo
(anyone whomsoever).
These particles follow the monosyllabic pronouns, but precede the pro-
nouns of more than one syllable, unless the latter begin the sentence, in
which case the particle follows, as with a monosyllabic pronoun.
38 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Besides ano))ian, alinman, and sinoman, there are several words which
may be used at times as indefinite pronouns, and at other times with
adverbial force. One of these is hdkun/, which can lie used for "some, any,
and each." Ex.: Bdlang drao (someday). Ang bdlang tduo (any man).
Sa hdlavg Im (for each one).
The numeral im (one), prefixed to words like drao (day), and tduo
(man) gives the idea of "one day; a certain man," etc. It is also used
with demonstrative pronouns as follows: Itong iad (this one); diydn sa isd
(to that other); doon sa isd (to that other yonder). Isd may be said to
mean "other" among a few persons or objects, and the word ihd to desig-
nate "other" among many. Ihang tduo (another man completely) ibang ;

bdgay (another thing entirely).

Tanan, dilan, and jmiia mean everj'one, "all" (persons). "All" (the
adjective) is lahat.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

These pronouns, which in English are expressed by "which," "that,"

" who," etc., are expressed very obscurely inTagalogby means of the article
ang, and the ties g, ng, and 7(0. The Tagalog also has a negative relative
pronoun di, translated by "who not," "which not," "that not." Ex.:
He who is well Vjehaved is esteemed by all. Aug inabuting dsal ag minuma-
lial nang lahnt.
The book which you are reading is mine. Aug librong binabasa. mo'y dkin.
I did not receive the letter that you sent Dl ko tinangap ang sulat na ipi-
to me. nadald mo sa akin.
The man who does not disobey the laws Ang tduong dl siiniasalansaiig
will be protected in his rights. ipagtatangol nang katuiran.

The phrase "each other" is expressed by the particle nagka or magka,

together with the appropriate noun or pronoun. Ex.: Do they under-
stand each other? /Naghikaabmi sild (from alam)?.
The principal difficulty the student of Tagalog will experience here will
be in the use of the exclusive and inclusive forms of the first person plu-
ral. The dual forms are little used in the nominative, but are quite fre-
quently heard in the oblique and accusative cases. As has been remarked,
these exclusive and inclusive forms are to be found in nearly all the
Malayan languages, while in some of the allied ]\Ielanesian tongues, such
as that of Fiji, the second and third persons have not only a dual, but a
triple form, in addition to the ordinary plural. The Fijian first person has
also the dual and triple forms, each of which are divided into an inclusive
and exclusive form.
Section Three.

As has been previously explained, Tagalog root words may be used as

nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in many cases, either by the context
or particles affixed or suffixed. Naturally the noun is generally the sim-
plest form, especially the concrete noun, but secondary or derivative
nouns may be quite complicated in their construction. The noun is inva-
riable in form, number being expressed by the word riuuTjjd, or such words
as "all," "many," etc., for the plural. Cases are expressed l)y the article
or prepositions, and no gender is known. A great many connnon nouns
in Tagalog are derived from the Spanish, a few from Chinese, and some
from Arabic and Sanskrit sources. All Tagalog nouns may be used with
the article.
The words for meals and some articles of food, cooking utensils, etc.,
vegetables, and fruits not previously mentioned are:
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 39
Breakfast. Ang almuftaJ (Sp., almuerzo).
Midday meal. Angtanghalinn tanghalt, midday
( )

Afternoon lunch. Ang mininrktl {Sp., merienda).

Supper. Ang liapunan {hapon, afternoon).
Meat or fish. Ang via m (Sp., vicmda).
Broth. Ang sahdo.
Salted fish sauce. Ang paiis.
Salty or sour sauce. Ang Haumuan. {Sum/niKiiK means to
dip any viand into li(|ni(l. The
word " chowchow," so often
heard, is Cantonese or Hongkong
"pigeon English " for food.)
Pickles (bamboo sprouts, etc.). Ang acliaru (Sp., achia, from Hin-
dustani, achar, pickles).
Roasted or ))aked meat or fish ( what A)ig inihao. (Umihao means "to
baked or roasted). roast or bake".)
Frogs' legs. Ang )))niigd hita nang palakn.
Sucking pig. Lantdii nang biik.
Venison. Lamdti nung usd.
Wild pork. Laman nang habuy damo; lariidu nang
pagil.
The jungle fowl. Ang Inbuyo.
The duck. Ang itik.
The tree duck (Dendrocggna). Papon.
The goose. Aug gansd (Sansk., ha.m.'ia, not from
Sp. gnnm, a goose).
The peacock. Ang paro real (Sp. ).
The turkey. Ang para (Sp. ).
The ])igeon. Ang kalajKiti (Sansk. pardpdtl; old
Tag., palapali).
The dove. Ang hatohato nmnti.
The gizzard. Ang fialonibalonan (from balon, a
well; dim. ).
The liver. A)ig (day.
The heart. Ang pa so.
The mudfish; walking fish. Ang c/a /or/ (commonest lish in Luzon
OpJdoceplHdnx).
The following fish are much
eaten in Luzon, and, having no English
names, the Spanish names are given instead:
The pampano {Scatophagus). Ang kilang (best fish in Luzon).
The stiVjalo (Caranx). Ang butTgon (large fish, common).
The corvina ((MeochHu.s). Ang apdhap.
The liza. Ang bdnak.
The boca-dulce. Ang nunnall.
The sea products eaten are:
The oyster. Ang tabdjd.
The shell of a clam, etc. Ang kabibi. {Macabebe is said to
mean "Where there are clams,"
Pampangan dialect.)
The lobster. Ang n/a)ig.
The crab. Ang alimamjo.
The small crab. Ang alimasag.
The shrimp. A )ig h ipon.
( Bilarang-hipon, village,
northeast of Manila, "shrimp-
drying place.")
Vegetables. Ang gulag.
The mongo. Ang baldtong.
The radish. Ang Iqbanos (Sp., rabano).
The eggplant. Ang (along.
40 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The gabe root. Aiig (jahl.
The peanut. Ang mnn, Arawak (We.st Indian)
word.
The lomboy (fruit). Ang duhat.
The guayava. Ang bayahas.
The lime. Ang dagitp.
The apple. Ang manmnas (Sp., manzana).
The watermelon. Ang pakudn.
The cook. Aug tagn pamjosina.
The kitchen (cooking place). Ang pimighdutoan (from lutu, cook-
ing).
Crumbs; scraps. Mumo.
The dining room. Ang sllid na kahinan.
The tireplace. Ang Icaldii; ang dapoj.
Earthen cooking pot (medium size) Ang palai/ok.
Small earthen pot. Ang anglit.
Large earthen pot. Ang kating-an.
The frying pan. Ang kawali.
The gridii'on (})roiler). Ang ihaoan (from umihao, to roast).
The pitcher. Ang hdiTgd; ang galong.
Earthen pitcher. Ang tdhn.
The bowl. Ang mankok.
The jug. Ang saro (Sp., jarro).
{Ang ])alaasinan (from asi», salt).
The saltcellar. Ang .sow//: (without cover).
The pot cover. Ang tuntong.
The sieve. Ang bithay.
The bamboo tray. Ang bUdo.
The l)asket. Ang bdkdl.
The tire. Ang (tpiiy.
The smoke. Ang am (accent distinguishes from
aso, dog).
The (irewood. Ang kdJtoy iiaiig paiTgatong.

The names for parts of a house, household furniture and articles, and
ordinary tools, are given in the following list. Many of these names are
borrowed from the Spanish language:
The house. Ang W/m»/ (possibly Sansk., r«/fl.!/f',

an inciosure, through [Malay, hdlei,

hall, court; ))ut the Hawaiian is
hale, and there are similar words
in other Polj'nesian dialects).
The room. Ang silid.
The bathroom. Ang paliguan (lit., "loathing place" ).
The water-closet. Ang aunon (Sp. word).
The door. Angpiidn.
The doorway. Ang ptntoaii.
The window. Ang linib; ang durinTt/auau (from
diau/ao, to appear at the window);
ang bintana (Sp.)
The ladder (stairway). Ang hagddn.
The step (round of ladder). Ang hailaiig.
The balcony. Ang tanauan (lit., "watchtower" ).
The post or pillar. Ang haligi.
The kitchen platform. Ang bataldn.
The roof. Ang biibtmg.
The gable. Ang b'llisbisan.
The gutter pipe. Ang alaJitd.
The corner. Ang mink.
The window sill. Ang palab(d)ahdn.
The balustrade. Ang (jnyabndn.
 TA.GALOG LANGUAGE. 41

The prop (against winds). Auf/ sultay.

The partition (wall). Aug dingding.
The houHehold furniture. Ang kasankapan sa bahaj/.
The chair. Ang uupan (from amitpo, to sit
down).
The table. Aug Idtnesa ( Sp. r/ie-sa).
,

The clothes press (or cupboard). Aug sitiqxmtm.

The bed. Aug ])('tpag; ang cama (Sp. ).
The quilt. Ang komot.
The pillow. Ang unan.
The head (of a bed). Ang ololidn; ang olondn.
The niosijuito net. Ang kulambo.
The wash basin. Ang hilamusan.
The water. Ang tuhig.
The soap. Ang sabon (Sp., jabon).
The towel. Ang balinda.ng.
Tlie tooth brush (foreign). Ang cepiUo nang m^ipin {cepillo, Sp.
for "brush").
The tooth brush (native). Ang sipan.
The clothes brush. Ang cepillo nang damit.
The pail or bucket. Ang tlmbd.
The night vessel. Ang ihidn; ang orinoht (Sp. ).
The trunk. Aug rahdji.
The valise. Ang tainpipt; ang takbd.
The kev. Ang nisi (Chinese, sosi).
The padlock. Ang candado (Sp. word).
The lock. Ang cerrad'ura (Sp. word).
Thread. Sinulid, (spun, from sulid, spin).
The needle. Ang kardyum.
The pin. Ang aspiler (Sp., aljiler).
Silk thread. Sinulid na sutld (Sansk., siitra)
The scissors. Ang guniing.
The thimble. Ang dedal (Sp. word).
The eyeglasses or spectacles. Ang mlainin sa rnatd.
The picture; image. Ang luranun.
The household shrine. Ang altar sa bdhaij.
Wick for cocoanut-oil lamp. Ang tinsim (from Chinese iientsim).
Cocoanut-oil lamp. Ang tinghoy (from Chinese).
The lamp (old name). Ang sombo; ang simbo [I.'aodn now
used).
Matches. Apuyan; posporos {Sp., Josforos).
Fire-making sticks. Ang puyosan (similar to those of
North American Indians).
The flint. Ang pingkian; ang panliiTijan (local).
The steel. Aiig binalon.
The tinder. Ang lulog.
Rice mill (hand). Ang gilingan (from gding, to grind).
The rice mortar. Ang lusong (said to be origin of
"Luzon," but improbable).
The rice pestle. Ang halo.
The small mortar. Ang lusonghisotTigan.
The small pestle. Ang kamay (lit., "the hand" or
"arm").
The broom. Ang walls (verb walls means "to re-
move").
The mop (cloths) Ang paiTgoskos.
The razor. Ang pangdhit (from dJui, to shave;
also called ang labasa, from Sp.
navaja, razor).
The sadiron (flatiron). Ang j)rinsa (Sp., la prensa, the
press).
42 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The tongs. Ang sipit.
The balance. Ang timbamjan (from timbang, a
weight); also ang talaro (local
word).
The hook. Ang pangalaml,
The clothesline. A)ig sanipin/an (from sampcn/, to hang
out clothes).
The tahlecloth. Ang mantel (Sp. word).
The gaff (used in cock fighting). A ng tari.
The bird whistle. Ang pangati (used to lure or decoy
birds).
The rope. Ang lubid.
The twine. Ang pid.
Chinese twine. Leteng.
The wire. Ang kauad; ang kauar (rare) .

The chain (iron or gold, etc.). Ang tanikald (old word, talikala).
Yard (of house). liahayan (lit., "house place ").
Garden. Halamanan (lit., " plant place").
Plant (any
"
sown plant except rice) Ilalanian.
The hoe. A ng asarol.
The sickle. Ang kdrit.
The shovel. Ang panalok (from salnk, to stir up).
The spade. Ang pala (Sp. word).
The pincers small'
) Ang tiani (Chinese word).
The vise. Ang goto (Sp. word).
The wrench Ang painihit nang tormUo{\it., "screw
turner").
The saw. Ang lagari.
The hammer. Ang pamokpok ( from jiokpok, to
strike)
The hatchet. Ang pidhao.
The ax. Ang palakol.
The i)lane. Ang kalam.
The chisel. Ang x>ait.
The auger. Ang panghutas.
The gimlet. A.iig piisod.
The file. Ang kikil.
The wood turner. Ang lalikdn.
The anvil. Ang palihan.
The stake. Ang tulos.
The i)ulley. Ang kalo.
The lever. Ang panghiknat.
The adze. Ang dards.
The rule. Ang panukat (from si'ikat, to meas-
ure).
The pick. Ang piko (Sp. ,
picn )
The painter's or carpenter's scaffold Ang palapakt.
jAng araro (Sp., arado).
The plow. (Ang sudxud.
The beam. Ang ugit.
The plowshare. Ang sugud (also means "fine
comb")
The guiding cord. Ang punntik{iTom pitik, to snap with
a line).
The yoke. Ang pand.
The rice field. Ang pal ay an.
Practically all names connected with horses are Spanish, as that animal
was introduced by the Spaniards, and the Spanish terms are understood
throughout the Tagalog region. The following words, however, are useful
in connection with feeding animals:
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 43

Forage; grass. Sacate; ihonu (Sp., zacnle).

Rice and rife straw. Palay.
MolasHes (also honey). Pulot (much fed to native ponies).
Shed; shelter. Tayakad.
Stable with ^teaked roof. BarorigbarO)ig.

Nearly all names of edifices are also Spanish, l)ut a few are native, or
have been invented from other words. Among them are:
The church. Ang simhnlian (from hIihIki, to hear
inass; samba, to adore or worship )
The townhall. Aug ti'llniiial (Sp. word).
Aug cscncia (Sp. word).
The schoolhouse. Bulla If riang aralan (from aral, to
teach; to learn).
The warehouse. Aug kiniia/ig
The rice mill ( water or steam Angbigamii (from bigds, hulled rice).
power).
The sugar mill. Ang (ililmin.
The distillerv. Aug aliikan (from alak, wine).
The limekiln. Ang apugan (from cipiig, lime).
The hut. Ang dampa; ang kubii; ang saiiong
(mountain term).
The cemetery. Ang cam po sanln (Sp. ); ang libitTijan
(Tagalog word also means
"grave").
The cockpit. Ang sahinigan (from sabung, to fight
with gamecocks.)
The street. Ang laagsaiTijan.
The road. Ang ddan.
The trail or path. Ang ludnas; agtas (narrow trail).
Trail (of animal). Bolaos; onog; bagnos.
The dyke. Ang pilapil.
The plantation. Ang bukirdn; ang hacienda (Sp. ).

Irrigated land. Tubigan (from tilbig,water).

The briilge. Ang tuiay.
The band)oo l)ridge. Ang inlay na kaicayan.
The sugar-cane field. Ang tiibdlinn (from tubo, sugar cane).
The field; the country. Ang bi'ikiil.
The ditch. Ang ]>adali(i/an.
The jail or prison. Ang bUaiTijuun. {Bilibidisihe Manila
prison only.
The guardhouse or sentry box. A7ig baniayan (from iari/a//, guard)
The asylum. Ang tatagudn.
The stocks. Ang patTijao.
The fire (conflagration). Ang sdnog.
The spark. Ang alijmto.
The bonfire (signal fire). Ang siga.
The cocoaimt grove. Ang niogan.
The corral or inclosure. Ang karurukan.
The manger. Ang labangdn.
The floor. Ang saliig.
Words ])ertaining to tlie office are generally Spanish, although a few
are used of native origin. The most useful are:
Oflice. Opisina ( Sp. oficina )
,

Desk (writing). Sulatdn; escritorio (Sp. ).

Book. Libi-o (Sp. ).

Library. B'lblioteca (Sp.).
Letter. Si'dat(from Arabic s'ural, a chapter
of the Koran).
Pen. Panulat; plumn (Sp. ).
44 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
I'cncil. Jjipix; lapiz (Sp. ).

Ink. Tmta (Sp. ).

Red Ink. Tiiilmuj piila.

j Fudalaltan (from ddln, to carry).
Mail.
\C'07-reo (Sp. ).
Post-office. Administracion de. correos (Sp. ).
Letter carrier. Magdadidd uangsntat; cartero (Sp. ).

Telegrapli office. Eslacion de ii'lrgrafox ( Sp. )

Telegram. Telegranxi (Sp. ).
Messenger (orderly). Sugo; Ordenaiiza (Sp. ).
Typewriter. Maqidna de esrrihir (Sp. ).
Paper (in general). Papel (Spanish heavy paper, papel
de barba).
Blotting sand (fine). Margaha (Sp., common sand is bu-
hangin. Tag. ).
Blotting paper. Papel secante (Sp.).
The globe (world). Ang sansinukuban; sandaigdigan.
The earth (ground). Ang litpa.
The mountain. Ang bundok.
IMountain country. Ang kabundukan.
The precipice. Ang bdiTi/oi.
The hill. Ang burul ; gulod.
The crack; crevice. Ang bitak.
The cave. Ang Inngd; ang yungib.
The wilderness. Ang Hang.
The hole. Ang bulas.
The prairie; pasture, meadow. Ang parang.
The forest; timber. Ang guhdt.
The bush; the brush. Ang d'Dimhan.
The bamboo thicket. Ang kairai/andn.
The reedy ground. Ang katdlabahdn.
The rocky place (quarry). Ang batohan.
The thorn bush. Ang kalinikan.
The muddy country. Ang kaputikan (horn piUik, mud).
The spring. Ang bukal nung tubig.
The stream; l)rook. Ang batis.
The river. Ang Hog.
Source of river. Ang hold.
The bank. Ang parigpang.
Bank of river or seashore. Ang dulaiiipdsig.
The pool. Ang danao [danum, water in Pam-
pango, llocano, etc.).
The pond. Ang sdlog {sdlog, river in Bicol)
The swamp; slough. Ang l<dl; ang labon {Malabon,
swampy place).
The ravine or gulch. Ang ilat.
Tidewater creek. Sapa (Sp., estero).
Deep (unlordable) river. Hog na nialdlim.
The depth. Ang kataliman.
The shallowness (of river) Ang mababao na 'dog ( also
'
' ford" )

The ferry. Ang taunran.

The ferryboat or raft. Ang tabdo.
The bend (of river). Ang likd (also "curve").
Hole (in river). Lungd (also " cave " )
The waterlall.w Ang talon nang (I'tbig.
The whirlpool. Ang niiuli; ang ifniipu; ang alhnpnijo.
The bottom (of river). Ang ddinn nang i/og.
Muddy bottomed. Ang ildlim nang ilog na pulikan.

a The most famous Tagalog regioa waterfall is that of Botokan, near Majayjay, La
Laguiia I'rovmee.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 45

Gravelly or rocky bottom. Aiig il/Uim nang ihg mt baiolidii.

Sandy liottomed. Ang i/dlimnang Hog iia buhanginun.
Steep bank. I'angpang na mntarik.
Low bank. J'ang/Ming na mahabd.
The landing place. Aug dalampasigan.
The current. A ng agos.
Strong current. Maagos.
Weak current. MaJnnnng agos.
Very weak current. Mal'ining agos.
Place where there i.s a strong ('Ui Agusan.
rent.
The mouth (of a river). Aug vava (algo "bar. '
Sdbaiig
means "mouth" also; Licol "«(-
bang").
Tagalog is rich in nautical terms, the j)rincipal ones being as follow

The high sea; ocean. Ang Idol (Malay, laid).

The sea (in general). Ang ddgut.
Lake (large) Dagatan.
Lakelet. Dagatdugalan.
Everything in the sea. Sandagatan.
The seas themselves. Karagalan (singular in Tagalog).
D. to R.
Warm water. Malaragal. T>. to R.
Salt water. Tuhig na dlat.
Fresh water. Tubig na tabang.
The coast (sea or lake). Ang baybay.
The reef. Ang baiikota.
The sunken rock. Ang bat 6 sa ddgat.
The port; anchorage; landing place Ang doongan (also dalainj)a.<iigan).
The bar. Angivawa (also "mouth of a river" ).
The channel. Ang canal (Sp. word).
The light-house. Ang parol (from Sp., /aro).
The cape; jioint. Aii(/ Loiajos; ang Tanguay is Cavite
Point only).
The island. Ang pulo.
The gulf. A ng vald.
The bay. Ang look.
The wave. Ang alon.
The tide. Ang alagouak {rare); ang marea {i^ii.

word)
High tide. Ang laki.
Ebb tide. Ang kati.
The strait. Ang kitid.

The principal terms for the heavenly bodies, divi-sions of time, points of
the compass, and meteorological phenomena are as follows:
The sun; the day. Ang drao. ( Bayan is a I'are word for
"day." Ex.: maldlim ang bayan,
midday or a great day.)
The moon; the month. Ang budn.
The year. Ang taon.
One year. Sangtaon.
Every year. Taontadn.
Each year. Manaon; niamanadn.
Monthly. Bnangbudn.
New moon. Bagong budn.
(Kabilngan nang budn.
Full moon.
\P(dabang budn (rare).
iKamatayan nang budn.
Old moon.
\Bvgtong (rare).
46 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Time. Ang drno.
The s^tar. Any h'lluin.
Venus; the evening star. Taufjlao dagal (lit., "light of tlie
sea").
The Pleiades; the seven stars. Mairjlon.
The niorninii star. Ang lala.
The shooting star. Ang bnlnlakao.
The comet. Ang hitidn may hunlol.
The sky. Ang laiTgil.
The break of day. Ang liv-ayu'ag.
The dawn. Ang madaUng drao.
The morning. Ang umaga; uga.
Midday. Ang tmujliali (Malay, ((UigaJi-ari).
Afternoon (evening). Ang hapon.
Night. Ang gahi.
The daylight; sunlight. Ang s'lnag nang drao.
Moonlight. Ang sinag nang budn.
To-morrow. Bulas.
Yesterday. KalKtpnn.
Day before yesterday. Kamakalaud.
A few days ago. Kamakaildn.
After a while. Mamaya-niaya.
(Three) days ago. Kamak<datl6.
(Ten) days ago. Kainakapono {Kamaka expresses
"days ago.
One week. Isang lingo (corruption of Sp. Do-
mingo, Sunday).
Every week, weekly (adv.). Lingolingo.

The names days are Spanish, Sunday being called Lingo, corrupted
of the
from Domingo. Lingo is also used for "week." The word "minute" is
also taken from Spanish, and the word for hour is a corruption of the
Spanish word Jtora. The names of the months, days, and other divisions
of time from Spanish are given below for convenience of the student.

January. Enero.
February. Fehrero.
March. Marzo.
April. Ahril.
May. Mayo.
June. Junio.
July. Jidio.
August. Agosto.
September. Septiembre.
October. Octuhre.
November. Noriembre.
December. Diciembre.
The month of January. Ang buang enero.
Sunday. Lingo (from Sp., domingo).
Monday. Lunes.
Tuesday. Maries.
Wednesday. Miercoles.
Thursday. Jueves.
Friday. Viernes.
Saturday. Sdbado.
The beginning. Aug rindd.
The middle. Ang pagitan.
The end. Ang katapnsan; ang hawydn.
The hour. Ang oras (from Sp., hora).
Watch; clock. Orasdn.
Half hour. Kalnhating orax.
Minute. Minuto. (Sp. word).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 47

Second. Segundo (>Sp. word).

The dry season. Ang tagarao (from drao, sun).
Tlie wet season. Aug tagiddn (from ulan, rain).
The daylight. Ang kaliv'unagan (from lw:miag,
light; Ilocano, Laoag, capital of
Ilocos Norte), noun.
Aug hadilimdn (from dillm, dark),
The darkness. noun.
Ang karilimdn. (D. to R.
The north. Ang Idlaga (also "the north wind " ).
The east. Ang silaiTganan (lit., "rising place,"
sun, etc.).
The south. Ang liahdgat {a.ho "the south wind" ).
The west." Avg kfdtiiiuran (from lunod, drown).
The northeast wind. Ang ain'ilinn.
Wind or air. Aug JuiiUjin.
The weather. Aug iHOuthon.
Reasonableness. Kapanahouan ; also musiu. [Kujki-
nahonan also means "opportu-
nity," in some cases.)
The heat. Ang iuit. Heat (abstract), Kainitan.
The cold. Ang laviig. Cold (abstract), l-aUuul-
gan.
The earthquake. Aug Hndol.
The dew. Ang huuiog.
The earth smell. Ang allmoom. (Smell of earth after
rain.
The mist or fog. Ang ulap.
The cloud. Ang alapadp.
Rare words arelawnuja,
a little rain; lawa-
/o«a, a drizzle; anuta,
The rain. Ang uldn. moderate steady rain
The drizzle. Ang ambdn. tikati k,gent\ii, contin-
uous rain, and louruk,
a rain with great
drops.
A hard shower. Isang hagsd nwug uldu.
The inundation (flood). Ang buhd.
The rainbow. Ang bahaghari (lit., "the king's
sash").
The lightning flash. Ang kldlat.
The thunderbolt. Ang lintik.
The thunder. Ang kidog.
The storm. Aug ouos.
The hurricane; typhoon. Aug bagyd.
The cyclone; tornado. Ang bohaui.
The tempest. Aug Kigwd.
The whirlwind. Ang ipoipo.
The ice. Ang hielo (Sp. word. Also tidng
na bat 6 malamig or "cold-stone
water.")
The hail. Ang granizo {Sp. word; rare in Philip-
pines).
Heavy rain cloud. Ang goot (rare).
The snow. Ang niece (Sp. word; known from
books only).

a As the Tagalogs were originally sea rovers, the heavenly bodies sunk in the .«ea to
them, so they say, the "drowning place" for the west.
48 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Navigation was considerably developed by the Tagalogs prior to the
arrival of the Spaniards, and a considerable
maritime vocabulary developed.
The words in ordinary use are:
The vessel. Aug sasaki/un.
The sail. Aug layag.
The art of sailing; navigation. Ang paglaldi/ag.
Anyone aboard. Ang saka>/ (formerly "oarsman,"
"paddler" ).

Sailor; mariner. Tagdragat (lit., "sea dweller").

Pilot. Malhn {Arabic); jyrdctico (Sp.).
The rudder. Ang ugit.
The compass. Ang brujula (Sp. ).
The mast. Ang palo (Sp. word); (Dig sundong
(rare).
The yard. Ang hatangan (Batangas Province).
The outrigger. Ang katig.
The bow. Ang doong.
The stern. Ang liuli nang snf^akydn.
The boat pole. Ang tikbi.
The paddle. Ang sagwdn.
The paddler. Ang mananagii'An (S. to N. ); (Fil.
Sp., bnnquero).
The oar. Ang gdod.
The oarsman; rower. Aug maiujagdod.
Paddling. Ang pagaagicdn.
Rowing. Ang pag-gdnd.
Sculling. Aug paglndin (Chinese word, Uu).
The cover (of boat or canoe). Ang karang.
The canoe. Ang hangkd.
The prau. Ang parao.
Political and natural subdivisions are as follows, in so far as they pertain
to social relations:

The Philippine Islands. Ang kapuluan Fillpinas.

The Visayan Archipelago. Ang kapuluan Bisagd.
The Tagalog country. Ang katagahigan.
The Visayan region. Ang kabisnydan.
The province. Ang lalau-igan (formerly
this word
meant "anchorage," "port").
The jurisdiction (of a municipality. Ang sdkop.
township).
The court. Ang hokuman (from hokom, a judge;
Arabic hakim, doctor, philoso-
pher, judge).
The town. Ang bayan (including the rural l)ar-
rios)
The town proper. Ang kabayanan (excluding rural l)ar-
rios).
The fellow-townsman. An kababayan.
'J

The house. Ang bahay.

The neighbor. Ang kapidbdhay.
The settlement; hamlet. Ang nayon (Sp., sitio).
The barrio (ward). Ang baraiTijay (old word for vessel).
Ang jjulo nang baraiTgay.
The head man of a barrio. Ang cabeza nang baraiTgay (Sp.
term )
The mayor; alcalde. Ang preddente; ang capitdn (Sp.).
The secretary. Ang secretario sa bayan; ang kalihini.
{Liftim means "a secret." )
The treasurer. Ang tesorero; ang taga i)ujat yanian
(lit., the " wealth guarder").
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 49

Tlie chief of the town. Aug saiujuni(tn hnynn (old name for
the civic head of a town).
The upper part (of town, river, Avg ilaga (lower part of same is ang
country). ibahd).

The terms for metals, mineral^*, are mainly native, one or two having a
foreign origin. They are:
Gold. dintd.
Si ver.
I P'llak {Iyovo. peruk Malayan).
,

Iron. Bdkal
Copper. Tiuig^o.
Steel. Patiilim (from talhn, an edge).
The loadstone (magnet). Aug hatohalani
Lead.' Tingd (from Sanskrit, tUra, tin).
Tin. Tingaputl (lit., "white lead" ).
Mercury. Azogue (Sp. ).
Gold and copper (alloy). Tiunbaga (from bnga, anything red-
hot; some say from Sansk. tdmra).
Lime. Apog.
Ivory. Gdring (Malay, gad'ing; orig.
Sanskrit.).
Whetstone. Balong tagisan.
Horn. SutTgag.
Rust. Kalaticwg.
Tortoise shell. Kala.
Sulphur. Sanyaua ( rare ) ; uzufre ( Sp. )

The ordinary terms used bv fishermen are:

Fishing. Ang mangisdd (from isdu, a fish).

Casual fisher. Ang mamhninuit (from binuit, a
hook).
The fisherman (trade). Ang manghTgisdd.
The fish ])ole. Ang balhvdsan.
The fish line or line. Ang pisi.
The liook. Ang tagd (large); ang binuit (small).
The bait. Ang pain.
The net (small). Ang dala.
The seine; large net. Aug pukot.
The fish trap. Ang baklad.
Wicker basket for catching fish. Ang bobo.
The arrow. Ang palasu; ang pand (Sansk, rdna.)
The bow. Ang busog.
The principal jiarts of the human body, together with some terms for
animal bodies, are named as follows:
The head. Ang lUo.
The body, the person. Aiig katauan (from tauo, human l)e-
ing, person).
The bone. Ang buto.
The fiesh. Ang Jamdn.
The ])lood. Ang dngo.
The pulse. Ang sanhi.
The skin. Ang balat.
The pore. Aug kildbot nang balat.
The skull. Ang biuTijo.
The brain. Ang lUak.
The nerve. Ang I it id.
The vein. Ang ngat.
The membrane. Ang Idmad.
The hair (of the head). Am/ bnhok.
6855—06- 4
50 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Hair (pubic). Bulbiil. (Body hair or feathers,
b(d(ihiho).
The crown of tlie head. Aug hiitnhunaii.
The temple. Aug jiiUpimn.
The forehead. Aug nod.
The evebrow. Aug ViJaii.
The eyelid. Ang hubong nang mati'i (lit., the roof
of the eye).
The eyelash. Ang pilikmatd.
The eye. Ang mat&.
The pupil of the eye. Ang halintatao.
The white of the eye. Ang bilig nang mata.
The tear duct. Ang dalogan nang luJin.
The nose. Aug Hong.
The lip. Aug I'ibi (probablv from Sp., Jabio,
lip).
The mouth. Ang bibig (Malay, bihir, lip).
The chin. Ang baba (Sp., barfxi, chin).
The cheek. Ang pifi)~gi.
The mustache. Ang bigote (Sp. old word, ini^ay).
;

The beard. Ang barbas (Sp. old words, guml,

;

baaug, ymTijot).
The tongue. Ang Wild.
The ear. Ang Idiiu/a.
The tooth. Ang iH/ipin.
The molar. Ang bagcing.
The gum. Ang giU'igid.
The hard palate. Ang iTgalangcda.
The soft i)alate. Ang gidil.
The throat. Atig lal((mnna)i.
The larynx. Ang grdnng-gidioTgan (dim. of gu-
lling, a wheel).
The lower jaw. Aug sdutng.
The stomach. Ang .'iikmura.
The intestine. Ang bituka.
The anus. Aug tmnboug.
The neck. Ang liig.
The nape of the neck. Aug bi'itok.
The shoulder. Aug bdlikdt.
The shoulder blade. Ang balagat.
The arm. Aug baraso (from Sp., brazo).
The hand. A)tg kauiag (also "arm").
The palm. Ang palud nang kamaij.
The linger. Aug dalin.
The thumb. Ang liudalaki.
The index finger. Ang Idntuturu {Iroin tuturo, Xo point
to).
The middle finger. Ang data (the chief, dattn; Malay,
datoh, grandfather).
The ring finger. Ang .txsuoldng .vngsing (from su.^u(it,

to put on).
The little finger. Ang kaViugkiiTijau.
The wrist. Ang gidanggalaiTjja)! (from gakuTljan,
jewelry).
The elbow. Ang siko.
The nail. Aug kvko.
The knuckle. Ang Jinko nang dalin.
The armpit. Aug killkili.
The breast. Ang dihdlh.
The bosom. A)lfl SllSil.

The rib. Aug ladiang.

TAGALOG
52 TAGALOG LANGUAGP:.
The swelling; inflaminatiou. Aug jKiiiiamaga.
The discoloration; lividity. A}ifj latdjj.
The cramp. Arig pidlkut.
The hiccough. Ang xiiiok.
The corn. Aug li/iak.

The wart. Aug knlxgo.

The foot-sore (similar to chilljlains ). Aug alijiHiTga.
The wound or sore. A)ig si'igdt.

The inflammation of the lymphat ic Avg k'llani.

glands.
The boil. Ang pigsn.
The pus. Ang nand.
The Aleppo button (ulcer). Ang agihap.
The pimple. A)ig tagiilah'ij/.
The "dhobeitch." Ang galls (Sp., S(irna).

Articles of clothing have native names, as a whole, l)ut many have also
been taken from other languages. The leading terms are:

The clothing; dress. Aug dcnnit.

The style of dressing. Anq pdnanamit (from damit) . (D.
t'o N.
The hat. Ang aomhalllo {irom Sp., somhrero, a
liat).
The native helmet. Ang salakot.
The coat; shirt. Ang baro.
The trousers. Ang salavdl i from seluar (.\ral)ic),
trousers).
The shoe. Aug sapin (lit "underfoot").
The drawers. Aug calzonciUos (Sp. word).
The socks. Ang calcelines (Sp. word).
The stockings. Ang medias (Sp. word).
The slippers. Ang sinelas (Sp., cinnela).
The skirt. Ang saga (Sp., saga).
The underskirt. Ang naguas (Sp., iniagua).
The petticoat string. Ang pamigk'is.
The apron; overskirt. Ang t a pift.

The ruff; neckerchief. Ang ahtmpni/.

The handkerchief. Ang ]>any6 (Mex. Span., pano ban-
dana).
The ribbon. Ang liston (Sp. word).
The mantilla. Ang Imnhong.
The comb. Ang snkhiji.
The fine comb. Ang myod (also "plowshare").
The button. Ang Intone» (irom Sp., boton, a l)Ut-
ton).
The ring. Ang singsing (Malay, chinchin).
The earring. Ang hikao.
The rosary (beads). Ang auntas (fromSp., cnenta, a l)ead
of the rosary).
The scapular. Ang cahnen (troni Carmen, "Mt. C'ar-
mel").
The fan. Ang pnypay.
The parasol. Ang pdj/ong.
The cane; staff. Ang tungkod.
The staff of office. Ang baras (from Sp., vara, yard-
stick).
The pipe. Airg knako.
The native pipe (of leaves). Ayig patnpid.
The coat of mail. Ang biilii.ti.

The breech-cloth; sash. Ang bahag.

 TAG A LOG LANGUAGE. 53
The i)riiKii)al parts ul" treet?, ])lants-, etc., are named as below:
The tree. Ang kdhoy (also "wood").
The trunk. Aiig }>uno.
The root. Ang uga(.
The bud. Aug liuko (also the young ccx-oanut
fruit).
The flower. Ang hulaklak.
The shoot; sprout. Ang Ksbong; ang lahong.
The branch. Ang sufiga.
Luiul)er; wood; timber. KaJioy.
The leaf. Any dahon.
The l)ark. Ang updk.
The sap. A ng galas. {Galas is also "milk".)
The fruit. Ang bnnga (also used for fruit of
areca palm).
The terms
for cigar, cigarette, and tobacco are of Spanish origin, but the
practice of chewing betel nut, rolled with the leaf of the betel and spiced
with slaked lime, has given some native terms.
The areca nut. Ang hunga (fruit of Areca catechu).
The betel leaf. Ang itmo (leaf of Piper betel).
The lime (mineral). Ang tipog.
The "))uyo" or chew. Ang hitso.
The nutcracker (long). Ang kaVikul.
The lime stick. Ang apugan. (Sainewordfor "lime-
kiln.")
The following list professions,
of dignities, and trades, etc., gives the
principal terms used b}' the Tagalog race:
The President. Ang President e sa America.
The governor-general. A ng gobernador-general.
The provincial governor. Any gobernador .sa lalaidgan.
The judge. Aug hokom (Arabic word).
The Pope. Ang papa (Sp. word).
The archbishop. Ang arzobispo (Sp. word).
The bishop. Ang obispo (Sp. word).
The priest. Ang pare (from Sp., padre, a priest).
The general. Ang general ( Sp. ) .

The colonel. Ang coronel (Sp. ).

The lieutenant-colonel. Ang teniente coronel (Sp. ).
The major. Ang coinandante (Sp. (also com-
)

manding officer)
The captain. Ang capitdn (Sp. ).
The lieutenant. Ang leniente (Sp. ).
The second lieutenant. Ang alferez.
The sergeant. Ang sargento (Sp. ).
Tlie corporal. Ang cabo.
The trumpeter (bugler). Ang corneta (Sp. ).
The soldier. Ang sundalo.
The king. Ang hari.
The noljle. Ang gat (equal to Sp., Don).
The noblewoman. Ang dayang (equal to Sp., Bona).
The gentleman. Ang maginoo (equal to Sp., Serior).
The lady. Aug ginoo (equal to Sp., Seiiora).
The lawyer. Ang tagapagtangol (from tangol, to
protect).
The doctor. Ang mangagamot (from gamot, med-
icine").

«All military terms are t;ikeii from Spaiiisli, except a few like hoktm, army, The same
is true of naval terms.
54 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The ineicliant. Aii(/ niaiTi/aiTgaldkal (from Lulitkid,
business).
The seller. AiKj tdfjapaghill (fr(jm hi(iijhl/i, sell-
ing) •

The Ijuyer. A)ig tagapamili (from jinniniiili,

buying^-
The teacher. Aiig inangaaral (from anil, teach-
ing, etc. ).

The pupil. Avg uralan {iro\\\ arid, learning, etc. ).

The preacher. Aug maiTijaiTgdral (from ami, teach-
ing, etc.).
The clerk. Aug manunuiat (from si'ihit, letter).
The interpreter; translator. Aug dalubasa (from f^isa, reading).
The writer. Aug siivnisulat (from Kulat, letter).
The reader (professional). A)ig tugabusa (from h<isa, reading).
The reader (casual). Ang biunabam (from basa, reading).
The student. Aug iiagadral (from dral, learning,
etc. )

The i^rinter. Aug vianlilimbug (from Ihiibag,

printing).
The chief; head; boss. Aug pliiiikxipuno (from pinw, trunk).
The partner. ^\ng hasa )ud from mma, association
( )

The companion. Aug kasauia from sarua, association

{ )

The carpenter (housebuilder). Ang anloague

The wood sawyer. Ang manlalagarl (from lagan, a
saw )
The tailor; dressmaker. Aug mananahi (from talit, sewing).

The shoemaker. Anggumagaxidnangsap'iu{iroingaird,

to make).
The butcher. Ang mamamataij )iang buca (from
patai/, to kill).
The field hand. Ang Diags^asala (from xaka, to till).

The sower. Aug rnagtatunhu (from tanim, to

sow).
The reaper (crop gatherer). uing mangagapas (from g<ipa.<, to
cut, reap).
The day-laborer. Ang npahdn (from vj>i(, pay, salary).
The metal founder. Ang magbububo (from bubo, to cast
metals).
The smith (any metal). Ang patidai/ (Sansk., pau<h1, science,
skill).
The maker of . Ang mangagaun uaug (from
gawd, to make).
The potter. Ang wagpapalai/ok (from puhujok, a
jar).
The inventor. Ang mapaglahtng (from lahou/, in-
vention).
The peddler. Aug mjgkdako from lako, to peddle).
(

The washerman or washer-woman. Ang tagapaglaba (from Sp., hiv<ir, to

wash).
Ang tagapaglulu (from bdu to cook)
The cook. Ang tagapangosina ( from '&\).,cucina,
kitchen)
The salt maker. Ang viagaaKin (from asln, salt).
The oil maker. Ang rnaglalarTgis (from lanTg'ts, oil).
The weaver. Ang nianhahabi (from Jiabi, to weave.
The dyer. Aug maninina (from tina, to dye).
The house servant. Ang alila.
The collector. Ang tugapaniiujil (from >^hTgil, to
collect, dun).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 55
The cashier; paymaster. Aug tdtjdpagbujjad (from hayud, to
pay a debt).
The Iiunter (professional). Aug mdiujaiTijaso(from uho, a dog).
The creditor. Ang phiitgkakautangan (from t'ltang,
a debt).
The debtor. Aug iwujatang (from ntdng, a debt).
The bearer. Ang iiKti/dald (from d(dd, to carrj-).
The predecessor. Ang hinulinJuni (from halili, to fol-
low).
The successor. Ang kuhalill (from liaUU, to follow).
The heir. Ang iniigmamana (from mana, heir-
ship).
The grass cutter. A)ig nutgdadamo (from damo, grass,
herb )

The nurse. Ang tagapagalaga (from alaga, to

care for).
The wet nurse. Ang sisiwa.
The midwife. Ang lulot.
The pawnbroker. Ang niapagpatubo (from tubo, a
pledge).
The beggar. Ang pulube.
The thief. Ang magnandkao (from nakdo, to
steal).
The slave. Ang alipin.

Section Fouis.

THE AD.IECTIVE.

The adjective is a word used in a grammatical sense to qualify, limit, or

define a noun, or a word or phrase which has the value of a noun, and it
expresses cjuality or condition as belonging to something: Thus, "black-
ness" is the name of a quality and is a noun; "black" means possessing
blackness and so is an adjective. The adjective is used (1) attributively,
(2) appositively, and (3) predicatively. Examples, (1) "A good man,"
(2) "A man good and great, (3) " The man is good."
Equally in Tagalog as in English, this is the meaning of the adjective,
and owing to the greater fiexibility of the former the construction of such
words is much more clearly to be seen. Like English, some root words
are adjectives by intrinsic signification and may be called "simple adjec-
tives.
'
Among the simple adjectives are bago new ) mahal (dear, precious,
' ( ,

noble), hdmak (vile), hunghan

(foolish), tahunik (quiet, tranquil), an(l
iotuo (true). But the greater number of adjectives in Tagalog, as in Eng-
lish, are compounds formed from roots, which may be sometimes nouns,
by means of prefixes, infixes, and suffixes like the English suffixes "ly,"
"like" "able," etc., as in "friendly," "childlike," " remarkable," etc.
The ordinary particle in Tagalog used in the formation of adjectives is the
prefix ma, undoubtedly a contraction of mai/, to have or possess, as there
are nouns with which nun/ is still retained with the noun to form an adjec-
tive. Among such ma adjectives may be mentioned magandd (beautiful),
from gandd, the root expressing the idea of beauty or good appearance,
and marunong (wise), from dunong, the root expressing the idea of wisdom.
It will be observed that 7na, like some other particles softens d to r when
d commences a word.
When prefixed to nouns denoting things which may be had or possessed,
ma denotes an abundance of whatever may be signified by the noun.
Examples: Si Juan ag niaghitu (John has much gold); masilid ang bdhay
(the house has many rooms).
The particle ma has at least nine other functions, which will be explained
in the appropriate places.
56 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
May is used really as the verb "to have" in the phrase Ako'y may salit
(I am sick [ill], literally, "I have sickness or pain" ). In asking if a person
is ill or in pain the verb is sometimes reduplicated; e. g.. May maymkit ka?
(Are you ill [or in pain]?).

Ma, adjectives may be conjugated with the definite infix in to exp-^ess

opinion; e. g., minamarunong ko ito (I think this is wise). Ma is redupii ^
cated to express the present tense; minari'mong ko itd would mean "I
thought this was wise."
Conjugated with the indefinite particle may (nag in present tense), the
adjective assumes a verbal form, with the implied idea of boasting or pre-
tending what may be signified by the root; as, itagmamuranony si Felipe
(Philip boasts of being wise); nagtnamaganda si Loleng (Dolores [Lola]
pretends to be beautiful). The idea may also be conveyed by "believes
himself" (or "herself"), what may be denoted by the root; e. g., "Lola
believes herself to be beautiful."
The particle na also forms some adjectives, in which the first syllable of
the root is generally repeated. These na adjectives also have an indefi-
nite verbal meaning. Ex.: Xauuhdo (thirsty, to be thirsty), from iihao;
napagal (tired, to be tired); pagalin (a tired person): vamatay (dead, to
be dead, from patay). P
is here changed to mfor euphony.
Some adjectives are also formed from roots by the prefix rnapag, as
mapagtuiTgayao (abusive, insulting [words or acts implied]).
Others are formed by the j)refix mapa; as, mapamansag (boastful, vain-
glorious, ostentatious), from bavsag, ostentation. B
is softened to m.
The indefinite particles mag and 7iag, when ])refixed to some roots, gen-
erally with reduplication of the first syllable of the same, form adjectives
in some cases. Ex.: Magdarayd (fraudulent, cheating), from dayd, the
initial d being softened to r; and nagiisa (sole unique, only), from isa, one.
The particle maka, in its signification of cause, forms adjectives similar in
meaning to those in English ending in "able," "ing," etc., when prefixed
to roots capal^le of such significations. The first syllable of the root is gen-
erally reduplicated, but not always. Ex.: Makatotoua (agreeable, pleasure
causing), from tnua; makatatdua (laughable, comic), from Idiia, and maka-
sdua (disgusting), iromsdua, etc.
A few adjectives are formed by the prefixed particles ynala and pala, as
malahiniiu/a (lukewarm, applied to water), malakoko (quite warm), and
palaaiidy (quarrelsome), from audy (quarrel, enmity).
Some adjectives are formed by the reduplication of a root when the I'oot
has no more than two syllables. If there are more than two syllables the
first two only are reduplicated. This rule is general in Tagalog. Ex.:
Ildlohdlo (mixed), from halo, root of the idea "to mix;" sunodsiniod (con-
secutive), from sunod, root expressing the idea of following, etc. The
restrictive particle ka is sometimes prefixed to these reduplicated roots,
implying a lesser degree than with ma or may; as, kaxakitsakit (painful),
from sakit, root expressing the idea of illness or pain. An example of how
far a polysyllable is reduplicated is furnished by the word kaginhagi»hdua
(wholesome, salubrious), iroiw ginhdua, idea of relief, betterment, rest.
There are a very few adjectives formed by the union of two words of
opposite meaning, of which urong-sidong (neutral, indecisive), from urong
(to go back), and sulong (to go ahead), may be taken as the type.
The particle in [liin alter an acutely accented vowel) suffixed to many
adjectives gives the idea of a person or object having the quali'y denoted
by the root. Ex.: Masintahin (a loving person), from sintd, love; (awohin
(a useful [or available] article), from tamo, use, utility, and babasagin (a
broken or frail thing), from basag, idea of breaking, fracturing, etc., any-
thing like glass, a plate, the head, etc. The first syllable of the root is
here reduplicated.
An (ha)i), which is generally a place suffix, is sometimes added to
adjectives in which the idea of place or location is inherent, and occa-
sionally with those which do not admit the suffix in for euphonic or other
reasons. Ex.: Bt madaanan (impas.sable or impenetrable), from dt (not),
 TAaALOG LANGUAGE. 57

and ddan (road), and malman (patient person), in denotinjr what may be
suffered when suffixed to inutlix; as, niatiisin (what suffered or endured ).
This, however, l)eh)ng3 more properly under the particles, where the dif-
ference in the use of in and an is set forth at length.
In when inserted after the first consonant of some nouns gives the idea
of like, and one at least is sometimes used as an adjective. It is bivntd
(youth), from btdd (child), and is sometimes used to mean "young,"
although b(i(/o (new) is sometimes used with the same idea, as in the words
hacjoufj tauo (unmarried man or })achelor, literally "new i)erson").
The English nouns and phrases which are used as adjectives are ex-
pressed in Tagalog by means of the ties g, vfj, or rut, the wonl which is
modified preceding the modiiiei-, the opposite to what is done in English.
The tie is attached to the modified word and answers somewhat to the
P^nglish "of." Ex.: Sdhonimj plhtk (a mirror of silver, a silver looking-
glass) ((/); tinterong huboij {'AW inkstand of glass, a glass inkstand) {ng);
singsingna ginto (a ring of gold, a gold ring) buhay na bato (a stone house,
;

a house of stone), the last two examples showing the use of the tie nn.
Sometimes the tie is omitted if the modified word ends in a consonant
other than n, but it is not considered elegant to do so.
Adjectives like the P>nglish "golden," "silvery," "wooden," etc., are
expressed in different ways in Tagalog, generally by means of the ties
or by different jjarticles indicating "likeness," which will be explained
hereafter.
Negative adjectives like those formed in English by the prefixes un.
(Anglo-Saxon), in (before b and y) softening to m for euphony), im (Latin),
a, an (Greek), are formed in Tagalog by the particles dl (not), iratd
(without), and sometimes hi]idt. (no). Ex.: Di malapitan (unajiproach-
able), from lap'd, idea of approaching; dt mabilavg (innumerable), from
bllang (to number); di. viadaa»an (impassable or impenetral)le), from
ddan (road); walang bahala (apathetic, indifferent, careless); iraUnig hangdn
(withoutend, lasting, eternal, infinite), and hindinamumuiTga (unfruitful),
from bniTga (fruit), with na and reduplicated first syllable of root (softened
to m from b) to indicate present tense (literally, "not fruit-bearing").
The use of di and wald is illustrated by di makabayad and indang maybayad,
the first meaning "notable to pay" and the second "without means of
payment," both being about equal to "insolvent."
As in English, there is no variation in the adjective for gender and case, but
the adjective may be pluralized. For the plural (the modified word being
understood in some cases) the word vunTijd is used with simple adjectives
as, ang maiu^d hunghang (the foolish [persons] ) —and the first syllable of the
root is repeated if it consists of one or two letters for compound adjectives.
If the first syllable of the root contains more than two letters, the first two
letters only are reduplicated. MaiTgd is also used by many with the plural
compound adjective. Ex.: Ang marurunong, or ang maiTgd viarurunovg
(the wise [people] ).
The adjective may precede or follow the noun modified, and it would
seem that the latter form is to be preferred, as it agrees with Malay (as
with Spanish) construction. However, with the spread of English it is
not unlikely that the custom of using the adjective before the noun may
become the usual construction, as it is equally as correct as the other way.
Ex. Ang maiTgd babayeng vmgandd; ang maiTgd magandang babaye; ang baba-
:

yeng magagandd; ang magagandang babaye; ang mant^d babayeng magagandd,

and ang maiTgd magagandang babaye. All six of the foregoing phrases mean
simply "the beautiful women," the first four being preferable.
The following list of adjectives will give the principal ones in ordinary
use. The plan has been followed of giving adjectives with certain mean-
ings, followed by those of opposite significations, or at least in well-defined
groups. Words having substantially the same meHning are called syno-
nyms; those of opposite meaning, antonyms. Words with the same sound
biit different meanings are called homonyms. Some Tagalog adjectives
require several different words in English to express their varying mean-
58 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
ing, just an occurs in translating English into Tagalog or any other lan-
guage. Practice alone will fully instruct the student, owing to the localisms
and provincialisms of the language. As many examples will be given as
space justilies.

Dear; noble; precious; esteemed. Mahal. Aug minumahal, the es-

teemed, dear, etc., person or thing.
Cheap, ignoble, etc. Mura.
Useful, available (thing). Tariiuhln. Tamo, use, utility, benefit.
Useless; without benelit. Walang kabolo/idn. Ex. WaUna/ :

kabolnhdn ang gavd mo, your work

is without value; useless.
(Jood. Mahuti. Mabuting taiio, a good per-
son.
Bad. Musamd. Kasamaan, evil.'
Harmful; hurtful; slanderous. Makapapawjanydya. From anydya,
JM171, and maka, with pa. A good
example of the building up of
words in Tagalog. I'a)Ti/anyayang
tauo, a man who destroys the
property of another.
Strong. Malakds. Malakds tia tduo, a strong
person, Malakds na harTgin, a high
wind.
Weak. 3{uliind. Kahinaun, weakness.
Large, big, grand. Malaki. Kalak-hdri, grandeur; size.
Small. Maliit.
Bulky; massive. Matarubok.
Marami (from dami. ) KaramiJiati,
Much; plenty. plenty; abundance.
3radld.
Excessive; superfluous; remaining. Lubhd (also means "very" before
another adjective. Lubhang sakd,
)

serious illness.
Little; some. Kaunti. ^Marunong kang Tagdlogf
^"Do you understand Tagalog? Opo,
yes, sir. ^Inglh? Kaunti, pu, a
little, sir.
Spacious; ample; wide (as room, Mainavg. Maluang na silid, a wide
road, etc. ). (or spacious) room.
Broad; wide; level; fiat. Maldpad. Kalaparan, hremlth. Ma-
Idpad isip, broad minded.
"iia

Disproportionately wide (or broad). Maluag. Maiuag na loob, a magnan-

imous heart (metaph.).
Mak'ipoi. Makipot aiig ddan, a nar-
row road. Mahpot na isip, nar-
Narrow (as street, door, opening). row-minded. Kakipotan, narrow-
ness.
^[ak'ttid. Makitiran, narrowness.
Tall; high; noted (metaph.). Mataas. Kataasaii, tallness, height.
Deep. Ma/dlim. Kalaliman, depth. Mald-
lim na gdlit, deep anger.
Low; shallow; humble (metaph.) Mababd. Kababaav, low ground;
also humility. Mal)aba)>g loob, a
submissive (humble) disposition.
Long; aLso gigantic. Mahabd. Mahabang tulay, a long
bridge. Mahabang tauo, a gigan-
tic man.
Short; brief. Maikli variation (
inaikai) . Maikliiuj
buhuy, a short life.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE, 59

Close; short (as hair, beard, etc.) Sdffad.

Square; equal on all sides. Parisukat (from sukat, to measure,
and parts, equal, as).
Mabtlog. Kabilogan, or pagkaJi'iUMj,
Round; circular. roundness.
MaliiTifm (rare)
Thick (as a board, book, etc.), Makapnl.
Thick (as liquor, clothes, etc.) Mulbnit. Mallmit na dam'd, thick
clothes.
Coarse; rough. Magdspam/. Magdspung rut ku)un,
coarsefoo<l. (Synonym, mai/dptnig
hinin. )
Rare; thin. Madt'ilang.
Slenrler; fine. ManlpU. Kanipisan, slenderness.
Maiiip'is na katauan, slender
bodied.
Heavy. Mahignf. Mabigat mi looh, heavy
hearted.
Light (not heavy); easy (metai^h. Mugadu. Kagaanan, lightness. M<t-
gadi) itong kdhog, this wood is light.
Strong; intense; heavy. Matvuli. Matinding gaiiw, strong
medicine. Katindi, a counter-
weight or balance. Matinding hob,
heavy hearted.
Solid. Maigting (this word is provincial and
not generally used to-day).
Pressed; compact; packed; solid. Musinxin.
Hollow (as a tree, etc.). Maguang. (luangan itong Jialigi itd,
this harigue (house pillar) is hol-
low.
Clean; neat. Mallnis. /ia/misan, cleanliness. Ma-
llnis na
darnit, clean clothes. Ma-
linis na
loob, clean hearted.
Pure; limpid; clear. Malindo. Tubig na malindo, or ma-
Undo nu tubig, pure or limpid
water. Malindo na loob, pure
hearted.
Turbid; muddy (as water); bleared Malabo.
(as eyes) ; thick (as the speech).
Tagnnds.
Pure (and without mixture). Wat/a.
Tahas. Tahas na ginto, pure gold.
Light; fine (like chaff, paper, etc.). A'aio (a local word is galbok or galbo)
Dirty; filthy; disgusting; nasty. Madumi. Karumlian (contr. ), dirti-
ness, filthiness, nastiness. Madu-
mihan, dirty, etc., object.
Dirty; disgusting, etc. (Southern). Madiri. Madirihin, dirty, etc., per-
son.
Filthy; indecent. Salauold. Kasalauolaan, filtii, inde-
cency.
Innumerable; numberless. Di mabUang. (from di, not, and
bllang, idea of counting, number.)
Full; complete. Puno. Magpuno ka itd, complete or
fill this.
Insuflicient; not enough; less. Kulang. Kakidangin, waste, lack.
Kulang na banta, a lacking idea.
PakulatTgin mo sa apuy, diminish
the fire.
Empty sometimes
; wide. Pouang. Also walang laindn, with-
out pulp or meat.
60 TAGALOG LAN(}UAGE.
Contracted; cramped (as a room), Maalkip.
IVIixed. Hdlo-Itdlo. Kalialo, mixture. Afaij
kahalo ItoiKj dlak, this wine is
mixed.
Conse(;utive; in order. Sun6d-f<unad (from sunod, idea of
following, obeying, etc.)
Entire; whole; unbroken, etc. Boo.
Broken; fractured, etc. Basag. Babamgin, broken article,
from basag, idea of fracturing,
breaking, etc., as the head, a plate,
glass, etc.
Cooked (as food). M(Unld.
Raw; crude (as food, fruit). Hildo. Jlildo pa, green yet.
Edible; esculent. ifakaiii.
Poisonous (as toadstools, arsenic, Gabon; makamandag.
etc.)
Venomous (as the bite of the dahong Malason.
palay, or rice snake).
Fresh (as meat or tish, etc.). Sari ad.
Spoiled; putrid. Mnbolok. Bolok na, putrid already.
Impure; adulterated. Hindi jmlos (from Jinidi, not, and
pulos, alike; of one color.
Sweet. Matamis. Kalamisan, sweetness.
Tinamis, sap of the nipa when
freshly drawn. Malanus na wikd,
sweet speech (synonym matamis
na mangmap).
Sour; acid. Madsiin. Kaasiman, sourness; acid-
ity.
Bitter. MaiKiit. Kapaitan, bitterness.
Salty; saline, Madldl. Kaalalan, saltiness. Ala-
iaUilan »10 ang kanin, salt the food
a little more.
Peppery; pungent. Mah.angliang.
(Ala.
Rancid. \Maantd.
Nauseating; unkempt. Masnklam.
New. Bago.
Old; stable; permanent. Malagl. Palagian mo itong gawd,
make thiswork permanent.
Stale; musty (asrice, tobacco, wine) I^aon.
Drv. Maluyo.
Wet. Basd.
Thin; watery; fluid. Malabnao.
Thick; dense; curdy. Maldpat.
Sticky; adhesive. Malagkit.
Juicy. MakalOH.
Flesh v; pulpv; meaty. Malamdn.
Hot. Ma'imt. Kainitan, heat. Ma'init ang
drao, the hot sun (or day).
Burniuif; ardent. MadLah. Houag mong paalabalabin
ang ningas, do not add fuel to the
flames.
Lukewarm. MalaliiniiTga. {Malakoko expresses
a slightly greater degree of heat.)
Cold. Malamig.
Chilly. Magindo. Maginauiu, a chilly per-
son.
Hard; solid; stiff. Madgda. Katigam n, haril ness.
Soft; flexible; bland. Maldmbot.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 61

Spongy; porous; soft. BuJuH/Iiatj. ITiinU b\i.!t(irih(ig, not

porous; ini|)orous.
Diutile; Hexihle. Makanat. Also a kind of taffy
candy.
Sharp. Malalim. Katdllinoii, sharpness.
Sharp-pointed. Matiilis. KKtiilixdi), pointedness.
Sharpened; ground. MatagiH. Tinayis, what ground, etc.
1}fnpnrnl.
Maloiiinl. Mntomul iia siuidcmg, a
Dull.
dull sword. This word is often
applied to business, trade, etc.
Hacked; notched. BirTgdo. Also noun with forward
accent. Mcdaki avg hliTi/ao nilovg
suvdang, this sword is very dull
(lit., great is the dullness of this
sword).
Rusty (as iron, etc.). Nakabdnunm;un or Kinnk(dnu<iiig
( from kalunang, rust ) . A Iso name
of town La Laguna Province
in
with C. Odanang.
Slippery; slimy. Mudulas ; warwM.s.
Anything oily or smeared with oil Mcddiu/isan or Nahalamgisan.
Rockv; stonv. Ma bid i).

Muddy. Mai/ pdt'ik ; iiadnsak.

Rough; rugged. Fusakal, (rare). MnloJci aiig kapnm-
kalan nung bundok, the ruggedness
of the mountain(s) is very great.
Sandy. Mahuhangin. Kabuhaiy/in, sandy
beach, or sandy ground.
Swampy; lioggy. Mnlabon. Also name of town in
Rizal Province, Luzon.
Gradual; little by little. Unfi-uidi. Unti, is probably a varia-
tion olmindi; kaimti, means "lit-
tle," "small," etc.
Sudden; abrupt; hasty; eager. Bigld. Kabiglaan, eagerness. Pdl-
tik, ayn. Biglung gaird ; paltik na
gawd, quick work.
Impassable; imjienetrable. Di laadaavan (from ddan, road, and
dt, not, with ])lace ending on).
Difficult; laborious. Mahirnp. MaJiirap gaivln, a difficult
or laborious task. Aug vxuajd
maJiirap, the Avorking classes.
Ditficult; intricate; slow. Mal'iuag. Di viaUnag, easy. Walang
liuag, without difficulty.
Inaccessible; not to be reached. DI mar<di)il)<in (from dating, idea of
arrival, and di, not, with place
ending an).
Unapproachable. Di malapifan (formed like the above
from the root IdpK, idea of near-
ness).
Unfathomable; abysmal. Di matdrok (formed like the fore-
going from tdrok, "to sound the
water" ).
Distant; far. Malayo.
Near. Mal&pil (also b<ibao). Babao bagd
ang Pasig sa atinf Is the Pasig
anywhere near us?
Rare; scarce. Bihira.
Common; ordinary. Karaniaan. Karaniuang damtin,
usual dress. Karaniuang ivikd, an
ordinary word.
62 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Straight. Matuuid.
Crooked; bent. Buluktot.
Curved. Maliku. LikoUkong ddun, a road
with many turns. Minsan pang
himiko, one turn (or bend) more.
Fragrant; odorous. Mdhainjo.
Fetid; stinking. Mabului. KahaJiodn, fetidity.
Delicious; pleasant. Kuhujod-lugod (from liujod, idea of
pleasure, etc. )
Noxious; malignant. Ilakasasaiiid (from mmd, idea of evil,
the particle rnaka and tense redu-
plication .S(/ for present).
Powdered; pulverized. Dorug (means putrefied in some
localities).
Sonorous (as u bell). Matunog (from tunog, sound).
Equal. Kaparis.
Unequal. Hindi paris.
Transparent. Maaninag.
Opaque. Kogag; koyap (both rare).
Concave. Mulnkoug. Malukung na p'mgan. a
deep plate, like a soup plate.
Wholesome; salubrious. Kagndiagbi.lidnu (from ginhdtia, idea
of relief, rest).
Horrible. KakilakiWiot (from kildbol, idea of
trembling with fear).
Fearful ; dreadful. Kdtakottdkot (from idkot, idea of fear.
Kalakotan, fear, dread).
Past. Naknrdan (from ddan, idea of pass-
ing).
Present. JS'gai/uii.
Future. Dardting ^from ddtljig, idea of ar-
riving)
Right ( hand) Kaiiaii. Kancwkanan, a little to the
right. Kananknnanin mo, go a lit-
tle to the right. Ang nakakarian,
what lies to the right. Pakanan ka,
go to what lies on the right.
Left ( hand ) Kultud (same compounds as the
above).
In the middle. Sa gitnd. Gitnang g<dt-t, midnight.
To one side. S(i tab/.

A few of the foregoing are not strictly adjectives, either in Tagalog or

English, but are put here for convenience.
All; entirely; wholly. Paua (generally used with adjec-
tives). Pauaiig magidivg, wholly
good. Paiuivg imigugaling did,
they are all good. Pauang inaiitini
sild, they are all black. Houag
mong pduahig tauagln, do not call
all.
All. Lahal (generally applied to persons ).
Lahafin mo ung pa)17/u)T<jii.vij>,
speak to all of them.; syn., tandu.
(provincial). Tatidng tduo, all
men.
All (kinds or classes). Dllau (provincial). Ddang mging,
all kinds of bananas.
Each one. Bdlcuig im. Bdlang drao, some day.
Everyone. Bdnn t isd.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 63
The following is a lit^t of what colors are generally used by Tagalogs,
with some names also not now ordinarily heard.
White. Mitputl. Kaputiaii, whiteness. An(/
kaputinn nang itlog, the white of
an egg.
Black. Mnitlm. Kaitiman, blackness.
Red. Mapnld. Kapulahnv, redness. Ili-
mulA, blush; redness of the face.
Yellow. Madilao; mnrUao (from dilao, a root
dyeing yellow ) Marilao iki damit,
.

yellow clothing. Also name of

town in Bulacan Province, named
from same plant (ciircuma delagen).
Also name of 6arr/o of Manila (8an
Fernando de Dilao).
Blue. Bugliciu ( Bataan Province ) Bak-huo .

(var.).
Bluish-green. Gmidag (from gulay, vegetables,
herbs).
Green. Halongtiang ( rare )
Brown; brunette. Kagumarigi.
MamiUlu. Kajndhtan, pallor; pale-
Pale; discolored. ness.
Hiiimdd, pale, discolored.
Bright; clear; light. 3Iab(in<i<(g.
Bright; shining (as the dawn, the Maiiingning. Maningning parang li-
stars, gold, etc. ). u'diprag, bright as the dawn.
Dark; obscure. Maddiiii. Kaddimav, darkness, etc.
Houag rnong ipandilim hong cahayo,
do not take this horse while it is
dark.
All of one color; unicolorous. Pidun. Maithn na pulus, l)Iack all
over (as a horse).
The following list comprises the majority of Tagalog adjectives pertain-
ing to physical conditions of the body:
Old. Matandd. Katandaan, age.
Young. Bago. Binatd, youth, is sometimes
used, as ang manga binatd, the
youths (from hak), child).
Tall (in stature); high. Haguay: mahaguay. Haguay na
iduo, a tall person.
Short (in stature). Lipoto (rare).
Dwarfish; short. Pandak.
Fat. Matahd. Kalahaan, fatness.
Elegant; beautiful. Magandd. Kagandahan, beauty;
elegance.
Pretty. Marik'd (from dikh, idea of pretti-
ness). Karikitan, elegance, pret-
tiness. Kar'iktang u-ikd, a graceful
word.
Ugly; deformed. Pdmid.
Stuttering; stammering. Magaril. Garilin, a stvitterer; stam-
merer. Utdl-utal is another word.
Mute; dumb. Pipi. KapipUian, dumbness.
Blind. Pisak, variation Lapimk. Pisak ang
isang viak'i, blind in one eye.
64 TAGALOG LANGUAGP:.
Deaf. BiiTgl. KabbujUidv, deafness. Bimj-
htgbing'i, totally deaf, but hhuji-
b'mgi, somewhat or a little deaf.
(The higher degree is formed with
the "tie," the diminutive without
it. This is a general rule.
Nasal; snuffling (as in the speech). Ilmnal.
Cross-eyed. Dul.ing.
BHnkiiig. Kikirapkirup (from kirap).
Big-eared; long -eared; flap-eared; Malaki ang iahTga.
large-eared; jnegalotine.
Thick-lipped (person). Ngusoin (from ivjui^o, lip).

Wry-mouthed. Ngiwt.
Toothless. Tipo. Munipo, lacking teeth.
Pockmarked. Gniol-gatoL
Left-handed. Kaliuete.
Lame in hand; one-handed; unable Kimdo.
to use hands, etc.
Bandy-legged bow-legged. ; Sakang.
Lame (on account of having legs of ITingkod.
unequal length).
Quick. MudaU; marall.
Slow; deliberate (in work or Mahinay. Possibly a variation of
speech). vialiina,weak.
Hairv; feathered. Mabalahibo. Di pa makitd ang bala-
hibo nang kamay, the hair of the
hand can not yet be seen an ex- ;

pression used to express that it is

not yet day.
Bearded. BaiTglt.
Gray-haired; gray-headed (person) Ubanin. Adjective, muuban.
Curled; crisp; curly (as hair). Kulot.
Curly or waving (hair). Ikal.
Bald (person). Upau'm.
Hairy (on body). Bolbol'in.
Hairless (as some animals, etc.). Walang buhok.
Horned (animal). Sungay'm. SthTgai/, horn, also a
twining plant resembling the con-
volvulus or bindweed.
Scaly. 3Iay kaliskif.
Hungry (person). Magutom'm. Kagulonuvi, hunger.
Thirsty; to be thirsty. Nauuliao. Kauhanau, thirst.
Replete; satiated. Sandat.
Tired; to be tired. Napagal. K(ipag<ikt)i, fatigue.
Numb or "asleep," as the hands, HivKtnday.
feet, to become.
Sick; ill; tobe ill. May sakit. Walang sakll, without
illness, healthy; well.
i. e.,
Painful. Kasakitsakit (from sakit, idea of pain;
sickness; iihiess).
Wounded (person) ; having sores. Sugatin (from sugat, wound).
Sore-eyed. Mutd. Midain, sore-eyed person, etc.
Living; alive. Mabuhay.
Dead. Patay. Palayhi, dead person, ani-
mal, etc. Namatay, to be dead.
The list of mental or moral attributes given below does not, of course,
embrace all in the language, but the most usual are given:
Omnipotent; all powerful. Makapangyarihan (from yari, idea
of finishing, etc., compounded
with pan, maka, and suflix han).
 TAG A LOG LANGUAGE. 65
Brave; valiant. Matdpanr/ (applied to wine,
"strong," matapang na cilak,
strong wine. Kutapangan, brav-
ery).
Cowardly. Thidg. Kaduagaii, cowardice.
Timid (per.«on). Miitdlc'itin (from t/'ikol, idea of fear).
Abusive (person or act). Majxigtamimiao (from iinTi/ai/ao, in-
sulting words).
Bashful; timid; shame-faced. MdiTi/ild. Ang ikaiu/ili'i, the cause or
reason of timidity, etc. Ang
pdiH/iiTgilalum, of whom or what
afraid, etc.
Bashful; modest (esiK-cially in char- Mdli'niiiin.
acter).
Modest-eyed. Maiiumil.
IModest in sjieech; moderate in play. Muhini.
Modest; quiet. M(ttl)ii)tg.Also means 'hiirh-
pitched," (as a voice).
Modest; slow. Mahinahati; mahandyad.
Modest (in carriage); slow; delib- MaraJian (from dahan, idea of delib-
erate. eration).
Peaceable; quiet. Malouay.
Tranquil; quiet. Mabagd. Mahagnng luoh, a tranquil
heart.
Gentle; tame; quiet (as animals). Mu(uiid. Kaamoan, tameness; gen-
tleness. Ang pagkaamu, the act of
taming, breaking, etc. Maamong
h'job, a gentle disposition.
Quiet; pacific. lahhnik. Katahirnikav, quietness.
Itah'nnik. mo ang bibig iiiu, keep
your mouth quiet (shut up!).
Quarrelsome. Paladuay. Kaduay, an enemy. Ang
maiTgd kaduay, the enemy. MmTijd
kaduay, enenues.
Odious; rancorous. Mapagtaribn (from taniiii, idea of ran-
cor, hate, etc., with inapa(i })re-
fixed).
Fierce; savage; wild. MaUap. Kaihipan, fierceness.
Quiet (in sleep, or in eating). MatigiJ.
Abstemious; moderate. Matliigting.
Gluttonous; voracious. Matdkao.
Bold; gallant; elegant. Matikas.
Bold; daring; insolent. MajiaiTgahas. Kapangahahasan, in-
solence.
Vain; proud; haughty; arrogant. Pahdu. Kapaialoan, pride, vanitv,
etc.
Boastful; vainglorious. Mapamansag (from banmg, osten-
tation).
Neutral; indecisive; undecided. Urong-i>ulong (from i'iro)ig, to go
back, etc.; sulong, to go ahead; to
move on).
Influential. Dakila.
Famous; celebrated; noted; noto- Mabanlog. Kabantogan, fame; noto-
rious. riety.
Famous; celebrated; illustrious. Mabiun/i (rare).
Famed; honored. Mar<iiTg<d. (from daiTgul, fame;
honor).
Celebrated; noted. Bulatlat.
Famed; honored (person). Purlltin. Kapurihan, fame; honor.
Dignity; honor; fame. Saughaya.

6855— OC)-
66 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Fame; noted; talked al)out. Balita. KahaUtnngtdvo, a noted
person. Maybahalibalitunff tduo, a
newsmonger. Ano cmg balitcL sa
baycm? What news in town?
Mean; vile; worthless; unfortunate. Hamuk. Ildmak na tduo, a worth-
less person.
Mean; vile; worthless. T'nnaud (originally meant "f reed-
man;" "liberated slave." An-
other word is biilisik, variation
bidiKikslk, literally "slave of a
slave." Kabulisikan, slavery;
servitude).
Loving; amorous (person). Masitiiahin (from sintd, love, origin-
ally Sansk. cJiintd, thought, care,
through Malay chinta, care, anxi-
ety, etc.).
Affectionate. Ma'ibig. Ka'ibigibig, amiaijle. Kai-
bigdn, affection. Kaibigaii, friend;
beloved. (Notice the difference in
accent.
Affectionate; loving. Mapagpalayao (from palayao, affec-
tion, and iinipag, prefixed). Irog
means "great love."
Polite (person). Masagapin. Aug sagapan, person to
whom polite.
Polite; courteous; respectful. Mapugpltugan (from pjilagan, honor,
respect, and mapay). Aug pagpi-
pilaganan, the person honored
(from pitagan, prefixed by pag,
reduplicated first syllable jji for
present tense and suffix an, here
indicating person, l)ut generally
indicating place).
Courteous; respectful. Maalangdlang. Ang kinaaalanga-
ImTganan, the person to whom
courteous (from ulangaluug, idea
of courtes}', compounded with ka
and in (kina) prefixed and an re-
duplicated as a suffix).
Respectful. Maya la ng. Kay a la iTgan, respect , rev-
erence. Magalangin, courteous,
respectful person.
Ironical; sarcastic. Mapauuyd.
Honest; right; straight. Maiuid. Katuiran, honesty.
True; refined; perfect; pure (in Tun ay.
body).
Patient; firm; constant (person). Maliisan.
Impatient (person). Mayayamutin (from yamot, idea of
annoyance, etc.).
Changeable; inconstant. Salauahan. Sakmahang loob, a
changeable character.
Treasonable; treacherous; ungrate- MaUlo. rinagliUloluui niyd ang ina-
ful. ampuii, he is ungrateful to his
benefactor.
Two-faced; double-faced; treacher- Sukab.
ous.
Giddy; thoughtless; careless. Matulig, variation maiuVmg.
Blundering; wild. Mahild. Partial synonym diiluTyas,
which means unquiet"
"restless,
more than "blundering" or
"wild."
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 67
Restless; turbulent; fidgety. Magasldo. Magasldo na tdno, a rest-
less person.
Restless; mischievous. Gaso. Ang gasohan, person dis-
turbed.
Restless; uneasj^; mischievous. Magalao. Probably variation of ma-
gadao. Mugaldo ang fcainai/ niyd,
his hand is restless (said of a thief).
Kagalauan, mischief. Aiiggakmin,
the mischief. Ang galanun, person
annoyed.
Intolerable; insufferable. Dt inadalitd, {from dalitd, idea of suf-
fering, and dt, not).
Unspeakable; unsayable; untellable. Dt iiKi^dhi (from sabi, idea of tellings
and dt not).,
Untouchable. Dt mimdang (from salang, idea of
touching, with dt, not). Latin,
noli me tangere, taiien by Rizal as
a title to one of his works. He
signed many articles " Dimas
Alang".
Joyful; contented (person). Matiiain, (from foud, pleasure; con-
tent).
Contented. Kaay(tuya{iromai/a, variation Ugaya.
Kaligayahun, contentment)
Happy; lucky. Mupdlad. Waking pdlad, unlucky.
Laughter-causing; laughable; comic. Makahitaud (from taud, laughter,
with maka, and reduplicated first
syllable ta to indicate present
tense).
Waggish; jesting; scoffing (person) Mapagbiro; pakibiro. Tauong biro,
an inconsiderate person.
Sad. Malungkot.
Just; fair; upright. Mardpat (from ddpat). Karapaiaii,
merit.
Barbarous; tyrannical; despotic. Mabagsik. Also "power" in some
cases. Kabagsikan, power; tyr-
anny; etc. Ang j^agbagaikan, the
oppressed.
Cruel; rigorous; severe. MabarTgis. Kabaiujisan, cruelty;
severity.
Agreeable; pleasing; joyous. Mamyd.
Indulgent; generous; liberal. Mapagbigay. Also mapamigay. Both
words are from bigaii, idea of giv-
ing. The second is more properly
the adjective.
Charitable. Maaud. Maauuin, a charitable
person. Kaauaan, charity, com-
passion.
Merciful; charitable; liberal. Mapagblyaya (from biyaya, idea of
mercy, charity. Mablyayang td iio,
a merciful or liberal person).
Learned; wise; etc. Marunong (from duuong, idea of
wisdom. Karunoiigan, wisdom).
Marunong kang Inglesf {C'astilaf).
Do you understand English?
(Spanish?).
Discreet; able. Masikap. Kasikapan, discretion;
ability.
(1) Accomplished; (2) excellent. ( 1 ) Faham na tduo, an accomplished
man. (2) Mapahan na dUik, ex-
cellent wine.
68 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Able; accomplished. J'autda. Pantas na t/iuo, an able
man. Kapaidai'an, ability.
Fine (in bearing). Basabns. Bii-'idfrn-'^ahiis va mar/lnoo,
a very fine gentleman. Kafntsa-
hiisdu, excellence, etc.
Prudent; judicious. Mabah. Mahait na tc'nio, a prudent

person. Dalagang mahait, a j)ru-

dent girl.
Discreet. Tirntim (provincial word).
Thoughtful ;
grave. Mabigat. Really "heavy" (from
bigat )
Vigilant; awake; known. MagiMng (from gishig, idea of
awaking). Definite is in iia)i, npt
an. Xngisnaii ko ang lindol lagab-'i,
I was awakened by the earthquake
last night. (^inisiuDi ko na kapag-
f!ii<))ia ang asal na yiioii, I have
alwavs known of that custoui.
Incomprehensible; inimitable. Tinka/d.
Simple; silly. Maang. Timang, foolish; stupid.
Mangmang, fool, dunce; al.'^o lack
of memory, forgetfulness. MauTga,
variation niai7i;al, silly, foolish.
MamaiTgal, to act foolishly. Xag-
)iiavia)Tgdma)7gahau, to feign stu-
pidity. This meaning of maiTgd
must not be confused with the
homonym indicating plurality,
which is made up of the particles
ma and iTljd.
Stupid; foolish; beast-like; cracked Bangdo (rare). Bangauin, a stupid
(as a plate). person.
Taksil. Taks'd na tduo, a stupid
person. KataksUan, stupidity.
Bandag. Kabandai/an, foolishness.
A7ig pagkabandaj/, the error.
Foolish; stupid. Bangakin, one regarded as a fool
or dunce. Ilonag mo akongbtmga-
kan,do not try to fool me (n)ake a
fool of me). Also kahaiTi/alan,
foolishness, from JiaiTijal, foolish.
Useless; stupid. TuiTijak, variation iuwjag.
Stupid; foolish; malicious. Hitnghang.
Foolish; stupid; dull; gaping. TaiTgd. MagtaiviaUnuiahaii to feign ,

stupidity. A rare word for "fool-

ish" is lankas.
Childish; foolish. TJnga^, variation oiTgd.
Idiotic; simple. Balifi. KabaViuaii, idiocy. Baliuin,
a foolish or idiotic person. Caba-
yong babaliuin, a foolish or runa-
way horse.
Crazy; insane. Ulid, variation olol. Kaidulan, in-
sanity.
Laborious; diligent; industrious. Masipag. Kasipagan, industry, etc.
Lazy; slow. Tamad {Mapagtamad). Katamaran,
laziness.
Slow; tardy; lasting. Maloaat. Maloaat na kahoy, durable
wood. {}raIo>iagi9 "slack, loose."
and mahigpit is "tight.")
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 69

True. Totoo. Tmototoo ko ang nila, I am

keeping my word. Tihidi/ has
more the sense of real, perfect, rc-
fined.
T-vintr. Bxl'iuu. MahuJmlaannn na ii/ang fii-

litdmo, you are lying in your ac-

count. SiniuTgaling is a '"liar" or
" prevaricator." Pinagninum/dH-
ngun ko, I told him you lie.
Fraudulent; cheating. Magdaraiid (from dago, fraud de-
ceit, with '.nag and reduplicated
first syllable of root). Xiidayaan
iiang luoh ko, my heart de-
itk(')

ceived me.
Evil-lived; criminal. Masiual. Mashial na tauo, an evil
doer.
Drunken. Losing. Another word is derived
from langd. KalangoJian, drunk-
enness. A rare word is aslak.
Nauaslakun ka yata, you act as if
you were drunk. Drunkenness is
a rare vice among Tagalogs.
Desirous. Mapagiiiisa (from naiia and mapag).
Another word is derived from^Jito,
desire, longing. Avao »ja kapita-
pita, a longed-for day. Magpita
kat/6 sa akin nang ihig ningo, ask
me what you desire.
Importunate. MnpaghiiTiii (from hingt, to ask po-
litely, and mapag).
Obedient (person). Maxuitorhi (from sunod. See Con-
secutive).
Disobedient; contradictory. Masouay. Kasouayan, disobedience.
Bold; shameless. Masuaii.
Forgetful (person). MaUmotin (from limot, idea of forget-
fulness).
Rich; prosperous. Maydman. Kayamanan, wealthi-
ness.
Poor; miserable. Ditkhd. Kadukhaan, poverty.
Miserable; stingy. Mardmot (from damot). Ddmot ako
nang salapf, I am short of money.
Miserable. Makingking. Tauong niakingki)ig, a
miserable person.
Talkative (as a child) Mau'ika (from wikd, word).
Loquacious (as many persons) MatabU, (from tabil, idea of talking
much).
Garrulous (as an old person). Max(d'dd (from suliid, a story, news).
Silent; reserved; secretive. MatJnip. Matinip na loob, a secretive
character.
Economical; stingy. Matipid. Kalhipdati, parsimonj'.
Economical; saving. Maarimohanan from arimohan) A ri-
( .

mohanin mo itong p'dak, save this

money. Two rare words for the
same idea are maimpok and maagi-
mat.
Destructive. Makasidrd (from sird, idea of destruc-
tion, and maka, with reduplicated
first syllable of root).
70 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Traveling; peregrine. Namgibang hAyan (from bdyan, town;
town, 77x7, other, and the redupli-
cated ])article mnu, in the present
tense,hence changed to nam/ and
ing. Literally, "from another
town").
Unbaptized; infidel; pagan. Dt binyngan (from binyag, to bap-
tize, and dt, not). Binyag is said
to have been a Bornese (Arabic?)
word Ijrought by Mohammedans
to the Philippines. Its original
meaning is have been " to
said to
pour water from above."
Belonging to; pertaining to. JVauukol (from ukol). Nanukol .sn
Dios at nauukol sa Cesar, belonging
to God and belonging to Caesar.
Abandoned. Pabayd.
Guilty; culpable; sinful. Nagkakasald (from said). Walang
sala, innocent, not guilty.
Fruitful; to bear fruit. Navnnmnrga (from brriTga, fruit, with
ma (?«() and reduplicated first syl-
lable of rout, which is here soft-
ened to from h). Hindi namu-
111

mum/a, unfruitful. Bungahan, a

fruitful tree or plant.
Other; different; diverse; distinct. Iha.
Sole; unique; only. JSagiisd (from isn, one).
Lasting; eternal; infinite. Waking hangdn {lit., "without end,"
"endless").
Perishable. Katatapus (from tapus, end, finish.
now).
Tajjus na, finished
Immortal. Wabvig kamatayan (lit., "without
death").
Hopeful. Maasa.
Hopeless. Waking asa.
Public. Mahayag. Kahayagan, publicity.
Reserved; set aside. Nagkakabukod (from bukod, idea of
reservation, setting aside, etc.
Bnkdan tiio ako nang daknvd, put
two aside for me. Kabukoran, res-
ervation, etc.).
Secret; to be secret. Malik im Li him na gawd, secret work
.

or deed.
Occupied; to be occupied. Naaahida (from ahala, idea of occupa-
tion; the particle »a (present tense
of ma) and (/, reduplicated first
syllable of root for present tense).
Abalahin or Maabalahin, a busy
man.
Idle; without work. Wala)ig gavd.
Passionate; quick-tempered (per- Magalitan (from galit, idea of anger).
son).
Hasty; of a bad disposition. GaJiasd. Kagahasuan, hastiness.
Thankful; to be thankful. Sinasaldmat (from sakhnat, thanks;
derived from Arabic, saldinat,
peace; safety).
Grateful. Nakahdugod from higod, gratitude,
(

naka, and the reduplicated first

syllable of root).
Ungrateful. Walang lugod; also malilo.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 71
Licit; legal. 3/a/?(/(/;als() "right," "straight, "etc.
Hindi mutuid, illicit, illegal, etc.
Immaterial; useless. Walang gam it.
Naked. Hubad.
Libidinous; sensual. Mallhog.
Asleej), to be; sleepy, to be. Matulog. Mahdulng htigd kagof Are
you sleepy? ydtutu'log bagd sign?
Is he asleep? Patidognin mo siyd,
let him sleep (or tell him, or her,
to go to sleep).
Aged; venerable; mature. Magdkuig. Aug maiTijd magulang,
the aged; parents; ancestors.
Tired, to be. Mapd</od.
Alone; unaccompanied. Nagiim; Wdlung kasanid.
Companioned; chaperoned. Mag haKU)nd.
Ignorant. Hindi tnadlam.
Married. Mag asdua.,
Unmarried. Walang amua.
Taxed. Bumahdyad nang bouts.
Exempt. Hindi bumubouis.
Present. Narito.
Absent. Wald rito.
Ready, to be. Mahandd.
Unready, to be. Hindi Jtandd.
Salable." Mag pagbihi/i.
Unsalable. Hindi pagbibili.
Valuable. Mahalagd. Walang halagd, worth-
less. Magkuno ang halagd latof
What value (price) of this?
is tile
Nagkasisinghalagd, of the same
value, at tlie same price.
Clean; neat. Masayd.
Dirty; unclean (as the clothes). Masano. Mamuong damii, dirty
clothes.
Doubtful. AlinlaiTgan.
Certain. Tanto.
Lucky. Mapdlad. Walang pdlad, unlucky.
Original. Nauuna {irom vna, first; notSp. ).
Copied (thing, etc.). Sinalin (from sa/in, idea of transfer-
ring, transplanting, etc.).
Methodical (person). Maparaanin. Walang paraun, with-
out method.
Suitable. iVnoa.vos (from agos); nauukol (from
ukol )

Unsuitable. Hindi ayos. Hindi ddpat, unfit.

Orderly. Manyos. Walang gulo, without con-
fusion.
Disorderly. Magido. Kagulohan, confusion, dis-
order.
Profitable (thing). MapakinabaiTijin (from pakindbang,
idea of making a profit, etc.).
Unprofitable. Walang pakindbang.
Ornamented. Gayak.
Plain; clear (as a room). Aliualas.
Manufactured; made up. Ginaivd (from gaicd and in).
Raw; crude (as material, etc.). Hindi yari.
Woven. Hinabi (from habi, idea of weaving).
Spun (also thread). Sindlid {trovasulid, idea of spinning).
Plaited (as a mat). Salusala,
72 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Cultivated; plowed. Naaararo (from SY>.,ararJo, plow).
Hindi naaararo, unruhiyaieA; im-
plowed.
Open. Buki'is. B^d-mn mo itong pinto, open
this door.
Shut; closed (thing). Piminn. Pinrlan mo ang flururTj/a-
ridi), shut the window. Some na-
tives say KorJiai) mo, undoubtedly
a corrujition of the Spanish verl)
cerrar, to close.
Spread; extended. Littag. XaLdlcdUit, stretched; taut.
Folded; doubled, etc. Tiniklop (from iikiop, idea of dou-
bling).

COMPARISON OF ADJF.CTIVES.

The Tagaloo; adjective, like adjectives of other languages, has the three
—
degrees of quality to be indicated the simple form (which is generally
called the positive), the comparative, and the superlative. Of course, as
in English, some adjectives are excluded from comparison ])y their mean-
ing, such as those for "dead," "alive," "entire," and some others.
The positive adjective is that form discussed in the preceding pages, and
the comparative will now he taken up. Of this there may be said to exist
three varieties, the comparative of equality, that of superiority, and tliat
of inferiority. In English the first form is expressed l)y "as (adjective) as
(noun), " the second l)y "er" or "more," and the third by "er" or "less."
In Tagalog there are three ways by which the comparative of equality
may be expressed. The first is by using the adverb para (variation paris),
meaning "as," "so," etc. In some cases "like" expresses the Tagalog
idea best. With adjectives or common nouns para (paris) takes the tie /7//,
but with names of persons, etc., and pronouns is followed by what is
compared, which takes the genitive case. I^x.: Parang rnahuti (how
good), ma]ivti jKtrang gatas (as white as milk), maitiw parani/ tiling (as
blai'k as charcoal), parang patan (like a tlead ]ierson), parang hi'niop (like
a beast); Ako'g paramof (Am I like you'l) i^igiV g paris ko (he [she] is
like me), maliit paris ko (as small as I am [small like me]), siga muhait
para ni Juan (he is as prudent as Juan), ang Hog sa Xaga^y malnnang
para nang Pasig (the river at Naga [Nueva Caceres] is as wide as the
Pasig). With the particle ka denoting likeness, piara indicates equality,
the particle being prefixed to the adjective in such cases. Ex.: Para
niyong mow/a tduo, kabuhnti (equally good as the.'^e people"). This word
para, which as a root denotes "equality," "close resemblance," etc.,
should not be confused with theSpanish word pani, meaning "to," "for,"
etc., as the resemblance is purely accidental. The Tagalog word is Ma-
layan, the Javanese word pacVa having su])stantially the same signification.
The second way of expressing equality with an adjective is by means of
the particle s/»^, which denotes this idea precisely. Ex.: Iti? y singhahd
niyan (this is as long as that), siycVy singlaki ko (he is as large as I am),
singlaki si Pedro ni Juan (Pedro is as large as .luan). It will be seen l)y
the examples that the object or person compared takes the genitive case
and the subject the nominative.
The third way of indicating equality with the adjective is by means of
the consolidated particles ka and sing, i. e., kasing, the syntax being the
same as with sing only. Ex.: 7/o'// kasinghaba viyan (this is a.s long as
that), si Pedro'y kasingtaasni Juan (Pedro is as tall as Juan)
When equality is to be indicated for more than two objects it may be
expressed in two ways. The first is by prefixing sing to the root, of which
the first syllal)Ie is reduplicated. Ex. SinghaJmba (equally long [things] ),
:

singbubidi (equally good [persons or objects]), singtataas ang magina ni

Bangoy {Maria) (Maria and her mother are the same in height). The
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 73

second is by prefixing ka.^ing to the root, the particle mag being prefixed
to knuing, forming magkasing. Ex.: Mcujkanhigdunong (equally wise
[learned]), magkasingyaman (equally -wealthy [rich]), coig rnngind' ni
Baiigog (Maria) a>/ magkaxingtaas (Maria and her mother are the same in
height [equally tall]), ang viuiTgd cabaijoat ang maiTiid kalabao ay vtag-
kaxingdami sa hai/an itd (there are as many horses as there are carabao in
this town ), iiiai/roon ka)ig Ixigd higdfi na kanngdaini nang palay? ( Have you
as much hulled rice as you have of the unhulled?).
Eqn;dity in cjuantity may also be expressed by magkapara, magkaparin,
or inagkdpniita/i, the two objects compared taking the nominative, and the
root denoting quantity having ka prefixed to it. Ex. Ang bigds ko at ang
:

bigds iilyd niagkaj)a)'is karami {he and I have the same quantity of rice).
Literally "my rice and his rice is the same in quantity." Those influ-
enceti by Spanish are liable to say "his rice and my
rice," but the other
order is that of the ^lalayan languages generally.
The com{)arative by decrease is formed by the use of the adverb kulang,
(less), preferably with the negative particles dt or hindl, as /.-///^(»7 alone
has many times the force of "not," "without," "un-," etc., but, as in every
language, the context serves as the best guide. Ex.: Ituug b'tgns na. ito'y
kulang sa akin binili (this rice is less than the amount I bought), ang kalagd
ifotig cabar/o if<j'y kulang sa halagd nang ibd (the value of this horse is less
than the value of the other), ang maiTgd kabibao kulang nang dami sa marTgd
(aba go sa bayan ito (there are fewer carabao than horses in this town), ang
mawjd Tagalog ay kulang nang tads sa nu:u7ijd Americano (Tagalogs are not
as tall [literally, "less in stature"] than Americans), ang kakulaiTgan (the
difference in price, the balance, the difference in amount, etc. ).
AlaiTgan (lacking, insufficient, etc.) is sometimes used in place of kulang.
Ex.: Ang kayatnanan ni Capitnn Tino''y alanujan sa kayanuiuan ni Capitan
Luis (the wealth of Captian Faustino is less than the wealth of Captain
Luis), ala)Tij(tn pa itung batd ito (this child is not old enough yet).
There are three ways in which the comparative by increase may be
expressed. The first is by the position of the words only, what exceeds
taking the nominative and what is exceeded the ablative with kay or sa,
these two particles expressing "than." The particle ay is sometimes used
with the nominative word.
The second method is by prefixing the adverb laid (more) to the
adjective, with the same construction as the foregoing.
The third way, which is only used correctly for comparing qualities, is
formed by suffixing pa (yet, still to the adjective) either alone or in
conjunction with laid. Ex.: (1) Matads ak6 sa iyo, or akd^ y matads saiyd;
(2) ako^y laloug niatads sa iyo; (3) nuifads pa akd sa iyo, or lalong matads pa
ako sa iyo. All the foregoing may be translated by "I am taller than you
are." (1) Payat ka sa dati (you are thinner than you were before), si
Pedro'y rnasipag kay Juan (Pedro is more industrious than Juan), alln ang
lualiksi, kay Pedro ni Juan/ (Which is the more alert, Pedro or Juan?); si
Juan (Juan); si Juan ay mabait sa kaniyd; (2) si Juan ay lalong mabait sa
kaniyd; (3) si Juan ay mabait pa sa kaniyd (Juan is more prudent than he
[or she] is). (1) Ang kabanala'y mahal sa kayamanan; (2) lalong mahal
ang kabanalan sa kayamanan (worth is more precious than w'ealth), ?Vo'//
lalong magaling .m diydn (this is better than that), iydn ay lalong maputi sa
dito (that is whiter than this), lahmg maraud ang maiujd cabayo sa maiTiid
kidabao sa bayan itd, lu/unit ang maiTgd taga bukid mayroon lalong kalabao
sa ang maiTijd taga bayan; (3) there are more horses than carabao in this
town, l)ut the farmers have more caraliao than the town people, si Ciriaca
ay batd pa sa akin, nTgunVt ang kapatid kong bahai/e'y marikitpa sa kaniyd
(Ciriaca is younger [literally, "more of a child yet"] than I am, but my
sister is prettier than she is), siyd'y laid pang kayumangi sa kaniyang
iiuVtmaliit pa si yd so. akin (she is still darker [more brunette] than her
mother and is shorter yet than I am).
A laconic but correct form of comparison is expressed by using pa after
a pronoun, especially in asking a question. Ex. Hindi mo nadbut, akd pa?
:
74 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
(It was not reached by you; shalll?). Jliudt ko naaalamcnt; ikao paf (Ido
not know it; do you?).
For the negative form of the comparative, as in such phrases expressed
in English by "without comparison," "there is nothing Hke it,"
"there is nothing resembhng it," etc., Tagalog has several expressions
almost alike in meaning, which are formed by prefixing ka to various
roots; the negative wald, (there is no [t]) with the tie lu/ preceding the
root and its prefix. An is sometimes found as a suffix with these expres-
sions. Ex.
Walang kahalimbdiia, without comparison;
Walnngkahulmtulad, without similarity (generally in speaking of objects)
Walang katulad, without similarity; unlike; both the foregoing from tulad;
Walang kaliambmg, without resemblance; synonym;
Walang kawangis, without resemblance;
Walang kaholi lip, without likeness (this phrase is rare);
Walang kamukhu without facial resemblance, from muk-hd, face;
,

Walang kapaniay, without an equal; referring mainly to height, length,

rank;
Walang katalamilan, without resemblance (a rare expression)
Walang kawangki, without resemblance (also a rare phrase).
To ask questions as to comparative equality, inferiority, or superiority is
done in Tagalog withga (how) prefixed to alin (which), or arto (what),
in conjunction with ka prefixed to the root of the quality. With many
adjectival roots ga and ka thus serve to show that the degree of the quality
is the subject of inquiry. Ex.: Gaalin kalayof (About how far is it?);
Gaanong kalakif (About how large is it?); Gaanong kahabaf (About how
long is it?) Gaalin kaputif (How white is it?)
; . The answer may be given
with the same construction, prefixing ga to a demonstrative pronoun or
a noun, as the case may be, but if an adjectival root be used, it should be
prefixed by ka. Ex.: Gaito; gauito (like this); ganq/d)i (like that);
gagatas kaputi (as white as milk); ganilong kalaki (about as large as this);
ganoong kahabd (about as long as that). Gaya is a variation. Ganga,
another form, is generally used to indicate plurality. Ex.: Ganga nito
kalaki (about as large as these); ganga niydn kaliabd (about as long as
those). The noun, pronoun, or adjective compared sometimes takes the
nominative and sometimes the genitive in these answers. Ga and its vari-
ations may be said to express likenes.'^, and is but an offshoot of ka. In
many cases na is also inserted in the sentence. Ex.: Gaaling na gaito
kaonli? (How small is it, like this?). The letter n instead of i7g is used in
some phrases. Ex.: Gnnnn dkin (that which belongs to or affects me);
ganan inyo (that which affects you), etc.

THE SUPERLATIVE.

The superlative degree of the adjective may be divided into the simple
and the absolute forms. The first, usually expressed in English by the
use of the adverbs "very," "extremely," "excessively," "exceedingly,"
"surpassingly," etc., is expressed in Tagalog by the folloAving adverbs:
(1) Lnbhd, very, very much, exceedingly.
(2) Masdkit, extremely, exceedingly, hard (as in the phrase, "to rain
hard"). Distinguished by difference in accent from ?jia.s«A(7, (ill).
This adverb is used more with verbs than with adjectives. In some
places sadyd has the sense of "very;" ex., sadyang linis very clean.
(3) Di sapala, extremely, exceedingly, from di, not, and sapala, humble,
unworthy, the idea of the adverb being that of plenty or sufficiency.
(4) Di hdmak, extremely, from di, not, and hdiiKik, vile, worthless, mean,
the whole idea being "not paltry," "not mean."
(5) Dipalak, far, widely.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 75

(6) Labis, too, too jmich. This adverb has sometimes a sHght idea of
craft, cunning, or slyness.
(7) Toloo, truly, exactly, precisely.

The adverbs formed with dt always follow the adjective in the sentence,
but the simple adverbs may either follow or precede the adjective.
Ex.:
dl mpala.
dt liamak.

He (she) is very old (extremely, etc. ) :

j (
llhht'^'
(a his.
totuo.
or
Lidilid \

Labis >siyd matandd: He (she) is very old (too, truly, etc.).

lotoo J

The following phrases will illustrate the various idiomatic uses of the
adverbs with the adjective: (1) Lubhd aiuj pagkapagal ko (I am very tired;
lit., "very great is my fatigue" ); (^) ngani/lalo}ig masdkit ang kaij Pedro
(That's so, but Pedro is still more tired; lit., "but more excessive is [that]
of Pedro " )
Iniibig kutang masdkit We like you very much
; ( Finagsisisdian )
;

silang uiasdkit (They are repenting deeply ); (3) Maijamandtsapalasiyd (He

is exceedingly wealthy [very rich]); (5) Ungiinddn naitg labis (It rained
too much); (verbalized) N(ip<(k((labls ang kabntihan mo (You are entirely
too good [honest]); Linabisaa ang idos ko sa inyo (You exceeded your or-
ders; youdidmore than I told you todo); (6) Tinolot6oniydangwikd(He
is complying with his word [verbalized form of fuino]).
The absolute superlative degree of the adjective (in the singular number)
which is made in English by the suffix "est" and by the adverb "most"
is generally exjjressed in Tagalog by repeating the entire adjective, whether
it be simple or compound, by means of tlie jjroper tie, which is deter-
mined by the ending of the adjective. P^x.: Mabutlrig niabidi (best); via-
samang niasaiiid (worst); bawd na banal (most virtuous); ntasipag na vta.4-
pag (most diligent); nailai/, va nialial (dearest, most pi'ecious); ma)niting
mapuli (whitest, very white); maltitii na viaitim (blackest, very l)Iack).
The plural of such superlatives as the foregoing is formed by using the
particle inaiTijd with tho.se formed from simple adjectives, and either with
iiiaiajd or the reduplication of the first syllable of the root with those com-
pounded with nia, the superlatives thus formed, either in tiie singular or
plural, generally being printed as two words in order to avoid unnecessary
length and also to distinguish more clearly from some diminutives. Ex.:
The dearest [persons or ol^jects understood] {a)ig manga malud iia malial).
The best [persons or objects understood] {ang maiTgd mabiding mabuli;
ang mabubnting mabubtdi).
The worst ( persons or things understood ang manga masamang masamd;
) ,

ang masasamang masasamd.

The bravest men {ang niaiTgd matdpang na matdpang na Udaki; ang matatd-
jjang na matatdpang na laluki).
The ugliest animals {ang maiTgd pangit na pangii n« lidpop).
What may be called the relative superlative degree, made in English by
atlding the expression "of all" or a similar phrase to the superlative, is
formed in Tagalog by adding the words sa Udiat (of all), sa kanild,
(among them), etc. Ex.: Sino sa kanild'y ang lalong matdpang.'' (Which
of those two is the braver?) Sino sa kanild'y ang matatdpang na ni((tatdpa)ig/
;

(Which of them is the bravest?); Ang maliit sa laJiat, si yd' y matdpang sa

lahat (The smallest of all; he is the bravest of all).
Superlatives are also formed by prefixing ka and suffixing an {han) to
reduplicated bisyllabic words, and in the same manner with polysyllabic
words, in the latter case only the fii-st two syllables being reduplicated.
76 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Ex.: Katamistamisan (sweetest), iroin tdniis; kabunalhanxilan (most virtu-
ous), from banal; kar/inhagiiiliaaahan (luos^t wholesome), from ginhaua.
The first two roots have two syllables and the last has three. This form
may also be applied to abstracts formed with ka and an [han), and inten-
sities them. Kx. Kaiamisan (sweetness) katamlstainisa a {^\\ guineas itself)
: ;

kalianalan (virtue); kabanalbunalan (virtue itself); kulainaran (laziness);

kataniarta)iiaran (laziness, laziness itself).
Verbs have a certain superlative form, which may be mentioned here
for the sake of association. It is made by repeating the verbal root united
by nang. Ex. IliiTgl naiig IdiTgl (ask and ask over again) lakad nang lakad
: ;

(walk and walk); "j/es" nang "//''"«" f"':7 "'ikain mo (say yes over and
over). This form is also found with nouns, etc.

ShX'Tiox Five.

THE XUMEKAUS.

The numerals form a small noun-groupby themselves, having the three-

fold character of substantive, adjective, and adverb. While the distinction
between adjective and noun is not so sharp as with some other words, yet
it is clear that the cardinals in Tagalog are nouns, as they show by always
preceding the noun affected that "of" must be understood. Thus limang
kalabao literally means "five (head) of cattle," and this holds good in all
cases.
In Tagalog there are four classes of numerals^cardinals, ordinals,
adverbials, and distributives.
Tlie cardinals are:

One.

I sail'/

As in English, decimal numeration, by tens, is that used in Tagalog and

throughout the Malayan family of languages. But Tagalog uses a peculiar
form in the numerals from eleven to nineteen, inclusive, which differs from
the method followed in every other language of Luzon. Labi, meaning
"adding," and a variation of labis, is prefixed to the digits by means of
the euphonic tie iTg; jwuo, ten, being understood.
Eleven. Labing im. Sixteen. Labing 6nim.
Twelve. Labing dalawd. Seventeen. Jjabing pito.
Thirteen. Labing latlo. Eighteen. Labing walo.
Fourteen. iMhing apat. Nineteen. Labing siijarn.
Fifteen. Labing lima.
The multiples of ten below one hundred are formed by prefixing the
digit used as the hiultiplier to the word pouo, united by the proper tie.

Twent}'. Dalairang pouo. Sixty. Aninina pouo.

Thirty. Tatlong pouo. Seventy. Pitong poao.
Fortv". Apat na pouo. Eighty. ]Valong pouo.
Fifty. Limang jMUO. Ninety. Siyamnapouo.
The intermediate digits, when used with the foregoing, are joined by
means of 't, a contraction of at (and).
Twenty-one. Dalawang pono't isd. Fifty-five. Limang pouo' I lima.
Thirty-three. Tallong pono't tatlo. Sixty-six. Animnapouo'tdnim.
Fortv-four. Apat napouo't apat.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 77
The word for "hundred" is daaii, whicfi has a lioinonyin meaning
"road." It is always j)receded by the api)roi)riate nmlti})Her, to which il
is connected by the proper tie, d softeninji; to before 7in.
/•

One hundred. Isang duan; sang- Five hundreth Limang duan.

daan. Six hundred. Aniin rin man.
Two hundred. Dalawang ddan. Seven hundred. P'dong daan.
Three liundred. Tatlong daan. Eight hundred. Walong daan.
Four hundred. Apatnardan. Nine liundred. Siyam na rdan.
Numbers below twenty added to hundreds are united with 'I, the n of
ddan being dropped.
One hundred and one. Sangddu't isd.
Two hundred and eighteen. Dalawang dda't labing ivalo.

The n is retained with multiples of ten.

Two hundred and fifty-three. Dutaaaug ddan Umang pouo' t tatld.
Six hundred and sixty-six. Anim na rdan dnim napou<yi dnim.
Eight hundred and eighty-eight. Walong ddan iv(durig pouu't ualo.
Nine hundred and ninety-nine. Sigam na rrian siyam na pouo' I siyam.
The word for "thousand" is libo, which is found as ?-(7joand i-ihu in other
Philippine languages.
It is governed, like dda)i, by multipliers and suffixed numbers. The
purely Malayan numerals end with libo, those for higher numbers being of
foreign origin. Some higher numbers are said to have Malayan names, but
it is doubtful as to whether their values are definite or not. They are noted,
however.
One thousand. Sanglibo.
One thousand and eight. Sanglibo' t walo.
Nineteen hundred and five. Sanglibo siya)u na rda't limd.
Two thousand. Dalawang libo.
Six thousand. Anim na libo.
For "ten thousand" the term laksd is used. This is from the Sanskrit
lakslui(one hundred thousand), through the Malay sa-laksa (ten thou-
sand), the latter people mistaking its value. LakJi, with the original value
of "one hundred thousand," is used by Anglo-Indians, as in the phrase
"a lakh of rupees."
For "one hundred thousand" another Sanskrit term is used, also with
altered value. This is yida, from the Sanskrit ayuta (ten thousand).
"One million" is now expressed by sangpouong yvia, or "ten one hun-
dred thousands." Gatos and a)rgao-a)~gao are givtni in old dictionaries as
equivalent to "million," but the former is the word used for "hundred"
in most Philippine dialects, and the latter seems to have more the idea of
"uncountable," "infinite," etc.
In expressing numbers Tagalogs sometimes give a round number, less
the few taken off, as "three hundred and sixty less two" for "three hun-
dred and fifty-eight;" e. g., kulang nang dalaivd sa tatlong ddan dnim na
pouo.
Cardinals may be preceded by ang (the), when a concrete noun is modi-
fied, as in the j)hrase Ang dalawang pisos na ibinigay mo sa akin (the two
dollars which you gave me).
Mawjd i)receding a numeral indicates the idea of "about," ".some,"
the phrase maiTgd pitong tdno (about seven men). When the
etc., as in
exact number is indicated H/ruI^u is omitted as a sign of plurality. Ex.:
MaiTgd tdno (men, people); pitong tduo (seven men, persons).
By reduplicating the first syllable of the cardinal the idea of "only" is
brought in. Ex.: Jisd (only one, alone, etc.); dadalawd (two only, only
two), etc. For greater emphasis upon the idea of limitation the number
may be repeated with the initial syllable reduplicated. li,x.: Jisdisd (one
only); dadaladalawd (only two). The adverb Idmang (only) may also be
78 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
used for this same idea, the adverl) foUowinj^ the cardinal affected. Ex.:
Isd lamang (only one) dalaivd h'unanrj (only two), etc.
; It will be observed
that the rirst two syllables only of polysyllabic numerals like c/aZaw-'ti are
repeated, followin<j the general rule in Tagalog.
The question "How many?" is expressed in Tagalog by ildnf
Tagalog has no abstracts like "a dozen," "a score," etc., these phrases
requiring roundabout means of expression. "A dozen" may be translated
by isang kapisanan nang labing dulawd, which literally means "a join-
ing of twelve." The same is true of English abstracts like "monad,"
"decade," etc.
"More," with a cardinal following, is expressed by labis or higif, which
precede the numeral and are united with it by m, which expresses "than."
Ex.: Labis sa lima, or higit sa lima (more than five). Labis the more i.s

correct, as higit has an idea of excess in weight rather than in number.

Kulang (less) is used in the same way.
The indeterminate numeral "some," "a few," is expressed in Tagalog
by il'tn. With the first syllable reduplicated or Avith lamang the idea of
"only" is expressed; as, Ulan or ildn lamang (only a few).
"Much," "many," and similar words are expressed by marami (from
dami), and "a great many" may be translated by maramiyig marami.
By making an abstract of dami and prefixing the definite article of com-
mon nouns is expressed "the most," "the majority," etc. Ex.: Aug
karamiliai).
For the meaning of the numerals, see the work by T. H. Pardo de
Tavera, entitled "Consideraciones sobre el Origen del Nombre de los
Niimeros en Tagalog," published at Manila in 1889.

ORDINALS.

The ordinals, which are the numerals designating the place or position
of the object in some particular series, have more of the character of adjec-
tives than have the cardinals. They answer the question Ikaddn? (In
what order?) and are formed in a very simple manner in Tagalog for all
numbers except "first," which is quite irregular, ika being prefixed to the
cardinal. It should also be noted that the first syllable of daluwd (two)
is omitted, as well as the initial letter of tatlo (three) and dpat (four)
when preceded by ika. "Twentieth," however, is formed with il-« and the
entire cardinal.
The ordinals up to "tenth " are:
The first. Ang naona.
The second. Ang ikalawd.
The third. A7ig ikatlo.
The fourth. Ang ikdpat.
The fifth. Ang iknlimd.
The sixth. Ang ikdnim (initial letter dropped).
The seventh. Ang ikapito.
The eighth. Ang ikawaU.
The ninth. Aug ika.nyam.
The tenth. Ang ikapouo; ang ikasangpouo.
In the southern provinces ang ikapolo is sometimes heard, due to Bicol
and Visayan influence. Polo and pol-lo is also to be found in the dialects
spoken to the north of the Tagalog region, and this form may be found in
the north, but should be regarded as extraneous to the language.
The following synopsis of the ordinals above "tenth" will give an
accurate idea of their formation:
The eleventh. Ang ikalnbing isd.
The twenty-fifth. Ang ikadalawang pouo^t limd.
The thirtieth. Ang ikatlong pouo.
The fortieth. Ang ikdpat na pouo.
The forty-fifth. Ang ikdpat napouoH limd..
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 79
The fiftieth. Ang ikalimang pou6.
The sixtieth. Ang ikdnim nu puuo.
The seventieth. Ang ikapitong pouo.
The eightietli. Ang ikawalong pouo.
The ninetieth. Ang ikasiyam na pou6.
The one hundredth. Ang ikasangdaan.
Tiie one thousandth. Ang ikasmiijliho.
The one ten-thousandth. Ang ikasatiglaksu.
Nouns following ordinals are tied to them according to
the ending of
the numeral. Ex. AngikaUrnang tduo (the fifth person) ang ikatlong drao
: ;

(the third day).

In Tagalog, contrary to what obtains in Spanish, the ordinals are used
for all days of the month, and thus agreeing with English. Ex.: Ikaildn
drao ngajion nan g bnayig ilof (Whatdayof the month [is] this?); angikada-
lawang pom? t jnto ( the twenty-seventh Anong drao kayd iTgayon sa sung-
) .

lingof (What day of the week is to-day?); Ngai/o'y viernes (to-day is Fri-
day). Anongiaonf (What year?); sangliho, s iyam na rda' t I'nnd (nineteen
hundred and iive). Anong buan iTgaydn nang tann f (What month is
this?); ang buan nang enero, po (the month of January, sir). And ang
panga,lan mof (What is your name?); GHcerio, po (Glicerio, sir). Angika-
lauang pamjalan (The second name [surname]?); Manalo, p6 (Manalo, sir).
Taga sadn ka? (Where are you from?); Batangas, po (Batangas, sir).
Ildn ka nang taonf (How old are you?) Mayroon akong daknvang pouoH
;

limd (I am twenty-five years old) Sadn naroon ang presidenie? (Where is

.

the presidente [mayor]?) Nariydn sa ikalawang bdhay (There in the second

;

house)
Fractions are expressed by the use of ang (the) if the numerator is one,
the denominator being the ordinal desired, and bahagi (a part) following
the denominator either expressed or understood. Numerals may replace
ang. Ex.: Aiig ikalawang bahagi (the second part); ang ikdpal (the
fourth), etc. Also Isang bahagi (one part); iatlong bahagi (three parts).
Where the numerator is greater than one it is placed in the nominative
and the denominator in the genitive, the two being connected by nang and
the phrase followed by bahagi. Ex.: Tatlo nang dpat na bahagi (three-
quarters); dalaivd. nang iatlong bahagi (two-thirds).
"Half" is expressed by kalahad, as kalahating tindpay (half a loaf of
bread). The noun "a half" is expressed by ka'hati, meaning generally a
a half-salapi or 25 centavos.
It should be mentioned that unauna means "in the first place," and
when made an al)stract and preceded by the definite article of common
nouns, as in the phrase ang kannaunahan, means "the very first." In like
manner, hull (last), when made an abstract in the same way, as ang kahuli-
hulihan means '
the very last.
'
'

ADVERBIAL NUMERALS.

Adverbial numerals, expressed in English by "once," "twice," etc., and

answering the question Nakaildn? (past tense) and Makaildn (present
and future tenses), "How often?", "How many times?" are formed like
the ordinals except that maka is prefixed instead of ika to the cardinals.
The word for "once" is wholly irregular. In some districts these adver-
bial numerals also express the idea of "fold," as "twofold," "threefold."
As with the cardinals the sense of "onlj'" may be imparted by redupli-
cating either the first syllable of the prefixed particle or following the
adverbial numeral with Idmang.

Once. Minsan, var. ninsan Nine times. Makasiyam.

(rare). Ten times. Makasangpouo.
Twice. Makalawd. Fourteen times. Makalabing dpat.
80 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Thrice. Mahdatlo. Twenty times. Makadalnvuing
Four times. Mithiiapal, var. vm- pouo.
bii/Hil (rare). Twenty-tive times. M n k adalaivaug
Five times. Makalimd. pniiut lima.
Six times. Makaanim. One hundred times. Mukasangdaan.
Seven times. Makapito. A thousand times. Ma k asa n g lib o;
Eight times. Makawulo. mukalibo.

Naturally, as in all languages, the restrictive form is not used for very
high numbers.

Only once. Mitninsan. Onlv three times. Mamakdlntlo.

Onlv twice. Maniakalatrd.

In this connection it should be rememliered tliat ktiiUnif means " when?"

used intemjgativelv.
DISTRIBUTIVE X T.M EKA LS.

These numerals, expressed in English with "l:)y" between tiio numerals,

as"one by one," "two by two," etc., answer the question Ihin llau f (How
many at a time?) and are formed in Tagalog by tlie simple rei)etition o;
the cardinal if bisj'Uabie, or the first two syllables thereof if longer, no
tie being used.
One by one. Isdisa.
Two by two. Dcdudalawd.
Three by three. Tatlolatlo.
Four by four. Aputdpat.
Five by five. Limulbna,
Six by six. Aniindnim.
Seven by seven. Pitopito.
Eight by eight. Widdicald.
Nine by nine. Sigamsiyam.
Ten by ten. Sangpomngpouo.
Eleven by eleven. Labilabing isd.
Twelve by twelve. Labilabing dalavxi.
Twenty by twenty. Da/ado /aircDig pouo.
One hundred by one hundred. Sangdcisangdi'i'in.
One thousand by one thousand. Sanglisnngliho.

Nouns repeated in this manner acquire the idea of " every."

Every day; daily. Arao-drao.
Weekly (also every Sunday). Lingo-lingo.
Yearly; annually. Taon-taon.
Hourlv. 0'-<ts-oras (from Sp., hora).
The Tagalog word for "every" is tiuri, which may
also be used.
Distributives, answering the question Tigiildn/ (How many to each one?)
are formed by prefixing the particle tig to the cardinals, the first syllable of
the latter being reduplicated in those greater than "four". The first syl-
lable is dropped from dalawd and the initial t from tatlo.

One to each one. TIgisd. Six to each one. Tigaanim.

Two to each one. Tigalaivd. Seven to each one. Tigpipito.
Three to each one. Tigullo. Eight to each one. Tigwaurild.
Four to each one. Tig'ipat. Nine to each one. Tigsislyani.
Five to each one. Tigidimd. Ten to each one. Tigsasangpond.
These may bealso translated by "one apiece," etc.
Tig prefixed to cardinals may also express the stamped, coined, or fixed
value of money, stamps, etc. In this case the initial syllable of those
numerals above four is not redu})licated. Xa is now more generally ust'd
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 81

than tig for this purpose. Ex.: Seiiong ligulawang centavos (a two-cent
stamp); salaping tiglimxmg pisox (a tive-peso bill or gold piece); tigdalinntng
jiouong pisoa (a twenty-peso bill or gold piece). It must be borne in
mind that the Philippine peso is ecjual to u half dollar United States cur-
rency, and that it is the legal currency in the islands. Hence the old de-
l)atea over "gold" and "mex." should be relegated to the past.
In the southern dialect tig is sometimes used to express the time at
which something may l)e done or has been done, as in tigaga (to do some-
thing in the morning); tighapon (to do something in the afternoon).
The particle num, prefixed to nouns denoting money, weights, and
mea.sures, imparts the idea of "each," "apiece," etc. This particle causes
euphonic changes with some initial letters of roots, as follows: h and p
change to m, the final n drop))ing from the particle; initial c (k), and q drop
out, modifying n to iTij; s and t drop out; d drops out in most cases; initial
m, n, and i~g also dro[) out, and an initial vowel («, i, o, and u) modifies
the final n of the particle to ?7y.
The former monetary system was founded upon the salapi, or half peso,
nominally worth 25 cents at a gold basis, and now restored to that value.
Sdldpt also means money in general. The peiio of one hundred centavos
ia worth two salapi. In the old system the salapi was divided into 80
cuartos, and upon these the people reckoned their market and other minor
transactions. As these values and terms will linger for some time to come,
especially in districts where Tagalog only is spoken, the following examples
will 13 rove of use:

A peso each or apiece. Mamisos.

A lia1f peso each or apiece. Manalapi.
A iialf (salapi) each or apiece. MangahatX (from kaJiatl, 25 centavos).
A real 12j centavos) each, etc.
( ManiJcapat (from sikdpat, a contrac-
tion of sa ikapat, to the fourth of
a salapi).
A half re\\ (6\ centavos) each, etc. Manik-ol6 (from sikolo, a contraction
of sa ikaivalo, to the eighth of a
salapi).
A cuartillo (5 cuartos or §0.03125, or Mangaliu (from aliu).
P0.0B25) each, etc.
A cuarto ( e0.00625, or ?=0.0125 ) each, Mawjualta (from ciialta, a corruption
etc. of cuarto).

The only measure of weight incorporated into Tagalog appears to be the

t'lhil(from the Chinese tael, which was a very uncertain standard). By
treaty the lutikwan tael or customs tael of China is now 3| ounces avoir-
dupois. As a monetary unit the haikii-an tael varies from 55 to 60 cents,
but is only quoted in banking operations and is not used by Tagalogs.
The Philippine taliU may lie regarded as slightly heavier than a troy
ounce, weighing 509.75 grains, the troy and apothecaries' ounce weighing
480 grains, and the avoirdupois ounce 437i grains.
One tiihil each. Mandltil.
One pound Spanish each. Manlihrn (1.014-1 United States
pounds)
One kilogram each. Mamplogramo (2.2046 United States
pounds).
One arroba (dry ) each. Mangaroba (25 lil)ras or 25.36 United
States pounds).
One "fardo" each. Mamardo (33 Sp. or 33.475 United
States pounds; used in weighing
toliacco )
One quintal each. MioTgintal (4arrobas orlOl.44 United
States pounds).

6855—05- -G
82 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Rice and grain is sold bythecaviinand its fractionn, which areas follows:

One "apatan" each. Mangapatan (0.1981 of a pint, dry).

One "chupa" each. Mangatang (4 apatan or 0.7925 of a
pint).
One "ganta" each. Manalup (8 chupas or 3.1701 United
States quarts) (from salop).
One "cavan" each. MaiTgaban (25 gantas or 19.81 gal-
lons).

There are 8 gallons to the United States bushel. United States dry
measure is slightly different from British imperial. To reduce United
States to British divide same named measures by 1.031516, and to reduce
British to United States multiply by same. For common purposes use
1.032, which is close enough. Trautu-ine.
A "cavdn" of rice weighs 133 "libros."
One "picul" each. J/«m!A-t<Z(137.9United Statespounds.
Two piculs constitute a "bale" of
hemp, abakd).
The metric system is now official in the Philippines, and its use is gradu-
ally spreading to all sections.
Among the native measures of length used W'ith man are the folloM'ing:
One inch each. Mananall (from sangdali, which in
turn is contracted from sang,
'
' one,
'
' and daliri,
'
'
inch " )

The Spanish inch is 0.91 of an inch. Daliri also means finger or digit,
and the length of a Tagalog "inch" almost exactly corresponds to the
"digit" of the early Hebrews, which was 0.912 of an inch.
One "span" each. Manangcal {irom.dangcal,a.'^pRlm" ).

The American "span" 9 inches, while the Tagalog dangcal

is is one-
fourth of a vara, hence 8.25 United States inches.
One "vara" each. Mamara (from vara, a Spanish
yard, equal to 33 United States
inches, approximatelv, and actu-
ally 0.914117 of a yard).
One "braza" each. Mandipd (from dlpd, a braza, equal
to 5 feet 5.8 inches United States,
approximately Si feet).
To express the idea of "at such a price apiece" the former monetary
units were used with in {liin) suffixed to the unit, of which the initial syl-
lable was reduplicated. The article or object of which the price was to be
denoted ])receded the unit of value, the two words being linked with the
appropriate tie, according to the ending of the first word. Ex.: Pipi-
sohiii (at a peso each), librong sasalapiin (books at a half peso each), tind-
pay na sisicapatin (bread at a real a loaf), iabacong aaliuhin (cigars at a
"cuartillo" apiece).
These terms will now onlj' be found used with those people still unfa-
miliar with the new currency, but as these people speak only Tagalog as a
rule they will naturally retain the old terms the longest.
The following dialogue fairly represents what may be said in making a
purchase in the market:
A. Magkano bagd ang halaga nitof (What is the price of this?)
B. Isang pisos, p6 (a peso, sir).
A. MaJial na iotoo iydn (that is too dear).
B. Hindi p(jt mnra (no, sir; cheap).
A. Ariong muraf (How [is it] cheap?)
B. Kayo na'y tumauad (you set a price, sir).
 TAGALOG LA.NGUAGE. 83

A. Tailong pesetas ang ibibiguy ko (I will give 3 pesetas [60 centavos]).

B. Hindi pong mangyayari; Apat na pesetas, p6 (I can not do it; 4 pesetas,
sir).
A. Mabtiti (very well [offers a peso]).
B. Wa/d akorig sukll, p6 (I have no change, sir).
A. Ikdd ino mja sa am'mg baliay, doau babayaran kitd (bring it [them] to
our house, we will pay [vou] there).
B. Maluyoyatdf (Is it far?)
A. Hindi, at doon Idmang sa may niarlel (no, it is there close to the bar-
racks [quarters]).
It should be borne in mind that "magkakano" is used when pricing
objects of which a part only is desired, such as eggs, bananas, etc.
"Magkano" indicates that the entire quantity is priced.
The verbalized forms of the numerals will be given under the respective
particles, as too lengthy explanations would be required in this place.

Section Six.

the adverb.

By the name of adverb is distinguished that class of words used to modify

the sense of a verb, adjective, participle, or other adverb, and usually placed
near what is modified, as he writes icell, I readily admit, you speak correctly,
very cold, naturally brave, very generally acknowledged, much more clearly.
(All but one of the foregoing are from the Century Dictionary.)
Adverbs may be classified, according to the same authority, as follows:
(1) Adverbs of place and motion, as ]iere, there, up, out, etc. (2) Of time
and succession, as now, then, often, ever, etc. (3) Of manner and quality,
as so, thus, well, truly faithfully etc.
,
, (4) Of measure and degree, as much,
more, very, enough, etc. (5) Of modality, as surely, not, perhaps, therefore, etc.
According to P^arle, one of the most distinguished authorities on English,
there are three kinds of adverbs, the flat, fiexional, and phrasal.
(1) The flat adverb, which is a noun or adjective used in an adverbial
position, is not considered as correct in books and papers, but is to be
heard daily in conversation, as in walk fast, walk slow, speak loud, speak low,
etc. In German, this form of the adverb is also literary, as einganzschones
Haus ( a wholly beautiful house) er schreibt gut (he writes well [lit. good] ).
;
,

Adjecti\es of certain classes may be used this way in Tagalog, and espe-
cially those of manner or degree, such as magaling (well); masaind (badly);
niadalt (quickly, briefly), etc., which are also adjectives. There are also
flat adjectives by signification, which are explained under the section to
which they l)elong by meaning.
(2) Theflexional adverb, which is that distinguished by a termination
in English and allied languages like ward, ling, long, meal, and ///, as in
backward, darkling, headlong, piecemeal, and the great number in ly, such
as quickly, quietly, rapidly, etc. Tagalog has no particle which thus marks
out an adverb from other parts of speech.
(3) The phrasal adverb, wdiich is also called an adverbial phrase, ia
greatly used in English, and is to be found in abundance in Tagalog.
Among English examples may be cited at bed, at length, by all means, for
good and all, on every side, etc.
There are also both in English and Tagalog what may be styled the ad-
verbial pronouns, such as yes and 7io, together with the negatives not, nor,
and neither.
Unlike English adverbs nearly every Tagalog abverb may be made into
a verb if the proper particle is used, and the border between adverbs and
prepositions is very indefinite in some cases and must be determined by
the aid of the context.
As the form and composition of a word is subordinate to its meaning, the
Tagalog adverbs hereafter considered will be classified according to mean-
ing, irrespective of form.
84 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
I. Adverbs of place and motion which answer the question manf
"where?" are usually expressed in Ta^alog bysa followed by a root. This
root sometimes has the expulsive particle * prefixed.

Where. Sdan.
Where? Sdan?
Where indeed? Sdan nga.
Anywhere, wherever, somewhere. Saan man.
Evervwhere. Sdansdan man. Sdan reduplicated.
Nowiiere. Sdnn ma'y wald.
From all parts, may also mean to or Sa man man.
in all parts.
Where are you from? Taga man knf Sh/d^'he" and .s/7rt

" they " may be used in placeof ka.

Sdan may be verbalized with um inserted, forming Kumnan (to be some-
where permanently), and also with ma (no), in the latter case taking the
idea of to be somewhere either temporarily or permanently, as the case
may be. Ex.: Nasdan ung miibahao na Hog? (Where is the ford of the
river?); Masasdan siyd hagd? (Where will he be?).
S'lan may be further verbalized by pa, in which case "to go" is inherent
in the meaning. Ex.: Napaman siydf (Where did he go?); Xapamman
siyd? (Where is he going?); Pamman siyd? (Where will he go?).
Sdan has been corrupted to hda)i in some districts, owing to Bicol and
Visayan influence, the former using haen and the latter liain.
Sdan has an entirely different meaning with pa following or even alone
in some cases, expressing a negative idea similar to "not yet," etc. In
Ilocano sdan is also the negative participle "no."
S 'tan pa? a\so means "where then?" in rather a sarcastic manner. With
di added to scian pa an affirmative interrogative meaning is expressed, as
Sdan pa di totno? (How can it not be true?).
It must also be noted that in Manila and places where Spanish is largely
spoken that some particles are used in a different manner than is the
custom in rural districts. Thus, "Where are you guing?" is expressed in
the country by sdan ka paroroon, but in 3Ianila l)y sdan ka paparoon.
Other expressions of like nature are Sdan ang paroroonan mo? in which
the definite is used, and sdan ka nagmnld? (VVhere did you start from?).
Another similar question is Sdanka natTgagdling? (Where are you coming
from?). The answer is generally given with .sa in the sense of from: Sa
Mnlabon (from Malabon); sa Jmus (from Imus); sa bdhay ko (from my
house), etc.
There are four simple adverbs of place, which have heretofore been
explained at length, and here only .some idiomatic uses will be set forth.
These adverbs are dini, dito, dlydn, and dooi}.
Dini, meaning "here" (toward the speaker), is verbalized by um, in
the sense of taking a place near the speaker, etc. Ex.: Ihonini ka (take
your place here); dungmidini ako (I am taking mj' place here^; dangmini
ako (I took my place here); dirini ako (I will take my place here).
AVith mag (nag) it is verbalized in the transitive sense, requiring an
object. Ex.: Magrini ka niyang iindpay (put some bread here by me).
With pa the idea of motion toward the speaker is expressed. Ex.:
Pariin ka (come here toward me). This last form may be further com-
pounded with the particle ])a, definite, corresponding to magpa, indefinite,
to express the idea of commanding, requesting, etc. Ex.: Paparinihin mo
si Carlos (tell Carlos to come over here). "Over there" is expressed by
sa rini.
Dito, meaning "here" (equally close to both sj^eaker and person ad-
dressed), is verbalized in the same way as dini. Ex.: Dumito ka (take
your place here) parito ka (come here) pa))arUohin mo si Carlos ( tell Carlos
; ;

to come here) Piu<tparit6 mo siyd? (Did you tell him to come here?). The
;

four adverbs under discussion admit thedefinites of / and an. That in / is

compounded with ka, forming ika, ikina; and //; may be used when united
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 85

with pa, the definite of magpa, as may be seen in the last two examples.
The future is J'dpariritoldnmo sii/a'! (Will you tell him to come here?) and
the present Fiuaparirito mo .uijuf [Are you telling him to come here?)
Reason or cause is expressed by ika, ikina prefixed to the adverb as a rule,
although "why?" can also be expressed by anof as in Aauo kn rilu/ (Why
are you here?). The more idiomatic way, however, is with ikina, as Ano
anr/ ikinnparito mo? (What was the reason you came here?). Hun is used
if the idea of place is to be made emphatic, as H'lno huga ang ]>inaritoIian mo?

(Who did you come hereto see?). "Time" is generally expressed hy pa-
naJio», which also means "weather," as Ano't di ka iiaparito sa kapanaho-
nan? Why tlidn't you come here in time?)
( "What" isexpressed hy and,
.

as Xagaaiio ka diio? (What is your business here?); Magua)i6 sii/d dito?

( What is he going to do here?); AnJun hagdJ (What of that?) or (What is
there to do?); Ivaan6 ka? (What is being done to you?); Inuno ka? (What,
was done to you?); Hindtka waaano (nothing can be done to you). Du-
mito, with the particle magka and its variations, signifies "to come here for
a particular reason or cause." Ex. Ay at nagkadumilo ka? (For what par-
:

ticular reason did you come here?); Aug ipinagkakadamito ko'y si Cabesang
Toiiias (the "cabeza" Tom;is is particularly responsible for my being here).
The fh-st of these two sentences is indefinite, grammatically speaking, and
the last definite. For their grammatical construction see the particle
magka, which is used with this signification with all four of the simple
adverbs of place under discussion. For a tabular conjugation of dito see
the tables of verbs. To express simply the time or reason for " coming
here," i with pa may also be used, although ikina is more correct. Ex.:
And ang ipinarito mo? ( Why did you come here?). The indefinite is more
usual with kailnn, "when." Ex.: Kailan ka naparitd? (When did you
come here?); Kahapon (yesterday).
"there" (near at hand), has the same construction as the fore-
Digi'tn,
going adverbs. Ex. Magdiydn ka nang tubig (put some water over there).
:

Doon, there, yonder, is perhaps more commonly used in its various

modifications than the other three simple adverbs of place. It may be
verbalized with um, pa, puma, and magka as they are, with the same effect
upon the root. Fa and magka modify the d to r.
Ex.: Dumoon ka (station yourself there). Pardon ka (go there). Papa-
rooninmo si Carlos (tell Carlos to go there). Pinaparoon. rno siyd? (Did
you tell him to go there?) Snan ka paroroon? (Where are you going?)
Some localities, notably Manila, repeat the particle ]>a with the present
and future of the adverbs of place; but this is irregular and incorrect. It
is unknown to the early writers. Aling bayan ang paroroonanmo? (What
town are you going to? Lit. "Which town will be your going place?")
Ano ang ikinaparoroon mo sa Maynild? (Why are you going to Manila?
Lit. "What the cause of going there your to Manila?") Ay at magka-
dumoon ka? (For what particular reason are you going there?) ying iki-
naparordon ko' y dalauin ang dking kapatid na babaye (I am going there to
visit my sister).
Magka prefixedto ddon alone means "to have."
Ex.: Ktmg magkaroon sand ako nang maraming jrdak, ay hind!, ako mag-
kakaganito (If I had plenty of money, I would not be in this fix). Ang
pinagkakaroonan niyd. ang Pulacdn (He has considerable property in Bu'a-
cdn) Ang ipinagkakaroon niyd ang pamana sa kaniyd nang ind niyd. ( He
.

[she] has plenty on account of the inheritance to him [her] from his [her]
mother.)
The foregoing illustrates the indefinite idea of the third singular personal
pronoun, which may mean either "he" or "she." In English this is con-
fined to the plural, "they" indicating either sex, as Tagalog sild, while
Spanish distinguishes by ellos, "ellas." Man gives the idea with dooyi, "to
be there," "to have there," magka indicating really "to have plenty."
Ex.: Bigydn mo sild nang mandoon (take one of those over there), isang
mandoon (sangddon) (one out of many things over there); sa/7rfoo?;r/ lami-
tang sukd (a small bottle of vinegar); isang madoroon (a person who has
86 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
plenty). The word may prefixed to doou. forms the well-known and much-
used indefinite viayroon, to have. Ex. Mai/roon kaiig haga, nurig tind-
:

payf (Have you any bread?) Mayroon kang paroroonan? (Do you have
to go there?) 06 nga, mayrdon akong paroroonan (Yes, indeed, I have to
to go there?) .Mayroon ka nnng Hang taonf How old are you? Lit. Have
(

you of how many years?) Mayroon akong dalawang pono (I am twenty;

lit. Have I twenty.) With some suffixed particles doon is modified as
follows: Doon din "(in the same place there); doon sa iba; doon dao (in an-
other place); sa doon (over there); sn doon man (anywhere over there).
Many phrasal adverbs are made by the particle .sa which means among
other things at and in when placed before a root. Among the most impor-
tant phrasal adverbs of place with sa are:
In front; facing. Sa iapat; iapat sa. Ex. Ilong hahay :

ay taput sa sdangan (this house

faces the east) Iapat has also the
.

idea of setting out in rows, regular

order, etc., such as trees, plants,
etc.
In the presence of; before; opposite; Sa harap. Sa hdrap nang capitun
to the front. (before the captain).
Behind; back of. Sa likod. Ex.: An g manga bahay sa
Ukod nang cuartel (the houses back
of the barracks). Ang likod (the
back)
Joined to. Sa piUng.
At the edge or side of. Sa synonym sa s'lping.
tabi;
On the other side of; beyond. Sa With mag the idea of
kabild.
"both" is brought in. Ex.: Sa
magkabild (on both sides); and by
the reduplication of the first two
syllables of the root the idea of
"all" is expressed. Ex.: Sa mag-
kabikabild (on all sides). Napa-
roon Slid sa kabild nang Hog ( they
Avent over there beyond the river).
Sa magkabdd nang katauan (on
both sides of the body). Kabild
has also the idea of "partly" and
is used idiomatically when speak-
ing of rice. Ex.: Itong kanin ay
kabildn (this rice is but half
cooked ) In speaking of anything
.

else, with the same idea in mind,

the usage is quite different. Ex.
Itong sisiu avg koltild'y luto't ang
kabilu'y hindi (this chicken is
partly cook and partly not).
Outside. Sa labds.
Inside; within. Sa loob. This phrase is much used
to express the idea of the heart,
speaking in a moral sense. Ex.:
Sa tanang loob (whole-heartedly;
with all the heart).
Above; up. Sa itdas (from tdas and expulsive
particle ;')•

Below; down. Sa (from babd, idea of low,

ibatid
humble, with expulsive particle i).
This word should not be confused
with the following.
 TAGALOa LANGUAGE. 87

Upon; on; above. Sa ibahao (from babao and i) . Ex.:

Sd ibabao nang bundok (upon the
mountain [mountains] ). Babao,
with accent upon the last syllable,
means past, as babao .sa hating
gab-i (past or after midnight). It
also means "near" in some places.
Ex. : Babao baga ang bagan na.
atinf (Are we perchance near the
town?) Malapit is now the ordinary
word used for "near."
Under; beneath; at the bottom of. Sa ilalim (from Idlim, root of idea of
depth and expulsive particle i).
Halfway (between two points). Sa gltiiu. Ex.: Nasagitnd tayo sa
paglakad (we are halfway in the
march [trip or journey]).
In the middle. Sa pagitan (from gitnd). Sa pagitan
nang lansangan (in the middle of
the street). Also means "term."
Ex.: Walong bnan ang pagitan
(a term [period] of eight months).
Around; about; close to. Sa may. Ex. Sa may (cartel (close
:

to the barracks).
As far as; up to. Hangan. Ex. Saan ang tungo mo?
:

(Where is your trip to?) Hangan

Maynild. Hangan dito (up to
here). Also has the meaning of
"until." Ex.: Hangan biikas
(until to-morrow).
To the right. Sa kanan.
To the left. Sa kaliwd.
Forward. Pahdrap.
Backward. Patalikod.
At home; in, to, or from the house. Sa bdhay.
In, to, or from town. Sa bayan.
In, to, or from the country. Sa bukid.
In, to, or from the mountains. Sa bundok.
These adverbial phrases can be indefinitely increased by the use of sa
with the proper root.
Toward. Dako. Dako saan ang tungo ni
Ex. :

Juan? (Toward where is John's

trip?) Dakong Maynild, (toward
Manila) Dako saan ang tungo mo?
.

Toward w^here is your trip?) Da-

kony bayan ko^y ang tmTgo ko (my
trip is toward my town). Taga
sdan ka? (Where are you from)?
Bosoboso, pd (Bosoboso, sir). Da-
kong kanan (toward the right).
Dakong kaliivd (toward the left).
Approaching. Ddpit. Ex.: DdpU Maynild (ap-
proaching Manila). Ddpit ibabd
(approaching the lower country).
Ddpit sa iyo (approaching you).
Ddpit has also an idea of "be-
yond," "on the other side of."
II. Adverbs of time and succession, which generally answer the ques-
tion kaildnf (when?), are quite numerous in Tagalog, showing that the
conception of time was well developed for a primitive people, only the
hour and its subdivisions being unknown to the language, except as de-
88 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

rived from Spanish. However, the day was quite minutely subdivided
according to the position or absence of the sun, and while now generally
out of use these terms are also given.
When? Kalian f Ex.: Ka'ddn sila naparitof
(When did they come here?)
KaUan man (always). With neg-
ative, translated by never. Ex.:
Ka ilan man Iiindi ( always

not or never). Kalian man siyd'y

hlitdi ungmiiniua nang cape (he
[she] neverdrinks coffee) Kalian .

pa man (no more), also kalkallan

ma'yhlndi. Dl mamakalldn (many
time$).
When (used relatively). (1) Kun. Commonly used only with
present and future tenses, but may
l)e used with past indefinite if ac-
tion is represented as custoniary.
Ex.: Ki(n dardtlng aug capltdn,
alaniin vio ako (when the captain
comes, let me know [future]).
Kun ako'y naroroon sa Maynlld
napasusaluneta akong malimlt
(when I was in IManila I often
went to the Luneta [past time with
customary action]). Kiin tmcl
( whenever) Kung mlnsan (some-
.

times) Kun is also used as a

.

preposition, "if". See under "if".

(2) Xang. Used with both definite
and indefinite past tenses. Ex.:
XangalkV !l dlndlao nh/d kagabi, wald
rltd slid, (when he came to vi.sit
them last night, they were not
here) Xang dnmatlng slyd aaka-
.

kaln na ako (when he came I was

through eating).
(3) Xoon, niyon, nlydon. These
words mean really "in those
days," "at that time," etc. Ex.:
Noon imng drao ay nangyari ang
pagbabakd sa Imns (on that day
the fight at Imus took place).
Xoon, narltd pa sa Mai/inld ang
manga Castila (while the Span-
iards were yet here in Manila).
Perhaps "then" in some cases
would be the best translation.
Then. Doon. Ex.: Kan kamaln ka, ddon
maaalaman mo, kun and ang kanin
(when you eat then you will know
what you are to have) With jja
.

following ddon has an idiomatic

use. Ex.: Bald pa'' y gumagaicd
nang ganito, ddon pa kun lunuiki?
(A boy yet, and doing so, what
will he be then when grown up?)
Always; constantly (sometimes Tuwi. Ex.: Tuwlng tuui {tavinang
'
'
whenever " ) . ' luwi ) mayrdon kang ga ud you have (

something to do always). Tawing

sumiUat ka (whenever you
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 89
write ). As adjective tuwi
means '
every. " Ex. timing cirao
' :

(every day). In some cases it

means "as lontjas." Ex.: Timing
di inajioul aiig pagkaiauo (as long
as manhood is not extinct).
Among other expressions may be
mentioned tixdang liampai/, with-
out end valang lihtt, without fail
;

iralaiig tuhaii, without stop, inces-

santly; valang tugot, without rest.
There are two expressions used for
"eternally," formed with the pre-
fix magpa to a root which is fol-
lowed by man saan. Ex.: Mag-
patuloy man sdav; and magpardling
{dating) man saan. Another
jihrase is magpakailan man, or
magpasakailan man, both of which
signify always.
Never. Kaildn man hindt.
Sometimes. Knng minsan. Maminsanrninsan,
( from time to time now and then) ;

^fisandouu [rarely). Ex.: Misan-

doua lamang ang pagparito mo
(your coming here is rare).
Seldom. Bilnra. Ex.: BiJiirang tungmataiTijis
itong batang ito (this child seldom
cries).
Often. Malim'it. Ex.: Malunit akong siuig-
musulat ( I write often )
Since. Tamhay. Tamhay kang nalis
Ex. :

(ungmal'is) (since you left).

Mnla. Ex.: Muld kahapon (since
yesterday). The particle pagka
sometimes denotes "since," as in
the phrase pagkahatd ko (since my
childhood). "From" would be
an equally correct translation.
Ago; since. Kaniakai from ka and waka) Kama- .

kailang drao ( some days ago ) Be- .

fore a cardinal followed by drao,

"day," kamaka indicates the num-
ber of days which have elapsed.
Ex. Kantakala uu {day before yes-
:

;'
terday ) lit. 'two days ago
,
,
kama-
' '

kalimang «coo (five days ago). Ka

prefixed with jxi following a root
also indicates "since." Ex.: Ka-
hapon pa (since yesterday). Ka
alone indicates past time, with
some roots. Ex.: Kahapon (yes-
terday), from hapon (afternoon).
Kagatn (last night), from ka and
gain (night).
As soon as. Sa, used adverbially, denotes imme-
diate action, u.sually beginning a
su))ordinate clause, which refers to
a principal clause. Ex. Sa pag- :

kamdlay niyd nang lindol siyd'y

tungmakho sa labds (as soon as he
90 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
he feltthe eartliquake he ran out-
side. Sapagmhi viyanitong nuingd
tvika ay na)iiatay (as soon as these
words were sai(l by him, he died).
Pag, thedefiniteof «iop', sometimes
indicates this idea. Ex.: Pagsahi
ko sa kanlla (as soon as I told them)
Pagka may also have the same
meaning, as pagkapagaaral ko, mag-
papasial ko (as soon as I have
^studied, I^will go for a walk).
Now. Ngayon. Ng<vj6n din (rigiit now).
This is also expressed by iTi/ayon
iTgayon. Xag]>a)ujay6n or itagpa-
kai~gayun{u\) to now ). ^Magpanga-
yon (for the future). Ngayong drao
(this day).
Already. Na. This particle is in constant use,
and is always placed last. Ex.:
Naparoon tia siyci he has gone (

already). There are many other

uses of na in Tagalog, which will
be set forth as they occur in the
examples.
Yet. Pa. This particle, as an adverb, is,
like na, always ])laced after the
word modified. Ex.: /sa pa (one
yet); may rian paf (Is there any-
thing there yet)? It is also used
speaking ironically. Ex.: Ako pa
ang paroroonf (Will I have to go
there yet?). Indi pa (not yet)
Before; withal; as it may be. Pago. Ex. Bago kang biunasa,
:

icali.tan mo ang
silid (before you
read, sweep the room). L. Bago —
pa (a while ago). Bago, as an ad-
verb of time, always precedes the
verb it modifies.
Before; a while ago. Kawjina, variation kanina. Kangi-
nang langhali ( beforenoon) kaiigi- ;

narig umaga (this morning a while

ago). Balanain nio yamig sinahi
kaiTgina go back to what you were
(

talking about before). [Keturnto

the thread of your story. ] Kangi-
kaiTgina pa (a little while ago, a
short time ago). Ex.: Kangi-
kamjina naritu did (they were here
a short time ago).
Anciently. Sa una. tSa una pang sa una (very
anciently). Ex.: Sa unang drao
(in the days of old). J/H«a, which
always follows it.s verb, means
"first" either in time or place.
Ex.: Mdsok ka inuna (you enter
first [polite expression]). Bago
kumain ka, vianhinao ka rniina (be-
fore you eat, wash first [i. e., your
hands]). — L. Gavin mo muna (do
it first [def.]). Uintay ka muna
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 91

(M'ait first [indef.]). Mima, used

with a pronoun without a verb,
comes first, and governs the nomi-
native. Ex.: Mima knyo (you
first); muna ka na (you ahead).
Formerly; anciently. Sa dati.
Afterwards. Sukd. Ex. Ginamt ang PaiTijinoon
:

Dios ang lawjit, sakd ajtg litpa (the

Lord God made the Heavens,
afterwards tlie earth). Bib. Na-
taud siyd (she laughed); at sakdf
(and afterwards?) L. Sukarrtsakd
(long afterwards). Manakanakd
(after a long delay). Nagsasakd-
sakd (one who is dilatory in his
work or duties).
Later; presently; by and by. Maniayd. Ex.: 'Svsdlat akd maviayd
(I shall write by and by). L. —
Mamaynvg hdpon (later in the af-
ternoon). Mamayaniayd (onetime
or another, little by little). Ex.:
Itu'y minamayamayd ko (I did this
little by little). Magmayd (to do
anything little by little). Mugpa
imparts the idea of waiting to this
root and its combinations. Ex.:
Nagjjapamayamayd ako (I am go-
ing to wait a little while).
At once; immediately. Tambhig. This word is out of use in
Manila. Ex.: Kumain ka lambing
[indef.]; tavibiiTgin vio kumain
[def.] (eat at once). Tambingin
mong kunin ( take it at once) itam- ;

hing mong ibigaj/ (give it at once).

At once; immediately; suddenly Agad. Ex.: Agarin mong gaivin {do
abruptly. it at once). Commonly used in
Manila.
Instantly; at once. Alipala. Ex. Alipala nagdlit siyd
:

(he became angry at once). Also

means "one by one" in some
places. Ex.: Alipala. 'taking kunin
(I will take them one by one).
Instantly; like a flash. Kagiat. Ex.:Kagiat nagtagibulag
siyd sa aking maid (like a flash
he disappeared from my view; he
was out of sight instantly ). Tagi-
bulag, idea of disappearing or be-
coming invisible.
Suddenly; in a moment. Kaginsaginsa ( from ginsa, repetition

of root and prefix ka). Varia-

tion kahinsahivsa. KaaJamalam
sometimes means suddenly (from
alam reduplicated, and prefix /;o).
Offhand; suddenly. (Used with Karakaraka.
verbs of doing and speaking.
After beginning; upon starting, etc. Kapag . Kapagkain ko
Ex. :

(after I commenced
to eat). Ka-
pagpagdral ko (after I began to
study). —
L. Kapagdaka (from the
beginning), syn. kapagkoudn.
92 TAGALOQ LANGUAGE.
After fininishing; upon finishing. Kupnr/ka . Kapagkapngdral ko
(after I had fini.^^hed studying).
L. Kdpagkardka (from the begin-
ning; since time eternal).
Until; while. Hangan. Ex.: Hangdn hukas {xrntW
to-morrow) . Hangdn nahuhuhag
sigd (while he [she] is living).
Bagknti also means "until".
While; in tlie meantime. Sa iiniiitala.
Early; soon. Miutgd (from aga, morning). Ex.:
Magtqion kcmg uuiaga, knng dniiid-
ting atig drao, houag kang i~gnma-
patTijapa (get ready early, so when
day breaks you will not be grop-
ing around looking for anything).
Ngapa, root of "to look around
something". T. P., 3.
in haste for —
Late; tardy. Htili. Ex.: Xahidi siijd (he was
late). Ang huling drao (the last
day).
Yesterdaw Kahapon. Kahapon sa hapon (yes-
terday afternoon).
Last night. Kagah'i.
To-day, Ngayon drao.
To-morrow. Bukas. Bukus sa aga (to-morrow
morning )

Midday; noon. TangJiaU (evidently from ]\Ialay,

tanga ari, with the same meaning)
Ex.: Anong lioras ang idindting
niydf (What time [hour] did he
[she] come [arrive]?) Ang idi-
ndting vigd ang tanghuU (he came
[arrived] at midday [noon]).
Magpukatangliall (to wait until
noon). Ang ipinagpokuiangliaR
(the cause of having been delayed
until noon ) . MananghaU. ( to work
or eat at noon) . A ng pananghaiian
(what done or eaten at noon).
But nununigludi, with acute accent,
means to travel at midday.
To-morrow. Bukas. Ang kabukasan (the follow-
ing day). Walang buhukasin
(without care for the morrow).
Ex. Bukas kung makalipas, sa lingo
:

hung niakala in jias {to-morrow when

passed, on [Sunday when gone).
T. P. 1 60. Really means to-mor-
'

, '

row and to-morrow and to-mor-

row," Shak., when there is no
reason to beheve that it is intended
to do anything. Bukas is the root
of the verb "to open," and is only
distinguished by the accent.
Midnight. Haling gahi.
The ancient Tagalog divisions of the day were:
Cry (crow) of the chicken. Tu)igmikim ang manuk.
Commencing to be light. Magniamaraling ai
Magniamaraitng drao.
Breaking of day. Bukang liwagway.
Becoming morning now. Magumaga na.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 93

Morning now. Umaga na.

Day now. Arao na.
The sun is rising now. Sisilang na ang arao.
Risen now. Swupnilang n<i.

A little up now (the sun). Matluftxt/i'is nn.

About 9 a. m. IpaiTghTj/illug tnumtk (lit., "egg laying
of thehen").
About 10 a. m. Mnsaxaoli na ang arao (lit., "return
now of the sun").
Midday; noon. Tangha/l.
About half past 12. Bagomj nakding ang arao (lit., "the
sun inclines again" ).
About 1 p. m. Lampds na (lit., "past now").
About 5 p. m. Hampasin tikhi ang arao (lit., "to be
touched by the 'tiquin' or pole
used by casco men " ).
About sunset. KauHin palacol (lit., "to be caught
by an ax " )

Sun beginning to
is set. Bagong svsnksuk ang arao.
Set now. Lungmulmgna. Another expression
is lungmunod na (lit., "drowned
now").
Between daylight and dark. 3fasilim na. Also takip silim.
Night now. Gabi na.
Midnight. Kahoong gabi. The usual word at
present is hating gabi.
The following adverbs of time are also used in Tagalog:
Hourly. Oras-oras ( from Sp. Aora, "hour").
,

Daily. Arao-arao.
"Weekly. Lingo-lingo (from lingo, "week,"
which also means "Sunday," and
is derived from Sp., Domingo,
"Sunday").
Monthly. Buan-buan (irombuan, "month and
moon " )
Yearly. Taon-iaon (from toon, "year").
Continually. Parati. \'erbalized, this word has
the idea of "perseverance," and
in the phrase magparating man
sa an means "eternally." A syn-
onym for parati, in the sense of
"continually," \spalagi.
Some day. Baking arao.
The particle maka, in addition to its meanings as a verV)al particle, sig-
nifying power, ability, cause, etc., indicates completed verbal action with
verbs of doing, saying, etc., translated by the word "after" with the verb.
Ex.: Makayari ni'to'y paroon ka (alter you do this, go there).
III. Adverbs of manner and quality, which generally answer the ques-
tion maanof "how?" are numerous in Tagalog, many adverbs of manner
being the corresponding a<ljectives used adverbially, especially those
compounded with ma. Not all mn adjectives can, however, be so used,
and neither can adjectives which are roots by themselves be used as
adverbs. Thus adjectives Wke mnnnnnig (wise), mabait (prudent, etc.),
ulul (crazy) are not used as adverljs in Tagalog.

How? Maanof 'E.:s..: Maano kaydf (How

are you?) Magaling (well).
Maann ang ama ninydf (How is
your father?)
So; thus; in this way. Ganito (ivom diti'>)
94 TAGALOQ LANGUAGE.
So; thus; in that way. Ganiy6n (from diyun). Gumaniydn
(to act in that manner).
So; thus; in that way. Oanoon (from doon).
Like (requires genitive) thus. Gay on (from yaon). Gumayon (to
act in that way). Ex.: Gayon ni
Pedro si Juan (Juan is like Pedro)
Like; as; so. Gaya.
How large; how much in extent? Gaal'i.n? Ex.: Gaal'mkalayo? (How
far? [about]). Isang lioras, j)6
(one hour, sir.)
Ga has been quite fully explained under the comparative of adjectives,
to which the reader
is referred. Among some examples may be quoted
ga huto ang loob (your heart is like stone), and gaiioJdn mo (make it
mo
like this). "Both alike" is expressed by kapoua, as may be seen by the
examples: sauahi mo kapoua silang dalawa, (prohibit them both alike);
ang kapoua mo tauo (like you, a person [fig., your "neighbor"]); ako
wari kapoua mo, walang bait/ (Am I perhaps, like you, without judg-
ment?)
Intentionally; purposely. Paksd. Ex. : Pinaksd nild (they did
it intentionally). Syn., sadiyd.
Another word is tikis. Ex.:
Tinikisnild (they didit purposely).
Voluntarily; willingly. Kusct. Ex.: Kinusd bagd nii/daf
(Did he [she] do it wilhngly?)
Kinusd niya (He [she] did it wil-
lingly). With verbs kusd follows
the same construction as to the
particles as do the verbs. Ex.:
Kusain mong tauagin siyd (call
him purposely, i. e., do not for
get to call him). I kusd mong ita-
pon (throw this out purposely,
ito
i. you should have thrown
e.,
this out yourself). Pagkusaan
mong bigydn si Juan (give it to John
voluntarily). Kusd is intensified
by reduplication. Ex.: Waldkang
kusakusang gumawd nang anoman
(
you do not do anything with the
least willingness).
By force. ( from pUit )
Sa iiilitan Ex. Pilit na
. :

akiVyjwroon I am going perforce).

(

Especially; only. Bukod. Ex. Bukod siyang natduag

:

(he was [has been] summoned

especially). Bukod ka sa lahat
(you are the only one among all).
Marami man ang ginoo'y bukod
mayaman si Capitan /yM/s (there are
many "principales," but the only
rich one is Captain Luis).
Tawjt is sometimes used in this
sense.
As well as, etc. Akbay, var. agbay; agahay; agapay.
As well as; conjointly. Sabay. Ex. Ang lalaki kasabay nang
:

bayabe (the man as well as the

woman, or the male as well as the
female). L. —
Hurriedly or more quickly (said to Sinasandopikd (from sandopikd, idea
be applied only to whipping). of punishing another).
 TAGALOG LAIS au AGE. 95

Quickly; hastily. BigM. Ex. Kamatay siyang hiyld

:

(he died quickly). L. — Verbal-

ized .Ex.: lit (/la in mo ang lulol mo
(hasten [abbreviate] your account
[or story]).
Except; besides. Liban. Ex.: Lihan sa iy6, walang
ibang makaparoroon (except you,
there is no other person who can
go there) Libdn sa iyo ang muha,
.

ay dill ko ibibigay (except that you

are to be the one taking it, I should
not give it).
Except; excuse me; by permission. Tabi. Ex. Tahi p6, ako'y dardan
:

(excuse me [for going before you,

for leaving first, etc. ] ) This is the
.

shout "cocheros" use, 7abi! It

literally means thus: "Aside."
Tabi is also used for a polite cor-
rection or contradiction: Singtabi
sa iyo, hindi gay on {yon will pardon
me, but it is not just like that).
Tabiltan, refuse heap, rubbish
heap, etc.
Hardly; scarcely. Bahagyd, var. bahagid. Ex. Ba- :

hagid na makasiya (it is hardly

sufficient). L. A synonym is
btdinyd.
Scarcely; hardly. Bihird. Syn. ara; dat-ha. Ex.:
Datlia kong inabutan (I scarcely
reached it). Bihird also means
"seldom." Ex., as "hardly:"
Binibihii-d ko na ang nagsipai'ito (I
think scarcely anyone has come
here yet). Bihirang dt iiaparoon
(scarcely anyone was not there);
i. e., nearly everyone was there).

Mahina pa siyd^y bihirang makald-

kad (she [he] is weak yet, and can
hardly walk [is hardly able to
walk] ). Bihird is verbalized with
mag andmagka. Ex.: Pagbihirain
mo ang kaiiin (change the food).
Nagkffkabihird sild nang pagda-
ramit (they differ in their manner
of dressing).
Nearly; almost. Hdlos. Ex.: Halosnamataysiyd{h.e
[she] almost died)
Accordingly. Ay on.
Agreeably. Alinsunod (from sunod, to follow,
obey).
Inside out. Baliktad. Ex. Baliktad ka niydn
:

(indef. baliktarin
); mo iyan (turn
that inside out).
Upside down; reversed. Touarik (from tou'ad). Syn. touandik.
Ex.: Touarik na bantd (light-
headed; injudicious).
Slowly; smoothly; noiselessly. Marahan (from dahan). Marahan
dahan or dahan dahan, very slow-
ly. Dumahan, to go away slowly.
Magdahan, to go slowly. Magpa-
karahan, to go very slowly. Ex.
96 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Magpakarahan hang lumdkad (go
very slowly [indef.]). Pakara-
hanin mo ang pagJiila (throw it
deliberately [def.]). Mapakara-
lian, to go yery smoothly; slowly,
etc. Ex.: X'tpakaraluoi )ia (it
has slowed up already; it has
quieted down already, etc.).
There is also a definite with an.
Ex.: Dnhanan mo iijcmg gauu mo
(do that work quietly, etc. ). Met.
adject. Ex. Marahan ang looh
:

niyc'i (he has a magnanimous

heart), hmt inot, yery slowly;
"little by little" is not much in
use. LouG)/ louag, little by little,
is about equal to t'-Jioa, etc., and is
used generally calling to animals.
Well. Mahiiti. Mahuting mabutl, yery well.
Syn. Maigi.
Carefully: in an orderly maimer. Mahusay. Mahusay na maliusay,
very carefully; in a yery orderly
manner. Ex.: Jd? gauinnini/nvg i/

vialn'isai/ (do this carefully).

Bnloiin mong maJii'isay (wrap it up
carefully). Humnmy, to put in
order; to arrange; to disentangle.
3Iagpak(thusa>/, to arrange well; to
settle things with care. Adj.:
"well kept," etc. Ex.: Husaynn
buhok ( well kept hair) Ang hinii- .

my what disentangled or set in

(

order). ITumy na usap (a care-

ful conyersation).
Badly. Ma^iiiiin. Masamang masamd, very
badly. Ex. Xatulogakong )/tammd
:

kagab't (I slept badly last night).

Hard; roughly; yigorously. Malakas. Ex.: Houag mo akong lak-
kamn nang panguiTgnsap (do not
talk to me so much in such a
rough manner) Kalalakas kang
.

liunakdd (walk with vigor). Iti-

noJnk niya nang malakds ang hangka
(he pushed the banca [canoe]
vigorously).
Briefly; quickly. Madali, var. marali. Combined with
both um and m.ag,an anoma-
lous verb formed, inngdumaU,
is
to make and in turn thi.s
haste,
is used with a noun to indicate
time. Ex.: M(igdnm<diiig drao (a
short ^vhile, or time). Examples
as an adverb of niddtdt are: (unr'tn
mong madali (do it quickly sabi- ) ;

hin mong madali (tell it quickly).

Strongly. Matihay. Ex.: Talian mong maiibay
(tie it strongly). Walang nunang
tibay pagkasira'y Jtalinhan (there
is no repairing stronger than to
rejilace what is destroyed). T. P., —
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 97
822. Manibay, to prop up; to sup-
port; to sustain. Ex.: Ji/a)if/ ha-
tong ang pinaninibayannnng f/uliai/
(that stone is the i)rop of the
house).
Finely. Magaling. Magaling na niaguliug,
very finely. Ex. Kiingmain ukong
:

magaling (I ate finely). Ang

nagagaling, person improving (as
from an illness). Gumaling, to
grow better (as a sick person).
Maggnling, to prepare. GuliiTgin,
what prepared. Mangalmg, to
improve greatly. Makagaling, to
do good. Ex.: Ang mawja gamot
ay siyang ikinagagallng naxg iiiiDTija
may sakit (medicines are what
cause the sick to recover) Mag- .

pagaling, to prosper. Magpakaga-

ling, to improve; reform, or cor-
rect one's self. Ex. Magpakaga- :

ling kayo nang maiTjjd asal ninyo

(improve yourselves in manners)
Kagali)Tgan, goodness. Ang pina-
gagaling, thing bettered (present
tense)
Frequently; often; closely. Malimit. Ex. Malimit akong naUiigo
:

bathe often). Also name of a

(I
close-woven basket made around
BosoboHO, Rizal Province.
Wisely. Not expressed by a single word, but
by phrases, the adjective inaru-
nong, wise, being expressed with
the subject in the nominative, and
the verb in the infinitive. Ex.:
Marunong siyang umdral (he
teaches wisely), not ungmadral si-
yang marunong, which wouhl be a
proper construction if marunong
were an adverb.
Swiftly. Matulin. Tumulin, to do anything
swiftly. Magtulin, to go swiftly.
Ang ipagtulin, the cause of going
swiftly. Ex.: Papagtulininmoang
bangkd (make the banca [canoe]
go swiftly) Mataling tumakbo to
.

run swiftly). Katulinan [abst. )]

swiftness).
Judiciously prudently.
;
Sa bait.
Customarily; commonly. Sa ugali, also with abstract, sa kau-
galian.
Openly; publicly. Sa hayag.
Secretly. Sa lihim. Lihim na gawd, a secret
deed. Ang gawang lihim ay naha-
hdyag din (secret deeds are the
very ones found out). T. P., 515. —
Ang lihim ay siyang hdyag (the hid-
den is what is discovered). —T. P.,
414.
Do you understand ? Hanif var. "hanidf"
6855—05 7
98 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Differently. Iba. This word also means "other,"
"different," etc. In .some phrases
it has the idea of "better." Ex.:
Iha an;/ jHjgoiig Jtull tut, sa suiTfjai^an
dadakpin pa ( better a quail already
caught than a horned animal yet
to be caught).— T. P., 443; i. e.,
"a bird in the hand is worth two
in the bush." —
Cervantes. The
earliest form in English says, "bet-
ter one byrde in hand than ten in
the wood," Heywood, abt. 1565.
T. P., 442, is ibd ang pogong Jiull na,
sa huhiilihin pa (better the quail
already caught than the one still
to be caught). This is found in
Greek: "He is a fool to let slip a
bird in the hand for a bird in the
bush."
Jointly. Sampuii.. When followed by nang,
nito, naman, etc., the final n is
dropped. Syn., pail.
Inasmuch. Gagaunti. { from 7(ni(, idea of a little)
Ex. Mnntlng ttWig (alittle water).
:

Kaunti, a little, as in speaking a

language, etc.
Forthwith ; instantly. Sa sandali. Ex. Houag kang ma-
:

balam doon, sumandali man lamang

(do not delay there more than an
instant). Saisang kisap maid (in
the twinkling of an eye).
Why not? Saanpa dU var. Sadlf Sdan pa di
gayonf (Why not that way?)
Why? At anof Ay and? Who doubts it?) (

At or ag joined with certain parti-

cles means "why?" Ex.: At dif
(Why not?)
It would be better. Mahanga. Si maham/a (better). Ka-
hniTgahaiTga (admirable).
If it were not. Kua daiTgan. PakundanTgan (for the
sake of).
Certainly. Tantd. Verbalized tantd means to
iindertstand. Ex.: Xatatanto mo
(Do you u nderstand it? ) Dili ko pa
natatanld (I don't understand it
yet)-
Truly. Totdo mandin. Also totdo din ; totdo
nga ; totoong totdo ( very truly ) To- .

tdo manding totdo (very truly, in-

deed).
Certainly; indeed. nga, var. iTganit. Ex. : Siyd nga ang
nagnakao (he is certainly the
thief).
Truly; really. Din. (Changes to ri)i after some
words.
IV. Nearly all the adverbs of measure and degree have been fully
explained under the comparative and superlative of the adjective. It may
be noted here that the adverb is made superlative by the reduplication of
the adverb, with the proper tie, in the same manner as the adjec-tive.
Many examples have l)een given on the foregoing pages. The only adverbs
noted here will be Mmon^, "only;" sigdna; and sukat na, "enough."
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 99

V. Adverbs of modality, such an "surely," not, "perhaps," etc., have

been treated under otlier adverbs or will be included with the adverbial
pronouns and expressions of affirmation, negation, and doubt.
Affirmative adverbs are fairly numerous in Tagalog. The principal are:
Yes. Oo. Opo (yes. sir [or madam]).
Oo aad 60 iTganit (yes, in-
ivja
deed). Pado (to say yes). Anff
ipaoo ( what said ) Jbig pinaoohau .

(person to whom yes has beea

said).
Indeed; without doubt. Pala. Siyd pala (it is he, indeed).
This word is used in asserting
when a thing is certain. Ex.:
Indi pala si Pedro ang nagnakaof
(Is Pedro the thief without
doubt? ) >SV?/(?, p(da ( he is, ndeed ) i

Kapala pa (it is clear). Ex.:

Kapala pa'y paroruon akn (it is
clear that I am going there).
Kapala pa^y dt paroroon al:6 (it is
clear [of course] that I am not
going there).
Also; likewise; as well. Namdn. Man (even).
Should. Disin. Ex.: Kun slyd'y siisulat dl-
sin, ay paroroon sana ako (if he
should write, I would go there).
Would; should; could (idea of com- Sana. Ex.: Ibig ko sana^y sumulat,
pulsion). wjuni't wald akong kapanahonan
(I would like to write, but I have
no time). Ako ang paroon sana,
bago ikao^y naparitS (I had to go
there, before you came here).

The principal negative adverbs are as follows:

No. Hindu
Not. Indi. Indi pa {not yet) Indi man, .

indi rm (neither; noteither). Indi

na (not now). Indi Idmang (not
only, solely ) . Indi iydn f not that)
I don't want to. Aaydoako. yl' [pronounced abrupt-
ly] (I don't like it). Kaayauan
[abst.] (dislike). Aug inaayauan
(what disliked or refused).
Not. Di. Ex. Di isu man; di vnm naud
:

(in no way). Dimaii; di pa {not

yet). Di anhinf (What matter?)
Di anhin dao na (for it is said
that ). i)t nmmio (it is said).
Di and pa? (How can it be?) Di
nga salamat (may it be thus).
Ito'y di maigi (this is not good).
Di sino ( to who else). Ex. Disino :

ang daiiTgan mo, kiindi ang capilanf

(To who else should your com-
plaint be made except the cap-
tain?)
Not. Dili, varia. diri. Mapadiri, to say
no. Aug pinadiririan, person to
whom no is said (present ten.«e).
Magpadiri, to say "no' repeatedly. '

Ang pinagdirian, the person to

100 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
whom "no" has been said many
times (past tense). Padili ka,
say no. Dili rin, no indeed. At
the end of a sentence dili some-
times means " or not. " Ex.: Ba-
huynd sHa, ddi.^ (Will they pay or
not?
No (forbidding). Honor/. Ex.: Houag va (do not do
it now [presupposes previous com-
mand]). //oufr(;i ///d/t (leave that!
drop that!) Houagan moii/dn (let
that alone). Houngan mong kunin
(do not take it). Houagan mong
itapoii (do not throw it out).
Houagan mong tiiTijnan (do not
look at it). Honag kang par6o7i
(do not go there). Pahouagin mo
iyang iauo niynn (tell that man not
to do that). Pahoungan mo hjan
d'ti/an sa lata (forbid that to that
child).

There are a few adverbs of doubt in Tagalog, as well as some phrases

meaning the same. They are:
Perhaps. Baga.
Possibly. Kayn. Kaya iTga (just because, just
for that reason). Used with af-
firmative sentences. Kayd iTganit
(as soon as ) Kaya iTijgam (since )
.

Used with negative sentences.

Makakaya, to be able (in a phys-
ical sense). Kaya is also any
hunting or fishing utensil or in-
strument.
Why? For what reason? Wari. Ex.: At ako wari pardon?
(Why do have to go there?)
I
With neg., At di vari ako pardon?
(Why don't 1 have to go there?)
Perhaps. Upan. It is never put last in a
sentence.
I don't know. Ara'in.Do not confuse with aayao
don't want to).
(I
If it could be thus. Naua. Siyu nana. it may be this
{

way) . Used for

'
' amen. '

THE PREPOSITIOX.

The preposition, which serves to connect a noun to the sentence, in the

same manner that the conjunction introduces or attaches sentences, is not
as highly developed in Tagalog as in English, and for this reason thesame
preposition means what it would take several different ones to express in
English. The principal Tagalog prepositions are:
In; to; from; against; at; by; on; Sa. Ex.: (in) Sa hayan (in town);
per; between; with; of; among; sc bdhay (in the house); (to) sa
for; across. ali ko (to my aunt); sa amain ko
(to my uncle); sa ama ko (to my
father); sa ind ko (to mother),my
these also mean "for" aunt, my
etc.; sa bdhay (to the house); sa
iydn bdhay (to that house) (from) ;

sa bdhay (from the house);

 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 101

(ag;ainst ) lahan sa kamiay (against

the enemy); (at) sa huhuy (at the
houye); "(per) ialU) sa sungda (8
per cent); (between) sa magaling
at iiiaKamd ( between good and bad )

(with) sama sa kaniydtig unak

(she is going with her child) (of, ;

rare); (among, unusual); (for)

patuMjo ko sa America ( I am leav-
ing for America); (across, rare).
Sa is verbalized, the veri)s thus
formed being explained later.
Without. Walii. P^x.: Wald akong salapi (I
am without money). Magvald, to
runaway; to get rid of. Mawald,
to lose; to miss. Ex.: Nnwaldn
ako nang lakus ( I lost the strength )
Makaimld, to be able to_run awav.
Ex. Hindi makaimld, vgujion (it is
:

not possible to run away now).

Magpawald, to pardon, forgive.
Wald with in also means to remit
or cancel. Ex.: Walinmovaang
utang ko sa iy6 (cancel the debt I
owe you) Magkawald, to go apart,
.

to break away. Ex.: Fapagka-

walin mo kami (let us quit [as
partners] ) ( excl. ) Sinong imld f
.

(Who is absent?) Wald ka kaha-

pon (you were absent yesterday).
May ikinawawald ka nang balang
naf (Is there anything you lack?)
Walang wald (absolutely nothing)
Narval'd sa kamay ko (it escaped
from my hand). Mawald man
isang anuang kalakian, houag ang
isang snlitaan (better to lose a cara-
bao bull than a moment of conver-
sation.— T. P., 869. Ibd ang may
ay-ay sa wald (it is better to have
a scarecrow than to be without
one). —T. P., 866. Nagmamayroo'y
wald (they pretend to have some-
thing, but are destitute).— T. P.,
867. Mapipilit ang mardmot, ang
wakVy hindt (the miser may be
forced [to give something], but he
who has nothing, no).— T. P., 868.
Walang masamang kaniyd, walang
maigi sa ibd (faultless what is his,_
good for nothing what is of
another).— T. P., 870. Wald also
means " the open sea, a gulf," etc.
Magpawald (to put to sea). Ex.:
Nagpaivald ang Moro nang kani-
yang samsamin (the Moro put to
sea with his booty).
Of (and family or associates). Kand. Ang bnkid kand ali ko (the
field of my aunt and her family).
Paka nd sa Juan kand (go to Juan
and his family).
102 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Of (genitive of si). ^^i- Ex.: Ang ni off an ni Luis {homs'
cocoan u t pal m gro ve ) Ang ha h ay
.

ni Toinus (Thomas' house).

Of (gentitive of a»/;). Nang. Ex.: Ang bdhay nang amd ko
(my father's house).
To (dative, etc. of si). Kay. Ex.: Ilong tungkod ay kay
Juan (this cane is John's [is to
John] )_.

Against. Ldban; Idhan na. Ex.: Ikao^yldban

sa akin (you against me), hang
hokbo ldban namdn sa ibd (one army
against another). Magldban (to
resist or struggle against).
From. Bdhat. Ex. Sdan ha nagbuhat?
:

( Where did you come from?)

From. Muld. Ex. Mvla iTijayon ( from now
:

on). 8a muld (from the begin-

ning). Ex.: Muld so Idnes hangdn
sa viernes (from Monday until
Friday). Mnldsa 3fay)uld ha))gdn
sa Santa Mesa (from Manila as far
as Santa Mesa). Magmuld (to
start; to commence).

THE CON.JUNCTION.

Genuine conjunctions are rather scarce in Tagalog, but many other words
may be used as a conjunction would be in English to join sentences together.
The principal ones are:

And. At. This loses the vowel in many

cases, being pronounced with the
word preceding as a final /, and in
such cases is written '<.
Together with. Kasnmd (from ka and sama)
Not only but. — Hindi Idmang — kundi bagkus.
Unless. Ilouag U'unang.
Even; as well as. Sabdy.
Or. Kayd.
Or man.
Either
not.
— or.
Dili.
Magin —Also
magin.
Or. (Sp.)
The foregoing are called binding conjunctions as to the first four and
alterative conjunctions as to the last four. The following are called adver-
sative conjunctions. They are:
But. Nguni; ku»di; datapoua; subali; alin-
tana. Nguni never begins a i)rin-
cipal clause, but always a sul)ordi-
nate one, and generally in an an-
swer. Ex.: Ibig kvsanaiig kit main,
lujunVl hindi akd mangyayari (I
would like to eat, but I am not
—
able to). L. '^ from at, is almost
invariably joined to iTT/jn;?. Kundi
is used for subordinate clauses, gen-
erally when the principal one has
a negative meaning. Ex.: Hindi
Idlaki, kn)idi babayc ang ibon (the
bird is not a male, but a female).
Thitapoua, which generally take '/,
means "but" still stronger than
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 103

kundi, denoting a sharper contrast,

as between rich but miserable, etc.
Subiili means "but for," etc., as
conditional. . /<;//«»((, which takes
I

V in beginning a clause, means

"but for all that, "etc. Verbalized
the two foregoing words mean "to
except," Bago is sometimes used
in the sense of "but." Ex,: Tnn-
ghallna,bago'' ij vnld pa siya (noon
already, but he is absent yet),
P>nt rather. Kundl hiujkus. These wonis may be
used alone in this sense, and may
also be joined together.
Neither — nor. Man — man. Man — manJdiidi rlti.
Ex. Wald kami higas man, illog
:

man (we have nothing, neither

rice nor eggs.
Although; though. Baganidn. Ex.: Bagaman dukhd si
Juan, sa piiri nama'y maydman slyd
(though Juan is poor, he is rich in
a good name )
Although (more formal than above). Bistd't. Bistd't napojjoot siyd sa akin,
uy bibigydn din ako (although he is
angry at me, it will be given to me).
Ever so much, although (giving a Mataymdn. Ex.: Matayindnakoynaa
reason or making an excuse). ka'ibig paritd, ay dt ko makayanan,
(although I wished to come, I was
not al)le to [I had no strength]).
Although. Kahl, var. kahimat, kaliinyd, kalii-
nyd man, kahi'i. Ex.: KahiinaH
di mdyag sild, paroroon din ako,
(although they do not consent, I
shall go there).
Since; whereas. Palibhasa (from Sanskrit, paribhd-
shd, sentence, reprimand, etc.) It .

is followed by y in sentences.
'
As
an adverb it is equal to kayd r~ga ;
kayd pala, as well as to "since"
and "whereas." As a noun it
means "irony." Magpalibhasa (to
speak ironically).
No matter if; even if. Sukddn. Ex.: Magpapakahusog mnna
siyd, sukddn siyd'y magkasakif (he
will gorge himself first, even if he
makes himself sick).
AVhat; because Maijapd, var. mayapd'f, little heard.
But; vet. Bago. Ex,: Sild' yang may sala,bago
ako ang pinarusahan (they are the
ones at fault, but I am the one who
has been punished).
Some conjunctions may be styled "causative," The principal ones in
Tagalog are:
Why? Bakin? \ar. Bdkit dif (Why
bdkit.
not?) also means "as,"
Bdkit
"how," etc, in sentences. As a
noun bdkit means an old monkey
with developed teeth. Ano'tf also
means "why?"
Because (giving reason). Sa pagka't.
104 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
A fifth group of conjunctions is generally that called "conditional."
The significations of the members of this group are self-explanatory.

If; rather. Kun.

Unless. Ku7i diri Idmang; kun dt lamang;
liban na.
As were.
if it Kun sana sa.
Were not for.
it Kun danyan; daiTgan.
Provided. Kun lamaug; houag Idmang.
Lest. Baka, var. makci.
The sixth and last group of conjunctions is that of the cla.«s called "con-
clusives" in some grammars and "illatives" in others. In Tagalog the
principal ones of this class are:

That (relative) Nang. Ex. : Mngpagamot ko, nang

ikdo ag gumnling (allow yourself
to be treated, so that vou mav be
better).— L.
That. Na. Ex.: Xagsabi siya na ako'y
natulog (he said that I was asleep).
Consequently; that is to say. Di yata.
Sa makatouid ( lit. " in other words
'
Therefore (consequently). '

Ex. Xakila ko sild kagab-i, sa ma-

:

katouid hindi sild sungmakay (I

saw them last night, therefore
they did not embark).
In order that. Upan. It is never put last in a
clause.
Inasmuch; in so far as. Yamang, var. yai/amang; yayang;
hayumang; hamaug. Ex.: Mang-
yayaring gawln niyd yayaman siyd'y
goberno dor-general (he is able to
do it, inasmuch as he is governor-
general) .

THE EXCLAMATION.

The exclamation, or interjection, can hardly be regarded as a part of

speech, compared with verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc., but for want of a
better classification they may Ije treated here. They are generally self-
explaining, and many seem to be roots used as imperatives of the verb.
The most characteristic Tagalog interjections are:

Dear me! Alas! Abd>

Ouch! Wow! Aroy! Aray!
Oh how (Always follows.)
! Ayad! (mostly used by women).
Oh how (Always follows.)
! Bapda. May be used together,
bapda preceding. Bapda is more
in use by men.
Good! Fine! Buti ruga!
Poor thing! Kaaudaud!
Would that it mav be so! Oh Kahimanuaril Xaud! Maano!
that !

Quick! Dali!
Be silent (to one)! Houag kang magiiTgay!
Xo talk! Silence! Houag kayong magiiTgay!
Lightning! (Oh, hell!) Lintik!
My mother! Nako! Naku! (Contraction from
ind ko.)
What a pity! Sayang!
Move on! Go ahead! Sulong!
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 105

Look out! Aside! Take care! Tabi! Hag!

Stand hack! Urong!
Look! Behold! Here it is! Manad!
Tagalog cursing rather pecuHar. It has evidently been derived from
is
native sources and not from contact with the Spaniards. Among the most
usual expressions are:
May a crocodile eat you! Kanin ka nang huaya!
May the earthquake swallow you up! Lamunin ku -iiang I'mdol!
May a snake bite you! Tukain ka nang alias!
May the lightning strike him! Tinamadn siyd nang liniik!

Section Seven.

THE VERB.

I. The verb is distinguished from all other words by marked characteris-

'
'

tics —
and a peculiar organization." Earle. The eminent philologist speaks
thus of the English tongue, but his remarks apply equally to Tagalog. He
further defines a verb as '"the instrument by which the mind expresses
its judgments," a definition which was first enunciated by the Danish
philologist Madvig, in his Latin grammar (Copenhagen, 1841, 8th ed.,
1889). Madvig calls a verb udsagusord, literally "out-saying-word."
Other characteristics of the verb have been noted and have given names
to the class, such as the German Zeilwort (time- word), and Ewald's
Thatiiorl (deed- word). But in Tagalog the line between nouns and
verbs is much less than in English, where it is still less than in Latin,
Greek, and other languages of southern Europe.
IL The simplest verbal form is the imperative, which consists of the
root, followed by ka (thou) or kayo (you; ye). An adverb of time is some-
times added to the phrase for emphasis. Ex.: Ldkad ka na! (walk
on, now!) Mp
ka! (Think!) Aral ka! (Teach!) Dald mo d6o7) (take it
there). I)akl mo dllo (bring it here). As in English, many of the roots
used as imperatives may be used as nouns also. Aral, as a noun, means
"doctrine" or "teaching." Ex.: Aug ural ni Monroe' y ang dral nang
America wjatjon (the Monroe doctrine is now the doctrine of America).
ni. By prefixing ka to the imperative, and reduplicating the first sylla-
ble of the root at the same time (sign of the present tense) the idea of
quickness, intensity, care, etc., is imparted to the command. Ex.:
Kalalnkud ka! (Goquickly! [to one]) Kaluldkad kayo! (Goquickly! [j'e] ).
.

Kai'ixip ka! (Consider it well!) KadadaJd mo doon (take it there care-

fully). As a general thing the agent takes the indefinite form, as will
be seen by the examples, but the definite is used when necessary. 7v«
with the reduplicated first syllable of the root has a very different mean-
ing with any other person than the second. With the first and third per-
sons it has the idea of "timejust past," when followed by />o, as will be seen
by the following examples. Sometimes pa may be omitted. Di7i may
also take the place of pa, as may also Idmang. In English the time may be
expressed by " has " or " had," according to the contex. Karardting ko jta (I
have [had] just arrived). Karardting ni Gat Tomds (Don Tomiis has just
arrived), ibig mong makakain sa dminf (Do you wish to eat with us?)
Saldmat, aydoako'tkdkdkain kopa (thanks, Idonotcareto, I have just eaten)
Kagagd ling nang kapatid na babaye ko sa bayan (my sister has just come
from town). Kahihigd ko din (I had just lain down). Kapapanaog ko din
at hapapanhik Idmang nild (I had just gone down and they had just gone up
[i.e., the house ladder] ). Kapapdsok Idmang niyd sa bdhay (he had just
entered the house) Kapapdsok din ngayon ni Esleban sa basahan Esteban
. (

[Stephen] has just entered the reading place [i. e., the master's place]).
Kasusdlnt ko (I had just written it). A'o^otopws/.o (I have just finished it).
Kaialagpi ko ( I had just mended it). Kauutas na ko (I had already finished
106 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
it). Kaaalix Inmancj n'nja (he has just gone away). Knnalis pa nang aking
amd (my father has just gone away). Kaaalls din iTgayon nang capitan
(the captain just now left). With roots hke dral, which have several dis-
tinct meanings according to the verbal particle i^refixed, ka does not
require the first syllable to be repeated. Ex.: Kapanijangaral din ngayon
nang pare (the priest has just finished preaching). In this case the prefix
is reduplicated, maiTijdral meaning " to preach." Kapagal'm din ni Benigno
nang damit (Benigno just took the clothes away). Magalis means "to
take away."
IV. Ka has many other functions, which will be taken up later. It is a
most important particle and should be carefully studied. It should be
noted that the pronouns with the imperative are mostly in the nomina-
tive, while with the first and third persons they are in the genitive.
V. All such sentences are in the definite or so-called "passive," which
is by far the most usual form in Tagalog, but which would look very
strange many times if translated by the English passive.
VI. The foregoing form is also used to express opposites, the words
being linked l>y ay. It may be expressed in English by "now, again,"
or " now, then." Ex.:
Now he sleeps, then he wakes. Kalutulog ay kagigising niya.
He comes in and goes out. Kapapasok ay kalalabas niya.
He is coming and going. Karartaing ay kaaalis niya.
Sometimes he walks, then he rests a Kalalakad ay kahihiniohinto niya.
little.
Now she laughs and then she cries. Katataua ay kaiiyak.
VII. When a prefix changes the meaning of a word, it is retained in the
imperative. Ex.: Aral ka (teach); pagdral ka (study); pangaral ka
(preach).
VIII. With the exception of the forms already cited, the verb is always
accompanied by particles, which sometimes modify the I'oot itself for
euphonic reasons. Nearly every word in the language can be made a verb
of some kind or another by the use of these particles, which are the strik-
ing peculiarity of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, but have been re-
tained in the primitive tongues of the Philippines much more than in the
Malay, Javanese, or other cognate dialects. There are some twenty of
these verbalizing particles, of which seventeen are used as prefixes to
roots, and three are the definite auxiliary particles in, i, and an. Of these
particles, which are tabled at the end of the handbook, the most impor-
tant are in, i, an, um, mag, and ma, the last three being indefinite particles.
Pag, corresponding as a definite to mag, is also important. The mastery
of these particles is the mastery not only of Tagalog, lint of every other
Philippine dialect, as well as a valuable aid in learning Malay or any simi-
lar tongue of the family.
IX. The root with any one of the indefinite particles prefixed maj' be
translated as the infinitive, provided the particle is merely attached to
give the meaning of the root so modified, but whenever a tense is expressed
the particle or the root is modified, and sometimes both. Besides the
imperative and infinitive, Tagalog has really but one other mode, the indic-
ative, as the subjunctive, including those modifications known in various
European languages as the optative, conditional, dubitative, potential, etc.,
is expressed by certain words corresponding to the English "could,
should, would, may," etc.
X. Strictly speaking, there are l)ut three tenses in Tagalog, the past,
present, and future; but it is possi))le to render the imperfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect tenses by means of auxiliary particles. The first three,
however, are those in common use. The participle is also in use, CDrre-
sponding literally to the English participle in some cases, and in others
must be rendered by a phrase. The same remark may be made of the
gerund in English, which is variously rendered in Tagalog. One tense
is sometimes used for another, when the context clearly indicates the ti)ne
of the event, as happens in English.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 107

XI. As in English, Tagalog verbs may be transitive, requiring an object

to complete the meaning; or intransitive, in which the meaning is com-
j)lete within the verl). These do not always correspond in the two lan-
guages, and a Tagalog root may sometimes be intransitive with one ])refix
and transitive with another, which may reverse or modify the meaning.
XII. Within the tense the verb does not change for the penson or num-
ber, and requires a noun or a pronoun to indicate the same.
XIII. The eminent Indo-Tibetan philologist Bryan H. Hodgson (ISOO-
1894), in his Monographs upon the Tribes of Northern Ti))et, reprinted in
Part II, pages 73-76, of " The Languages, Literature, and lieiigion of Nepal
and TiV)et" (London, 1874), gives it as his opinion that the Gyarung dialect
of Eastern Tibet has a very similar structure to that of Tagalog, quoting
Leyden and W. von Humboldt (the latter at secondhand in support of his
)

views. Rockhill, the Tibetan scholar, now United States minister to

China, who has a wide acquaintance with Tibetan, says that Gyarung is
merely a variation of ordinary Tibetan, and this being the case there can
be no possible atfinitj' between the two languages. As Hodgson's error
has been given wide publicity by its incorporation as a footnote to the
article by de Lacouperie upon Tibet in the Encyclopedia Britannica, it
should be corrected as far as possible 1iy any sttident of Tagalog.
XIV. As quoted and corrected by Hodgson, the remarks of Leyden, as
taken from the Researches of the Bengal Asiatic Society, Vol. X, page 209,
upon Tagalog are as follows: "Few languages present a greater appearance
of originality than the Tagala. Though a multitude of its terms agree pre-
cisely with those of the languages just enumerated (western Polynesian),
yet the simple terms are so metamorphosed by a variety of the most sim-
—
ple contrivances that it becomes impossil)le (difficult B. H. H.) for a
person who understands all the original words in a sentence to recognize
them individually or to comprehend the meaning of the whole. The arti-
fices which it employs are chiefly the prefixing or postfixing (or infixing
B. H. H.) to the simple vocables (roots) of certain particles (serviles),
which are again (may be) combined with others, and the complete or par-
tial repetition of terms in this reduplication may be again combined with
other particles."
XV. Hodgson notes upon the foregoing as follows: " I may add, with
reference to the disputed primitiveness of Ta-gala, owing to its use of the
'artifices' above cited, that throughout tiie Himalaya and Tibet it is pre-
cisely the rudest or most primitive tongues that are distinguished by useless
intricacies, such as the interminable pronouns, and all the perplexity caused
by conjugation by means of them, with their duals. and plurals, and in-
clusive and exclusive forms of the first person of both. * * * The
more advanced tribes, whether of the continent or of the islands, have,
generally speaking, long since cast away all or most of these 'artifices.' "
As has already been noted, the Tagalog pronouns do not modify the verbs,
which have the same form within the tense for all persons and numbers.
As compared to tongues like Fijian and other Melanesian dialects, Tagalog
lias made long strides toward becoming a vehicle of a much higher culture
than it now enjoys.
XVI. W. von Humboldt says in his Kawi Sprache, Vol. II, page 347:
"The construction of the ^Malayan verb (to speak of the entire linguistic
stock) can be fully recognized from the Tagalog verl) alone. The Malagasy
and true Malay contain but fragments thereof, while the Polynesian lan-
—
guages have a more primitive scheme of the verb fewer in forms. It
therefore seems appropriate to present:
First, the Tagalog verb comj^lete without any regard to the other
languages;
Second, the Malagasy (verb), which has in itself very much of the same
construction
Third, to show what the Malay language in its discarding and grinding
of grammatical forms has still retained; and
108 TAGALOCi LANGUAGE.

Fourth, to make a research as to how the simple hut uncultivated Poly-

nesian verbal construction stands in relation to the partially cultivated
Tagalog.
THE DEFINITE.
I. As has been stated before, the definite form of the verb, which is really
a verbal noun with tense-indicating particles, is more common than the
indetinite form, which is more of a true verb in construction. One of the
great ditticulties to be overcome by speakers of non-Malayan tongues is the
improper use of the definite and indefinite. It is as easy to begin right as
wrong, and if attention is paid to the conditions existing, an idiomatic
mastery of Tagalog may readily be required.
II. The true definite particles, in {liin after the final vowel with acute
accent, and nin in a few cases for euphony), /, and an {han after a final
vowel with acute accent), are used either alone or in combination when
emphasis is to be placed upon the object or there is a special idea implied.
These three particles are further combined with pug, the definite verbaliz-
ing particle corresponding to tlie indefinite mag; i, in, and pa^many times
commencing a definite verb with the combinations ipag and ipinag. The
root begins after these combinations, subject to tense reduplications, as
will be seen by the table at the end. The subject takes the genitive with
the definite, the object taking the nominative case. Ex.: Root gatni (idea
of making or doing) . Gumawd (to make or do). And ang gawd mof (What
is your work?; i. e., What are you doing or making?). This is an indefinite
question, with the verbal idea almost absent, the verb "to be" beingunder-
stood. With an adverb of time, such as kahapon (yesterday), ngayon
(now), or bukas (to-morrow) the verb could be "was," "is," or "will
be." But the more usual form is with the definite particle in and the proper
tense. And ang ginavu ino? (What did you do? [or make?]). For the
past tense in is inserted with consonant roots between the initial con-
sonant and the rest of the root. Ano ang ginagawd mo ditof (What are you
doing here?) As will be seen, the present tense is formed by the redupli-
cation of the first syllable of the root, in which in is infixed. A)i6 ang
gaguida mof (What are you going to do? [or make?]; what will you do?;
what will you make?) The future of this verb is formed by reduplicating
the first syllable of the root and suffixing in. Ano ang gagauinnang amain
mo niyang kahog na iyan? (What is your uncle going to do with that lum-
ber?) Amain, from amd, father, with in as a suffix, also means "step-
father," as well as "uncle." Kdhoy also means "tree." Isang bahay
ang gaganinniyd (He is going to put up a house). The imperative is formed
by suffixing m to the root. Ex.: Jto'y gan/in ninyong maliusuy (Do this
carefully [in an orderly manner]).
III. in is the principal definite particle in Tagalog, corresponding to the
same i)article in Ilocano and to on in Bicol and Visaya, the two last men-
tioned also using in in combination with other particles.

WHICH DEFINITE.

IV. While it is not so very hard to lay down fairly clear rules as to when
the definite and indefinite should be used [the former laying stress upon
the object and the latter upon the subject or the action), it is extremely
difficult in some cases to say which one of the several definite particles
should be. As ageneral rule, in signifies motion toward the atrent, orsome-
thing by which the agent obtains control of something; i indicates motion
away from agent, or an action by which the agent loses control of some-
thing, and an generally has either the idea of place or of person connected
with its use. /joined with ka, resulting in ika, and further combined with in
to produce ikina, denotes cause, etc., with roots when joined to them, either
alone or with verbalizing particles. For this reason the jirojier definite to
be used in sentences having a definite object without other modifying cir-
cumstance is determined by the nature of the action, subject to some
exceptions, mainly for euphonic reasons. Such words, however, as require
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 109

an, for example, in place of in. are not numerous. F can not be replaced
by in or an, and an only replaces in as a suffix, never as a prefix or infix.
The following examples will show the different use of the same verb:
'Root, paiihik. Panhik Aa.' (Go up! Come up!). Panhikin mo ako sa hag-
dan (come up [to me] by the ladder). Ipanliik mo sa balmy itong marTgd
sar/hig (Put these Itauanas up into the house). Panhikan mo ako nitong
mai~g('twaging (Put these bananas up there for me). Piouanhik (to ascend).
Magpiirihik (to hoist, or put something upstairs [or up a ladder]). Aug
panhikin the jierson upstairs). Ang ipagj)(iiiliik{whsLthoisted or taken up).
(

Ang panlnkan (the ladder [stairs or place] ascended).

V. With sentences containing but one direct object which is directly
connected with the action, the prevalence of cause, instrument, or time
requires i, and place an. Ex.: Ihanap ningo ako isang cabayong mabnfi
(look out for a good horse for me). Ang bayan ang hahanapan mo nang
cabayo mo You will have to look around town for your horse).
( With in a
proper use would be: JIanapinmo a)uj cahayongnawald (Look for the horse
which has disappeared). Ang pinaglianapan ko ang corral nang cabayo, po
(Where 1 did look for the horse was at the corral, sir). Hinanap ko ang
aking cabayo sa bayan ay nahdnap ko (I looked for my horse in town and
found him Humdnap, ( 1 to look for) ( 2, to claim ) Manhdnap to scout,
) . , . (

to reconnoiter). J??gr^xm/(aria;mi (what scouted for). Ang paglidnap (the

act of seeking) Ang paghanapan the place of seeking) Ang panhanapan
. ( .

(place scouted or reconnoitered over). Ang hinanap (what sought for

[past tense]). Aug hinahanap (what is being sought for). Ang hanapin
(w'hat is to be sought or looked for). Ang hanapan (person from whom
something is claimed or sought). Ang ihanap the means for something to
(

be looked for). Aug ihindnap (the means with which something was
sought). The foregoing illustrate the ease with which verbal nouns can be
formed from verbs and vice versa.
VI. When a sentence has more than one indirect object, and stress is to
be laid upon one or the other object, the nature of the action determines
the particle to be used. The following examples, taken from Lendoyro,
show this excellently: Sulatin mo ito)ig sulal sa lamesa nang ki'nnay mo
("Write this letter" yourself at the table [i. with your own hand]).
e.,
Isulal mo nitong saint ang iyong kdtnay sa itong lantesa (Write this letter
"with your own hand " at this table). Sa lamesa ang sulatati mo nitong sdlat
nang iyong kdniay (write this letter with your own hand, using the table as
a writing desk). It will be seen from the foregoing that many of the defi-
nite verbs are verbal nouns with ang (the) left off. Bearing this in mind
the use of the definite is made much easier.
VII. Circumstantial members connected with the action should be care-
fully distinguished when using the definite from adverbs or adverbial
expressions. Some examples of the definite with adverbs or adverbial
expressions are: iSadiyang ginnwd niyd ito (He did this willfully). Dina-
lohong nild siyd nang boong bagsik (They assaulted him [her] with great
barbarity )

VIII. Jpag, ipinag, and ipinn, the two first being coml)inations with pag
and the last of i with pa, the definite verbal particle corresponding to magpa,
confuse the student at first, but are simple when analyzed. Ijnna, ipa,
when followed by a root commencing with g, should not be confused with
ipag and ipinag, as the idea of ^xt is "to order to do" what is signified by
the root. Combinations with other particles, like magka, are also found,
iorming ipugka (imp.), ipngkaka (fut.), ipinagka (past), and ipinagkaka
(present). It will be noticed that the last syllable of the particle is redu-
plicated with pagka for the future and present tenses. Ex.: Ipagabutan
ninyo iyang maiTijd libra (Pass those l)Ooks from hand to hand). Ang abn-
tan (the person reached for or overtaken). Si)io ang ipinaglulutb mo? Who (

are you cooking it for?) Ano kayd ang ipinagntos nio sa. kaniydf What (

were your orders to him?) Ipaghnliugas sana kild nang itong damit iTg^inVt
%vald akong sabon (I would wash your clothes, but I have no soap). Kitd
is really "we two," but here means "I." Jpaglagd mo nang sa itong ofi-
110 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
cial ito (Make some tea for this officer). Ait(i inihu/n ( what boiled or made
[as tea, coffee, etc.]). Aug ipaglujd (the person for wiioin boiled, made,
etc.). Anrj lagudn (the teapot, coffeepot, etc.). In the foregoing exam-
ples pag is used because the sentence expresses the person for whom an
act is performed. Fag is also used with in and an combined in like cases.
Ex.: Jtong bahuy na ito^ g ang pinagauayan nild (This house is where they
quarreled). Root, duay.
IX. Fag must also be used with the definite whenever the sentence
expresses plurality of acts or agents, or of feigning or reciprocal actions.
The article being generally used, the idea of a verbal noun is most promi-
nent. Ex.: Ang ipinagsakitsakitan niyd'y ang hindi dusahin (He was
malingering so as to escape punishment). Root, sakit (illness). (Diminu-
tives made by repeating a bisyllabic root or the first two of a polysyllabic
one, add an to impart a scornful or contemptuous meaning). Ang caartel
ang pinagmurahan nild (They insulted each other in the barracks).
Finagsird nang maiTjjd tulisdn iyang rnaiTijd bdhag (The ladrones have
destroyed many of those houses). Maraining bdhay ang j)inagsird nild
(Many houses have been destroyed by them).
X. With verbal roots which have different meanings with um and mag,
the definite is accompanied by pag when the verb formed by mag is used.
Ex.: Root, bili (idea of trade, barter, etc.) Bumili, (to buy). Magbill (to
sell). Itong bdhay ang ipinagbili ko, or Ipinagbil'i ko itong bdhay (I have
sold this house). Itong bdhay ang binili ko, or Binili ko itong bdhay (I
have bought this house). Fag { pinag) prefixed to 6(7t with /c^r/* suffixed
indicates the purchaser; the place or the price (past tense). For the pres-
ent tense the first syllable of the root is reduplicated. Ex.: Ang pinag-
bilihan (past); ang pagbibilihan (pr. ). Ang dking kapatid na lalaki ang
pinagbilihan ko nitong bdhay (Isold [have sold] this house to my brother
[lit., "my brother was the purchaser from me of this house"]). Root,
utang {debt). Thnutang (to borrow). Magutang (to lend). Magpautang
(to lend willingly). Magkautang (to owe). Ex.: Finagutang ko iyang
salapi sa kaniyd (I lent him that money).
XI. The use of the particles gives a great freedom in Tagalog for the
variation of sentences, which, however, have the same idea. Thus the
English "Didn't I order (or tell) you to do this?" may be rendered by the
following with equal accuracy: Hindi ko ipinagutos sa iyo iia gairin vio ito?
(def. ). Hindi ako nagutos sa iyong guinawd nitof (indef., stress on action).
Hindi ako nagpagawu sa iyo nitof (indef., stress on action). Hindi ko
pinagaicd nit 6 (def. ). Hindi ko ipinagawd sa iyo itof (def. ). Bi ipinagaivd
ko saiyo itof (def.).
XII. Ju and i are combined with each other also. Ex.: And angilinulutd
mof (What are you cooking?) For euphony the verb with this combina-
tion is much varied, there being also found the forms inalulutb, inilulutd,
and even niluluto.
XIII. The verbs mayroon and may (to have) and vald (not to have)
require the definite form of a verb following them in a sentence which
expresses what is had or done, or vice versa. Both subject and object,
however, take the nominative in such cases. Ex. Mayroon kang gagaainf
:

(Have you anything to do?) Wald p6, wald akong gaga win ( J^o, sir; I have
nothing). May silang ginaicd? (Have they done anything?) ]\ald p6,
wald silang ginavu (Xo, sir; they have not clone anything).
XIV. Tlie definite is also used in sentences having a person for the
object, or in which the object is modified by an attribute or attributive
adjunct. Ex.: Tauagin mo si Fedro (Call Pedro). DaUun mo rito iyang
librong binasa kov.g kagab-i (Bring me that book I was reading last night).
Houag mong ivikain iyiin (Don't say that). Lutoin mo itong manuk (Cook
this chicken). Dalian mo iyang tdbig (Bring that water).
XV. Further discussion of the definite particles is reserved until tlie
indefinite has been explained.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. Ill

THE INDEFINITE.

I. The indefinite particles most in use are um, mag {nag), and ma (na),
which will be explained in detail hereafter. These are called active par-
ticles by the Spanish grammarians, but indefinite seems to be more appro-
priate and correct.
II. Sentences in which the subject is emphasized have this in the nomi-
native, the verb bein^ expressed with the proper indefinite particle which
is sometimes preceded by the article of common nouns. The imperative
indefinite does not require tlie article in any case. Ex.: Sigd'y ha'basa
niloug lihro (He is going to read this book). Ihao iTga nagsahi niychi (You
said that yourself). The object, it will be noted, takes the genitive. Sigd
ang magpapasial (He is going for a walk [lit., "He will be the walker]).
Ikao ang tumduag hay Juan (Call Juan [be you the caller to Juan]). Si
Juan ay ang vagndkao (Juan was the thief).
III. The indefinite is generally used in an intransitive sentence, where
an o!)ject is not required to com{)lete the meaning. Ex. Sungmumlat ako
:

(I am writing). Sungmulal ako (I wrote). Susulat ako (I shall write).

Nagaaral kayo (You are learning). Magadral kayo (You will learn).
Kungmakain slyd (He is eating). Kungmain kami (We were eating [but
not you] ). Kakaia tayo (We will go eat [all of us] ).
An object may be called indefinite when the idea of "a, an, some, any"
is inherent, or an undetermined part of the whole is indicated, provided
that there are no modifying circumstances of time, cause, purpose, instru-
ment, or place in conjunction with the action. Ex.: (1) Marnnong ka
nang wikang castilaf (Do you understand any of the Spanish language?)
Marunong ako Idmang nang wikang tagdlog, hindt marnnong ako mawjusup sa
tcikang castila, po (I understand the Tagalog language only; I do not know
how to talk in Spanish). Magsalitd ka i~ga sa wikang tagdlog (Then speak
in Tagalog). (2) Maglahas kanang maiTga silla (Bring out some chairs).
Magdald ka dito nang j'oxfoms Bring some matches here). Magdald ka dito
(

nang tahacos (Bring some cigars here). Magdald ka dilo nang tdbig (Bring
some water here). Maglutb ka nang isang manuk (Cook a chicken).
IV. The indefinite is also used with sentences having a definite object if
a part and not all of the object is meant. In some cases the place-particle
" an " is used for this purpose, as it does not indicate an object. In or i would
be used if all the definite object were to be indicated. Ex. Akd'y knngmain
:

na nitong lamangkati (I have already eaten some of this meat) Uminum kayo
.

nitong tuhig na malindo (Drink some of this clear water) . (1) Magbiqay ka
sa akin niyang tuhig (indef.) (1, Give me some of that water). (2) Bigydn
mo ako iyang tdbig (def. (2, Give me that water). Ihig ninyong magbili
)

nitong higdsf (Do you wish to sell some of this rice?)

V. Actions expressed by intransitive verbs Avhich do not require an
object take the indefinite unless there are modifying circumstances of
cause, purpose, means, instrument, or time in conjunction with the action.
Ex.: Natif^od ako (I stumbled). Ano't Idndi ka lungmaldkad nang matulinf
(Why don't you walk quicker?) Tnngmataud siyd (He is laughing).
VI. A sentence commencing with an interrogative pronoun takes the
indefinite if the subject of the inquiry is an agent, and the definite if a
determinate object is asked about. Ex.: Sino ang nagdald nitong viangd
kdltoy/ (Who brought [was tlie bringer] of this lumber [timber]?) Akoang
nagdald, p6 (I brought it, sir [was the bringer] ). Ani'i't di ka nangungusapf
(AVhy don't you talk?) Nahihiyd ka bagd/ (Are you ashamed to?) Sino
ang nagsalitd nang sinabi mosa dkin? Who related to you what you have told
{

me?) [indef.]. Anong ihig mo? (What do you want?) Anong cabayo ang
hinilinild? (Which horse did they buy?) 'Anong is a contraction for ayjo
ang def. )
(

VII. The indefinite is also u,«ed with complex sentences in which the
subject is amplified by an adjectival clause. Ex.: Any tdno gungmagana
nang kabanala'y magkakamit nang kapalaran (The person who does right
will obtain happiness [be happy]).
112 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
VIII. It must be noted that maka in the sense of cause, used with
roots denoting conditions, wrongs (torts) and betternients, has a different
construction from all other particles, even rnnkn with other meanings. In
the definite, which only exists with /, combined with in in the past and
present tenses, the agent takes the nominative and the ol)ject tlie genitive,
like indefinites of other particles. In the indefinite the agent remains in
the nominative, but the object takes the accusative, which is always pre-
ceded by sa (not by nang). Some other verbs have this use of sa also.
Roots conjugated by mag and man retain the definite forms ^jar/ and jjan
with maka.
IX. The Tagalog verb demands that the subject of a sentence shall be
expressed, the tense being indicated by tlie A'erb or verbal noun. The
subject may be omitted, liowever, when a number of verbs depend upon
the same subject, except in the first clause, where tlie verb must have a
subject. As will be seen by the examples, the syntax of Tagalog is very
simple, but care must be taken to use the right particles and tenses. If
not, some annoying errors are liable to be made in conversation.
V. For any common verb see the vocabulary (English-Tagalog). It
must be borne in mind that Tagalog has many words expressing variations
and modiiications of the general verb as well as other languages. These
will be noted in the proper place.

THE DEFINITE PARTICLE "iN."

I. The plain root, if capable of being verbali-ed, is sometimes used with-

out a definite particle if an adverb of time or the context makes the tense
clear. The definite particle may also be used with an adverb of time, but
as a rule, if the tense is to be emphasized or the context is not clear, tense
particles, according to the rules of the language, are vised in the verbal
forms. And ang sahi mo kaJiapon/ (What did you say yesterday?) Ano
ang sah'i mo ngayoiif (What do you say now?) Ann ang sabi mo hukaa?
(What will you say to-morrow? [with adverbs of time] ). Ano ang sinabi
mo? (What did you say?) Ano ang sinasabi mo? (What are you saying?)
Ayio ang sasabihin mof (What will you say?) Ang sabihin (the person or
thing mentioned). Ano bagd ang sasabihin ko kay Ignacio? (What shall I
say to Ignacio?) Sabihin mo sa kaniya na tinduag ko siyd (You say to him
that I have been calling him). Ang sabilian (the conversation).
II. In [Jiin after acute final vowel, and nin in some cases) is the true
definite particle. In is prefixed, infixed, or suffixed, as the case may be;
Itin and vin, are suffixes only. In is prefixed to a vowel root and infixed
between the initial letter and the first vowel of a consonant root for the past
(perfect) and present tenses. It is sufhxed for the imperative and future
tenses. The first syllable of the root is reduplicated in the present and
future tenses. The tenses called the pluperfect and future perfect may be
expressed in Tagalog in two ways. The first pluperfect is formetl )y abiding
1

nn to the past tense, and the second pluperfect by prefixing na to the root.
The first future yierfect is formed by adding na to the future tense, and the
second future perfect by prefixing vui to the root. These tenses are little
used in conversation. Na and ma correspond to the indefinite verbalizing
particles uaka and maka respectively.
III. The subject of a verb conjugated with a definite particle takes the
genitive, except in the cases already noted. If the subject is a pronoun, it
may either precede or follow the verb, the latter usage being much more
common than the former. If the subject is a noun or phrase it always
follows the verb.
IV. For the conjugation of a root with in, whether a vowel verb, or
a consonant one see the type-scheme folder at the end of this handbook.
V. Jn prefixed to or infixed with roots of the following classes forms words
denoting a showing of the properties of the root or a resemblance thereto,
as the word " like" does as a suffix in English. (1) Roots denoting flow-
ers, fruits, or other objects imitated in gems or precious metals by jewelers,
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 113
denote ornaments or jewels of the shape or pattern of the o])ject named,
when in is used as above explained. Ex.: Balingbing, an octagonal l)errv;
hliKiliiighIng, a jewel with eight sides like the berry. Sanipaga, Arabian
jasmine; sinampaga, a jewel imitating the sampaga flower. (2) With
roots of colored objects in. denotes the color. Ex.: Dumero (Sp. romero),
rosemarj-; iVmnntero, rosemary-colored. Gulag, verdure, vegetables; gi-
nukig, greenish. (3) With some objects in denotes rice which resembles
the object in the shape, taste, or smell. Ex.: Kand/i, a lily-like flower;
kinand'i, rice, with an odor like the kanda. Karayor.i, needle; kinardgom,
needle-shaped rice. Kamalig, warehouse; Lalauigan KamaUgan, Aiiibos
Camarines (province) kinamdlig, Camarinesrice. Kashdi, musk (fromSan-
;

skrit kaMurt, through Malay); kinastidi, rice with musky odor. Ang kafo,
tlie carabao tick; kinatu, rice of a variegated appearance, resembling the k(d6.
Kdstiht Sp. ), white person: kinastifa, a white class of rice.
( AkuTgiliu), a tree
with fragrant flowers (< 'aiunigd, odunda), the ilang-ilang; inalaiTijilan, rice
with this odor. Bumbang, an herb; binambang, aclass of rice which resem-
l)les the bambnng when growing. Angdulong, a very small fish; dinnlang,
rice shaped like the dulong. Batad, a kind of pea-like vegetable; bincdri'd,
rice so shaped. Bnlaklak, flower; binulaklak, rice which opens like a flower
when heated, or like pop corn. Porak, the flower of the pungdan or
sabidnu; jjiuorak, rice resembling this flower. Sankt, the Chinese anise;
sinangk't, rice resembling anise. SumbUang, a species of sea fish without
scales; sinnmblhuH/, rice of this shape. Tama, body louse, grayback;
tinama, rice shaped like a tiunu. Tumbaga, copper; tinvmbaga, rice with a
metallic luster. T^/^/^ajfa is copper alloyed with a small amount of gold;
it is from Sanskrit tdmraka (copper), through INIalay tambaga; tembuga
Tali'tliih, common reed grass; tinalahih, rice which resembles taldhib when
growing. There are many other names for different classes of rice, but the
foregoing are the principal terms derived with in following the rule cited.
(4) With names denoting relationship in expresses the idea of persons
occupying the place of such relative to vsome degree. As this condition is
regarded as permanent, the first syllable of the root is reduplicated to ex-
press present tense. Other nouns also follow this rule, with some excep-
tions. Ex. Ali, aunt; inacdi, uncle's wife. Amd, father; inaamd, godfather.
:

Amain, uncle; stepfather; inaamain, avmt's husband. Anak, child (son

or daughter); inaanak, stepson or stepdaughter, also godson or goddaugh-
ter, ^l.sawo, spouse (husband or wife) ; inaasdxa, \o\er or mistress (con-
cubine). Bayan, brother-in-law; binabayao, husband of sister-in-law.
Biandn, father-in-law or mother-in-law; binibiandn, wife or husband of
father-in-law or mother-in-law (not parent of wife or husband). Manu-
gang, son-in-law or danghter-in-law; minwnanugang, one regarded as such.
Kapatid, brother or sister; kinakapatid, half brother or half sister, or foster
brother or foster sister. Ilipag, sister-in-law; hinihipag, wife of brother-in-
law. BilAs is the equivalent fijr binabayaoor hinihipag. Xitnd, grandparent;
tunntnino, one regarded as a grandparent; kanununuan, ancestors. Ajio,
grandchild; inaapo, descendant. Apo sa tuhod, great-grandchild; ap6 sa
talampakaii, great-great-grandchild. Paina»gkin, nephew or niece; pina-
pamani/kin, one regarded as such. Pinsdn, cousin; pinipinmn, one regarded
as a cousin. Pinmng bo.), first cousin; pinsang makalavd, second cousin,
etc. (5) With verbal i-oots denoting the preparing of food, etc., in denotes
the food so prepared, provided the root is conjugated in the infinitive
indefinite with titn, although there are some exceptions. Ex.: Maglngd,
to cook with a spit; such as camotes, etc.; Linagd, vegetables so cooked.
Magsigang, to cook meat or fish with a spit; sinigang, meat or fish so
cooked. Lumugao, to stew, to boil meal; ang linugao, the mush or stew.
Maglugao is more usual. Samaing, to boil rice; ang sinaing, the boiled
rice. Magi^ai)ig is also more usual. Magtambong, to cook fish entire; nng
tinambong, the fish so cooked. Tnmdpay or magldpay, to knead; ang tind-
;)f///, what kneaded; bread. (6) With verbal roots conjugated by »;», the
product of such action is denoted by in, prefixed to a vowel root or infixed

6855—05 8
114 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
with a consonant root. Ex.: Sumidid, to spin; sinulid, thread, anything
spun. Some viag roots also have the product denoted by in. Ex.: Mchi-
pipig, to press, to i-rack rice, etc.; pinipig, roasted and cracked rice. (7)
With some roots in forms adjectival nouns, the tirst syllable of the root
being reduplicatd. Ex.: Kuan, known; ang kinuknan, the person known.
Mdhnl, dear; ang minamahal, the esteemed (person). Sinti'i, love (from

Sanskrit, rhiiitd, thought, through Malay); ang .^inisintd, the beloved (who
loves in return). Ang nasintd indicates a person loved without being
aware of the fact.
VI. As in has the idea of attraction inherent within it, there are many
classes of verljs, conjugated in the indefinite infinitive by um, which take
in to form the direct object. (1) According to this rule verbal roots of
taking, asking, and appropriating something take in. There are some
verbs conjugated with mag which also admit in. Ex.
To buy (general term ]
Bumili. Ang binili, what was bought.
Gumutang, to buy rice b}^ the ga-
tang or chupa. Unuhnot, to buy
one thing out of many. Umangkat,
to buy on credit. Umaajnn, to
buy fruits of the country.
To take (general term ) , bring or take. Kuiiiidia. Aug kinidia, what was
taken or obtained.
To carry; bear, etc. ( bring or send) Magdald. Angdinald, what brought.
Ang ipinadala, what sent (lit.,
" what was ordered brought" ).
To scoop out, or take anything out Duinukoi. Ang dini'ikot, what taken
of a hole, or insert the hand into a out, or what liand was inserted in.
hole.
To use. Gumdmit. Ang gindmit, what used.
To choose (between good and bad). Pumili. Ang pinin, what chosen.
Ang pinilian, what rejected (singu-
lar). Ang pinagpilian, what re-
jected (plurality of objects).
To select (from among good things). Hum'irang. Ang hinirang, what se-
lected. Aug hinira)~gan, what left
out.
To pillage; to plunder; to loot; to SnnKunsam. Ang.nnamsam, thespoil;
despoil the enemy. loot; plunder.
To seize; to snatch. Uniagao. Ang inagao, what seized
Agao nang tamis, inagao nang asim,
somewhat of sweetness, and some-
what of sourness (said of any sub-
stance which has this taste, like
some fruits) (idiom).
To pray for; to plead. DumaldiTf/in. Ang dinaldngin, what
prayed or asked for. Ang dalang-
inan, the deity prayed to or person
pleaded with.
To complain; to entreat; to implore, Dumaying. Ang dinai/ing, what re-
to pray (as to a judge). lief asked. Ang idaging, the com-
plaint. Ang daiji)~gan, the person
entreated, implored, or prayed to.
To request. Humim/i. Ang hiniiup, what re-
quested. Ang hi)Tgdn, person re-
quested.
To borrow. Unmtang. Ang inutang, what bor-
rowed. Ex. Inutang ko iyang
:

salapt ibinigay ko sa kaniyd kahapon

(I borrowed that money which I
gave him yesterday ) . Ang iutang,
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 115

the cause of borrowing. Ang

utamjnti, the person borrowed from
the lender.
To borrow (anything except money). Ilnmlram. Avg hiniram, what bor-
rowed. Ang hibnan, the lender.
To demand a treat (as at a celebra- Tinnarahan. Ang tinaruhan, what
tion). received as a treat. Ex.: Tlnu-
(uruhan namin itong kakanin (we
are getting these s weets as a treat )
To catch hold of; to catch on the Dumaklj). Ang dmakip, what seized
wing. thus.
To absorb. IliunitJiit. Ang hinithit, what was
absorbed.
VII. Under this section may be considered in prefixed to or infixed with
the personal jiroimuns, with which it implies the idea of possession. As a
suffix with these pronouns, in [kin) expresses the sense of regarding, hold-
ing, reputing, etc., in some cases. Ex.
Your. Inyo. Ang iniinyo, your property;
your. Ini/ohin mo, consider it as
your own; take it for your own.
His; her. Kaniyd. Ang kinakaniyd, his [her]
property. Kakaniyahhi ko (I will
hold it as his [her's]).
Their. Kanild. Ang kinakanUd, their prop-
erty. Katiilahin mo, regard it as
belonging to them.
Our (all of us). Attn. Ang inaatin, our property.
Inatin niyd, he regarded it as ours.
Our (you and I). Kanitd. Ang kinakanitd, our prop-
erty. KinakanUd ko, I regard it
as yours and mine.
Our (but not you). Amin. Ang inaamin, our property,
but not yours. Aminin ninyo (you
[plural] regard it as ours, but not
yours).
My. Akin. Ang inadkin, my property;
mine. Indkin ko (I held it as
mine). Inadkin ko (I am holding
it as mine). Adki7iin ko (I shall
hold it as mine).

VIII. Verbs of calling, whether by voice or signs, also follow this mode
of conjugation. Ex.:
To call. Tumduag. Ang tinduag, who or what
called. Ang
itduag, the call, in-
strument, or cause. Ang tauagan,
the person called in order to be
given something. Ex.: iSino ang
tinatduag mo? ( Who are you call-
ing to?).Tinduag ko si Pedro, p6
(Iwas calling to Pedro, sir).
Tauagan mo siyd nang isdd (Call
him to come and get some fish)
To call; also to bring; to fetch. Kumaon. Ang kinaon, what called,
or brought, etc.
To make signs for; to motion to. Kumauay. Ang kauayin, what mo-
tioned for. Angikauay, what mo-
tioned with, or the cause. A7ig
kauaydn the person motioned to.
116 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
IX. Verbs of "searching for " also take in for the direct object. Ex.
To look for. Humanap. Ang hindnap, thing
sought for.
To search about. Simialihao. Ang hinalihno, what
searched for.
To look in every corner for. Sumallksik. Ang sinaUksik, what
looked for in this manner.
To go in search of another. Sumungdo. Ang sinungdu, person
sought by another.
To grope for (as in the dark or like Vmapohap. Ang inapdhnp, what
a blind person). groped for.

X. Verbs of moving, when not due to turning away of what is moved,

also take in for the direct object. Ex.
To move. Kumiho. Ang kinibo, what moved.
Synonym: Kumislot; umiho.
To move restlessly. Giunalao. Ang ginaldo, the mis-
chief done through restlessness.
A7ig galauan the person disturbed
thereby. Magalao ang kamay niya,
his hand ia restless; i. e., he is a
pickpocket or thief (idiom). Kag-
alnuan, mischief.
To shake (like objects badly packed) Umugd. Ang inugd, what moved
or to move (like loose teeth). thus).
To move anything. Tumugoy. Ang iinugoy, what moved.
S3'nonyms: Urnugoy; iimngd (some-
times). Uniugoy also means to
stagger, to totter.
To shake (as something in a sieve) Umugug. Ang mugug, what shaken
also to rock or dandle as a child ).
( or rocked.
To shake a basket or measure so it Lhimlog. Ang inulog, what shaken
will hold more. down.
To shake the head in negation. Umiling. Ang iniling, what denied.
To shake anything, as a tree to Lumuglug. Ang Imuglug, what sha-
gather the fruit. ken, as a tree.
To wave the hands while dancing. Kvmunday. Ang kimmday, the wav-
ing thus. Ex.: Kinunday nlyd
(she waved her hands while she
was dancing)
XI. In is also used to express the result of the action of verbs which
signify carrying, cutting, measuring, or weighing, when the result is con-
sidered on the side of the agent or ended therein. Urn is generally the
indefinite, but mag and other verbalizing particles are to be found. When
the result of a verb necessarily falls upon a person, m
is used to signify
the person. Ex.:
To carry (general idea). Magdald. See under verbs of bring-
ing, taking, etc.
To drag along. Humild. Ang hinild, what dragged
along. Means also "to arrest."
Ang hinild, the person arrested the ;

prisoner.
To carry on the shoulder. Pumasdn. Ang pinasdn, what car-
ried on the shoulder. Ang pasa-
nan, the person who carried any-
thing on the shoulder.
To carry a child on or suspended Magsahi. Ang sinabi or ang sabihin,
from the shoulder. the child carried thus. The cloth
by which the child was supported
is denoted by ang isabi.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 117

To carry on the head. MagKuriuiig. Ang sunotTi/in, what

carried thus; the burden.
To carry in the arms. MagjHuigko. Ang pinwngko, what
carried in the arms. Pangkohin
mo ilo (carry this in your arms).
To carry a child in the arms. Kumaloiig. Ang kinalong, the child.
KaloiTgin mo siyn (carry him in
your arms). Ang kahmjan, the
mother, nurse, or bearer.
To carry under the arm. Magkilik. Ang kinUik, what carried
thus. (With accent on last sylla-
ble), magkilik, to carry much
thus.
To carry anything in the lap. Magcandong. Ang kinandong, what
carried in the lap. Kinakandong
niyd (she is carrying it in her lap).
To carry l)y mouth (as a dog,
the Magtangay. Ang tinangay, what car-
cat, bird, etc., carry food). ried thus.
To carry in or by the hands (as a Magsapo. Ang sinapo, what carried
basket, jar, etc.). thus. Sapohin moiydn (carry that
in your hands).
To carry hanging from the hand (as a Maghitbit. Ang bimtbit, what carried
pail, etc., by meansof the handle). thus, i. e., the pail.
To carry anything along (by or in Magtaglay. Ang tinaglay, what car-
the hand). ried along. /Ano ang tataglayin
mof What will you carry along?
To carry on a pole (palanca). Umusong. Magusong, to carry on a
palanca between two. Ang inu-
song, what carried thus, as a pig,
bundle, etc. Synonym of magu-
song; rnagluang. Ang tinuang, what
carried thus. Usorigin {(tiarTgin)
ninyo i(6 (carry this on a pole be-
tween you).
To cut (general term). Magpuiol. Mamutol, to cut up (as
cloth, etc. ) Ang pim'dol, what cut
or cut up, as the cloth, etc. Ex.
Piitlin mo ltd nangpahabd (Cut this
lengthwise)
To cut clothes (as a tailor'). Tumabc's. Magtabds, to cut much.
Ang tinabds, what cut out, i. e.,
the cloth or suit, etc. Ang tina-
basan, what left over, also place.
Ang pinagtabasan, the cuttings,
clippings, remnants, or places of
cutting out.
To tear. Gumisl. Ang ginisi, what torn, i. e.,
the cloth or clothes.
To chop, to hew, to cut with an ax. Tumagi. Ang tinagd, what chopped,
e. g., the tree, etc.
To cut down; to fell (as a tree). Sumapol. Mngsapol, to fell much.
Ang sinapol, what felled or cut
down. Ang isapo/, the means of
cutting down, e. g., the axe. Ang
pinagsapolan, what remained, e.g.,
the stump.
To cut into pieces (as sugar cane) Umirid. Ang inirid, the sugarcane
thus cut up. Kairid, a piece of the
cut-up cane.
To cut the tuba ]>alm (to obtain the Umarad. Ang araran, the palm thus
sap). tapped.
118 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To cut into pieces. Magpalus. Atkj pinalas, what cut up
thus. Manga palaspalas na taluki,
pieces of pure silk. Ayig ipalas,
tool used for cutting up.
To cut into equal pieces. Umalus. Ang iualas, what cut thus.
To cut up into e(|ual lengths (as sugar Puminlid. Magpinlid, to cut much
cane, etc. ). in this way. Ang pininlid what cut .

into equal lengths thus. Angpinag-

pinlid, the large amount cut thus.
Ang ipinlid, the utensil used.
Ang ipagpAnlid, the utensil used
much.
To cut poles or bamboo into pieces; Pumidpid. Ang
pinidpid (1) what
also to cut at a distance. cut up thus; who cut thus.
(2)
Aug ipyidpid, the tool or weapon
used. Ang pidpiran, the place.
To cut into pieces (as a log). GumUing. Ang giniling, the wood
thus cut up. Ang igi/ing, the tool
used. A.ng mangigUing, the wood
cutter.
To cut water grass in order to catch Magtalds. Ang iinalas, what cut thus.
the iish. Ang pinagtalds, the large amount
cut thus. Ang iktlos, the tool by
which cutting was done. Aug
ipWftalns, the tool by which much
cutting was done. Ang pinagtaln-
sun, the place where much cutting
was done.
To cut, as with scissors; to snip off, Gum ipit. Maggupit, to cut one' sown
applied generally to cutting hair, hair. Ang ginupit, what cut, i. e.,
metals, etc. the hair ormetaL Angginupitan,
the person whose hair has been
cut; or object from which some-
thing has been cut off.
To split open (as bamboo); to cut SumaJtoTijat. Ang sinaliuTgat, what
against the grain; to peel off, as split open or peeled off thus. <SV(-

shavings; to go against the cur- /iJiTijatin nw ilong kanayan, split

rent; (flg.) to oppose. this bamboo.

To cut or break a roj^e, cord, or sim- Magpatid. Ang pinalid, what cut
ilar object. thus. Patarin {Patda)i) nw iyang
lubid, cut that rope. Mapntid, to
part; to break in two; to cease
(tig.). Napatid ang kaiiigavg hi-
niivja, he exhaled his last breath;
he ceased to breathe. Magkapatid-
patid, tobreak up completely (as
a cord or rope); or into several
pieces.
To cut off the ears or nose. PumoiTgos, variation Pundwjus. Aug
jnnowjos, what cut off, as the se\ -
ered ear or nose. Pingas has the
same idea, but is geneially applied
to cutting inanimate objects.
To measure (eithergrains or liquids). Tumakal. A)tg tinakal, what meas-
ured. Takalin mo itong bigds,
measure this rice. Ang takaldn,
the measure.
To gauge; to measure liquids by Tunidrol. AngiindroJ, what gauged.
means of a rod. Ang itdrol, the gauge.
To measure by palms (8.22 inches). Dunidngkal. Ang dinangkal, what
measured thus.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 119

To compare measures. Sumubok or marjsuhok. Avgshmbok,

( 1 ) of the measures^ thus com-
one
pared. (2) Also to observe closely;
to "shadow." Ex.: ISabukun ino
siyd (watcii him closely). An;/
pinagsiibok, the two measures thus
compared. Kambok, equal to an-
other thing. Ex.: Kasi'ibok tuao
fthg ti'ibig (the water is the depth
of a man). Magkusubok, to have
an understanding. Ex.: Nugka-
kasubok sila ang bait (they have an
understanding with each other).
To weigh. Tumimbavg. Ang tininibaiig, what
weighed thus. Ang timbanijan,
the scales or counterweight. Ka-
timbavg, equal in weight. Ako'y
kalimbang mo (I am of the same
weight as you are).
To balance, to consider (f) Tvmalard. Ang tinalarb, what bal-
anced or considered.
To verify a weight. Titmaya. Ang imai/a, what verified
(obs.).

XII. Verbs which signify destruction, or change or transformation of

the object as a result of the action, take in to express the result of such
action, if no modifying circumstances, such as of cause, instrument, etc.,
are implied.
To destroy. Sumird. Ang sinira, what was de-
stroyed.
To tear down; to raze. Gumiba. Ang ginibd, what razed.
To kill; extinguish. Pumaiay. Ang jmiatay 1 person ( )

or animal killed; (2) What ex-

tinguished. Aitg ipatay or }>inag-
paiay, the weapon or means of
killing. Ang pinagpatayan, the
place where a nmrder was com-
mitted. Siyd pinalay niya, he kill-
ed him. Ang ipinatay viyd sa
kaniyd ang baril, the gun was what
he killed him witli. Pinntny niya
siyd nang baril, he killed him with
a gun. Mamatay, to die. Ang
kamatayan, death (abstr. ). Ang
kinamaiaydn, the place of death
(past time). A)ig ikinamatay, the
cause of death (past time). Ex.:
Fatay na siyd (he is dead now).
Namalaydn uko nang amd (I have
been bereaved of my father by
death). Aling bdhay ang kinavia-
taydn niydf (In which house did
he die?) And ang ikinanmtay niyaf
( What was the cause of his death?)

Nahirinan siyd nang tinik (he was

choked by a fish bone). Magpa-
iay, to sentence to death; to have
another put to death. Mamdiay,
to kill habitually. Tigapagpatay,
butcher or executioner. Man-
himatay, to faint away. Magpaka-
120 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
matny (1) to allow one's self to
be killed; (2) to commit suicide.
To set fire to. Sumuiwg. A)igsi7iuuoy,what\mrned.
To rip; to unseam; to undo. TumastAs. A ng tinastds, what ripped
up, undone, etc.
To exchange; to barter. Pumalit. Aug pinalit, what ex-
changed or bartered.
To arrange; to disentangle. Humii.say. Aug hiniisay, what dis-
entangled or set in order. M<ig-
pnhihusay, to arrange well, to set-
tle things with care; also to be-
have well.
To blacken. Muglthn. Ang initim, what black-
ened. Aug iitim, the blackener.
Kaitiman, blackness. Umitim, to
become black.
XIII. Verbs of receiving take in for the object of the action; some
taking in for the thing affected and an for the person affected, as will be
seen from the examples.
To accept; to receive. Tumangap. Ang tinangap, what re-
ceived or accepted. Angktngapdn,
the person from whom accepted
or received; also the place. Ang
itangap, the cause of receiving, etc.
To go out to meet anyone; to wel- Sumaluhong. Ang sinali'ibong, the
come bv meeting. person met or welcomed thus.
Magsisalitbong, to be received by
many, as a governor, etc. Mag-
kasalubong, to meet accidentally.
Ex. Nagkasalubong ang dalauxing
:

rnagkapatid na babaye sa Maynila,

(the two sisters met accidentally
[by chance] in JNIanila).

XIV. In also denotes the object of verbs of "inviting," etc.

To invite. Umdkit. Ang indkit, who invited.

Umanyayd. Ang anyayahnn,
the
person invited.
Pumiging. Ang jnniging, the person
invited.
Magpdnig. Ang pindnig, the person
invited.
Magtduo. Ang tinduo, the person in-
vited. Tauohin mo siyd, invite
him. Tauotanohin mo ang pagka-
kain, divide the food for each one
of the guests (i. e., put it on
plates).
To invite a person to eat. Umalok. Ang inalok, the person so
invited.

XV. In generally denotes the person affected by the action of a verb,

with those verbs which necessarily have a person for the object, on account
of their nature and meaning.

To prevail upon; to persuade with Magarogd. Ang inarogd, the person

blandishments. so prevailed upon.
To wait for. Humintay. Ang hinintay, the per-
son waited for. Hintin mo sild,
wait for them. Maghintay (1) to
wait and guard something for an-
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 121

other; (2) to delay. Ex.: Hovag

moug ildntay sa In'ik-as ang pug])ii-
roon mo (do not delay your fj'Mng
until to-morrow).
To carry in the anna, (as a child); Suviaklidu. Ang .vnaklulu ( 1 ) child,
(2) to aid, to succor, to protect etc., carried thus; (2) person aided,
(rare in Manila). etc.
To reprehend; to reprimand; to find Sumalu. Ang sinald, the person rep-
fault with. rimanded or found fault with.
Ex.: Saluhhi. mu iiaug kmii-
sif/d
yang ginagawd ( reprimand him for
what he doing) [ginawd, what
is
he has done]. Magsald, to find
much fault, or for many to find
fault, etc. Magkasald, to err, to
connnit a fault, to sin. Ex.:
Ilouag moiig ipagkasald iio (do not
commit this error [sin]. Ipinag-
sam/d ko ang pakikipagauay sa inyd,
(I am doing wrong in quarreling
with you). Ipinagsald niyd ang
pakikipagauay sa inyo (he did
wrong in quarreling with you).
Ipagkasasald nild angpakikijmgauay
sa kaniyd (they will err in quarrel-
ing with him). Magkakasald, ^-'ith
reduplication of last syllable of
particle, means '
' to forbid.
'

To ask; to inquire. Tumanong. Ang tinanong, what

asked; the question. Magtanong,
to ask about. Ang ilinanong, what
has lieen asked, or the reason for
asking. Ang mapagtanong, per-
son fond of questioning. Ang
matanoiTgin, the questioner. Ang
tinanongan, the person questioned.
XVI. In generally denotes the catch, result, or quarry with verbs of
hunting and fishing. A few other verbs also follow this rule.
To hunt (in general). Umdkad. Ang indkad, what hunted.
To hunt with dogs or hounds. Mungaso (from a.so, dog). Ang inaso,
the chase, the game caught. Ang
ipiiiaiTgaso,the dog used thus.
Ang niangangaso, the hunter with
dogs.
To hunt with a "bating" or net Bumuting. Ang binating, the deer
(generally for deer). or game thus caught. Ex.: Ang
binating ko ang bundok (I was net
hunting in the mountains). Ang
binatingan, the place of "net
hunting."
To hunt with a shotgun; to use a Mainaril (from baril, shotgun). Ang
shotgun. maniamaril, the hunter with a
shotgun. Ang pinamaril, what
shot thus.
To catch birds by means of a bird- Mamfali; magpangatt (from katt.
call, or bv a snare, or with another Ang pinangati, what has been
bird. caught thus.
To fish with a hook. Maminuit. Angblninuit, whatcaught.
Ang ibinuit, the hook. Ang ma-
miminuit, the fisherman. Ang
122 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
pivmnimnmiUtu, the canoe or place
from which such fishing is being
done.
To fish with the seine or net, called ManldtJibat (from lamhal.) Aug li-
" lam bat." nanibat,theratch; the haul. A)ig
ipdnUnnbat, the means for fishing
thus, i. e., the seine or net.
To fish using a light (as also to hunt MaiTijilao. Ang p'lnaiUj'dauan, the
with a Hare). place where such fishing or hunt-
ing was done. Ang pinamjUao,
what caught thus.
To tish (in general). Matigisdd (from isdd fish). Ang
pmangisdd, the fish which have
been caught. Ang mungbTgisdd,
the fisherman.
To sweep. Magu'cdls. Ang inwalis, the sweep-
ings; what was or has been swe^it
up (from walls, broom).
XVII. In is also used to denote the object with verbs of eating, drinking,
swallowing, and analogous acts.
To eat. Kumain. Ang
kinain, what was
eaten. Kinain ang kapatid
Ex. :

na lalaki mo ang tindpay, your

brother ate the bread. Kanin,
food (cooked rice). Kakaniii,
delicacies. Ang kandn, the eating
place. Aug kakandn, the dining
room; or platter. Magkain, to eat
much or by many.
To drink. Uminum. Ang ininum, what was or
has been drunk. Inumin, drink.
Ang inuman, the drinking place;
trough; cup
(drinking vessel).
Maginum, to drink much or by
many. Magpainum, to give an-
other something to drink; (2) to
water animals or fowl. Ex.: (1)
Paiiinimrn ko siyd. nang tubig/
(Shall I give him some water?)
Houag, painumin mo siyd nang
alak (No, give him some wine.)
(2) Pbiainuni ninyo bagd ang
maiTgd cabayof (Did you water
[give drink to] the horses?) Opo,
(Yes, sir). Papaimim ka kay
Toiuds (Ask Tomas to give you
something to drink). [indef.]
To swallow (food) greedily. Lumamon. Ang linamon, what was
or has been swallowed thus. Var.
Lumonlo».
To swallow (gulp) liciuids. Lumagok. Ang linugok, what gulped
down.
To sip (as soup). Humigop A ng hinigop w hat sipped
. ,

To suck at (as sugar-cane). Pumangos. Ang pinangos, what

sucked at.
To bite. Kumagat. Ang kinagnt, what bitten.
Magkagatun, to bite mutually (as
two dogs.) Magkngatkagata», to
pretend to bite mutually, ^'og-
kakagalkagat ang dalawang aso the (
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 123

two only preUuiding to

(logs are
l)iteeach other). MatTj/ai/af, to
run around biting, as an animal in
a rage.
To snap at. Siniiiiiglial.Aug xiiiitigJial, who or
what snapped at.
To bite (as a pig at people). Kurii'ilikab. Aug kinabkub, who or
jvhat bitten by a pig thus.
To chew. i^gumoyd. Aug i~ginoi/d, wliat
chewed.
XVIII. Acts of the senses, either general or modified, admit in to
express the definite results of such acts, with two exceptions. These are
tumingin (to look at) and tumimtim (to taste liquor) which take cm as a
suffix for reasons of euphony.

To see; to look at. Kumitd. Ang kinitd, what seen or

looked at.
To look at. TuiirhTgin. Ang thujn&n; ang tining-
ndn, what looked at.
To watch for; look out for; to sight. Tnmando. Ang tinanno, what sighted.
Tanauan, watchtower; lookout-
place.
Manando, watchman; lookout.
To look attentively, turning the eyes Ltun'nTijdn. Ang liningdn, what
or head. looked at thus. Ex.: IH mu ako
linhTijon. (you did not turn your
head to look at me).
To Look much at things, noting and Umaninao. Ang inaninuo, what in-
considering them; to inspect. spected.
To look sideways. Sumuliyap. Ang sinuHijap, what
looked at sideways.
To behold; to view. Panood. Ang pinanood, what be-
held.
To hear. Dumingig. Ang diningig, what
heard. Ang dingdn, person lis-
tened to.
To hear. Magklnyig. Ang kiningig, what
heard.
To listen to; to pay attention to. Bnmatgag. Ang binntyag, what lis-
tened to. Var., kbianiatyag and
malyag.
To smell. Umamoy. Ang inamoy, what smelled,
i. e., odor. Amoifin mo Ito (smell
this).
To scent; to perceive a strong odor. Sumangliod. Ang f^imtngliod, what
scented.
To taste. Lumasap. Anglinusap, what tasted
To relish ; to like a taste. Numamnam. Ang ninamnam, what
relished.
To sample; to try; etc. Tumikin. Ang tiknu'in, what sam-
pled.
To taste without swallowing. Tumijnng (r. ). Ang tipiiTi/an, what
tasted thus.
To taste liquor without swallowing Tumimtim. Ang Ibntinmn, what
it. tasted.
To feel; to touch (general). Ilumipb. Ang hinipd, what felt or
touched. Ex.: W(dangninliilii))uKn
kaniyang bdhay. [idiom] (there is
nothing to touch in his house, i. e.,
he is very j)oor).
124 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To presss down; also to clo^^e or seal Magd'dt. Ang diitav, what pressed
a letter. or closed. Pandiit; seal wax gum.;
;

To touch lightly. Tumamjko (r. ). Ang tinangko, what

touched Syn. Tumanghil.
Humipik (rare). Ang lilpikan, per-
son touched. Syn. taghiu (also
rare).
To touch any part of the body lightly Dwnantik ( rare ) A7ig duntikan, the
l)ut snddenl}'. person thus touched.
To touch suddenly. Magparoriroii, var. magparorong. Ang
])lii(tgpayoirro)i, what touched.
Aug ipinugparonroii, the cause of
having touched thus.
To run into; to collide with. Sumagi, var. Suinagoy (latter rare).
To touch carelei^sly and affectedly. Gumnm'd (rare). Variations of this
root are gamil, gohil, and gomhU.
To touch with the lips. Magdungd (rare). This is not the
verb "to kiss," which is Jivmalik.
To feel f(jr in the dark. Hundkap. Ang hinikup, what felt
for thus.
To pinch; to soften. PumisU. Aug plnlsil, what rubbed,
etc. Pisl'in mo
nang kamay mo
i(6
(rub this with your hand).
To rub: to soften; to annoint. Humilot. Ang hhdlot, what rubbed,
etc. Ang hilotan, the person
rubbed, etc. Hilot (n.), midwife;
maidt ill dot, massageur.
To pick (as a guitar) ; to pluck at (as MagkalaJiU, var. rnagkalbit. Ang pi-
a sleeve). nagka/nhit, what plucked at or
picked thus, i. e. the sleeve or the
,

strings. Ang Ipinagkalabit, the in-

strument or means, i. e., the fin-
gers or plectrum (pick). Ang
paivjaltbit, the instrument played
upon thus.
To play any instrument or ring a bell Tiimugtng.
(by strokes).
XIX. In also expresses acts of the will or nnnd
To remember. Umalaalo, to remember (^jurposely).
Maknalaala, to remember (cas-
ually ) Ang inaalaalu, what is re-
.

membered purposely.
To calculate; to consider. MagbiUay. Ang pinagbubiday, what
is being calculated, i. e., the result.
To desire; to like. Umibig. Ang innbig, the person who
is liked (and reciprocates the lik-
ing); (2) what is liked; also ang
ibigin.
(To caress.) Undrog. Ang iniirog, the person be-
ing caressed.
To love. Suminta. Ang sinisintd, the person
who is loved and who loves in re-
turn. Aug naslsi7iid, the person
who is loved, but who is unaware
of the fact or does not return it.
Magsuituhan, to love mutually.
To think. Maglsip. Ang inusij), what is t)eing
thought of. Ang inisip, what was
thought of. Ang iimpin, what will
be thought of. 3iagisipisip, to
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 125

think deeply; profoundly. Ang

pagkamp,the opi nion act) Kaihi-
( .

pnn (abst. ), opinion, thought.

To esteem; to love. Ln)niiiag (rare). Aug linUiyag, what
or who esteemed or loved. Sintd
ismore common, but is a Sanskrit
word derived through Malay.
To tliink. Punimdim. Aug pi iKipanimi iui what
I ,

isthought.
To explain. Magsdlagsuy, var. magrngsui/. Ang
sinasalaysag, what is being ex-
plained. Salaymyin mo ito (ex-
plain this),
To inquire; to assure one's self; to Uinnlitsithd (r. ). Ang inimlusithd,
verify. whatisbeinginquired, etc., var. alo-
i<il]id, idea of verifying, etc., also.
To verify, etc. Umusisd. Aug 'innunisu, what is be-
ing verified. Tcnmng walnng iinisd,
a person without carefulness; a
careless person.

XX. The making of something from raw or crude material is expressed

by using the finished product verbally or as a verbal noun with in, the ma-
terial used taking the nominative, if there are no limitations of cause, time,
place, etc., connected with the action.
To put up a house. Magbdhay (from hdhay, house). This
word iias been given as derived
from Malay balei, hall; (;ourt, from
Sanskrit valaya, an inclosure, but
it would seem rather^ to be a Ma-
layan name, as in Ngela Florida (

or Anudha) Island of the Solomon

Group the word is vale and far
away in Hawaii is hale. There
may be said to exist intermediate
words throughout. Ex.: Bafiay'm
mo itong kdhuy (Put up a house
with this lumber). Maghdhfiyha-
hayun (dim. ), (to play at building
houses [as children do] ). Naghd-
lutyhdlKiyan ang manga batcl (the
children were playing at building
houses).

To roll one's self up in a cloak or Maghal&bal BaJabalin mo itong kayo

"baUlbal." ho (make a cloak out of this cloth;
or wrap yourself in this cloth).
To put a shirt on; to wear a shirt Magbard, Itong kayong ito' y babaroin
(occasionally), from hard, a cloth niyd (lie [she] will make a shirt
used to make shirts, and also mean- out of this cloth). An indicates a
ing a shirt itself. person as the object of the action.
Ex.: Baronn mo iyang batd iydn
(put a shirt on that child). Ma-
maro, to wear a shirt habitually.
To wear trousers. Magsalau(d, from salaual, trousers
(Arabic, Seluwar) .Itong kayong
ito'y sasalaualin ko, I will make
trousers out of this cloth.
To wear shoes (occasionally to put Magsapin (from sapin, a shoe or san-
a pair of shoes on. dal). Itong balat na ito'y sasapinin
nild (they will make this leather
126 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
into .«hoes). Mauaj/m, to wi-ar
shoes habitually.
To put an apron (tapis) on; to wear Magtujiit'. Ljavg hnjottri iijnn a;/ (n-
a lapis occa^ioualiy. pi'<i»- >"'//'' make an apron
(let her
out of that cloth). Manapis, to
wear a tapis haltitually.
To carry a cane, or Imii/kad. Marjlunkod. Ttong knlioj/ na itijiitlnu-
tiingkod ko (I am making a cane
out of this wood).

XXI. In, used with the name of a destructive agent, denotes the present
or past result of the destructive action. It is prefixed to vowel nouns and
infixed with those beginning with a consonant {w is counted as a vowel).
White ant (termite). Anaij. Inanay ang nuuTjfd Uhro (the
books were destroyed by the white
ants [were white-anted]).
Locust. Baking. Binabalang ang pnluy {the
rice is being destroyed by the lo-
custs).
Rat. Dagd. Diin.idagd ang higus (the v'lve
[hulled] is being destroyed by the
rats [lit. is being "ratted"]).
Mandaragd rat-catcher.,

Qrow, TJak. Liuuak ang saging (thehiw&wAf^

are being destroyed by the crows
[being "crowed"]).

XXII. In, prefixed or infixed, used with words denoting parts of the
body indicates past or present pain or suffering in the part named. The
first syllable of the root is reduplicated to indicate the present tense.

Head. Ulo. Inula ako (I had a headache).

Inuulo niyd (she [he] has a head-
ache). Masukll ang ulo ko (my
head aches).
Chest. Dibdih. D'mibdlh niyd ( he had a jiain
in the chest).
Stomach. Sikmuru. Sinisikmura kaf (Does
your stomach pain you? ) Op6, xin i-
sikinura ako (yes, sir; I have a pain
in the stomach).
.Vbdomen. Tiydn. Tiniydn ako (my abdomen
pained me). Tinitiydn ako (my
abdomen pains me)
XXIII. In like manner,in, prefixed to or inserted with roots signifying
diseases mav denote the past or i>res('nt state of the disease. The first
svUable of the root is reduplicated Ui indicate the present tense. If a
chronic state of the disease is to be expressed, the patient is denoted t)y
the suffixing of in. {hin) to the root. (The future tense, it must be remeni-
beredi reduplicates the first syllable of the root.) The suffix in may also
denote a physical defect or tiie result of a disease.
Smallpox. Bulntong. Angbinubulutong, the per-
son who is having smallpox. Ang
binulntong, the person who has had
smallpox. Ang bululoin/in, the
marks of smallpox. Magbnldlong,
to become marked by smallpox.
Magkabnldtong, to have an epi-
demic of smali]iox.
Asthma. Hikd. Ifikain, asthmatic person.
tiout. Piy<'>- I'iyohin, gouty person.
Abdomen. Tiydn. tiyanin, cqrpulent person.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 127
"IN (hin; nin)" suffixed.

XXIV. la [hin) suffixed to names of birds denotes gamecocks of the

general color of the bird named. Some words change l!ie accent of the
root, while others retain the original accent. Ex.
Hawk (several «pecies). Laivin. Lalawinin, game cock of a
brown color, like a hawk.
Crow. Uol: f/xaHn, black game cock. It
will be seen that the first syllable
of the root is reduplicated.

XXV. In (hin) denotes the completed action or result of a verb which

requires an object if suffixed to a verbal root of this nature; provided the
root admits in for the direct object. Ex.
To drink. Uminum. Inumin, drink.
To eat. Kumain. Kanin, food. Kakanin;
kakain, refreshments, sweets, nuts.
These last words formed with ka
mean "food-resembling."
To sew (occasionally). Tumaht. Tahiin, anything sewed;
tailor work. Magtahl, to sew in
company (many) or to sew much.
Manahi, to sew for a living. Man-
anahi, tailor; tailoress; seamstress,
needlewoman dressmaker ( ) . J/or/-
pataht, to order to sew. Ex.: Jto
ang pataht niyd sa akin (this is
what she told me to sew).
To i^raze. Sumabsab. Ang sabsab in, what grazed,
i. e., the grass. Ang sabsaban, the
grazing place; pasture, etc.
XXVI. In used with verbal roots capable of expressing qualities which
may be acquired or extended to persons, animals, etc., indicates the object
of the action. Ex.:
To look out (as from a window- DumuiTijao. Ang d?t*I7;«Hm, whatseen
by looking out. This and similar
forms contain no tense idea. Ang
dinuiTgao, what was or has been
looked at thus. Ang dinuruugao,
what is being looked at thus. Ang
duruwjuiian, the window. Man-
uiTgao, to look by many thus or
sometimesto appear at the window
(also idea of habit thus). Ex.:
Honag kang manumjao sa diirumj-
anan (do not look out of [or appear
at] t h e w ndo w )
i MarwTgao, to be
.

at the window. MiruruiTi/Ko sii/a,

he is at the window. MakanuTiido,
to look out of a window casually.
3Iai/jindinH;ao, to order to look out.
MakiduiTijao, to join another in thus
looking out. Magkapadnm/an, to
look out suddenly, moving quickly
in order to do so.
To swim. Lnmamjoy. Magi :>~goy, to swim car-
rying something. Ang laiTgoyin,
what gained by swimming, or ob-
ject swam for. Ang iUnigoy, what
carried while swimming, e. g., the
clothes; also by what means.
128 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Laiigoi/ioi, a buoy. Lanr/oyfhi, a
place forswimming; wiiere swim-
minginay bedone. P'niuglamjoymi,
place where swimming was done
while carrying something. Ex.:
Murunovg kang lumcnTijogf Hindi
pu. (Do you know how to swim?
No, sir. ) Ano ! Tagnlog hi 'f hindl
marunoiig kcmg luincuH^n;!? What! (

You a Tagalog and don't know

how to swim?) Toga suan kaf
(Where are >ou from?) Taga
bundok, pu (I live in the moun-
tains, sir). Paid (I did not know
it).
To fly. Lum'ipad. Ang liparm, the object
of the flight. Aug i/lpad, the
wings, or instrument of flight.
Ang lipanin, place of flight. ^I((g-
lipad, to fly much, or to and fro.
Magpallpad, to cause or teach to
fly. Ang pinalipad, what set or
taught to fly.
To dive for; to dive (occasionally). Saniiskl. Ang sisirin, what dove
for. The reason for diving or the
body submerged, ang ihtisid. Ang
si-^lran, the diving place. MagsUid,
to dive much. Ang pinag.^yifJ,
what dove for much. ManUid, to
dive professionally (for a living).
Muninlsld, diver.
To run. Tumakho. Ang takhohin, what may
be run for. Takhohin, runaway.
Magtakhn, to run much. Ang
itakhu, the cause for running or
what is carried while running.
Ang takhohan 1) the place of run-
(

ning; (2) the person run away

from; (3) the person for whom
something may be carried. Tn-
makhutakho, to rove about; to run
around; to gad about. Makatakho,
to be able to run.

XXVII. In used with ma adjectives which have an attributive sense

imparts the idea of holding, considering, reputing, etc., according to the
meaning of the adjective. This has been fully explained under the adjec-
tive (q. v.).
XXVIII. /); suffixed also expresses the act of causing emotion or sensa-
tion in others when used with roots which require no object, and form the
class of verbs called neuters, which are generally expressed in English by
" to be " followed by an adjective. It may also be prefixed.
To be hungry. MagiUvm. Ex.: Nagugutum ang ca-
bayo the horse is hungry)
( Ilonag .

mong gnlnmin ang cabayo (don't let

the horse go hungrj') Kagutu- .

nian, hunger.
To be thirsty. Manhao. Houag mong inuuhao ang
aso (don't let the dog remain
thirsty, or be suffering from
ttiirst. ). Ex.: Nagugutum baga
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 129
hay 6^ (Are you hungry?) Hindi''
naui'thao Inmaw/ akn (No, I am
only thirsty).
To be afraid. Matakot. Natatahot kaf (Are you
afraid?) Op6 nga, ako'y natatahot
(
yes, sir, I am afraid ) Makatdkot,
.

to cause fear. Anr/ ikat/ikot, the

cause of fright. Any katukotau, the
person feared, also tiling feared.
Ex.: Anc) any kinatdtakolan mo?
(What are you afraid of?) Avg
kinatakotan ko'y amj nuoTyd tulim'in
(I was afraid of the ladrones
[bandits]). Tumakot, to iughten
or scare another. Any takotin, the
person frightened. Takotin ino
siyd, frighten (scare) him.

XXIX. It will be seen from the foregoing that in is not used with
roots conjugated with )ii<i, except in certain senses, as shown by the above
examples.
XXX. In suffixed to terms for money forms words denoting an object
or material costing the amount represented by the money quoted. The
first syllable of the root is duplicated, but the accent does not change.
Ex.:
Half peso (25 cents U. S. currency). Salapi. Sasalapiin, a half- peso's
worth.
Peso (50 cents U. S. currency). Pisos. Pijnsosin, a peso's worth.

XXXI. In suffixed to some nouns when paying compliments, etc.,

Indicates that the party addressed resembles or partakes of the qualities
expres-sed by the word used.

The Candti (which has a sweet odor). Kandd. Kandahiii, a sweet person.
Honey. Pulot. Pulotin, honey (term of en-
dearment )

XXXII. Suffixed to roots capable of being expressed with the idea of

plurality, in denotes something to have taken place many times. The
accent of the root changes invariably. Ex.
Idea of whipiiing. Hampds. i/awj^asai, whipped many
times.
To lose; to miss. Matvald. IFaZam, to lose many times.
To sue another; to litigate. Magusap. Usapin,a suit tried many
times. Palausap, barrator (one
who is continually engaging in
causeless litigation).
XXXIII. Nin, when prefixed to class names of human beings signifies
a resemblance to the class named. Ex.
Woman; female. Bahaye. Bahaynin, eUeimnaie luan.
Binabaye, has almost same mean-
ing.
Man; male. Lalaki. Zo7rtA-//(m, masculineorman-
nish woman or girl.

XXXIV. The object to obtain possession of which an intransitive action

is performed sometimes takes in, if not otherwise expressed. Ex.:
To go or come out; to take out. Lumabds. Any lahasin, who or what
sought thus; object for which ac-
tion performed. Maglahas, to take
out. Any labsdn, what may be
6855—05 9
130 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
taken c»ut, (an fund from the cook-
ing iiot ), or what may flow out of
the body (as blood, etc.). Ex.:
Labsun mo ak6 nang kauin (take
some rice out for me). Maghihaa-
labds, to go out and come in.
To jump. Lumokso. Ant/ /o/.'.*o/(/»,\\ hat jumped
for. Ang lokmhan, the place of
jumping. Maglokso, tojumpmuch,
or by many. Magloksohan, to
jump by many in competition.
To leap or jump down; (2) to aUght. Ltimut'ong. Ang lusowjin, oV)jecl
leaped down for or alighted for.
Ang lusoiTgan, the place of lighting.
Idiom. Lusong na palad, a leap
(stroke) of luck. Maglusong, to
throw down or push down.
To go or come down (the stairs or a Puinanaog. Angpanaogin, theobject
ladder, etc.). for which action may be per-
formed. Ang panaognn, the place
or person for whom action may be
performed. Ex.: Panaognn moako
nang iubig (bring me some water
down here). J/ap'^(a;(ao(7, to bring
something down thus, or to go or
come down much.
XXXV. Some transitive (requiring an object) verbs do not, and some
intransitive verbs do, admit in.

XXXVI. In prefixed to or infixed with a root to which an is suffixed at

the same time is used to express the result of an action when the said result
is a concrete object. Ex:
To embroider mats (petates). Magsdbat. Sinabatan,ai\ embroidered
mat (petate).
To do fine needlework; to do fine Suniulani. Sinulaman, fine needle-
sewing. work, as a handkerchief or other
article of fine sewing.

XXXVII. The same construction is also used to express the following:

(1) Things preparedfor food from the raw material. (2) Acts done with
the object expressed by the root. (3) The refuse caused by some actions.
Pluralitv with the last is expressed by the use of the definite prefix pag in
connection witli in (pinag). Ex.:
Egg. Itlog. Initlogdn, anythingmade from
eggs, as cake or an omelet, etc.
Honey. Pulot. Pinulotdn, anything made
Avith honey in it. PnloU'in, sweets
made from honey. Pulot-gatd,
honey and cocoanut milk.
To peel rattans (bejuco). Kumayds. Kinayamn, the peeling
(sing.). Ang pinagkayasan, the
peelings (plur. ).
To thresh. Gumiik. Giniikan, straw. Pina-
giikan, much straw. Magiik, to
thresh much.
To saw. Lnmagnri. Plnaglagarian, sawdust.
Ang manlalagari, the sawyer.
To sort cotton or silk; to cull; to PinniU. Ang pinilihan, the refuse;
pick over. waste.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 131
MA— IN (HIN).

XXXVIII. Jn (Jiin) suffixed and ma prefixed to roots signifying mental

emotions, passions, and involuntary actions form adjectival nouns which
generally require to be expressed in l^^nglish by an adjective and a noun.
XXXIX. If the root admits of contraction, begins with /, or an intensive
degree is to l)e expressed, the lirst syllable of the root may be reduplicated.
These words have the accent on the last syllable as a rule. For examples
see under ina.
XL. It may be
repeated here that acquisition or assimilation is generally
denoted the instrument, if allowable, and the reason for the carry-
))y in;
ing out of the action by i; and the place, or the person from whom, by an.
Additional examples:
To reach; to overtake; (2) to con- Umuhul. ylj?5r o6u«/n, what reached,
dude (as a meeting). etc. .4n9iH((6i(<, whatwasreached,
etc. Aug ubutan, the person over-
taken or thing reached for. TJtna-
Imt, to reach for one's self. Maga-
hul, to reach for another. Ang
the act of reaching. M<tga-
pagi'ihut,
butan, to reach for each other rnu-
tually. Magahiiiabi(t(tn. to reach
many things or pass things from
hand to hand in numbers. Maka-
dbut, to take; to be able to reach.
Makidbiit, to ask another to reach
for something. Ex.: Nakiabul ako
kay Juan navg tubig ( I askf d Juan
to reach me
[get for me] some
water)
To buy. Bumili. Ang bilhin or a )n/ nabiU,\\ha.t
bought. Aug ibili, the purchasing
agent ( money or article ) A ng bil-.

hdn or ang nabilhan, the person

from whom bought, i. e. the seller.,

Ang binilhdn, the person from

whom something was or has been
bought. Angibinill, (1) the money
with which something was or has
been bought; (2) the person for
whom something was or has been
bought. Ang pagbili, the buying;
purchasing (act). Mamili, to buy
much. Ang pamimili, the buying
of many things (act). Ang nami-
mili, the buyer by wholesale, or
liberal buyer. Ex.: PinamUi ko
iyang manga kalakal (I bought
those goods at W'holesale). Maka-
bili, to be able to buy. Ang naka-
bili, the person able to buy (past)
Ang ipinabili, the time, reason, or
price in or for which something is
or has been bought. Ang mai~gd
pinabilhan, thesellersthus (many).
Ang kabiU, the person with whom
a purchase has been agreed upon.
Ang nagkabUihan, the buyer and
seller thus agreed (past teUvse).
Ang pagkabilhan, the cost (past
tense). Ex.; Pagkabilhan ko man
132 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
nang hidiay, parordon ako (even
if it should cost me my life, I will
go).
To sell. Magbili. Ang ipagbiU, what sold.
Ang ipinagbili, what was or hag
been sold. Ang pinagbilhan, the
person to whom sold (past tense)
the place, or the price. Aug nal-
pagbU'i, what has been sold by error.
Ang iiapugbilhdn, the money real-
ized from what has been sold. Aug
j)agbibi!i, the act of selling. (The
.
act of buying is ang pagbili. ) Mag-
bibili, to sell by wholesale.
To snatch; to pull up by the roots; to Kumamkam. Ang ktnamkavt, what
take by force. snatched, etc., thus (past tense).
Ang kamkamin, what snatched,
pulled up, etc. (no tense idea).
MatTgamkam, to go about pulling
up things (as a gardener pulls up
weeds).
To take. Kumuha. Ang kinuha, what was or
has been taken. Ang ikuha, the
means for taking (no tense idea).
Ang kunin, what taken (no tense
idea) Ang iklnulta, the means by
.

which something was or has been

taken. Aug kunun, the place or
person from whom taken.
To request; to ask for. HrimiiTgt. Ang liiningi, what asked
for. Ar)g nuhlngi, what obtained
by asking. Ang huTgln, what asked
for (no tense idea).
To close the hand. Kumimkim. Magkimkim, to grasp;
to close the hand upon. Ang kitn-
kimin, what grasped. Ang kinhn-
kim what was or has been grasped.
,

^iyig ikimkim, the grasping instru-

ment; e. g., the hand.

THE PARTICLE I.

I. The
definite particle i, which is almost invariably a prefix and found
as infix with a very few words for strictly euphonic reasons, is used
an
with sentences or phrases by which the subject is represented as losing con-
trol of something, expulsion, cause, means, instrument, time (not tense),
and verbs of adjusting, copying into, transferring, translating, transplant-
ing, etc., in the latter case indicating the object of the verb.
II. Sentences or phrases including a verb with i have the agent in the
genitive, the direct ol)jec't in the accusative (if there is a direct object),
and the word denoting the instrument, time, or cause in the nominative.
The nominative word is emphasized by being placed at the l)eginning of
the sentence or phrase.
To pinion; to tie the hands. Gnmapos. Ang igapos, the means
i. e., Ex.: Igapos mo sa
the rope.
bilangohi itong pnntaU ( Pinion the
prisoner with this rope). Em-
phatic: Itong pantali igapos mo sa
bilangohi (with this rope pinion
the prisoner)
 TAGALOG LANGirAGE. 133

III. /, meaninfi; cause, is generally combined with ka, the definite form of
maka, forming ika; ami further with in for the past and present tenses, ikina.
To come here. Pumarito. Ang ipinarito, the reason
or time of coming here. Aug iki-
naparitu, the reason or time tluis
(past tense). Ex.: And ungikluu-
jjarilo viof (What did you come
here for?) Si Juan ang ikinaparito
ko (Juan was the cause of my
having come here ) Sino ang pina-
.

ritohan mof ( Who did you come

to see here?) Si Juan (Juan).
ly. Some verbal roots have the idea of going away, leaving, etc., inherent
in themselves, and therefore have the definite in either in or i. Ex.
To go away; to leave. Utnalis. Ang inalis, the leaving
(pref. to ang ialis). Kahapon, ang
inalis ko (yesterday, I left). Ang
pagalis, the act of leaving. Maga-
lls, to take something away. Ang
pagaalis, the action of taking some-
thing away. Kapag<ialis ko nito
ngayon have just finished tak-
(I
ing this away). Makaalis, to be
able to go away. Makapagalis, to
be able to take away.
V. An indirect object following a preposition takes the genitive with a
sentence or phrase using i, but the construction of the rest of the sentence
or phrase is unchanged. Ex.
To buy. Bumill. Ibili mo ang hatd nang kaka-
nin (Buv some sweets for the
child).
To carry; to accompany. Humatid. Ihatid mo ako sa ha hag
nang amd mo (Accompany me to
your father's house [to the house
of your father]). Maghalid, to
send; to remit. Maghatidhatiran,
to send to each other mutually.

To look for. Humanap. Ihdnap mo akd nang isang

mabiUing cabayo { Look for a good
horse for me). Ihdnap mo ako
nang maiTgd itlog (Look for some
eggs for me).
VI. The person for whom some act is done and the indirect object of
an action benefiting or performed for the benefit of another, take the
nominative; the verb being used with i and the proper tense forms. The
foregoing sentences are also examples of this, as well as the following
examples:
To cook ; to make by cooking or like Maglutb. Ex. Ipaglutb mo ang capi-
:

process. idn nang sicolate ( Make some choc-

olate for the captain). Tpagluto
mo ako nang kanin (Cook me some
rice).

To build a house. Magbdhay. Ipagbdhay mo ako (Build

me a house).
134 TAQALOG LAKOUAGE.

VII. / generally replaces in with verl)s which admit both direct ami
indirect objects, i ))eing used to express the direct object (accusative)
and an exjiressing the indirect object (dative, etc.)- Ex.
To recommend. Maghilin. Ang ipagbilin, the rec-
ommendation. Ang ijmiughilin,
what was or has been recom-
mended. Ang pai/hUuKtn, the per-
son recommended (no tense idea)
Ang pinagbilinan, the person who
was or has been recommended.
To make a gift; to present with. Maghiyaya. Ang ipinngbiyayn, what
was or has been given, i. e., the
gift. Ang pinagbiyayaan, the per-
son to whom something was or has
been gi\-en. Mabiyayang to no, a
liberal person.
To advise. Maghdtol. This verb also means in
some casesto procure women.
Ang ihatol, the advice. Ang ihi-
natol, what was or has been ad-
vised. Ang hntolan, the person
advised. Ang hinatolnn, the per-
son who was or has been advised.
Ang rpnghi'ttol, the woman pro-
cured. Mupnghatol na lalaki, pro-
curer; panderer. Mnpaghi'itol na
babaye, procuress.
To give back; to restore. Magmoli. This verb also means to
go back, to return to the place of
starting. Ang Isinaoll, what was or
has been restored. Ang ^indolian,
the person to whom something
was or has been restored. Ang
pagsaoldn, the place returned to.
To tell; to narrate; to report. MagsaUtd. Ang mlilin, what told or
reported (no tense idea). Ang
sinalitd; ang islnalitu, what was or
has been told, etc. ^Ing sinasalitd;
ang ifdnasalltd, what is being told,
etc. Ang samlitnt; ang isasalild,
what will be told or reported.
Ang pagsalitaan, the person told
or reported to (no tense idea).
Ang plnagsaUlaun, the person told,
etc. (past tense). Ang pinagmsa-
litadn, the person being told or
reported to (present tense). Ang
pagsamlitadn, the person to be
told or reported to (future tense).
Ang ipinagi^nlitd, what was told
and the reason for telling. Ang
nagsalitd, the teller (past tense).
Ang nagmsahid, the narrator
(present tense). Ang magsasalitd,
the teller (future tense). Ang
kasalitaan, the companion in tell-
ing; the coreporter. Masalitd,
garrulous, like an aged person.
To talk; to speak. iSumabi. Ang tiabilih), what saifl or
the person or thing mentioned.
Magsabi, to converse; to say.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 185

A III/ the reason or cause of

isahi,
the conversation. Anc/ isinabi,
what was or lias been said. Ang
iphiaysabi, what was or has been
said and the reason or cause. A^ig
nafiilnni, tlie conversation or story.
A)ig piungsdhiliini, what said to a
certain person or said at a certain
place.
To signal. Tumurb. Magturu, to point out; to
show; ) to teach.
({. Ang itinuro,
what signaled, pointed out or
taught. Aug tinurocni, person
shown (taught) or signaled to.
Other verbs which have two objects like the foregoing are unidral, "to
teach;" maghalM, "to report;" magbigay, "to give;" and magbiii, "to
sell, " which have been or will be explained in otlier places.
VIII. In tlie majority of cases i expresses the means or instrument by
which an action is brought about. It is prejired d'lreMy to the root for
those conjugated with uin in any manner, and to the verbalizing jiarticle
in the other conjugations. Tliis applies to all tenses. The first syllable
of the root or the last syllable of the particle, as the case may be, redupli-
cate in the present and future tenses. In the second pluperfect and second
future perfect tenses the particle / is inserted between the particle na or
via and the root, whether the latter be simple or compound. See tables. (

IX. The root denoting an instrument, if capable of conjugation, may

denote the indirect object, if there is no nominal direct object in the sen-
tence. Ex.: Alio ang ipimttin/niydf (AVhat was he killed with?) Ib'mdril
niyd (he was killed with a gun). With in the sentence would be: pinaiay
niyd nang bnril (he was killed with a gun). In the last example the nomi-
nal snl)ject hdril is expressed. (See tables for the conjugation of an instru-
ment with /, and with means for accomplishment of an action.
X. /is also used, as has been stated, to express the means for the ac-
complishment of an action. Ex.: Wald siyang ibili nitong bdhay (he is
without the means to buy this house) Maijroon ako ibabayad sa iyo ( I have
.

the means to pay you).

XI. / combined with in may express the direct object (accusative) of
actions performed for the benefit of others, which may also be expressed
by m alone; an expresses place in general with such verbs; and i com-
bined with pag and pinag according to the tense, expresses the person who
is, was, has been, or will be the beneficiary of the action.

To roast (meat); to bake or fry (fish Magihao. Anginiihao, what is being

or meat). fried or roasted. Ang ipinagiiJiao,
the person for whom
something is
being roasted, etc. Ang ihaoan,
the frying pan or roaster. Ang
pinagiltaaan, the place of roasting.
To scald or make, as tea; to boil (as Maglaga. Aug inilagd, what boiled
potatoes, etc.). or made thus. Ang ipaglagd, the
person for whom
to be made. Ang
lagadn, the cooking pot, teapot,
etc. Ex.: Ipaglaga mo ako nang
na (make me some tea).
To cook. Maglutd. Ang Infoin, what cooked.
Ang inihitb, what cooked (see next
paragraph). Ang lutodn, the cook-
ing utensil. Ang paglntodn, the
cooking place.
XII. When roots beginning with /t, I, or a vowel (including ir) are con-
jugated with in and instrumental /, etc., the Tagalog reverses the particle
136 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
in to ni or changes it to na, in orderto avoid the har^h f?ound.sof the double
i, espei'lally with roots commencing with i. Ex.:
To throw down. Maghulog. Aug ihulog, what dashed
to ground or thrown down (no
tense idea). Aug Udnulog or an
inahiUog, what was or has been
thrown down, etc. Aug ihinuhnlog
or ang imiliuhulog, what is being
tlirown down, etc. Aug ihuJu'dog,
what will be thrown down, etc.
(See tables for these.
To place; to put. Maglagag. yln^ ?7a(7ai/,what placed.
Ang ilinagay; ang inilagag or airg
inalagag, what was or has been
placed.
To get rid of; to disappear, Magicald. Ang iniirald, what was or
has been gotten rid of, etc.

XIII. With certain classes of verbs such as (1) those requiring two com-
plements, e. g., magmlitd, "to tell;" magutang, "to lend;" magbigay, "to
give," etc., and (2) with those expressing expulsive or dispersive action,
e. ^.,magtapon, "to throw away;" ^nagsabog, "to scatter seed, etc.," i forms
a true passive, which may be so expressed in English.
XIV. With verljal roots not included in the foregoing classes i forms an
expression peculiar to Tagalog and allied languages by denoting either the
instrument, cause, or time of the action. In these cases the cause, reason,
instrument, or time becomes the subject of the sentence in the nominative
case, especially if the sentence should include an indirect complement ex-
pressive of such instrument, cause, time, etc., in addition to a direct object.
Ex.:
(1) To give. -
Magbigay. Ang ihinigay, what was
or has been given. Ex. Ihinigay:

niJuan iyang salapi (that money

was the gift of Juan).
(2) To throw away. Magkipon. Tnmapon, to cast (as a
net). Ex. with magtapon: Ilina-
pon ko angsnlut I threw the letter
(

away). And ang gagawin ko nitong

isiMf (What shall I do with this
fish? ) Itapun mo ( throw it away )
Ex. with tnmapon: Minsang itapon
naliull ko itong isdd (I caught this
fish with one throw [of the net] ).
Ang taponan, the fish line; also,
where anything may be thrown;
the scrap hole or heap.
To plant; to sow. Magtanim. (2) Also to bear hate or
rancor toward another. Aking
ilinatnnim itong pdlay (I am plant-
ing this rice). Ang tamnan, the
place of planting. As will l)e seen,
besides being contracted, there is
a transposition w ith m and n with
this word with suffixed aa.

(See tables for conjugation of mmdbog, to sow, with ;.

XV. If the instrument is expressed in full with a verb using the expul-
sive i, the instrument takes the proper preposition in the genitive. Ex.:
Itinapon niyu ang buhangin nang panln'ikay (he threw the sand away with
a hoe).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 137

XVI. (1) Roots whi(;h take viag for the primary idea in the indefinite
generally have i for the corresponding definite, combined with in for the
past and present tenses. Um roots generally take in only for the simple
definite (direct object). (2) Roots which vary in meaning according to the
verbalizing prefix or infix xiin, mag, etc., generally retain the definite form
oi ma;;, in<ii/lca, etc., with (, forming rpag, ipimig, Ipa, i/jlwi, etc., as pre-
fixes to the root. (See tables for conjngation of hinmbtt, to spread, to
propagate (of its own accord); rnagkuhtt, to spread widely (by outside
airencv). Ex.:

(1) To sun ; to put in the sunshine. Magbilad. Ang ibivilad, what was
or has been put in the sunlight,
as clothes to dry. A ng hllaran, the
place. Ang bilaran, the mpe b}'
which suspended, etc. Ang ibilad,
what sunned, dried in the sun, etc.
To pour out. Magbuhos. Angibuhos, whati)Oured
out. Ang ibinuhos, what has been
poured out. Minnuhon, to spill
out; (2) fig. to spread out or run
to, as a road. Ex.: Sdannunuhos
itong daan ? (Where does this road
run to?) Nunuhos sa bai/an (it
goes to town). Magkabuhos, to
run together (as two roads). JSlag-
kakabidios ang da/aivang daan, the
two roads run together. Kabu-
hos diigu, of the same l>lood, as
children of the same mother,
To scatter. Magbulagsak, var. niagbidaksak. Ang
ibulagsak, what scattered. Ang
ib'bmlagsak, what was or has been
scattered. Ang ibin ubulagsuk, what
is being scattered. Ang ibubu-
lagsak, what will be scattered.
To add. Magdagdag. Ang idagdag, what
added. Ang idinagdag, what was
added. Ang dagdagan, what has
been added to. Ang mandaragdag,
the adder.
To heap up; to lay in layers. Magpalong. Ang ipdtong, what
heaped up or Also
laid in layers.
used for generations. Ex.: Ildn
ang patong ang nagmida sa Lakan-
dnlaf (How many generations
liave there been since Lacandola?)
(2) To spread; to propagate (of its Knmdlat. Ang ikdlat, what may
own accord). spread. Ang ikindlat, what has
spread.
To spread widely (by outside Magkdlat. Ang ipagkdlat, what may
agency) be spread thus. Ang ipinagkdlat,
what was or has been so spread.
Ex. (indef. ): Nagkakdlat .si knan
nnng wikang nakasasamd sa kapoua
tauo (what's his name has been
spreading bad reports all over
about his neighbor). Kdlatkdlat
ang dild niyd (he has a most tat-
tling tongue).
To V)orrow (money only). Umntang. Ang uiangin, the loan.
Ang tUaiu/an, the person from
whom borrowed. Ang inUtng, the
cause.
138 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To lend (money only). Magutang. (Also to borrow much.
Ang ipinagulaug, the loan.
To lend willingly. Mugpautang. Ang ipatUaiig, theloan
made thus. Aug pautaiTgin, the
person lent to thus. Ex.: Pau-
tamjin mo ako nang pl.sos (lend me
a peso). Iftdiig salapt lam f nig
,
ang ipauutang ko sa it/u { I will only
lend you a half peso). IpinaiUang
ko sa igo ang salapt ko (I have lent
my money to you). Bdkithindt
mo ako pinaui'dang nang salapt?
(Why won't you lend me some
money?) Sa pagka't wald, (be-
cause I have none). Pautang,
credit. Kautangan, debt.
XVII. This is also .shown by humili, "to buy;" and maghili, "to sell,"
already explained).
To buy by retail (on a small scale). Umutag. Ang inutay, what was
bought thus.
To sell on a small scale. Magntni/. Ang iplnagutai/, what was
sold thus.

XVIII (1) Ika {ikina for past and present tenses) is generally used to
express cause or reason, and also time (for the latter see under ma).
To destroy. Sumird,. Magsirci, to destroy much.
Makasird, to be able to destroy.
Ex. Ang ikinasird nang kanigang
:

ari ang pagsusugal (gambling was

the cause by which he lost his
property )
To be sad. Mahapis. MakaMpb, to cause sad-
ne.«s. Ang ikaliapis, the cause of
sadness (no tense idea). Ex.:
Ikinahdpis ko ang pagkamatay
niyci (I was saddened by his dying
[death] Ikinahahapis ko ang pag-
) .

kamatay niya I am saddened by

(

his death). Ikaluihapis mo ang

pagkamatay id Gat Juan (You will
be saddened by the death of
Don Juan). K(iha})isan, sadness
(abstr. ). KaJidpishapis, sad or sor-
rowful object or spectacle; also
great sorrow.

(2) Jka {ikina) also expresses well-perfected acts resulting from a slow
process or development.
To become better. Gumaling. Maggaling, to adorn.
Ang galiiTgin, what adorned.
Magaling, to be better; also
"good," "clever." MangaUng, io
become much better. Makagaling,
to do good. Ang ikagaling, the
cause of betterment. Ex.: Ang
matTgd gamot ay siyang ikinagaga-
ling nang nuuTgd may sakit (medi-
cines are what cause the recovery
of those who are ill). Ang pana-
hd'y ang ikinagaling niyd (the
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 139
weather caused his improvement).
Ang pagiyvum nitony r/ainot aiuj
ikinacjaliiiff nila (the taking of this
medicine was what caused them to
recover). Ma<jpariaUng, to pros-
per. Aug
jnvagagnling, person or
thing prospering. A ng migagaling,
person improving. Magpakaga-
ling, to improve one's self; to
correct one's self. Ex.: Mngpaka-
gnlitig kago n<(>ig maiTga dxal vinyo
(Improve yourselves in your cus-
toms [or manners]). KagaJhTgan,
goodness; improvement.
(3) Ikn, as well as alone, prefixed to intransitive verbs indicate time
i

as well as cause or reason. Ex.

To repent. Magsisi. Ang ipinagslsi, the time,
cause, or reason of repentance
(past tense). Su7nisi, to quarrel
with openly. Ang isii^i, the cause.
Magpakasisi, to repent deeply.
To be asleep or sleepy. Midulog. Natutdlog baga kugof ( Are
you sleepy?) 06; ihig ko scmu iTga
matulog {Yes; I would like to go to
sleep) .Makati'dog, to fall asleep.
Ang ikatulog, the time or cause of
falling asleep.

XIX. / is generally used alone to express cause or reason with verbs

which do not require an object to complete the meaning (intransitives):
To obey; to follow. Sumunod. Ang isxinod, the cause of
obedience or following. Ex.: Ano
ang ifsbinsunod vang nuuTgd sundalo
sa kanilang pimof ( Why
do sol-
diers obey [follow] their com-
manding officer [chief]?). A7ig
panunumpa 't pifagan ay ang isinii-
sunod nild (Their obedience is on
account of their oath and also their
respect).
To weep (purposely). Tumam/is. MagtaiTgi a, to weep much
or by many. MataiTgh, to weep
(invol. ) Ang itaiTijis, the cause or
.

reason of w'eeping. MagpataiTijis,

to weep excessively. MakitaiTgis,
to join another in weeping. Ex.
Bdkit nananangis yaong bahayef
(Why is that woman weeping
[crying]?) . Ang itinatanljis niyd^y
ang kannitayan nang a.nak Her cry- (

ing is caused by the death of [her]

child)
To remain behind (letting others go Tmjiird. Magtird, to allow some-
ahead), thing to remain. Ang itinird, what
was or has been left behind; also
the remaining behind. Ex. Ikao :

ang itinird ko d'lto (I have re-

mained here on your account)
ifatmf, to be left behind. Walang
naiird, not one remained.
140 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
XX. In like manner intransitive verbs also express time (not tens=e). If
the expression for the time is lietinite, it may either precede or follow the
verb, but if the time is indefinite it should always precede. Verbs which
require ika ( ikhiu ) for cause or reason likewise have the same combination
to express time:

To arrive. Dumating. Ang idatlng, the time of

arrival. Ex.: Ano ang oras ang
idinaiiug 7iiyuf (What time [hour]
did he [she] come?). Ang idmullng
niyd ang lanyhull (He [she] came
at noon). Ano ang urao na idara-
ting nildf (What day will they
come?). Ang ikalimang arao nang
bouan (The fifth [day] of the
month).
To embark or travel (also to mount; Sumakay. Ang sakaydn, what em-
barked on or mounted. Ang isina-
kay, the reason or time ( past tense
of em barking, mounting, etc. Ex.
Ang taung isinakay ko sa Fdipinas
(The year [in which] I embarked
for the Philippines).
To eat. Kumain. Angikinain, the reason or
time of eating (past tense) Ex.:.

Dt ikinakatn ang buiTgang Idlao

kailan man (green fruit should
never be eaten).
To die. Mamatay. Ang oras na ikinamalay
niyd, the hour at which he died.

XXI. /is also used with verbs of adjusting, conforming, copying into,
transferring, translating, transplanting, etc., to indicate what has been
thus transferred, translated, etc.
To conform; to make suitable; to Magbdgay. Ang ibindgay, what was
get ready. or has been made suitable. Ex.:
Ibagay ito doon (Make [do] this
like that) . Magbdgay ka nang
VKuTija bata magsasaydo (Get the
children ready for the party).
Mabdgay, to be proper or suitable;
also to be proportioned. Ex. (1)
Nababdgay bagd sa uang dalaga
ang lunidkad na nagiisd sa manga
lansanuj an f ( Is it proper, then, for
a young woman to go alone about
the streets?) Mababagdyan nang
hirap ang laki nang kasalanan (The
punishment will be suitable for
the gravity of the offense). [The
punishment will fit the crime.]
(2) Dili nababdgay siyd sa kanilang
kataasan (He [she] is not propor-
tioned to his [her] height). The
act of making suitable, ang pag-
kabugay. Ex.: And ang pagkabd-
gay nito doonf (What has this to
do with that?) As a noun, bdgay
means "thing, matter, subject,
size, proportion, appearance."
Ex. .4/10 bagd ang bdgayf
: What, (

then, is the matter?) Ayicdn ako

 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 141

(I don't know.) Ano ang bdgay

niyu, A)iierirano Litng Vustila?
( What does he look like, an Amer-

ican or a Spaniard?) Americano

2JU (an Ameri(;an, sir. ) Bi'igag sa,
"as for, " " as to. " Ex. Bdgay sa :

akin as for me )
( .Bagay xa kaniyd
(as for him [her]). Biigny sa
ibang bcigay (as to other matters),
etc. Bdgaybdgay, different things
(in class; species, etc. ). Mngkaba-
g((i/hdg(iy, to differ much. Ex.:
Ndi/kaknhdgdi/bdgay .svV/r .vc jxigda-
raniit (Tliey differ much in their
manner of dress)
To compare. MagJutlltiibaud. Ang ipinaghalim-
baad, what was or has been com-
pared. Jlwiinihnbaud, to imitate
another. Ang liaUmbftuann, the
person imitated. Kahnlhnbaud,
like, alike (object). Kahalim-
bauaan, resemblance.
To equalize. Magpard. Ang ipinard, what was or
has been equalized.
To (1) transfer; (2) translate; (3) Magsalin. Ang isinalin, what has
transplant; (4) copy out, and (5) been or was transferred, trans-
to change from one vessel to an- lated, etc. (2) Isalin mo iio sa
other; to empty. wikang Tagdlog (translate this into
Tagalog). (5) iMtUn vio ang la-
mang nitong buslo (empty out the
contents of this basket).

THE PARTICLE AN (HAN).

I. An{han after acute final vowel), sometimes nan, is suffixed with all
tenses of the verb. The particle in, either alone or in combination with
pag ipinag), etc., is retained in the past and present tenses. For the con-
jugation of roots with an and Jiaii see the tables at end of book.
II. An usually represents place, or expresses the case called locative in
many European languages, replacing an adverb of place or the preposi-
tion which would l)e employed witii another form of conjugation. Thus,
if a sentence with a verli other than those which admit a i)erson or place
as the direct oi)ject, or those requiring an for euphonic reasons, includes an
indirect com]^lement of place relating to the action, the use of an with the
verb expresses the relation of case expressed in English by a preposition.
To gather; to pluck (as flowers); to Pumitds. Ex.:And ang pinipitdsmo
])reak off. dii/diK^ (What are you gather-
ing there?) Akd^ y jningviipitas
nang bulaklak (I am gathering
some flowers). Ang Jiahnnnna'y
ang liigar (Sp.) na pinipitasan ni
Ambrosia nang mangd bulaklak
( Ambro.sia is gathering the flowers

in the garden); lit., "the garden

is the place where are being gath-
ered l)y Andjrosia the flowers.)"
To die. Mamutay. Ang kamatagdn, the place
of death, distinguished by the
final accent from kamatdyan, death
(abstract). Ex.: Jtong bahay na
ifd ang kinamataydn ni amd (father
142 TAGALOa LANGUAGE.
died in this house); lit., "this
liouse wasthedying placeof (my)
father."

III. If a verbal action admits of a j^lace for its direct object, the latter is
generally expressed by av.
To (1) open; (2) uncover. Maghvkus. si tig Jmkasin, whatopened
or uncovered. Aug ipaghukm,
the means by which opened or
uncovered. Aug hukasan, the
place opened or uncovered; also
the person or object uncovered.
Contracted many times to buksan,
especially forthe imperative. Ex.:
Buksfut. mo ang pinto (open the
door).
To sprinkle from the mouth (as Magbugd. Ang hugh/m, the place of
Chinamen do clothes); also to such sprinkling, or the object so
bubble up (as water from a foun- treated. Ex. Hindi huglu'tn mo
:

tain or spring). ling mawjd ddimf. (don't sj^rinkle

the clothes from the mouth).
There is also an idiom: Bnghan mo
natin itong bago mong dcunit (treat
new clothes)
us on account of your
"wet down your new stripes."
To fill; to make up. Magpuno. Aug pundn., tiie placeof
lining, or making up. Ex. Mag- :

puno ka nang labing dalaird (make

up twelve [a dozen] ). Pundn inu
ang niangd tasa (fill the cups).
Pupundnko bagd ang mamjdvasof
(Shall I fill the glasses?) Magpuno.
with grave accent, stress on next
to last syllable means to begin; to
govern; to head; to lead; to pre-
side. Mamuno, to go ahead or in
front.
To line. Magsdpin. Ang
sapndn, the place of
lining, etc., also the imperative.
Ang impin, the material. iSap'm,
shoe or sandal. Kasapin, a leaf
(of a book) or sheet (of paper).
Sapinsapin, many leaves, sheets,
or folds of lining.
To plant; to sow. Magtanhn (2) also to bear hate or
rancor toward another. Ang tam-
ndn, the place or manner of plant-
ing. P]x. : T'lnumndnnlTomdsang
kanlyang bdkid nang 7ndkina {md-
quina) (Thomas planted his field
by machinery). As has been
noted before, besides a contrac-
tion, there is a transposition be-
tween n and ni with this definite.
To cover. Tuinaklp. Magiakip (1) to cover
up; (2) to fish from many canoes,
getting the fish in between. Ang
takpdj), what covered or the place.
Takpdn mo ang tapayan (cover the
jar).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE 143
IV. An is generally used to indicate the person affected by an action
with verbs which require a person as the direct object.
To menace; to threaten. McK/hala. Aiir/ jHKjhalaan, the per-
son menaced or threatened,
To frighten by rushing out from Bu}iud(igd. Magbalaga, to frighten
hiding and shouting. much. Ang fxilaghbi or ang bal.a-
gJtan, the person thus frightened.
KahabalagluDig g(iica,a marvelous
work. Kahahtbalagd itoug gcnuang
ito (this [is] a most wonderful
work )

To diminish (oi itself). Bumauas. Magbaiut^, to diminish

by outside agency. Ang b<ma>^in,
what diminished. Ang bauasan,
the place (corresp. to rim). Aug
pagbauamn, place (corresp. to
mag) the person to whom some-
,

thing is given thus. Mabauax, to

diminish (inan. action). Ang na-
mauas, what taken from. Maka-
bauas, to cause to diminish. Mag-
pabauas, to order or request to
diminish. Ex.: Bmiasanmoiymig
manga tapayan (take something
out of those jars). Magbauas ka
nang halaga, reduce the price.
Hindi mabuamn ko sa Ibnayig jyixof^,
I can not let it fall below F5.
Nabanas na ang hangin (the Mdnd
has diminished now).
To give. Magbigay. A ng ibigay, the gift. A ng
ibinigay, what was or has been
given, ^ing bigydn, the person re-
ceiving a gift. Aug binigydn, the
person to whom something was or
has been given. Mapagbigay, gen-
erous; liberal; indulgent. Maud-
gay, to give much; to lavish. Ex.
And ang ibinigay mof (What did
you give?) Bigydn mo ako nang
kau7iting makakain, gi\e me a little
refreshment [to eat] Bigydn mo
.

ako nang itlog kan mayroon (give

me some eggs if there are any).
Si Juan angbinigyang ko (I gave it
to Juan). (S'i Tonids ang bibigyang

ko (I will give it to Tom;is). Ang

ipamigay, what lavished. Ex.:
Ipinamigay niyd, itong laliut (he has
lavished all this). Ipinamiinigay
nild itong lahat (they are lavishing
all this). Ipumindgay nim/6 itong
lahai?^ (You will 'lavish all this?)
To trade or sell rice. Magbigds. Angpagbignsan,ih^ seller
or dealer in rice. lyang pUak
ang pinagbigasan niyd (he made
that money selling (trading) rice).
Makibigds, to ask for a little rice
(see particle maki).
144 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To guard; watch; look out. MaghanUiy. Also means to make a
bird snare from bamljoo. Ma-
mantaij, to catch birds with a
"bantay." Ang namantaii, what
caught. Ang hinabantay or ang
pinapaghahantaji, the jierson stand-
ing guard, watching or looking
out. Ang bantayan, the sentry
box, post; watch tower; look out
p^ace. Also Ang ]>agh(tntaynn.
Ang bantayan thing or person
(1),
guarded or watched; also imjjera-
tive without art. Ex.: Bantayan
mo itong baliay itn (watch this
house). Binaydayan ko ang cnar-
iel (I was on guard at the bar-
racks). Binabantayan niyn ang
cuariel (he is on guard at the bar-
racks). (2) arms or scales or
correctness of the balance. (3)
A bamboo bed for sick persona
under which a fire may be made.
Magbantayan, to make such a bed.
Ang bantay anln, the material; ang
bantayanan, the place of such a bed.
To charge against (as a debtor). Magblntang. (2) To bear false tes-
timony against another. Ang pag-
binta)Tt'/an (1), the person charged;
(2) the person sworn against
falsely. Aug ipagbinfajig, what so
sworn, 1. the testimony. Ex.:
e.,
(1) PinagbintaiTgan ako nang sam-
pouong 2)>^os (I was charged up
with ten pesos). (2) Binagbin-
taiTgan nlyd ako (he bore false tes-
timony against me). Ang pagbi-
bintang, the act of swearing falsely.
Angbinta)7</an,anginabinlatn/ln,ang
mapagbintang, the person who ha-
bitually swears falsely; perjurer.
To dress one's self. Duniaynit. Daranit'in, clothes (pres.
tense). Ang danddn, the person
dressed or clothed. Magdandt, to
dress or clothe another. Ang pag-
daramit, the act of dressing (pres.
tense). Magparamit, to cause or
order to be clothed. Ex.: Parain-
tan mo ang valang daniit (clothe
those who are without clothes).
Bdkit hhidl mo jdnadaramian ang
anak niof (Why don't you clothe
your child?) Sapagka'tuald akong
maibili nang damit (because I have
nothing to buy clothes with).
To deceive. Magdayd. Ang pagdayaan, the per-
son deceived. Angpagdarayd, the
act of deceiving. Magparayd, to
permit deception. Magparayd ka,
permit the deception. Parayd, to
consent or allow one's self to be
deceived. Magdarayd, fraudulent;
cheating (adj.).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 145

To kiss. llumalik. Aug JiagMn, the person

kissed. MagJailik, to kiss each
other (dual). Atig rnar77/d ])iiiag-
hagkan {the two who have kissed
each other. ) Pahalik, to request to
kiss. Ex. Pahalik pu kayo sa
:

kamay (permit me to kiss your

hand). (Sp. Q. B. S. M.)
To l)c sorry. 3fahin(iyang (from myang, idea of
sorrow ) .1 ng kinalt inayain/an, the
.

person for whom sorry, or for what

reason sorrow is felt. Ex. Khia- :

hiJi'mayatujan ko siyn (I feel sorry

for him —
lit., he is the person I
am sorry for. ) Maitliindyung, to
be very sorry. Ang panlmia-
yarigan the person for wh om felt, or
,

the cause of much sorrow. Magpa-

hindyavg, to regret a loss of any
kind.
To steal. Magndkao. Ang plnagndkao, what
was or has been stolen. Ang
magnandkau, the thief. Aiig pag-
nakavan, the person robbed. Ex.
Sino ang magnandkaof (Who is
the thief? ) Sino ang pinagnakavan
mof (Who did you steal from?)
To listen to. Pakinig. Ang pakingnn, the person
listening. Ex. Pakingdn ninyo
:

ang dral (listen [ye] to what is

taught).
To teach. Urndral. Ang aralan, the person
taught. Ang
what taught
idral,
i. e., the lesson. Ang inidral, what
was or has been taught. Ang
ungmadral, the teacher. Angpagd-
ral,the act of teaching. Mngdral,
to stud y to learn. .1 ng pagaraldn,
;

the source of learning i. e., the —

teacher or the book, etc. Ang
magdral, what learned. Ang pa-
gadral, the act of studying. (Note
that the "act of teaching" is ex-
pressed without reduplication of
the initial sylable of the root.)
Aral is said to l)e from 8ansk.
dchdra, custom; habit; rule; by
Kern, Isut Pardo de Tavera thinks
it doubtful. Ajar is Malay, "to
teach or to learn" from JaA-anese.
AsaJ, custom; habit; is more likely
to be from Sansk. dcltdra. For
further modifications of dral with
particles, see under nran.
To be charitable. Maana, also compassionate; charit-
able (adj.). Maauain; majxtg-
kaaud, a humane or charitable per-
son. Ang anaan, the recipient of
compassion or chanty. Ang pag-
kaaud, the act of charity or com-
passion. Kauuaan, (abst. ) charity,

6855—05
146 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
compassion. Ex.: Kaauan mo siyd
(have charity [or compassion] for
him) Aug kinaauadii, what given
.

in charity or extended in compas-

sion. Ang ikinaaua, the cause of
giving in charity or extending
compassion. Makaaucl, to move to
compassion. Magmalcaaud, to be
able to move to compassion. {Aud,
is generally reduplicated. Ex.:
Naginainakaayaauct ako itong duklnl
(this poor [person] moves me to
compassion). Aug ipinagiunma-
kaaud, the cause of being able to
move to compassion. Paand, to
ask for charity; to plead or beg for
mercy, etc. Ex. Nupacmd siyd sa
:

akin ( he begged me for mercy )

To hear (casually). Maringig. Dumingig, to hear pur-
posely. Ang nar'uTgig, what heard
casually. A^^g dh~g'm, what heard
jmrposel}-, as conversation directed
to person. A)ig ditTgdn, the per-
son listened to. An indicates per-
son, in tlie thing, with this verb
and the following one, also others
which will be seen in other places.
Makaringiy, to be able to hear.
MagkariiTgig, to be deceived by the
hearing. Magparhupg, to force
another to listen. Ex. Widd ukong :

diiTgig (I heard nothing); lit., "I

(was) without hearing." Nuriwjig
mo ang shiabi kof (Did you hear
what I told you? Hi)) di ko na ritTijig
)

( I did not hear " I was not able to

) ;

Xakadi)-ii~gig ka hagdf ( Did

'

hear. '

you hear?) Lit.: "Are you hear-

ing?" NagkariiTijan ako (myhear-
. ing deceived me).

(1) Tountie; to loosen; (fig.) to set Kumalag. A))g kalgin, what untied
free; (2) to absolve. or loosened. A))g kalgdn, person
set at liberty or absolved. Ang
kalagpa)~gao, the jailor's fees in
former times, when set free.

V. In actions by which the subject tries to draw something to himself,

a)i stands for the person from whom that something is drawn.

To ask for; to reqiiest. FIu)niiTgi. Makahi)Tgt, to obtain by

requesting. MakihirTiji, to thank
for. Ang hi)T!ji)), what asked
for.Ang hini)vjt, what was or has
been asked for. Ang hi)ujdn, the
person from whom asked. Ex.:
Ako' y }t)n))i)T(jt nang n)a)Tgd Innvja
'y nnkahi)7iji ako (I asked for some
fruit and got it for the asking).
MapngJ)iiTg), an importunate per-
son. See also )))aghHi, to sell;
kumuha, to take; d)tmning, to en-
treat; hiundnap, to look for; and
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 147

tumangap, to accept or receive

which, among others, use these
same forms.
VI. Roots which express the ideas of coming or going, when verbal-
ized, takean iot the person affected by the action, and i or ika {ikina) for
the reason or time of sucli action. Ex.
To come here. Pumarito. Parito, come here. Arig
the reason or time of
ipinarito,
coming here (past tense) Also .

ang ibinaparito. Ang pinaritohan,

the person (or the place) who was
the object of the action. Ex.
And ang ikinaparito mo aa Pa-
sig? (Why did you come here to
Pasig?) Aling hahay ang pinari-
tohan mo? (Which house did you
come to? ) (
Pumarito has been dis-
cussed previously. Pumaroon fol-
lows the same rule as pumarito and
has also been explained.)
YI. An is rare as an ending to the direct object of a verb. Some verbs,
however, which would naturally take in for the direct oVjject substitute an
therefor on account of euphony, as the words are contracted.
To salt; (2) to make salt. Magasin. Ang asndn, what salted;
inasndn, what was or has been
salted. Ang paktasinan, the salt
pan; also the saltcellar. Ang
nagaasin, the person who eats salt
on rice or food. Makiasin, to ask
for a little salt.
To pay for. Maghayad. Ang bayaran, what
paid for; the obligation. This
verb also has the idea of covering
up, and originally meant "to buy
or slaves."
sell Ex.: lyong baya-
ran ang lUang mo (your obligation
is to pay your debt [pay what you
owe]).
To note; to experience; to perceive. Magmasid. Ang pagmasddn; ang
masddn (def. ); ang namasid (in-
def. ) what noted, etc. Magpa-
masid, order to note.
to Ang
papagmasddn, the person ordered
to note. Ang papagmasd'm, what
ordered to be noted. Mapagmasid,
one who notes, perceives or ex-
periences a great deal.
To pierce. Tumalab. Aug tahlnv, what pierced.
TumalabiB also "to become dull"
(as a knife). Magtalab, (1) to
penetrate deeply; (2) to dye with
the talab root. Aug pagtalaban,
what pierced deeply. A ng talabin,
what dyed. Ang iialab, the instru-
ment.
To grasp; to hold. Magtangan. Ang tangdn or ang tang-
anan, what grasped or held. Ang
pagtam/ndn, what held much. Ang
itamjan, the hand or instrument
148 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
used to grasp or hold with. Syn.
Maghaudk, which means generally
to hold or grasp by two. Plx.:
May hmiak ako wjayon (I am busy
now [or to-day] ).
(1) To try; sample;
(2) to (3) to Tumikim. Any iihnan, what sam-
understand a person well. pled. (Admits in combined with
pa.) Ex.: Paiikmin mo iTga ako
nitong dlak (allow me to try this
wine). lYbndn wio ( taste it sam- ;

ple it).
To look at; to view. TumiiTgin, (2) Magting'm, to look at
much or by many. MagtiiTgina)»,
to look at each other. MagtiiTjiin-
tbTghtan, to look at each other
closely. Ai)g tiningm, what was or
has been looked at. AngtinitiiTipn,
what is being looked at. Any tiiTy-
nan, what looked at; alone impera-
tive. AngpagtbTijnan, whatlooked
at muchor by many. A ng itiiTljin,
the cause or with what, i. e., the
eye. A rig ipag-{ipinag)-tiiu)in, the
cause of much looking or by many;
also the eyes of many, etc.
To learn. Magaral. Any pagaralfin, what is
learned. Aug pagarak'in, the
source of learning, i. e. the teacher
,

or book, etc.
VII. Some roots used with in with urn, mag, etc., take an when conju-
gated with magpa.
To treat well; to prosper. MagpagaUng. Y,x.: GaUiTganmosiya,
(treat him [her] well).
VIII. An sometimes replaces the preposition sa when the latter means
"to," as an implies that the subject parts with something, in the following
examples. Acquisition with the same construction "for" ) is expressed by /.
(

Ex. Binigydnnildakoniujnybigds [they ga.\e me this rice)

: Also expressed:
.

ako'y ang binigydn nild nitong bigds. It will be clearly seen that the defi-
nite is a verbal noun. Sino bagd ang pinagbilhdn niyd nang iyony cabayo
(to whom has he sold [did he sell] your horse?) Pinagbilhdn niyd ang knni-
yang kaibigan (his purchaser was a friend of his). Also expressed: ^1»^
kaibigan niyd ang pinagbilhdn niyd.
IX. An with certain noun or verbal roots indicates place. The first syl-
lable of the root is reduplicated for roots admitting contraction or begin-
ning with /.
Buyo-leaf (piper betel] Itnitj. Itmohiin, buyo-leaf garden.
Bamboo (bambusa). Kauayan. Kauayanan, bamUioo
grove or thicket, yfay kanayanf
(Have [you, or is there] any bam-
boo?) Kumauayan, tothrow bam-
boo weapons at another. Atig
kanayanin, the object or person.
Mangauayan, to cut bamboo. Ang
pangauayan. the instrument, i. e.,
the bolo or hatchet, etc.
Cocoanut palm Niog. Ningan, cocoanut grove.
Kaniugan, place of many cocoanut
palms. Kajnmong niog, a single
tree. Kaboong niog, a cocoanut.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 149

Numiog, to throw a cocoanut at

another. A)ig niogin, the person
or object thrown at. A7ig iniog,
the nut thrown. Magniogcm, to
throw cocoanuts at each other.
There are many names for cocoa-
nut, according to its age and con-
dition.
Pasture; grazing place. Sabsaban. Ang sabmbin, the grass
eaten (no tense idea), or what
eaten as animals eat (by the
mouth). Sumabsab, to graze, eat
(as animals). Magmbsab, to eat
much. Magxisabsab, to graze in
herds, flocks, etc. Pasabsab, to
allow to graze. Ex.: Pumbsabin
mo itong cabui/o; viay sabsabi7i
diyan sa Jiarapdn (Let this horse
graze; there is grass there in the
yard) . Sungmasabsab ang cabayo,
p6 (The horse is grazing, sir).
Parang is a large pasture. Sabsa-
ban is more a grazing or eating
place for animals.
Banana. (Mu?a par. and others, Saging. SagiiTgan, banana grove.
both the tree and fruit. KasagirTgan, large banana grove
or place where there are many
bananas. Magsdging, to eat ba-
nanas.
Sugar cane. Tubo. Tubohdn, cane field. Tubo-
hanan, sugar-cane land. Magtubo,
to plant sugar cane. There is no
Tagalog name for sugar, asnkal,
from Sp. azdcar, Ijeing used. The
Malay uses shakar and gula, the
latter from Sansk. guda.
Stone; rock. Batu. Batohan, quarry. Kabatohan,
place of stones; rocky ground.
Mabatong bukid, a stony field.
Bato also means rice which does
not open when toasted; and
kidney. Magbato, (1) to cut
stone; (2) to lay stone; (3) to
build out of stone. Ex.: (3)
Nagbabato si Juan nang kaniyang
hahay (Juan is building his house
out of stone). Maginbato, to turn
into stone. Ex.: Ang asdua ni
Loth ay nagivbatong asm (Lot's
wife became a pillar [rock] of
salt)
Water. Tubig. Tubigan, irrigated land.
Katvbigan, place where water may
be had. Magi u big, (1) to put
water into anything; (2) to water
an animal, etc. Mandbig, to go for
water in a canoe or on an animal.
(To go for water with a pitcher is
uniigib). Angpaiinbignn, theplace.
Panubig, to make water. Makitu-
big, to ask for water. Si Juan ay
150 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
iKikibiti'tbif/ Ka (ikbi (Juan asked
me to help him
get water).
Patublgin mo ako (Give me some
water). Tubig na hihilamosin,
wash water.
Church. Siinbahan. Snmunbn, to worship.
Cockpit. SaboiTgan. Snmabong, to fight (one
gamecock against another). Mag-
saboiig, to fight against each other;
also to play one against the other.
Avg sdsabongiyi, the game (cock-
fighting). Ang i-{i]xtg)-S(iboiig,
the gamecock Pnlasabong,
(s).
cockfighter by occupation.
Head. JJlo. Vhihan, head of the bed; also
a large-headed person. Ulundn,
the head place (pillow). Unan is
the word for pillow itself. Ex.:
UmuM ka rixi (Put your head
here). Uluhln vio ynri (Put your
head here toward me). Ululicm
mo ilo (Put your head on this).
Foot. Pad (from Sansk. pada, foot). The
English is also from the same
Sansk. word. The English paiv
does not seem to be from Sansk.,
l)ut to be of Teutonic origin, but
remotely may be the same. Paa-
lian, the foot of a bed; place of the
feet. Magpad, to set the foot
down; to step in or on.
Stern; last part. Ang hull.Hamuli, (1) to steer; (2)
to remain behind purposely. 3/«-
huU, to be left liehind. Ang hu-
lihdn, the last or hinder part. A'a-
hulihdn, tardiness. Ang knhulihu-
lihdn, the very last. Humull is to
catch, etc. (note the difference in
accent).
Bow; first part. Una. Umund, to lead. Houag kang
mund, do not go ahead. Anguna-
hdn, the fore part or place. Kau-
nahdn, priority. Undund, firstly.
Ayig kaunnunahdn, the very first.
Sa und, anciently. Sa una pang sa
und, very anciently. Sa unang
drao, in the days of old. Maiiij-
und, to precede; to guide (in per-
son); to lead, as a guide.
To make port ( as a vessel ) Dumoong. 'Aiig idoong, the vessel
put into port. Ang doongan, the
place. Lalaiiigan is another name
for port. Magkapadoong, to make
port suddenly. Madoong, to be in
port.
To bathe; to take a bath. Paligo. Ang paliguan, the bathing
place. Ang ligoin; ang paligoin,
the water for bathing. MagJigb;
magpaligb, to bathe another.
(See the phrases on p. 24 for use
of these words). Pambo is a rare
svnonvm.
 TAQALOG LANGUAGE. 151

To make a mudhole under the house. Mac/pumli. "The

place," anc/ kn-
pumlian. Pusalian, "mudhole."
To wound. Su)nH(]ut. Ang sugntin the wounded
,

person or animal, etc. Ang ikasd-

gat, the cause. Ang sugatan, the
place or what part wounded Ex. .

SinuHugotan vii/d sa kamcn/ (he is

wounded in the arm [hand]).
There no separate word for arm
is
and/u7.;/'ZinTagalog. Buraw, from
Sp. brazu, is sometimes used. J'dd,
foot, is also a foreign word. Rus-
sian has exactly tlie same peculiar-
ity, riika meaning both hand and
arm, and noga both foot and leg.
Magsugat, to wound much makasil- ;

gat, to cause to be woun( led Sugdt .

(note the accent) is another root,

with the idea of trading at retail.
Sumugat, to buy at retail, or go to a
retail market. Magsugat, to sell at
retail. Ang sugatan, the place, i.
e., the market. Tiangi, a Spanish-
Aztec word, is the usual name for
a market.
To scratch or scrape tlie ground with Kamotkot. Magkotkot, to make a
the hands, claws, feet, etc. ditch or trench. Ang kotkotin, the
earth scratched up, or (2) thrown
out of a ditch. Ex.: [2) Kinotkot
nangmangd sundalo ang lupa nang
A:amcf;(/(thesoldiers threw the earth
out with their hands) Ang Ikot-
.

kot, the means, i. e., the hands,

claws, etc. Ex.: Ang kamay ang
ikinotkot nang maiTijd suvdalo nang
lupa (with their hands tlie soldiers
threw out the earth [or dug the
trench] ). Ang kotkotan, the place.
'Ex.: ltd ang kinotkotan nangmangd
sundalo (this was where thesoldiers
dug the trench). PanTgotkot, the
instrument used for digging, as a
spade, shovel, etc.
To enter a room. SunilUd, from sUid, a room. Aug
sidldn (c), the room entered (no
tense idea). Ang sisidldn, the
room. Magsilid, to put into a room
or to enter much. Masilid, to be
in a room. Ang pagsisidldn, the
room entered much. S_vn., lindoh,
from Idob, within; inside.
To lie down; (2) to go to bed. Hinnigd. Ang hihigdn (c), the place;
the bed. Mahigd, to be lying down,
or in bed. Ex. Sino kayd yaong
:

nahihigd/ (who is that lying down

there?).
X. Verbs in which the idea of expulsion is inherent do not admit of in
as an ending for the direct object, which is replaced by an, han, etc.

To place. Maglagdy {I root). Ang lalagydn,

the place. Aug ilagdy, what
placed. Ang ilinagay; ang in'da-
152 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
gay; ang inalagay; what was
placed, or has been placed. Mal-
agdy, to be placed. Aug kinala-
lagycin, the place. Magpalag&y,
to desert, to abandon. { Root gen.
redup. ) Ex. Phmlalagaylaga
:

ang mawja snndalo ang bayan (the

soldiers are leaving tlie town).
To sow ( as rice, corn, etc. ) Sumdhog. Aug iscibag, what sown,
i. the grain. Ang sabugan, the
e.,
place, the field, rice paddy. Ex.
as verbs: Isdbog mo i(6 (sow this).
Isdbog mo ito fa iyong bnkid (sow
this in your field). Sabugan mo
nito ang iyong bdkid, or ang iyong
bnkid, sabugan mo nito, same trans-
lation as with /, except in the first
the empha.'^is is on the act, and rtn
the place in the second. Magm-
bog, to sow much. Ang
ipagsd-
bog, what sown thus. (See tables
for conjugation of sdbog.
To use or make soap. Magsabon, from fip.jabon, soap. Ex.
And ang sinasabon mof (what are
you washing with soap?). Sabonan
mo ang dainit (use soap with the
clothes). Wald akong sabdn (I
have no soap). Mili ka nang m-
bdn (buy some soap). It will be
seen thata-ssimilated foreign words
follow the same rules as native
ones in all respects.
To tVirow awav. Magtapon. Ang itapon, what thrown
away. Ex.: Itapon mo do (throw
this away). Itapon mo itd sa tubig;
taponan mo ang tubig nito; or ang
tubig ang taponan mo nito (throw
this into the water [in order to get
rid of it] ).

To erect; to set up. Magtayo. Ang

i{pag)tay6, what set
up thus. Angpagtayoau, the place.
Ex.: ()') Itayo nio itong mdiTgd ha-
ligi (set these posts [pillars] up-
right). Itong loobang it<7y siyd
kong ])agtatayoan nang dking bdhay
(I am going to put up my
house in
this 3'ard). Tnmayo, to stand erect
(animate Vjeing). Ex.: Aug suu-
dalo tnngmalayo sa harap nang
kaniyang punb (the soldier is
standing [stands] erect in front of
[before] his commander) Matayo, .

to be erect (inanimate object).

Ang matTgd haligi nang dk ng bdliay
natatayo (the posts of my
house
stand [are] upright). Matonid
also means upright, but generally
in a moral sense.
To pay a salary or wages. Vmvpa. Ang iiipa, the wage or pay.
Ang itpahan, person paid or what
paid for, as a rented house, etc.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 153

Ang pagupahan, the place. Ex.:

, Magkano ang pagaupahan sn Ma-
viiilaf (how much is being paid
in Manila?).

XI. With some nouns denoting parts of tlie body an expres.ses personal
adjectives with an idea of augmentation.
Shoulder. Balikat. Balikalan, broad-shoul-
dered. Ex., verbalized: Baiikatm
mo ilong kauagan (carry this bam-
boo on your shoulder Isabalikat
) .

mo itong panjio {spread this hand-

kerchief over your shouldeis).
Balikalan mo siya (catch him by
the shoulders).
Mouth. Bibig. Bihif/an, large-mouthed, also
great or reckless talker. Ex. Pi- :

naghihlgan niyd ako (he talked a lot

about me).
Nose. Ilong. Ilongan, large-nosed.

For places expressed with jxtg —an and ka — an, see underpay and kn.
COXSTRtCTION.

XII. With an the direct object takes the accusative and the agent the
genitive. Ex. Hinahagkdn nang anak (agt. ang kaniyang ina (dir. object)
: )

(the child is kissing his [her] mother). Lit., "Is being kissed by the child
the his [her] mother." Takuran mo iyang kdhoy (prop up that tree). Lit.,
"Let be propped up by you that tree."
XIII. If an indirect object expressing place is included in a sentence,
however, it takes the accusative case, and the direct object the genitive or
other oblique case, the agent remaining in the genitive, as explained in the
preceding paragraph. Ex. Tinatamnun ni aind nang sarlsaring kdhoi/ ang
:

halamanan (Father is planting different kinds of trees in the orchard [gar-

—
den]) lit., "The garden (ace.) is being planted with different kinds
(abl.) of trees (gen. by father (ins.)."
) Pinaghanapan mo hagd sa cabayo
ilong daang ito? (iMd you look for the horse on this road?) lit., " Was- —
looking-place your perhaps (gen.) for horse (dat. ) this road? (nom. as
same form as ace. )."
trans.,
XIV. If an is used modifying a place or person in which to, for, from,
by, on, in, etc.,precedes the place or person when translated into English,
the place or person should be exjiressed. In these cases the agent, as usual,
takes the genitive and the direct object the accusative. The indirect object
may either precede or fallow the verb, except interrogative pronouns or
adverl)s of place, which always precede. The person or place is empha-
sized by being placed before the verb in the sentence. Ex.: Mnulat niyd
—
ang akin g sdlat (He wrote my letter for me) lit., "Was written by him
(her) the my letter." Sinnmlalan ko Hong papel (I am writing on this
—
paper) lit., " Is-the-writing-place my this paper." Pagsusulatan ko ilong
papel ilo (I will write on this paper). Same construction as foregoing,
with future tense; Sino ang pinagbilhdn mo nitong cabayo.^ (To whom
have you sold this horse?)— lit., "Who (was) the purchaser your of this
horse?" Ang anak nang kapidbahay ko (To the son of my neighbor) "The
son of the neighbor my."

THE INDEFINITE P.\RTICLE "UM."

I. Um is called the first verbalizing particle by the Spanish writers on

Tagalog, and is generally used to verbalize roots when the action is primary
or expressed as the act of the subject without special reference to the object.
Ihn also has the idea of action toward another person. Some roots differ
IS-J- TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
radically in their meaning with inn and mac/, or rather in opposite ways
from a neutral point. With other roots mag expresses intensity of what is
expressed jmrnarily with urn. Um, which is found in the so-called indefi-
nite, changes to wu/tn in the past and present tenses, and drops out in the
future tense. There are also pluperfect and future-perfect tenses, but they
are not generally used. For the conjugation of a root with run see the
tables. There are some irregularities with some roots which are noted in
the proper ])lace. In the mechanical structure of the language xim is pre-
fixed to roots beginning with a vowel and infixed between the first letter
and the following vowel of a consonant root.
II. The philologist Keane gave G. W. Parker, author of the Grammar
of the jMalagasyLanguage (London, 1883), the following information as to
the use and origin of infixes, which applies to Tagalog as w'ell:
"The infix syllable om {um, am, om) is a feature which Malagasy has in
common with Khmer (Cambojan), Javanese, Malay, Tagala (sic) (Philip-
pine Archipelago), and no doubt other members of the Malayo-Polynesian
family.
"Khmer: Slap, dead; samlap, to kill. Javanese: Hunih, flame; humu-
rub, to inflame. Malay: FilUi, to choose; pam'dihan, choice. Tagala:
Basa, to read (idea of reading); bumam, to make use of reading (to read).
"Originally a prefix, as it still is in Samoan (Ex.: Moto, unripe; momoto,
to die young), this particle seems to have worked its way into the body of
the word by a ])rocess of metiithesis analogous to tlie transposition common
to most languages (comjiare Anglo-Saxon thridda with third)."
III. As has been stated, lun is generally used to express tlie simple un-
reciprocated a(;t of the agent, either toward himself or others, provided the
action is not modified by conditions of time (not tense), manner, instru-
ment, number (plurality), or otherwise carried away from its simplest
sense. IMany roots admit both um
and mag with little difference in mean-
ing, and hence it is often difficult to decide upon a choice between them,
but it is generally safe to use um. Again, many roots differ widely with
the two particles. Cm refers more to subject and his action, mag to the
object and the action of the verb upon it.

CLASSES OF "UM" ROOTS.

For convenience of reference the roots conjugated by um have been ar-

raged into numbered paragraphs, those following the regular conjugation
being given in Par. I-XVII, and those having irregularities coming under
Par. XVIII-XXI. Diminutives are treated in Par. XXII.
I. Roots which denote qualities capable of being slowly assimilated by
the agent form the first class. There are some adverbs which are verbal-
ized by um in certain cases.

To grow dark. Dttrndim. MagdRim, to grow very

dark. Ang dUhnan, whatis ob-
scured by darkness. {Ang dilimdn,
the osier with which fish corrals
are tied. DUunan is also the name
of a village near Manila). Ex.
with wn: Dungmidilini ang gabl
(The night is growing dark ) Ang .

pagdiddim nang arao, the eclipse

of the sun. Madilun, to be over-
taken by darkness; also adj. dark,
obscure. Ex.: Naddiman kami
(excl.) sa daan (We were over-
taken by darkness on the road).
Maddim na (It is dark already).
Maddim pa It is dark yet). Man-
(

dilim, to travel in darkness. Ex.:

Houag ipanddim iyang cabayo (Do
 TAGALOG LANGUA(4E. 155

not travel in the dark with that

horse). Makndilim, to become
dark ( not limited to a slow process,
as with vm. ) TagdUim, time or
season of darkness. Twilight,
t(ihij)silim.
To grow up; to become large, etc. Liuiiak'i. Ex.: Lungmaki ak6 m
MairnUa (I grew up in Manila).
Mag.'aki, to increase to make some-
;

thing larger. Aiuj lakJu'vn, what

made larger. Ang naglalaki, the
agent. Makalaki, to cause or to be
able to grow larger. Ang ikalaki,
the cause. Aug pokalakihw, what
is to be made larger. Kalnkhan,
(abs. ) size. Ang bdakUnklhan,
the very largest. Majiakaluki, to
grow greatly; or too large. Mag-
jmlaki, to rear (as a cliil(l) to edu- ;

cate. Ex. Sino ang nagpapalaki

:

saii/uf (Who reared you?) Ang

aking nnno'y sigang nagpalaki sa
akin (My grandparent was the one
who reared me). Malaki (adj.),
])ig; large.
To grow cool or cold (as food or Luinarnig. Ex.: Lalamig ang sa
drink). (The tea will become cold). Ang
nakakDitig (indef. ), aug ikalamig
(def.), the cause. Maglamig, to
cool any th ing. A ng lam igan, what
cooled. A7ig pakalarnlgiii, what
put to cool. Magpalavvg, to put
out to cool. Malamig (adj. ), cold
(fig.) Malamig na banta or na loob,
cold-hearted.
To grow white; to bleach out. Pumuti. Ex. Pungmuputi ang hu-
:

laklak (The flower is growing

white). Augpudri, whatbleached.
Magputi, to whiten anything. Ang
ipntt, the means or the whitening
material. Ang jmtian, what whit-
ened, as the wall, etc. Ang pag-
kapiUin, what whitened greatly.
Ang kaputian naiig itlog, the white
of the egg. Kaputian, whiteness
(abs.).
To increase, etc. Lunmblid, from lubhd, very (adverb).
Ex.: Ana ang lagay nang ama mof
(How is your father?) Lung-
nudnbhd ang kanit/ang sakit (His
illness is increasing). Nalulubhd
nasigd He is near death's door)
(

lit, "He is exceedingly ill." Mag-

lubhd, to increase much; (fig.) to
be impudent. Sagluhdiltd ka sa
akin (You are too forward with
me; you are impudent to me).
II. Um used to indicate intentional acts of destruction, damage, etc.,
is
by the agency of an animate being. If caused by an inanimate agency,
such destruction or damage is expressed by maka' {yiaka). Ex.: Ang lin-
156 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

dol (1 11 nakaslrd sa bdhni/ (the eartliquake destroyed the house). Examples

in this class with uin :

To kill; (2) to extinguish; to put Pumalay. Ex.: Ako bagd ang papa-
out (as a light). tay ituiig ilaof (Shall I put this
light out? {Hindi, ako mja ang
papalay (no, I will put it out my-

To destroy. Sutnird,. ^Ijig^ strain, what destroyed.

Ex. And ang Kimgmird nang mangd
:

Imlaman? (What has destroyed

tlie jilants?) Ang maiujd baking
ang figaiig lunginipol nang lahat
(the locusts have wiped out every-
thing). {Lumipol, to devastate;
exterminate; wipe out; lay waste;
destroy). Ang isird, the cause of
destruction. Magsird, to destroy
much. Ang pagsirain, what thus
destroyed. Ex.: Pinagsird nang
niangd babug itoiig mmTgd, halaman
(the pigs have destroyed these
plants greatly). Maraming hala-
man ang jjinagslsird nild (many
plants are heing destroyed [by
them] or they are doing much
;

damage to the plants) Masird, .

to be <lestroyed; to spoil. Sird,

spoiled. Sird nu angmataims (the
preserves are spoiled already).
Makasird, to cause to destroy.
Makasisird, destructive. Ang ika-
sird, the cause of spoiling {ang
ikinasisird., present tense). Ma-
nird, to destroy irreparably; com-
pletely; or (2) "by many. (Idiom.
Manirang pari, to destroy the
honor of another; to dishonor.
Magkasirdsird, to be destroyed
completely. Ex. Ang pinagkaka- :

airdsiraan nang niaiTgd baya^ g ang

pagbabakd (war destroys towns
[fig., countries] completely).
To set fire to. Sumunog. Sino bagd ang sungmnnog
nitong balmy na itof ( Who I)urned
this house?) Aywaan ako, j>6 (I
don't know, sir).Ang sini'inog
(what was or has been set fire to).
Magsunog, to burn up (intention-
ally). Ang pinagsdnog, what
burned up thus. Masunog, to burn
up; to be burned. Ex.: Nagsunog
siyd ang dining bdhay (he burned
our house). N^asdnog ang dming
baliay (our house burned down).
Maknsihiog, to cause to set fire to;
also to be burned, as from another
house, etc. Mitgkasunog, to suffer
(many ) from a conflagration. Su-
nog, conflagration (note accent).

III. As a general rule, nm verbs have a corresponding definite with in.

The reverse is not always true, as the acts of causing emotion in others,
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 157

expressed by hi with definite s^entences, take the indefinite with mn {na).

Certain other routs used witii magiia {n<i<ip(i) in the indefinite take the
definite in an. These will be noticed in the proper places.
IV. r*H, with roots denoting weapons, tools, and instruments, expresses
the use of such objects.
Dagger. Iwa. Umhvct, to stab. Ang iwaan,
the person stabbed. Mar/ina, to
wear a dagger. Mam/iwd, to use
a dagger on one's self. Magpa-
jimTgiivd, to wound each other with
daggers (as in a melee).
Spear. Sihat (syn., tandos). iSumihat, to
spear or to throw a spear, jing
slbativ, the object. Any ii^ihat, the
spear thrown. Magsihat, to carry
a spear. A ng pagsibatan, the place.
Adze. Dams. Dumards, to use an adze.
Ang pandards, the adze itseli. Ang
mandarards, the user. Ex. Dara- :

sin mo ito (plane this off).

Scissors. Gunting. Gumunting, to cut with
scissors; to shear. Ang giadiiTgin,
what cut off. A ng gitntiiTgan, from
what. Magnnting, to use the scis-
sors on one's hair, etc. Magupit
is the better word for this last.
Plane. Katain. Ku) na tarn, to \i\2ii\e. Maiig-
atn/atam, planer.
Drum. Gimbal. Guniinibal, to drum. Man-
gigimbal., drummer.
V. Uin is used with roots denoting postures to express such postures or
positions when taken voluntarily.

To stand up; to go to the defense of Tumindig. Angtindigan, the Tperf'on

another; (3) to go to get married. before whom standing; the place
or (3) the woman to be married.
Magtindig, to stand up much.
Ang tindigan, 2) is the person gone
(

against in the defense of another,

and ang itindlg the cause. Mag-
tindigan (dual) two on foot facing
each other, as warriors, etc. A'a-
tindigan, one of two opponents
thus. Ang ipagtiadigan, the cause
of thus facing each other. Ang
pagtindiganan, the j)lace. Ang
tinindigan, the scene of war; field
of battle. Matindig, to be on one's
feet; (2) to be risen. Ako'gnati-
tindig, I am on my
feet. Ak(?y
natindig, 1 had risen. Magpatin-
dig, to stand another on liis feet,
or to stand something ujiright.
Ang pafliidig, the position of l)eing
on one's feet or being upright.
Ex.: Patindigin mo Hong tduo (tell
this man to stand up). Ipatindig
mo itong tduo (stand this man on
his feet). Patindigan mo sa itong
lamesa niyang larauan (stand that
image [statuette; picture] upright
158 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
on this table). Ang ipatindig,
what stood up, or who. Manindig,
to raise, as the hair.
To place one's self in front; to face Tumapat: (2) Ang tapatin, the word
the front; (2) to keep one's word. kept, (l) aiig tapxitmi, the person
fonf rented; also tapatan, a cutoff,
yard, etc. Maglapat, to travel,
talk, or do in a direct course or
manner. (2) Ang ipagtapat, what
just in. Ang pagtapaian, before
whom. ( 1 ) Pagtapatin, two things
placed facing each other. Magta-
pat nawika, straighttalk. Matapat,
to be facing; (2) to belong to some
one. y<datapat siyd sa asaucmg
ivalang bait, he (she) has a wife
(husband) without judgment.
Manapat, a just measure. Ex.:
Manapat na gawd (a just deed).
Magputumapat, to feign to be just.
Ang nagkatatapat, the couple fac-
ing each other (dual). Ang nag-
kataputtapat, the persons facing
each other (plural). Ex., with
magtapat, in the sense of planting
in rows, as trees, etc. Bdkit hindi
:

mo piinagtapat ignng manga hala-

inaiif (Why didn't you set out
those plants right?) Pagtapatin
mo namda ang maiTgd kdhoy (put
the trees in rows, too).
To kneel. Lumuhod. Aug luluhoran, before
whom or what place. Luhoran,
cushion. Magluhod, to kneel
much; or by many; to cause an-
other to kneel; to kneel with
something. Ang ihihod, the ob-
.

ject knelt with. Maluhod, to kneel

involuntarily or unconsciously; to
be kneeling; also adj. kneeling; to
be on the knees. Xaluluhod sild,
they are on their knees. Mapalu-
hod, to remain kneeling. Magpa-
tihihod, to kneel suddenly. Ang
paluliod, the position of kneeling.
Ang tnhod, the knee. Tumuhod,
to tdurh with the knee purposely.
Mali'iliod, to touch with the knee
accidentally or casually. {Mali'i-
hod, to be humble. Tumikluhod,
)

to kneel (down). Magtikluliod, to

kneel down much. Ang tikluho-
ran, the place or the person knelt
to. Ang ikapntUduhod, the cause
of many kneeling. Also inanikhi-
hod, to kneel down. Ang paniklu-
horaii, the place or pcr.^on knelt
to. Ang ip'tnikhdtod, the cause.
Magpanikluhod, to kneel much.
Angpagpapaniklulioran, the kneel-
ing people (many). See conjuga-
tion of nuiniklii]iod.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 159
To lean upon; to recline. Hum 'dig. Ang ihilig, what part of
the body leaned upon. Ang hiii-
gan, the place; couch, etc. (//«-
milig is "to weave." Note accent.
To lie down. Humiga. (Previously explained in
detail.
To lie face downward. Tumaob. Magtaob, to place another
downward.
face
To prostrate one's self. Dumapd. Marapd, to fall prostrate
(accidentally).
To lie on the side (action); to place Tamag'did. Magtitgilid, to be lying
one's self on one's side. on the side ( state ) Ang jyalagUid,
.

the position of lying on the side.

GUid is side; also entrance to a
house.
To lie on the back (action); to place Tutu ihayd. MatihaycL, to be lying on
one's self on the back. the back (state). Ex.: Bdtit ka
nalitihagd? (Why are you lying on
your back?) Mapatlhuyd, to fall
on the back. Aug patihagd, the
position of being on the back.
To crouch on hands and feet (not Tuinuad. Magpatuad, to stand on
bending knees). all four feet (as an animal).
To sit down; to take a seat. Umupo (one). Magiipo (more).
Maupu, to be seated (state). Ang
paiipo, the sitting position. Ex.:
Ito'y gngau-'in inong nang paupd
(This will have to be done by you
while sitting down).
To sit down to rest ('oriefly). Maglikmu. Ang likmoan, the resting
place.

VI. used to express voluntarily or involuntarily (but consciously)

I'm is
performed life-supporting actions and organic functions of the body, except
some which are used with mag, and a few with man. Some actions of
inanimate objects also follow this rule.
To eat. Kumaln. (Partly explained before.
Magkain, to eat much or by many. ;

Magkainkalnan, to nibble (dim.).

Ex. Nagkakainkainan siyd, he is
:

nibbling (pretending to eat).

MaiTgain, to eat continually; to de-
vour. J/rtA'ai/i, edible (adj.). 3/«-
kakain, able to be eaten. Magpa-
kain, to give food to another person
or animal. Ang pakanin, who or
Avhat fed. Ang ipakain, the food
given. Ang pakaninun, the place.
Ex.: Papakain ka kny Juan (ask
Juan to give you something to eat)
Ipapakain mo sa "cociyieru" itong
batcl ( Tell the cook to give this boy
(child) something to eat). Bdkit
hindt mo pinakakain itong manga
<auo.^( Why
aren't you feedingthese
people.) Pakanin }no iTija .<(*7a, feed
them. And ang ipinakakain mo sa
kanild? (What are you giving
them [to eat]?) Pina'kain ko sUd
nang kamn,p6. ( I havegiven them
some rice, sir.
160 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To swallow food. Lumamon. (Already explained.)
To swallow pits or seeds of fruit. Lumunok. Ang lunokin, what swal-
lowed.
To drink. U}ni7inm. Maginum, to drink much
or by many. (Partly explained
before.) Aug piiiainnm, who or
what given adrink. Ang Ipninum,
the drink given. Palainum, ha-
bitual drinker, l^ninum has an
irregular form of conjugation like
nmalis.
To swallow liquids. Lumagok. Kalagok, a swallow. Ka-
kalagok, only one swallow.
(b.)

To show the teeth; to grin. jS'gumisi. Also magiTgiisl and iTgingi-

siiTgisi. Ang ang ip<i-
iiTgisi or
iTijisi, the cause of showing the
teeth, or the mouth and teeth.
Ang i7ij'nwvjmhan, the person or
animal the teeth shown to. Syn.,
Ngumisngis. The wild hog is called
i\'^i!>i' when the tusks begin to show.
To smile bashfully. Xgu m it I. A ngthe smile or the
iiTljitt,

mouth. i7gitian, the person

AiTg
or object smiled at thus.
To laugh (voluntarily). Tuniaua. Magtmia, to laugh much,
or by a few. MaiTgagtaua, to laugh
(by many). Tataua nang tataua,
to laugh and laugh over again.
Magtauanan, to laugh at each
other. Angtauanan, what laughed
at by one or a few. Ang pagtau-
andn, what laughed at by uianj-.
Aug ilaud, the cause (one orfew).
Ang ipagtaua, the cause of many
laughing. Mataua, to laugh invol-
untarily; to giggle. Biikit hi na-
tatauaf [ Why are you giggling so?)

Makataua or niagpotaua, to cause

laughter. Ang katand, the com-
panion in laughter. Matauanin,
laughing person.
To sob. Humibik. Also hibikhibik. Ang
ihibik or ang ikahibik, the cause.
A variation is humvnbik or himhik-
himbik.
To shed tears; to cry quietly, Lumuha. Ang nagluluha, the eyes
shedding tears. Ang ilulid, the
tears. Ang linuluJiaan, the person
before whom teai"s are shed, etc.
MagkaluJia, to shed tears uncon-
sciously. Lnngmalngoslus angluhd,
the tears are trickling.
To weep. Tumaiujis. (Already explained.)
To snore. HuntiUk. Ang Jiilik, the snorer.
Also IhunikaJ), var. Juonigab.
These last words al.>^o mean "to
yawn." Maghilik, to snore much.
Ang paghilik, the great snorer.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 161

Also mcu/hikab. Ex.: NaghUdkab

amj makukatulog (the sleejier is
snoring a great deal Hihikahh i-
) .

kah, to breathe with great ditfi-

culty, as a dying man.
To spit; to expectorate. Lumuru. To i)ertV)rm the same act
as a sign of disgust at anyone, man-
hird. Lulunht, spittoon; cuspi-
dor.
To bite. Kumagat. (Already explained.
To scratch another. Kum&mot. Magkdmot, to scratch
one's self. Ang paw/c'tmot, the
scratcher (instrument).
To blow the nose. Sumin/a.
To "Sneeze. Bumahin. Palahahlu or mapug'ua-
hii), a person who sneezes much.
To make Avater (voluntarily). VmUii. I'anuhtg is a more polite
term.
To stool. Tumae. Saan ang kumon? (Where
is the water-closet?)
To drip; to run through a pipe (as Tuviulo.
water and other liquids).
To trickle; to run in a small stream. Liimagoslos. (Idiom)

VII. Roots which express objects which may be produced by slow self-
sustaining processes generally take tun to indicate the process, although
some important ones take vian (q. v. ), the latter usually commencing with 6.
To come up, to grow up (as plants); Tiimuhb. Tuhoan, plant already
to bear (to give birth to), as ani- sprouted (usually applied to cocoa
mals. Manganak is "to bear a palm). Magtubo, to gam; to win.
child." KatiUubo, of the same age; born
at the same time (no relationship
idea). Magpatubo, to invest; to
put out at interest. Ex.: Bdkit
hindt mo siya pinauutang nang sa-
laptf (Why don't you lend him
some money?) Sa pagkaH imM,
at ang dking salapt a>/ pinatuboan
ko (Because I have none [to lend],
and my money has ]>een invested ).
iS'a limang piso va inntang ko kay

Juan, ag pinatntnhb ako niyd sa

pesos which
isa)ig salajn (for live
I have borrowed from Juan he is
now asking mea half peso as in-
terest). And f (What?) Isaitg sa-
lapt ang ipinatutubd ni Juan sa
dking sa limang piso ita inutang ko
sa kan iyd ( A
half peso is the inter-
est asked me
by Juan on five pesos
which I borrowed from him).
Ex. " To come up.
: Tungmutubb
'
'

hagd ang maiTgd silif (Are the

peppers [chiles] coming up?)
To put forth shoots. Sumibol. hungmisibol na ang manga
halaman sa lialanuxnan, the plants
in the garden are already putting
out shoots. (2) Also applied to
the growth of the beard and other
actions of like nature. Masibol, to

6855—05 11
162 TAGALOG LANGUAGE,
well out, as water from a well or
spring. AiKj sihol^'iu, the inonths
during which the rice sprouts, etc.
To bud. Umusboiiij, from usbong, bud. Magus-
bong, to have buds. iiyn.,usb(')sa.nd
ugbiU. Uinugbiis, to bud, to sprout.
Ex. with usbung: Unginuusboug na
ang mumja knliog (the trees are
budding out now).
To sprout (especially of tubers, like Sinnnlol, irom stUol, a sprout.
the gabi and the camote).
To sprout (as suckers from the trunk Samupling. Ang suplhTgan, the tree.
of or at the foot of a tree).
VIII. Um expresses (1) meteorological phenomena, provided the root
does not commence with b: and (2) astronomical transitions, if the change
is represented as occurring and the phenomena are not otherwise expressed.
Ex. (1):
To rain; to be raining. Vtnulan. Unmlunulnn, to drizzle.
Magulan, to sow seed or to do any-
thing in the rainy season. Ang
tagulan, the rainy season. Puna-
gulan, land which is planted in
the rainy season. Ang uL'in, the
rain. Maulan, to have many rains;
also to be caught in the rain. Ex.
Naglalakad kanii'y naulanan (We
were walking along and were
caught in the rain).
To blow; to be blowing; to be windy. IlumaiTgia (from hawjiii, wind).
M(ighaiT</tn, to blow continuously
or much. MagpaliaiTijin, to wait
until the wind changes; also to
put anything out in the wind.
MagpaJiaiTi/in, to place one's self
where the wind is blowing. ( Note
accent.
To lighten; to be lightening. KiunidUit (from kidkd, a flash of
lightning) Magkidkd, to lighten
.

much. ()\<\ioTm,kirl(d. Syn., kdat

( rare)
To be struck by lightning. Liimintlk (from
llntik. The "thun-
derbolt")
To thunder. Kumulog. Mngkulog, to thunder a
great deal.
Ex. (2):

To dawn. Umagd (from agd morning). (2) to

rise early. Magagd, to rise early
(many ), as a regiment, etc.
(3) to ;

eat early. Ang agaan, what eaten

thus, i. e., the breakfast. Paagd,
tocome early. Naagd sigd, he
came early. Aiig Ipaagd, M^hat is
to be done early.
To shine (as the sun) to be sunny Vmdrao (from arao. (1) Sun; (2)
(2) to grow light. day; (3) weather.) Mugarao, to hQ
very sunny. Madrao, to be over-
heated by the sun. Houag kang
mal'is i~gaij(V g maaaraudn ka't niaii-
nUan (Don't go out now, because
the sun will be out and you will
 TAOALOG LANGUAGE. 163

get overheated ) . Mangdrao, to use

daily. Ang pamjdraodrao, what is
used daily or something for daily
use. Magpadrao, to wait until the
sun shines; (2) to wait for day;
(3) to sun one's self; (4) to put an
object in the sunshine. Ex.: (3)
Houag kang magpadrao (Do not
sun yourself). (4) Magpadrao ka
nang darnil (Sun the clothes).
Magpakadrao, to continue at a
thing until daylight. Ex.: Nag-
pakadrao siydng vuigdral (He
studied until daylit^ht).
To become late. Humapon (from hapon, the time be-
tween noon and dark; afternoon
(Northern United States); even-
ing (Southern United States).
(2) To go to roost, as chickens.
Magliapon, all day. Kahapon,
yesterday. K. nang umagd, yes-
terday morning. A', nang hapon,
yesterday afternoon (evening).
K. sa gabi, last night. Mamayang
hapon, later in the afternoon
(evening). Mahapon, to eat sup-
per. Ang haponan, the meal.
Manighapon (from tighapon), to
do something in the afternoon or
evening (generally applied to
looking after plants, etc. ).
To become night; to do anything Ginnabi (from gabi), night. P^x.:
at night; to be overtaken by night. Magmadali ka't gagabihin sa gubal
(Make haste or you will be over-
taken by night in the timber).
Nagahihan siyd sa ddan (Night
overtook him on the road). Mag-
pakagabi, to continue at a thing
until night. Ex.: Nagpakagabi
silang magdral (They studied until
night).
To grow dark. Dumilim. (Already explained.)
To grow cloudy; dark. Lumimlim (from limlim). Malimlim,
to be cloudy,etc. Lumimlim also
means to cluck, as a hen when
she lays an egg. Ang linilimliman,
the egg laid. Magpalimlim, to set

To grow dark; to become twilight. Sumilim. Ex. Pasilimin ta muna bago

:

Jumdkad (I^et us wait for dusk be-

fore we march ) Lit.
. Walk on "
'
'

(2) To penetrate (as the cold).

(2) SinisUim ako nang lamig (I am
chilled through by the cold).
To eclipse (lit. "to be dragoned"'). Lumahb. Lumamon, "to swallow,"
and kurnain, "to eat," are also
used. Ex.: Linainon{kinain)nang
laho ang bouan (The moon has been
swallowed [eaten] by the eclipse
[dragon]). Rahu is the dragon
of Hindu mythology which tries
1(34 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
to eat the sun and moon from
time to time.
To rise; to shine out. Suiinlang. Sungmilang i>a ang drao
(The sun has already risen Susi- ) .

huig (Dig boiKnig madali The moon [

will rise quickly). Snvgminkmg

ang mai~ja bitnin (the stars are
shining). Aug silcnTijim, the East.
Ang fiinilaiTgan, what was lit up
by the rise of the sun or the
moon, or the shining. out of the
stars. MagpaK'dang, to wait until
one of above-mentioned Ijodies
rise. Ex.: Batit liind'i mo pinam'i-
lang muna ang drao? ( Why don't
you wait until sunrise?) PasilarTgin
tn muna ang drao (Let us wait until
the sun rises).
To come out; to rise; as the sun, Sumikat. Ex.: (1) Sisikat no a7ig
moon, or stars. (2) To fill up drao {bouan) (the sun [moon] will
with people; as a church, house, rise soon). (2) Suniisikai (na-nsi-
etc. katan) ang bdhay vang tduo (The
house is filling with peo-
[filled]
ple). Magjmg'ikat, to wait until
rising of sun, moon, etc., takes
place. Ex. Pasikatin mo ang drao
:

(Wait until the sun rises).

To set (as the sun); jirimary mean- Lumunod. Ang A'aZiotoi'fm, the West;
ing, "to drown." Application as lit. "the drowning place." Ex.:
to sun from fact that sun sets in Lungmunod ang drao (The sun has
the sea to Tagalogs. set). Lungmulunodangtduo (The
man is drowning himself) Mab'i- .

nod, to be drowned. With urn.

volition may be understood, and
with ma accident.
To dive; to plunge into; to go to the Lumubog. Lumubog ang arao (The
bottom. ( 2 ) To set, lit. to dive, sun basset). Lit. "dived." Mag-
' '
'

as the sun. h'lbog, to jjlunge another or an ob-

ject under the water.

IX. Um is used with roots when attraction toward the agent is expressed,
or when the agent gains control of something. The opposite idea of los-
ing control, etc., is sometimes expressed with the same root, and in other
cases with different roots, the particle ?/i«^ being then the verbalizer.
To buy. Burnil't. Maghili, to sell. (Both of
these have already been ex-
plained. )
To borrow. Umutang. Magdiang, to lend. (Both
partly explained before.) Ex.:
Uutamjan ko d Tomds nang limang
piso (i will borrow 5 pesos from
Tomds). Kautangan, (abs. ) debt.
Pautang, credit.
To exchange; to barter. Pumalit. Ang jyinalit, what ex-
changed or bartered.
To take. Kn)nn}ia. Aiig jiagkuha, the act of
taking. (Forms with in, i, ika,
ikina, and an have been explained
heretofore.
To redeem; to ransom. Sumdkop. Magsdkop, to redeem
mui'h. Masdkop, to be dominated.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 165

Ang sdkop, the vasHel or follower.

Makasdkop, to be able to dominate.
Nasasakopun niyd any buyan (The
village [town] is under his rule).
Lit.: "The town is ruled by
him."
To encounter; to strike. Sumumpong.
To purloin; to filch; to steal. Umumit. Ang umitin, what pur-
loined. Maumitin or mapagumit,
purloiner.
To catch; to yeize; etc. Humidi. Ex.: Iha ang pogong huli
na, sa huhnlihin pa (Better the
quail caught already than that
which has yet to be caught ) T. P..
—
Manhul'i, to live by robbery.
Among other words coming under this cla.«s may be mentioned tuman-
gap, "to accept or receive;" (/fOHoA;*/;, "to seize or catch hold of;" umdbut,
"to overtake; to reach;" and sumaluhong, "to go out to meet anyone;"
all of which have been explained before.
X. Urn exj)resses voluntary acts of agents upon others when mutuality,
duality, or plurality is not denoted. The latter are expressed by »»"</, an
being generally suffixed for mutuality. Examples:
To accompany, Sumama. Magsama, to accompany
each other (two or more). Ang
kasama, the companion (servant).
Ang kasaniahan, the person accom-
panying another. Makimma, to
thrust one's self into the company
of another. Magkasama, togather,
as a crowd. Svmamd is "to go
into partnership," and Snmamd is
"to become bad or evil." These
examples show the great impor-
tance of accent in Tagalog.
To leave another. Hiimiwalai/. Ang hhvalayan, the
person left. Maghhcalay, to sepa-
rate mutually. Mahiwnlay, to
part accidentally or casually, etc.
Syn. tiwalag, with the same com-
binations and meanings as above.
Both probably from iralu, without;
not to have, etc. Tiwalag is often
used in the sense of divide, but
watak is better. Magkawalakwalak,
to be divided into many parts.
To join with; to unite with. Punilsan. Magpisanor magkapisan,
to associate together. Ex.: Ang
plnagkakapimnan nang maiTgd ka-
runongan, the uniting place of the
sciences (knowledge, diinong),
i. e., scientific society, imiversity,
etc. Fimn as an
adjective means
"merely; purely." There is a
noun pisan meaning " sudden
death." ^fakaplsan, to kill
another suddenly.
To talk to; (2) to sue another or I'mdmp. Ang iisapin, the person
bring suit. sued. Ang kausap, the compan-
ion in conversation. Magusap, to
converse (two or more); (2) to sue
166 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
one another; to litigate. Maruju-
sap, to talk much; to talk to an
audience. Ex. Houag mo akong
:

lakasan nang paiujiuTgi'isap (don't

talk to me so much in such a
rough way). (As the variations
of the idea " to sue " are derived,
they will be omitted). Makipagu-
sap, to converse with another; (2)
to thrust one's self into a conversa-
tion. FjX.: Ibig mongmakijmgi'isap
sa akin? (do you wish to have a
talk with me?). Opo (yes, sir).
NgaipVy hbuU mangyayari, it is not
possible just now). Makipakiusap,
to rush uninvited into a conversa-
tion between others. Palausap, a
barrator or perpetual bringer of
groundless suits. Maghipakmsap,
to become a barrator. Ex. Na- :

ginpidai'tsap siyiVt iiaglnmalalavgo-

hin (he has become a barrator and
common drunkard). The first
vice, barratry, is very prevalent
with Tagalogs; the second is very
rare. It would be unusual to find
the combination set forth above,
but grammatically it is an excel-
lent example with inagin.
To reprove. Umauuy. Magamnj, to quarrel with.
Kaduay, antagonist; enemy.
Ang ipaguuay, the cause of quar-
rel. Ex. Atig ipinaganay mnig
:

manga kapidbdhay namin ay ang

aso ni Feliciano, pu ( a dog of Fe-
liciano was the cause for the quar-
rel of our neighbors ) Jtong bdhay .

na Ho ang pinaganaynn nUd (this

house is where they have been
quarrelling [or where they quar-
reled]). Makipagduay, to pick a
.
quarrel or to interfere in a quarrel.
Magkaduay, to quarrel (two or
more). Nagkaduay a tig dalairang
magasaua sa tiangi (the husband
and wife quarrelled in the market
place).

XI. Uin also expresses movement in itself; movement from an outside

agency being expressed by mag, except for the root ha)~go, which takes
um. Ex.
To walk; to pass on; to march; to Lumdkad. Ang lakann,vi\\a.\.\\a\^v{\
travel (on foot). for, i. the object of walking.
e.,
Ex.: AniVt h'lndi ka Inngmaldkad
nang mahdinf (why don't you
walk more quickly?). Magldknd,
to walk much or quickly; to carry
something while walking. Ang
ildkad, the means of walking, as
the foot, or the object carried
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 167

along. .Inglakaran, the person

walked or the place walked to.
to,
Ang jxKjlakdri'iu, the route, path,
or road, etc., walked over. Ang
maglalakad, the walker; traveler.
Maglabidldku'l (dim.), to stroll.
Avg paglakadlakarnn, the ground
strolled over. Mag/xddkad, to or-
der or cause to walk uj) or go
ahead. Makalukad, to be able to
walk. Ex.: Palakarinmo >Ti/n iycmg
cabaijo it/an (make that horse walk
up ) Hindi viakula kad sign tjnUuj,
. '

p6 (he is not able to travel; he i.s

lame, sir). Nukahddkadako (I am
able to walk). Nakalalnkad siyci
Sana (he may be able to walk).
Lumakhay is " to go a longways
on foot;" "to make a hike." It
has the same changes and varia-
tions as Idkad. There are several
other variations of the idea, all
rare.
To run. Tumakbo. Already explained.
To jump. Lumokso. Already explained.
To leap down. Tumalon. Ang trdonan, the place.
Ex.: Tumalon ka sa tubig (jump
into the water).
To leap or jump down; to alight. Lnmusong. Already explained.
To swim. LwnaiTgoy. Already explained.
To dive. Lumubog. Already explained; syn.,
sisid.
To stop. Tiiinahdn. Magtalidn, tostopanother;
Magtahanan, to stop each other
(two). Nagtalian sXreeixn Manila
means "stopping place," as it ends
at the bank of the Pasig River.
To cease; to end, etc. Hnmumpay. Walang humpay, end-
less.
To run away. Tiimanau.
To hide (from fear). Tiunakas. Ang magtatakas, mataka-
sin, or palatakas, the hider (person
hiding).
To pull out; to takeout; to draw out. HitmatTgo. This form originally
meant redeem another from
to
slavery, and um has been retained
while the meaning has changed.
MaghaiTijo (now out of use) meant
to redeem one's self from the same
condition.
To crawl; to walk on all fours. Gumapang. Ang bakX ay nakagagd-
pang (the child is able to crawl).
XII. Vm is used with voluntary actions vapon or against another. Ac-
tions affecting the subject are exjjressed with mag. Vm is not used with
involuntary actions, as matisod, "to stumble." Ex.:

To wash the face of another. Ilumilamos, evidently from damos;

amos, idea of dirtiness of the face.
Ex.: Amosamosan ang mukhd mo
(your face is very dirty). Ang
hilamosan, the person washed.
168 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
lYibig na hihilamosin, wash water.
Magldlamo», to wash one's face
(occasionally). Manhilamos, to
wash one's face (habitually). Ang
ipanJiikunoSjihemeani^, i. e., hands,
sponge, wash rag, water used, etc.
Ang pnnhilamosan, the place, i. e.,
the wash basin, etc.
To comb the hair of another. Siimuklay. Magi^uklay, to comb one'
hair. Ang snklayin, what combed,
i. e., Ang jxigsuklnyin,
the hair.
what combed much. Ang pagsu-
klayan, what combed upon. Ang
isuklay, the means, etc. ^ing su-
klay, the comb. Magpasuklay, to
order to comb; also to allow one's
hair to be combed.
To shave another. Umaldt. Magakit, to shave ones-
self. Ang pagaJut, the act of
shaving (another). Angpagadhit,
the act of shaving ones-self.
Mam/dhit, to shave (as an occupa-
tion). Ang manadldt, the barber.
Ang jiandhit, the means, i. e., the
razor. Magpadhit, to order to
shave; also to get shaved. Ex.:
Magpadhit ka kuy Juan (Tell Juan
to shave you). M.igpadlul kay
Juan si Pedro (Tell Juan to shave
Pedro). Aug jti nagaaldtan, the
place of being shaved, 1. e., the
barber shop. Ang ahitan, the per-
son shaved. (See phrases also.
To cut hair. Gmmtpit. Maggvpit, to cut one's
own hair. Aog guntjjit, what has
been cut, or the person whose hair
has l)een cut. Ganmpit also means
to cut metal. The use of shears is
implied in all cases. (See the
phrases for examples.
To cure another. Gumamot. Maggamot, to cure ones-
self. Mangamot, to cure profes-
sionally, i. e., to practice medicine.
Kagamotan (abs. ), medicine.
Ang mangagamot, the physician.
Ang pangamoHn, the person cured.
Magamot, to have much medicine,
or to have many kindsof medicine.
(Idiom:) Wahtug gamol ang limot,
there is no cure for the forgetful.
Ex.: Bago dumdthig ang sakit,
lagydn nang gamot (Before illness
comes, apply the remedy). T. P. —
362. This seems to be an adapta-
tion from the Spanish.
To scratch another. Kumdmot. (Already explained.)
To whip another. Humampds. Maghampds, to whip
ones-self (as inpenance). Ang
hampasm, the person whipped.
Ang hampdn sa kalabao'y sa cabayo
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. Ifi9

aiKj latay (the lash to the carabao

and the welt to the horse). — T. P.
376.
To cane or clul) another. Pumalb. Magpaloan, to cudgel each
other. Ang pamalo, the garrote.
XIII. Um is also used to express voluntary acts of the senses, except
with those roots which commence with b. Ex.
To look for; to see by so looking. Kumila. Magk'dd, to look at each
other (two or more). Magkitd, to
look at intently, or atmany things.
Makild,, to be seen. Makakila, to
see (casually). Ex.: AkiVynaka-
kikitd (1 am able to see). Ako'y
nakakitcl nang isang tauo diydn (I
saw a person there). Nakitd mo
hagd siydf (Did you see him
[her] ?) Hindi, tiguvi't makikitcL
ko Sana, (no but I may be able to
[see] ) Magkakitd, to be deceived
.

by the sight. Ex.: Nagkakak'mi

kitd ako? (Do I see visions?)
Nagkakakinikitaan akd (My sight
deceives me). Nagkak'mitaan akd
(My sight deceived me).
To hear (by listening). Dumiiigig. (Already explained.)
To feel; to touch. Humipb. Maghipo, to touch much.
Ang hipoin, what touched.
To smell of. Umamoy. Ex.: Amoyin mo ltd
(smeil this). Mnamoy, to smell
casually. Ex.: Naaamoy mo bagd
ang haju/ong isinasainbdlal nang
main/d bidaklakf (Do you smell
the fragrance shed by the flowers?)
Makaamoy, to be able to smell
something. Nakaaamoy kaf (Can
you smell anything? ) Aso, smoke.
To taste; to relish (purposely). Lnmasap. Ang lasapin, y,-hat tSLsted.
Makalasap, to taste (casually ) also ;

to cause a relish.

XIV. Some roots denoting passions and emotions of a certain kind are
conjugated by um, when the idea of voluntary action is expressed. Other
roots of this nature are conjugated by mag. When casual, ideas of emo-
tions, etc., are expressed with ma. Ex.:
To love. Suminid. (Already explained.) Of
Sansk. origin, through INIalay. Ln-
miyag is a synonym, now rare.
To care for; to desire; to wish. Umlbig. Mag 1 lig, to long ior. Magi-
1

bigan, to like each other (two).

Ang in'ibig, what liked. Ang ini-
ibig,the person who is liked and
reciprocates the liking. Angpagi-
big, the wish, desire, liking. Ang
pagkaibii, the act of liking, desire,
etc. Ang pinagibigan, what mutu-
ally longed for. Maihig ( adj. ) lov- ,

ing, (2) capricious, (3) to have

a liking for. Ang naibig, the per-
son liked, but who is unaware of
170 TAOALOG LANGUAGE.
the fact. Maibig'in, an amorous
man; a iiirt. Maknlh'uj, to care for
naturally. Kaibif]('in (abst. ), love,
Aug kmhkjan (note ac-
de.'^ire.
cent) the friend.
, Aug kinuibigan,
what loved. Kaibigibig (adj.),
amiable; loving. Absolute, ibig.
And ang ibig mof {
What do you
wish?) Ibig viong mnnama act akinf
(Do you wif-h to go with me?)
MaiTglbig, 1 ) to like many
( (2) to ;

flirt habitually; (.')) to care first

for one thing and then another.
Ex. with Ibig, T. P. A ng iunay na
:

pagibig Itangan sa huli matamis

(True love is sweet to the end).
446. Kung tapat ang pag'ibig, mn-
pait man ay matamis When love is (

real even bitter is sweet). 447. —

To caress; to fondle. Umirog. Ang irogin, the person ca-
ressed. Mairugiri, an affectionate
person. Ang bii/ihja't irog f^igang
nakalalamug (gifts and caresses
gain over what can not otherwise
be gained ).—T. P. 144.
To like; (2) to desire. Puinita. Mapitahin, a desirous per-
son. Ay ang pita nang loob ko (It
is the desire of my heart). Mag-
pita ka sa kaniya nang anoinang ibig
mo (Ask him for anything you
wish). FitJiaya is a rather rare
synonym. Fumithaya, to like; to
desire.

XV. f'm used with sa, "at," "in," denotes permanency in anyplace.
Ex.: Ang marTijd Americaiio sungmasa sangkapuluan (The Americans are
settling permanently in the archipelago).
XVI. Via is also used in some places to express the idea that what may
be signified by the root is taking place here, there, and everywhere; the
idea of confusion being inherent. Ex.: Umduay {or auayan) doun (all is
quarreling there). Umasdua {asauin) dito (everyone is getting married
here).
Um is also used for the imperative in Manila, the tenses being distin-
guished by adverbs of time, but this is probably due to the fact that the
speakers of Tagalog in Manila generally have some knowledge of Spanish,
which confuses their grasp of the nice distinction of tense in pure Tagalog.
XVII. Um, used with some roots indicating certain actions means to be
occupied in a matter, although perhaps not actually performing the act
indicated. Ex.: Sumusulat si Juan (Juan is busy with writing).

IRREGULARITIES.

XVIII. In some parts of the Tagalog region the present tense of the in-
definite with the primary idea (besides the regular formation with imgm
and the reduplications of the first syllable of the root), is sometimes ex-
pressed by the particle na prefixed to the root. Ex.
To read. Biimasa, from Sansk. wdchd "word,"
"discourse." There are three
forms of the present indef. with
primary idea. Ex.: Ak(? y nabasa
(I ain [or was] reading). Aku'y
 TAQALOG LANGUAGE. I7l

nuhumCy nakatulog ak6{\ was read-

ing and fell asleep). Nanimi aki>
(I am reading). Bungmaham. uko
(I am reading). (Stie tables for
other tenses. ) Aug basahin, what
read. Ang basaha», the person
read to. Basuhan, professor, lec-
turer. Magbcu^a, to read much,
or by many. Aug pagbam, the act
of reading. Mababasa, anything
legible. Ex.: Nabasa mo na avg
librong ipinahiram ko sa iyn? ( Had
you [have you already] read the
book 1 lent you?) Hivdi ko pa tw-
basa (I have not finished reading
it yet). Magjxibasa, to order to
read. Ex. : Nagpapabnsa ang
vuuTgaaral sa maiTga butd (the
teacher is ordering the children to
read). Mabasah'm; viamama.ta or
palabasa, reader. Tagabasa, reader
by occupation. Basn is also ap-
plied to a gravestone. Bumam
( from bam )
'
is "to wet, to moisten.
,

This last is evidently a Malayan

word; Malay, busahkun, to wet or
moisten. Basa (from Sansk.
wcichd) means language, speech, in
Malay, while bacha has been se-
lected to represent the idea of read-
ing.
To write. Sumi'ilat (from Arabic s'urat, a chap-
ter of the Koran, tlirough Malay).
This root has been softened to si'ibit
in Visayan and Tagalog, but in
Bicol and Ilocano it is still surat.
Ibanag uses the root tt'irak. There
is also a root iitik in Tagalog, mean-
ing "to write," "to record." There
'

is also a word meaning

'
to print.'

It is magpalamau, with a primary

meaning of being implanted in the
heart. Ex.: Nasulat siga (he is
writing) Sunymusi'dat s'tya (he is
.

writing). Aug sulalin, what writ-

ten. Ex.: And ang susrdatin vang
amci mo
sa iyong kapatid na lalakif
(What will your father write to
your brother?) hulat itiyd ilong
paiu'dat (let him write with this
pen) (means of writing). Jshii'dat
na niyd sa kaniyd na parito siyd
pagdaka (he has written him al-
ready to come here at once). Ang
sidaian, the paper written upon,
or the writing desk, place, etc.
Ex.: Sidatan mo ilong pujid (write
on this paper). Anubagd angsinu-
latun 7110 nang maw/a pain/alan?
( Which paper did you write the
names upon?) Jtong papel )iait6'y
172 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
s'nfang sasulatan niyd (this paper
is for him to write upon [fut.]).
Magsulat, to write much or 1 y man}'. >

Magsulatsulatan (dim.), to write a

little; to scribble. Ex.: N<n/.'<n.<m-
Idti^uhdaii aku (I am writing,' a little;
I am scribbling) . Mani'dat, to write
as an occupation. Ang 7niinunulat,
the clerk; writer. Ang pani'dat,
the pen, stylus, brush, etc. (See
also under mata, magpa, and maki).
Mapagsulnt, a person who writes
much.
To eat. Kvmam. ( Already explained. Ex. )

with na: Nakaln siyd (he is eat-

ing) Kimgmakam siyd ( he is eat-
.

ing [regular form]).

To buy. Bumil'i. (Already explained. ) Ex.
Nabili aku nung damil (I am buy-
ing some clothes). Also bungmi-
bili ako nang damif.
T(.) obey; to follow. Sumnnod. Nasunod siyd, he is obey-
ing or obeys. Ang sundalong sung-
nnisunod, simorin sii/d. kun oficial
(the obedient soldier will be
obeyed when an officer himself).
Magsunoran, to follow each other.
Magsunodsunod, to follow in rapid
succession (many). Magsiuinmod,
to follow closely, also two children
born in succession. Magkasiuini-
nod, to follow wdierever another
may go, or to obey implicitly.
Ex. Nagkukusumunod ang sundalo
:

sa piniongniyd (the soldier follows

his wherever he goes).
officer
Sinoang plnagkasumunddn inof
(Who are you obeying so implic-
itly?)Ang punong ko (my com-
mander). Ano ang ipinagkakasu-
munod mo \jtiny6'\ sa kaniyd?
(Why do you [ye] obey him so
implicitly?) Ako'y sundalo, pu (I
am a soldier, sir).
To resist; disobey; contradict; con- Sum uay. Nasuay siyd he is disobey-
,

tend with. ing. Magsuay, to disobey, etc.

(much). Masuay, disobedient;
contradictory. Magsuai/an to con- ,

tradict each other. Magsisuay, to

disobey (many). Kasuayan, dis-
obedience.
To show anger; (2) to tnrn aside Tumdhog. Ex.: Xatdbog siyd (he
from. shows anger; he is turning aside).
To stand up; to rise to the feet. Tuniindig. Natindig siyd (he is ris-
ing to his feet). Verb has already
been explained.
To sit down. Umupo. Naupu sild (the}' are sitting
down). Verb has already been
explained.
To look at. TumiiTgin. NatiiTijin ako (I am look-
ing). Verb has already been
explained.
 TAOALOG LANGUAGE. 173
XIX. Bisyllabic (two-.syllal)le(l) roots comnienfinjj with }i, k, p, t, or a
vowel, generally admit of a similar irregularity in the imperative, past, and
present tenses; n l)eing prefixed to vowel ro<")ts for the past and present
tenses and m for the imperative, while the initial letter of h, k, p, and t
roots changes to n for the past and present tenses, and to m for the
imperative.
To read. Bumasa. Ex.: [Irreg.) Masa ka;
(Reg.) Binnasa ka {read). (I.)
^Y«.sa ako; (R.) Bungmasa uko (I
read [past tense]). [I.) Xanam
ako; R. ( ) Bungmaham aku (I am
reading) . The other tenses are
regular. Ex.: Nakaham ako (1
had read). Babasa ako (I shall
read). Makahasaako (I shall have
read). Ang pagbasa, the act of
reading.
To capture. Bumihag. Kabihagan, captivity.
Same as foregoing.
To take. A'umw/i a (partly explained before).
Imp., Muha ha; kunwha ka; kulia
ka (take) Past, Nuha ako; kung-
.

viuha ako (I took). Pr., Nunnha

ako; kungmukuha ako (I am tak-
ing). 'PXy»., Nakakuha ako {Ih&iX
taken). F., Knkuha ako (I shall
take). F. P., Makakuha ako (1
shall have taken). MaiTjjuJta, to
take habitually. Aug pa)Tj/unin,
what taken habitually. (Note that
the u is all that remains of kuha.)
Makakuha, to be able to take.
Ex. Nakuha nila iyang maiTga
:

bunga (they were able to take that

^fruit [pi.]).
To go for; to bring; to call. Kumaon. Conj. Yxkekunniha. (Al-
ready explained.)
Toenter; to come in; to go in ^vol- Pumasok. Masok ka; pumdsok ka
untarily) (come in) N&sok sigd; pungmd-
.

sok siyd (he went in). Nandsok

Slid; pungmapdmk sild (they are
going in) . Nakapdsok ako (I had
gone in). Papdsok ako (I will go
in) . Ang pagpdmk, tlie act of en-
tering. Magpasok, to enter much.
Magpdsok, to put something in-
side. Aug pasukin, the object of
entrance. Avg ipdsok, w^hat put
inside. Ang j)asukan, the door
entered or the house, etc. Nasok
i<ilang valang badbatl (they came
in without any ceremony) J/o- .

kapdsok, to enter or go in casually;

to be able to enter. Ex.: (1)
Ako^i/ nagpapasial ay ynakapdsok
ako sa looban ni Gat Luis (I was
out for a stroll, and without think-
ing went into Don Luis'syard).
Magpapdsok, to order to enter; to
get into, as clothes. Ex. Si Juan :

ay nagpapdsok hty Pedro nang da-

174 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
mit (Juan told Pedro to get into
his clothes j Nufjpapnsok si Pedro
.

naiif/ dam it (Pedro put on the

clot lies),^[(ikapagpupasiok, to be
able to order another to go in.
To pluck; to gather, as flowers. Pumitus. (Already explained.)
Conj. like pumasok.
To tempt; to try. Turnukso. Imp., Muks6; tumuksd
(tempt, try). Past, Nukso; tung-
mukso (tried). Pr., Nunukso;
tungmutukso (trying). Pip., Naka-
tukso (had tried). F. Tutukso ,

(shall, will try). F. P., Makatukso

(shall, will have tried). Angpag-
jKtgtakso, the trying, teini)ting.
Magtiikso, to tempt much or many.
Ang tuksohin, the person tempted.
Angpagtuksohiii, the person greatly
or many times tempted. Ang
ituksa, the cause or means of temp-
tation. ^1»^ ipagtuksu, the cause
or means of great or repeated
temptation. Ang tuksohan, the
place of temptation. Ang pagtuk-
solian, the place of much or re-
peated temptation. Mag t n k>io-
tuksohan (dim.), to tempt a little,
or in mockery. Manuksu, to tempt
haliitually. Ang manuuukso, the
tempter; temptress. Magpanukso,
to tempt frequently and a great
deal. Ang ipanukso, the cause or
means of the foregoing. Ang pa-
nuksohan, the place corresping to
foregoing. Magpakatuksu, to tempt
strongly. Ex. Ano ang ipinagpa-
:

katuksolian (
ipinakapagtuksohan )
nilaf ( Why were they so strongly
tempted?)
To peck (as a bird). Tumukd. Conj. like turnukso. Ap-
parently applied to bite of snake.
Ex.: SiycC y tinukd nang alms (he
was bitten by the snake).
To leave; to go away. Umal'is. Imp., (I.) Mails ka; (R.
umal'is ka. Past, NaJis ako (I.);
Ungmalis ako (R. ) (I left, went
away, etc.) Pres., Na7iaris ako
(I.); ungmaalis ako (R. ) (I am
going awav, leaving, etc.). Pip.,
Nakalis ak<> (I had left). Fut.,
Aal'is ako (I shall leave). F. P.,
MakaaVis ako (I shall have left).
Ang pagaJ'is, the leaving. (This
root has already been partly ex-
plained. )

The following roots are conjugated like alls:

To ascend. Umaki/at. Ang inakyat, what ascend-

ed or the person ascending. Aug
iakyat, the cause. Ang akyatdn,
the place.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 175

Not to wish. Umayao. Ex. : Paayao kn (say you

do not wish Bdkit nit/d iiap(t-
to).
ayaof (Why did she say she did
not wish to?)
To go for water with a pitcher. Umigib.
To drink. Uminiun. Imp., Muium hi, drink.
Malay minum means "to drink."
(This verb has already been ex-
plained. )
To turn back; to go back; to fall Um u rong.
l)ark; to retreat.
To return; to come back. Umiiui.
To lead; to go ahead. Utnund. (Already explained.)
XX. Some polysyllabic (of more than two syllables) roots beginning
with h, k, p, t, or a vowel, are conjugated with the particle man {q. v.).
XXI. Some sixty-six j)olysyllabic verbal roots commencing with j)a
replace the first syllable with na in the past and present and with ina in
the imperative and future. In the present and future tenses the second
syllable of the root is reduplicated and not the first. This conjugation
resembles but is not identical with man. There are also some euphonic
vowel modifications. (See tables for synopsis of conjugation.
The verbal roots, which are conjugated in this manner, are the following:
To verbalize these roots, change initial p to n or m as required for tense
of indefinite.

To rise early. Paagd, from agd, "morning."

To profit; to make (in business). Pakindbang. Probably from a lost
root tdbang, which still exists in
Bicol and Visayan, with the mean-
ing "to aid; help; succor;" and
the prefix paki, def. of maki.
To listen to ( with attention ) Pakinig. To listen to much, magpa-
kinig.
To solicit or urge (for good or evil). Pakiump, from usaj» and paki, def.
of maki.
To bathe one's self; to take a bath. Paligb. Magligb, to bathe another;
a\so magpaligo. Syn. pambo (rare).
Maligbka (take a bath) Paligoan .

mo ang cabayo ( wash the horse )

To swell. Pamagd, from bagd, "a tumor, ab-
cess," and pan.
To dwell ; to live in a house. Pamdhay, from bdhay, house, and '
'
'
'

pan.
To swell up (as a sting); also to Pamanghid, from panghid, "to
swell badly. swell" (t:he nerves), and pan.
To supplicate; (2) to ascend into a Pamanhik, from panhik and pan.
house for important reasons.
To wag the tail (as a dog] Pamdijpoy (rare) Seiple thinks may
.

be from lost root paypoy, variation

oipaypay, "fan." Mamaypay, to
fan one's self or another. Usual
word "to wave" is pumaspds.
Paspasin mo ang bandila (wave the
flag).
To incite; to provoke. Pamongkahi. Ex. Pinamomongkahtan
:

tayo nang presidente municipal sa

masamang gau-d (The municipal
president [mayor] is inciting us
to do wrong). (Present tense,
reduplication of modified syllable
mo and suffix an. From pongkahi,
176 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
a variation of pongkd, "to in(;ite
to a quarrel," and pan. This root
is said to be of Chinese origin.
To offer; to dedicate. Panagarto. Seiple says from Vis.
part, pnnag and ano, "what."
To envv. PanughUl. Seijjle also gives this as
from panag and hili, "envy."
Ex.: Houag hing vianagh'tli s^a
kapua mo tduo (Do not envy your
neighbor). Syn. pangimholo
(rare )
To 8igh; (2) to whistle. Pnnnghoi/, from taglioy, "to pant, to
breathe hard," and p«n.
To dream. Panag'niip, from g'ni'ip and pana, a
combination found by Seiple in
but four words of polysyllabic
structure. Ex.: Nananaginip ka
bagc'if (Are you dreaming?) Syn.
BurTganii'ilog, from ti'ilog,
'
sleep. '

To put one's self under the control Panngi.i)ii/d, from lagisin/o and pan.
of another. The ultimate root is sugd with the
same general meaning.
To pray. PanalaiTgin, from duUuTijin and pan.
To trust; to confide. Pandlig, from sdlig. Ex. Siyd ang
:

sinasaligan ko, kaya ako matdpaitg

(I trust in him, and am brave for
that reason). PinapmiaUgan mo
(panaliganin mo) ang Dios (let
vour trust be in God [trust in
God]).
To vanquish; gain; conquer; win. Panalo, from talo and pan. Sino ang
nanalof (Who was the winner?)
Ttunalo, to dispute ( one ) Magtalo,
.

to argue two, etc. )

( . Manalo, ind_ef
of ])a)iaIo. Magpatalo, to allow
one's self to be conquered. Patalo,
to consent to be vanquished. Ma-
kitalo, to interfere in a dispute.
Ang mananalo, the winner; con-
queror. Ayig talonan, the van-
quished.
T(7 sing funeral songs. Panambhan, from i^ambit, "funeral
song," an suttixed and pan.
To descend by stairs or ladder; (2) Pandog. Seiple gives a Panay-Vi-
to spend; to use up. sayan root naog, but the Stimar-
Leyte dialect seems to lack this
word. Ex.: (Tag.) Pnmandng, to
descend a ladder (also, to go or
come down stairs). Magpandog,
to do the above much. Magpapa-
ndog, to order the above to be
done; to use up; to spend. Ex.:
Nagpapandog nang an ang narn-
rukhd (The property has been used
up on account of poverty ) Kapa- .

panaogan ako nang Ihnang pisos (I

have spent five pesos). Also with
ma. Ex.: Ang napandog sa dkin
ay Ihnang pisos (The amount of my
spending was five pesos). Mag-
pandog also means to bring some-
 TAaALOG LANGUAGE. 177

thing down stairs or oy means of a

ladder. A luj ipam'uxj, what brought
down. Magpopuf/paiiaog, to order
something to be brought down
thus.
To sit down (with the feet crossed Panasilu, from sikl, with same mean-
and knees apart). ing with mag and pan. Seiple
thinks pana a root, but it may also
be from the indef. Ayig ])hiana-
naHiIaan, the person sat down be-
fore, or the place.
To 2)ronuse; to resolve. Panata. Ang panaiahin, what prom-
ised. Ang panatahan, the person
promised. Syns. Paiujaku; Tu-
mandang. The roots talagd and
panuan have somewhat similar
meanings.
To persevere; to persist; to last. Panatili, from till, idea of propping
up and pana.
;

To penetrate (as water). Panimtim (from timtbnf and pan).

Seiple gives liyim as the root, mean-
ing "to ooze into; to leak." No-
ceda gives panayimlim as the word.
Ex. Mapanayimiim sa loob ang ma-
samang asal (The evil habit pene-
trates the heart).
To be able to do. Pangyari ( from yari and pan). Ma-
Icapangyarihan, powerful; omni-
potent. Kapangyarihan, power;
faculty; authority. Ex. Mayroon
si yang kapangyarihan ( he has power
[or authority]). Wald siyang /;.

(He is Avithout a). Wald akong k.

(1 am
without a). Mangyari, to
be possible. Ex. Hindi rnangya-
yari (It can not be). Hindi mang-
yaring di ako punwroon (I can not
possibly keep from going there).
Mangyari bagang di ako pumaroonf
(Is it not possible for me to keep
from going there?) AnoH di man-
gyayarif ( Whyshould itnotbeso.**)
May nangyari doon sa bdhay niyd
(Something has happened in his
house over there). Snkai mangyari
(Suppose it may happen?) Di
si'ikat mangyari (It should not hap-
pen). Mangyayaridin (It will in-
deed be possible). Yari alone
means done; finished; completed.
Ex. Yari va ang sulat (The letter
:

is already finished).
To kneel down; to kneel. Panikluhod. (Already explained).
Syn. Lumuhod.
To prop with the hand. Paniin. Angipinaniin, what propped
thus. Magiiin, to put out the
hands in order to rise; (2) also to
stamp or print. Tiinan mo ang
papel, stamp or print it on the

6855—05- -12
178 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
paper. Root tiin and pan. Tiin
means "to prop oneself with hands
and feet in order to ri.se."
To think; also "to regret.
'
Panimdim (from dhnd'nii and pan).
This root is domdom in Bicol.
To .«quat. Paninglcuyad (from tinkayad and
pan). Also tumiiKjkayad, with
same meaning.
To believe; to confide in; to trust. Panhrala (from tiwala and pan).
Aug katiicala, theconfidant; bosom
friend.
To /juide; to lead. Panogot.
To accomplish the will. Panolos (from a lost root, tolas, sug-
gests Seiple, who cites the Java-
nese word " <u/((s, sincere; faith-
ful; loyal, etc." and adopted in
Malay). Ex.: Hindi akn manoJos
kumaiii, at ang nasasakit ako nang
kignat (I can not force myself to
eat, because lam sick with fever).
To view (as a spectacle); to gaze at; Panood (from nood and pan). Ma-
to sight; to behold; to look at nood, to look at what contents and
from far off; to view with astonish- gives pleasure. Ang pnnaw'.od,
ment. what beheld.
To make water. Pani'diig (from titbig and pan).
To lodge. PanuUiyan (from tuloy and jum).
Ang ])anuluyanan, the lodging
place; also ang tnloyan. Ang ipa-
nuluyan, the cause or person for
whom lodging is looked for. ^lag-
papanuluyan, to give another lodg-
ing. Ang p>apaniduynnin, the per-
son given lodging. Tiunuloy to
lodge. Magtuloy, to lodge many
or much. Ang tuluyan, the lodg-
ing place. Ang pagtuluyan, the
lodging place of many or much.
Ang itidoy, the cause. Ang ipag-
tuloy, the cause of many or much.
Magpati'doy, to give lodging. Ang
patuluyin, the person given lodg-
ing. Ang patiduyan, the place
where given lodging. Ang papag-
tuluyin, the person given much
lodging. A7ig mawjd papagtidnyin,
the persons given lodging. Ang
pinagpapatuluyan, the lodging
houses. Ex. Sino ang nanunn-
:

luyan sa huhay inof (Who is the

lodger at your house?) hang ma-
liirap napinatidoy ko so dking hdhatj
(a poor man whom I have allowed
to lodge at my house).
To wait upon the pleasure of another; Panuyb (from suyb andp(jn). See
to flatter; (2) to serve. panagi^iyb.
To promise. PaiTgakb (def. ); mawjakb (indef.).
Syn., panata. From dko, "secu-
rity," and pan.
To dare; to venture. Pangahus; maiTgahas (probably from
dahas, "idea of bravery," and
pan). Seiple points out that the
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 179
regular formation should be pana-
hds. In Bicol, dahas means vio-
lence; force.
To become tired from much standing: Pamjdlay. Ex. Nangangdlay ha na?
:

or being in the same i)osition a (Are you tired already?) Hindi

long time. p6 (no, sir). The roots ngdlay,
hingdlay, mjalo, and ngimi have
about the same meaning.
To become thin; emaciated. Pangalirang (greater than yayul).
Syn. jxnTgutigang Root, iTgalirang
,
.

and pan.
To become numb (as tlie arm or leg Pawjalo (from mjalo, "idea of pain
from inaction); to "go to sleep." from fatigue"). Syn., ngimi.
To fold the arms. Pangalokipkip (from fudokipkip, to
cross the arms). Var., panhalo-
kipkip. Ult. root, kipkip. Ex.
Kumipkip, to lay the arm or leg
upon anything. Bdklt ka nii ngumj-
aloktpkipf (VVhyare you folding
your arms?) Seiple shows that
halo often prefixes roots composed
of two identical syllables.
To rest the face upon the hand; to Pamjalumbabd ( from mjalumhabd and
burv face in hands. pan). \a,r., i~gaynmbabd. Tauong
mapaiTgalumbabd, a melancholy
person.
To apprehend; to dread. Pangamba (less than pangdnib or
takot). From gambd, "idea of
dread," and T^an.
To bear a child; to lie in. Panganak (from aiiak, "child," and
pan )
To be witli child for the iirst time. Pangdnay.
To dread. PaiTgdnib (from gdnib, "idea of being
in danger" ). (Greater degree than
pa)T(jumba.)
To look in mirror or other reflecting PaiTganino (from anino, "image,
surface. shadow," and pa»).
To hurt; to damage; to malign; to PaiTganyaya (from any ay a and pan).
make ashamed. MakaparTijanyaya, to cause dam-
age. Panganyayang tduo, a person
who destroys property, maligns,
etc. Anyayimg tduo, a lazy j)erson.
MakapapKiTi/aiiijaya (adj.), harm-
ful; hurtful;slanderous.
To talk in sleep; to dream. ParHjdrap (from drap, "idea of
dreaming," and jdoji) .

To humble or almse oneself. Pangayupapd (from ngayupajid and

pan).
To make love; to woo. Pangibig (from ibig and j)^^''^)- See
ibig.
To be jealous. PaiTgigbogho (from boghd, "idea of
jealousy;" still found in jmni-
buglid, "jealousy").
To tremble; to shudder. Pangildbot (from kildbot, "idea of
trembling").
To warn; to guard oneself; to sneak Pailg'dag (def. ); mangilag (indef. );
away. both from ilag. Umilag, to flee.
Magilag, to draw aside; to avoid.
PaiTgdagan mo ang maiTgd tduoiig
iralangpinagaralan (avoid men
without education [breeding]).
180 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To be scornful. Pamjiktp. Seiple thinks may be
from silap, "idea of a wordy (juar-
rel," and^^aji.
To keep holidays. PaiTffilin(from "idea of ob-
tu/iliitg,
serving holidays [tiestas], etc.,"
and p(in). Seiple observes that
the final g of the root has been
dropped, but this may Ije acci-
dental.
To become numb (as the arm or leg Pangimi (from ngimi). Syn. paiigalo.
from inaction); to "go to sleep."
To tremble (much with cold or fear) PmTginig (from kinig, really Jdnyig).
Kti.minig, to tremble with coid or
fear. Magkirdg, to tremlile nmch
thus. Makinig, to be trembling
thus [state]. Maiujinig, indef. of
paiTginig. MakapaiTginig, to cause
to tremble with cold or fear.
To feel a tingling pain in the teeth. Pai~gii7gil6 (from jj«/u///y, itself from
irgilo,a tingling pain in the teeth.
To shake (as from the ague). PaiTijiki (from iTijiki). Ak<? y nan-
giiTgiki (I am shaking).
To precede (as in room or street); Panguna (from una, "first," and
to commence; to start or begin. pan).
To lose in trade, business, or barter. Pangulugi (from ngtUugi, a loss in
business, and pan).
To talk. PaiTgusap ( from iisap and pan). Ex.
Hindi ka makopaiiigusap^ (Can't
you talk?) (See I'lsap, already
partly explained).

DIMIXrXIVES IN "UM."

Um verbs are made diminutive by the repetition of the root if bisyllabic,

or the first two syllables if longer. Ex.:
To run. Tumakbo. Tumakbo-takho, tDVumhle;
to run a little.
To rain. Umuldn. Umulan-uldn, to drizzle.
In ordinary composition the hy-
phens are generally omitted.

THE VERBALIZING P.\RTICLE MAG.

The particle mag is used to verbalize roots, as a general rule, either

•when a definite object is heM in view or else when the verb does not
require an object to express intensity (sometimes plurality) with roots
which are verbalized in the simplest sense with um. Mag has also a recip-
rocal (mutual) idea, an [lian) being usually suffixed.
Mag, which is always a prefix, changes to nag in the present and past
tenses. The Jirst syllable of the root is reduplicated for the present and
future tenses. Maka. and naka, which are used to indicate the second
future perfect and pluperfect, respectively, retain pag, the definite of mag,
with the root, as they are also independent particles when used alone.
In this respect, and al.«o in the retention of the particle in front of the
reduplicated initial syllable of the root in the future tense, all particles
differ from um. (See the table for conjugation of )i)ag roots.
I. Mag, prefixed to roots which admit inn and which do not change the
meaning with nuig, signifies plurality either (A persons or acts, this being
the general meaning imparted by this particle. Mag {nag) sometimes
throws the accent upon the last syllable of a root. Ex.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 181

To guard; watch for. Turiianod. Magtanod, to guard much

or by many. Aug tanorati, what
guarded. Ang pagtunoran, what
guarded nmch or by many. Ang
itanod, the cause of guarding.
Ang ipagtanod, the cause of guard-
ing much or by many; also the
person for whom guarded, if there
be a person concerned.
To sit down. Umupo. Magupo, tositdown many). (

Among other verbs may be mentioned magbasd, to read much or by

many [bumusa); magbiiu, to eat much, etc. {kumain); maggiik, to thresh
{gura'dk); magbinin, to drink much, etc. [uminum); maglakad, to walk
much, etc. (Iwudkad); magsulat, to write much or by many (s^um'dat);
magtakbo, to run much or by many {tumakba) magtmTgift, to weep much
;

or by many {tuinai~gis), and magtukso, to weep mucli {tumukso); all of

which verbs have l)een heretofore explained.
II. Those roots which do not admit inn as a verbalizing particle are not
pUiralized by viag, but simply verbalized in the primary sense. Besides
others, all roots beginning with m fall in this class on account of caco-
phony (harshness) with um.
To grind (as grain) Magboyo. Ang bay'in, what ground.
Ang bayohaii, the grinding place.
To enhance. Magmahal. Aug
minaniahal, the es-
teemed, person. Ex.: Ang
etc.,
banal na tauo ay tidnamahal (the
just person is esteemed). Mama-
lial, to rise in value. Ex. Nama- :

mahal ang lako (the merchandise is

rising in value). Magpakainuhal,
to esteem highly. Ex. Finagpa- :

pakamohal ko sa kanlyd (I do es-

teem him highly). Also with
muka alone. Ex. Pinakamamahal :

ko sa kaniyd. Makimahal, to act

like a noble person. Mapakimahal,
to arrive at a state of being es-
teemed. Kamahakm, dearness;
nobility, etc.
To think with care. Magmahang.
To see well (purposely). Magmalas. To see well, casually,
7nakamalas.
To inherit. Magmana. Ang pagmanahin, what
inherited. Ang magkantann, to
leave property. Ang ipatnana, the
estate. Ang pamana, the inherit-
ance (verbal noun). Ex.: ltd ang
pamana. sa akin nang amd ko (This
was my inheritance from my
father) . Ang pagmanahan, the
heir. Makiniana, to ask for an in-
heritance.
To note; to experience. Magmasid. Ang mapagmasid, the
person who notes or experiences.
To start; to commence. Magmidd. Muldn mo ito, commence
this. Used only thus in impera-
tive and past indicative. As "pro-
ceed it is used in past and present.
'
'
182 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Anci pinagrimmuhhi, the point from
which proceedinj^. Muld as prep,
means "from; since."
To recall to niemor)'. Marpnull. Also means to ojjen the
eyes widely; and to look at well.
To cheapen; insult; dishonor. Marpnuru. Maiimra, to lower in
value. Ang m?tra/(y??, what cheap-
ened, or who insulted, dishonored,
etc. MagpukamurcDnura, to despise
intensely. Magmurahan, to insult
mutually. Angliohomanangphtag-
murahan they Insulted each
nild,
other in the court room.
There are comparatively few verbal roots beginning with ?h in the Taga-
log. Theforegoing are nearly all that are in common use. A few others
are to be found, which will be n(jted later, used with other particles.
III. Roots which change tlie meaning with »»i and 7nng are pluralized
in two ways with vwg. If the final syllable of the root is acrented nor-
mally the _/ir.s< syllable of the ?'oo< is added extra in all tenses, but if the
accent is not normally upon the last syllable of the root, plurality is
expressed by changing the accent to the final syllable. It should also be
noted that the meaning changes back.
To buy. Bumili. Maghili, to sell. Naghibili
ako, I am selling. Nugbihibili ako,
I am buying much. Thi.s form is
now rare, man (q. v.) being gen-
erally used. Ex. : Namimili ako
(I am buying much).
To teach (as a doctrine). Umaral. Magdral, to learn; to
study. Magaral, to teach much;
to preach. Now generally re-
placed by 77ian. Ex. MatTgdral, :

to preach.

The reduplication of a bisyllabic root or the first two syllables of a poly-

syllabic root intensifies plurality with mag roots. This same construction
with um roots indicates diminutives. Mag roots add an {ban) to express
diminutives or reciprocal verbal actions, which have to be distinguished
by the context, meaning, etc. Ex.
To think. Maglsip. 3fagisipisip, to think
deeply; profoundly.
To meditate. Magnilay. MagnilaynUaij, to medi-
tate profoundly. Man'day natauo,
a considerate person. Monday,
also means to fish. Paninilayan,
a fishing canoe.
To follow; to obey. Sumunod. Magsunodsunod, to ioWow
in rapid sequence (many)
IV (a). Roots which may admit the idea of more or less take an addi-
tional repetition of the first syllable to signify intent or plurality. If the
entire root be repeated the plurality is intensified. Roots of three or more
syllables repeat only the two first, according to the general rule in Taga-
log. Ex.: Nagsusam])d ako sa kapidbahay ko (I have cursed my neighbor
many times). Nagsusumpasumpd ako sa kapidbahay ko (I have cursed
[slandered] my neighbor times without number).
{b) Mag and the doubled root in certain cases signify the performance
of an act and its opposite. Verbs expressing an unsteady motion or quick
change of position are also formed in a similar manner, (c) In the present
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 183

tense nari may be dropped, V)eing replaced by the rechiji Heated initial
syllable of the primitive root. Some nm verbs have this form also. Ex.(fc)

To pass. Dumaan. Magdnan, to pass many

times or by many. Mat/daandaan,
to pass and repass many times.
Daanan, a made road. Di mfidod-
ncD), impassible. Makarnan, to be
able to pass. Magparuan, to allow
to pass Ex. Paraanm vio ako
:

( let me pass Ilindt ko pararaanin

) .

hangan dl vio ako bibigydn nang

kaunting tubig (I will not let you
pass until you give me a little
water). Daan also means "hun-
dred.
To go or come out. Lumabds. MaglahuH, to take out.
Maglabaslabds, to go out or come
in (many times)
To turn over. Magbaligtad. MagbalibaUgtad, to
turnover. Ex. (c): Babalibaligtad
ang may sakit sa hihigdn (the sick
man is turning over and over in
bed).
To stagger; to reel. Magbalingbuling Babalingbdling
.

yaorig tdiio, that man yonder is

reeling. Magpapagbalingbdling, to
be staggering from walking, etc.
Ex. Pinapagbabalingbdling mo ako
:

nang paghdnap sa iyo (I am ready

to fall from looking for you. Syn.
Magpal i) gpdlhig.
i

To shift about; to change continu- Magbilinghiling. Ex. BibdiiigbUing :

ally; to turn over continually. maiidhi siyd (he is shifting about).

Bihilingbilhig ang loob ko (I have
my doubts) . BibiUngbUmg ang
may sakit sa hihigdn (the sick man
is twisting and turning in bed).
To wander about aimlessly, {urn). Sumulingsdling. tSnsidingsi'ding siyd
(he is wandering about aimlessly ).
To stagger. Magsiiraysi'nxiy, Susuraysdrai/ slyd?
( Is he staggering?) O/x"), ang hislng

ay susuraysuray knng bnndkad (yes

sir, a drunken man staggers when
he walks)
To tiptoe about; to walk on tiptoes. Tioniad. Magtiadiiad, to tiptoe about
much. T'diaj^tiad ako ( I am walk-
ing about on my tiptoes).
To bend over. Umnkod. Magukod, to bend over
much. Maukod, to be bent over.
Magukodukod, to walk bent over
or waveringly. IJukodnkod siyd
he walks bent over)
( Uukodnkod .

yaong matandd. (that old person

walks haltingly),.
To move {<:). Kumibo. Magkibokibo, to move
much.
To walk with the head on one side MagkilingkUing. lyang baid'y kiki-
(c). ViugkUing kunglumdkad (That child
holds the head on one side when
walking).
184 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To wabble (c). Kuminda;/. Magkindaykinday, to
wabble much. Syn. Magkinding-
kinding.

V. Mag is also used to express personal actions which may be dual or

plural in character, reciprocity or mutuality being implied. If the plurality
is to 1)6 intensified, the root is repeated, subject to the general rule for poly-
syllabic roots. Ex.
To quarrel; to tight. MugbaUtg. Ang pagbabag, the act of
quarreling. Mapagbabag, quarrel-
some person. Ang babagin, the
person quarreled with.
To assemble (purposely.) Magpi'dong. Ex. Xagpupulong ang
:

maiTgd maginoo sa bayan (the

"principales" of the town are
assembling). Ann ang phiagpu-
loiajan kanilaf (Why have they
met?) Avg ipinagpi'dong nibVy
nang pagusapan ang jiagdating
nang gobernador-general (The pur-
pose of their meeting was to talk
over the coming of the governor-
general).
To assemble; to meet (purposely). Magtipon. Tumipon, to join (one).
Magkatipon, to meet orassemble by
chance (as a street crowd). Ex.:
Nagkatipon ang maiujci tauo sa ba-
lmy ko (Some people have happened
to meet in my house). Ang kati-
j)unan, the assembly. Also the
popular name of the well-known
revolutionary society, the K. K. K.
Ex. : Ang pinagkakatlpunan nang
manga marurunong (The meeting-
place of the learned people i. e., —
of learned societies, etc). Ilouag
kang suntama't hindl nababagay sa
hang dalagang pumaroon sa pinag-
kakatipnnan nang maraming lalaki
(Do not accompany [him, her, or
them] because it is not proper for
a girl to go where there is a meet-
ing of many men).
Other verbs of this nature, all of which have been mentioned befoi-e, are
maghiwalay, to separate mutually; magpisan, to associate; magkiia, to see
each other; viagsama, to accompany each other; magialo, to argue; and
magusap, to converse; to litigate.
VI. The distinction between plurality, intensity, etc., and mutuality,
reciprocity, etc., is sometimes made by a change of accent. Ex.:
To approach (one). Lumapit. Maglapit, to draw near.
Maglapit, to approach mutually.
Malapit, near. Malapit siyd sa akin
(He is a relative of mine).
To look at. Kinnitd. Magkita, to look at each
other. Magkita, to look at many
things; or to look at intently.
VII. Mag verbalizes reciprocal actions of a nature admitting competition
or rivalry, provided that no special emphasis is placed upon the conten-
tion. Ex.:
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 185

To become reconciled (two) Mayhall (also to speak in a friendly

way ) Magpabati, to become recon-
.

ciled (many).
Tostir, mixingatsametime; toshake. ITtnnalo. An;/ Iialoiti, what shaken;
stirred. Mcujhalb, to mix
two (or
more) things together. Angihnlo,
what mixed. Ang haloan, the mix-
ing place, etc. Ang hinalb, what
shaken (past). Ang Ui'malb, wh&i
mixed (past).
VIII. Voluntary reciprocal actions of certain classes are also conjugated
witlimag prefixed' lo the root and an (Imh) {nan) suthxed. Ex.:
To mock; jeer at. Magbiro. Magbiroan, to mock each
other. Makipagbiroan, to mock
greatly; to jeer atanother viciously.
Birohiro, mapagbiro, palabirn, all
stand for degrees of being a jester,
etc. Magpalabiro, to jest with a
good deal. Tauong biro, an incon-
siderate person.
To suffer; to endure. Dumalitd. Magdalitaan, to suffer for
each other, or mutually. Magpa-
Jcadalidalitu, to suffer intensely.
Mapagdalitd, sufferer. Kadalitaan,
suffering. 1)1 inadalitd, intoler-
able; insufferable.
To kick. Sumikad. Mag.vkad, to kick much.
Magsikaran, to kick each other.
Manikad, to kick habitually. Also
magsumlkad, to work with rapidity.
Synonyms for kicking: Tuma-
dyak, magtadijak, magiadyakan,
tumindak, ntagtindak, magtinda-
kan.
To curse. Sumumpd. Ang sumpain, who or
what cursed. A)ig isnmpd, the
reason or cause of cursing. Mag-
sumpd, to curse much; also many
at same time. Ang pagsumpain,
who or what cursed thus. Ang
ipagsumpd, the cause or reason for
cursing thus. Magsumjiaan, to
curse each other. Mamunpd, to
curse habitually; also to take an
oath. Ang palasumpd, the habit-
ual curser; also the witness. Aug
panunum2:)d, habitual cursing, or
the oath taken. Ang paiiumjjaan,
the person administering the oath;
also the place. Ang ipanumpd,
the testimony given; also what
sworn habitually.
To help; to aid (another). Tumulong. Magtidong, to help
another much. MaglidoiTgan, to
help each other. Manulong, to
help another often. Manvlongan;
magpanulongan, to help each other
much or often. Ang katulong, the
aid; assistant; helper.
186 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
Touse insulting or indecent language; MagturTgayao. Magtuiuiayauan, to
to say such words. abuse each other thus. ManmTg-
ayuo, to abuse or insult thus con-
tinually or habitually. Mapag-
tmigayao, abuser; insulter.

Among other verbs of this description may be cited magkagatan, to bite

each other; magibigan, to like each other; magpaloan, to cudgel each
other; mngsinlahan, to love each other; i))ag><unoran, to follow each other;
and inagtawman, to laugh at each other. All of these have been mentioned
before.
IX. In the use of mag to verbalize actions admitting reciprocity, care is
necessary in noting their nature and the intent and purpose for which the
actions may be executed, as there are local differences in this respect.
Reciprocal verbs require an oljject which returns the action. (A) Thus,
luftg prefixed and an sutiixed with a root which, admits competition
expresses rivalry. (B) If the action requires an object and rivalry is to
be expressed, the suffix an should be repeated.
To jump. Lumulso. Magloksu, to jump much
or by many. MagJoJcsohan, to jump
in competition. (This verb has
already been explaiiied.
To look. Turniwjht. MagtuTgiu, to look at
much or by many. AfagtiiTj/inan,
to look at each other. (Hereto-
fore explained.
To push; to shove off (as a boat) Tumulak. Magti'dak, to push hard
or by many. Magtulakan, to push
against each other. Maghdakanan,
to push in rivalry or competition.

X. Mag and the reduplicated root form intensive reciprocal verbs which
can oniy be distinguished from diminutives, verbs of feigning, mockery,
imitation, etc., by the context. As usual, polysyllabic roots repeat the
first two syllables only. Ex.:
To embrace. Yumakap. Magyakap, to embrace
each other; to tie up to a post.
Magyakapyakapan, to embrace
each other warmly; also means
"to embrace a little, to pretend to
embrace, to imitate embracing,"
etc.

Other verbs already cited are magabutabutan to reach many things; to

,

pass many things from hand to hand, etc. niagltaildltatiran, to send to each
;

other, etc., and magtii~gintir~ginan, to look at each other closely; to pretend

to look,^tc.
XL iVigro may also be infixed with mag, forming maiiijag, the particle thus
made imparting the idea of great plurality when prefixed to a root. Ex.
To converse. Mugusap. Mangagusap, to converse
(as a great crowd).

XII. Roots with m.ag may be used both with and without an object, the
meaning varying more or less in such cases. Ex.
To divide into equal ])arts. Bumahagi. Magbcdiagi kayo/ Dis-
perse! Mayb(diagi kayo nitong ga-
Inpi (divide this money).

XIII. Movement caused l)y an outside agency is expressed by mag. As

will be remembered, self-movement is expressed by um (Par. XI, um).
Ilumango, to pull out, take out, etc., is an exception to the rule. Ex.:
 TAGALOO LANGUAGE. 187

To fell trees; to blow trees down (as Maghual. Anghualm,ihe tree felled.
the wind) Aug the person felling, or
ibual,
wind, ^-l?;*/ /;Ha/an, the i)lace. -h?^
pamual, the instrunu-nt, i. e., ax.
To part from another; to go to a dis- Luiiutyu. Lni»ai/n, to remain left far
tance. away (by another). Mai/Iiiyo, to
part (two); also to remove any-
thing to a distance. Malai/o, dis-
tant; far.
To rise (voluntarily, as a l)ird) Tilmuas. Magtaas, to raise to lift up. ;

Mataa.i, high; tall; noted. Katau-

san, height. KatanMaasan, ex-
treme height.
Among other verbs of like nature, which have already been explained,
are magal'/s, to take away; maglaph, to draw something near; mag/tayuiog,
to take or let anything downstairs or a ladder; magpavhik, to take any-
thing upstairs or up a ladder, etc.; viagsilid, to put anything in or into;
magtayu, to set up; and mngtiiidig, to stand anything upright.
XIV. Bodily voluntary actions affecting one's self only, or those per-
mitted to be done, are expressed with mag. Those actions of like nature
performed upon another take uin (Par. XII, um). Ex.
To whip one's self (as in penance). Maghampa». Humanijx'i.^, to whip
another. Mngpohdinpas, to allow
one's self to be whipped, etc. Pa-
hampas, to consent to he whipped.
Ex. Houag kang DaJxmipas sa siiw-
:

man (don't let anyone whip you).

Other verbs following this rule are fulh' explained in Par. XII under
nm.
XV. As has been noted mag expresses for the indefinite the idea of los-
ing control, as ?uu expresses the idea of acquiring the same. What is lost
control of is expressed in the definite with /, combined with In for the
past and other tenses where necessary. For the aid of the memory it
may be said that verbs of throwing away, throwing at, etc., sowing, scat-
tering, pouring out, mixing, placing, putting, giving, and selling follow
this rule. Ex.:
To throw away. Magtapou. (Already explained.)
To throw or dash down. Maghnlog. (Already explained.)
To throw at (as with a rock). Magpukol. Angpuli'in, what thrown
at, or stoned. Ang ipukol, what
thrown.
To throw at; to pelt. Maghagis. Ex. Nagliagis ako nang
:

threw a stone).
halo (I
To throw up (much). Magnaka. Sumuka, to throw up.
To scatter rice seed. Maghasik. Manhasik, to sow much
rice thus or by many working to-
gether.
To scatter in the air; to emit. Magmmhidat. Ang isambi'dat, what
scattered, as grain, etc. Simiain-
bulat, to scatter, disperse, as a
crowd of its own volition. Ma-
nambulat, to scatter much, either
by inside or outside agency.
To scatter seed. Magsabog. (Already explained.)
Syn. vmgvalat. Magkalat, aXre&dy
,

set forth means to spread, prop-

;

agate.
To transjilant. Magpunld. Magtanbn, to plant, to
set out (already explained).
188 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To scatter. Maghulagsak. (Already explained.)
To break up; scatter (as parts of a Mar/wasak.
house torn down).
To pour out. Maghobo. Ang boban, what poured
into. Ang ibobo, what poured
out. Syn., magbuhos (already ex-
plained).
To pour out; ^hakeout (not liquids). Maghoho. Ang iliohu, what poured
or shaken out, as grain, etc.
To saturate with water. Maghi»tk, var. mugbaysak.
To mix. Mughalu. (Already explained.)
Syn.s., vnigsahog; maglahok. Lu-
mahok, to join.
To stew; to boil meal, etc. Magh'iguo. Ang ihigao,the material.
Ang liinugao,the mush; stew.
Ang lugauan, the stewpan, etc.
To jiut wood on the fire. Maggatong, also to stir up the fire.
Magpagntong, to ask that the fire
be stirred up. Makigalong, to ask
for a few coals to start a fire. Ang
igdiung, the poker, etc. Ang
gatoiTijin, w hat burned. Ang ga-
toiTgan, the place.
To place. Maglagay. (Already explained.)
To put in the sun. Magbilad. (Already explained.)
To place in layers, etc. Magpatong. ( Already exi)lained.
To give. Magbigay. (Already explained).)
To present with; to make a gift. Mngbiyaya. (Already explained.)
To grant; to give. Magkaluob. Ang ipagkaluob, the
grant.
To give; primarily, to hand to an- Maggaudd. Gumduad, to stretch out
other bv reaching out the arm. the arm in order to reach some-
thing. Ang ganarin, what reached.
Angigdnad, w'hat given or handed
over. Ang iginduad, what was or
has been given, etc.
To sell. Magbili. (Already explained.)
To sell goods. Maglakb. Mciglako, to peddle from
town to town. Ang ilaku, what
sold. Ang ilako, what pieddled
from place to place.
To trade on a small scale; to sell at Magutay. (Already explained.)
retail.
To sell at cost. Mngdmot. Ang ipagdmot, what sold
at cost.

Verbs of "permitting, sending, restoring," etc., also follow the iiutgand i

conjugation. Ex.:
To permit. Magtulot. ^Ing^rfif/o^ what permitted.
To send; to remit. Maghatid. (Already explained.)
To restore. Magsaoli. (Already explained.)
XVI. Being of like nature, verbs of "speaking, relating, telling," etc.,
are conjugated by vuig in the indefinite and / in the definite. A few, how-
ever, have um with i for the object. Ex.:
To tell; narrate; report. MagsalHd. (Definites, already ex-
plained.)
To report; to announce; to tell the Magbalitd. Ang ipinagbalild, the
news. news announced or reported; also
the cause or means (past tense).
 TAGALOO LANGUAGE. 189

Aug pin(u/halitaaii, the person to

whom told, etc. (past tense).
Makimalita, to ask for news.
To converse (two). Magmbi. Totalk (one),SM»ur>'n. To
talk much, magsab'i. (This verb
has already been explained.)
To converse (two or more). Magi'isap. (Already explained.)
MaiTjjilsap, to talk. Ex.: Maka-
ka?
paiTijiisa}) (("an you talk?)
Hindi ka makapaiujiUctp? (Can't
you talk?)
To speak pronounce.
;
Magwlkd. Hindi ko mawikcl (I can
not pronounce it).
To.explain. Magsalaysaii. A Iready explained.
(

Another word is mdf/mi/xag, which

with vm has als(j the meaning of
to arrange, as the hair of another,
and with mag to arrange some-
thing for one's self, as the hair,
etc. Ex. with ma.: Hindi ko ma-
sagsay (I can not explain it).
To speak in a low tone; also to mut- Maghulong. Ex.: May ihidndang ak6
ter; grumble; talk about another sa iyo (1 have samething for your
in al)sence, etc. ear only).
To ask; to inquire. Tumanong. Magtanong, to ask about,
or concerning. Aug tanongin, the
person questioned. Ex.: Sinoang
tinanong mof (Wliom did you ask,
01' of whom did you inquire?)
Ang itanong, what asked. And ang
ithumong mo (what did you in-
quire).
To speak gently. Maganas. Ex.: lands mo (tell it
gently).
To tattle. Mag.vimhong. Mapagsumbong, tat-
tler.
To say something; accuse, denounce, Magbald. Ang ibald, what said.
notifv. Mabala ka (say something). Ba-
habalin mo ang mam/n tnno nito
(notify the people of this). It
should be noted that the definite
here takes an extra ba.
To forbid. Magbaual. Ang ibaual, what forbid-
den. Ang baualan, the person to
whom something may be forbid-
den. Ang pagbabdual, the act
of forbidding (present tense).
BroTijang bdual, forbidden fruit.

XVII. ilfrt.9 prefixed to roots signifying nations, races, conditions, etc.,

means to behave to some degree as the root signifies, but if a complete
assimilation is to be implied, the particle maki (paki) is used. Ex.:
To be somewhat Americanized. Magamericano. Ex. Nagaamericano :

siyd nang damit (he [she] is quite

Americanized in dress).
To be quite Hispanicized; to be like Mageastila. Nagcacastila sild nang
a Spaniard in some ways. dsal (they are quite Spanish in
custom).
XVIII. (a) Mag, with natural objects, signifies to produce them; (b)
with artificial objects, to make them; (c) with articles of barter, to trade
190 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

or sell them; (d) with edible things, etc., to eat them; {e) with property,
to possesssit; (/) with names of relatives, to know how to aet toward them;

and (g) with the possessive pronouns, to have:

Ex. (a):
To put forth leaves (as a tree, etc.). MagdaJiun. Also means to put the
food on leaves, as when out of
doors. Ang tagapagdahon, the
cook. Arig daJionan, the eating
place thus.
Ex. (/>)
To build a house. Magbdhay. (Already explained.)
To make soap. Magsahon. (Already explained).
Ex. (c):
To sell or trade rice. Magbigns. (Already explained.
To sell or trade unhulled rice. Magpalay. Ex. Magpdlay la nang
:

pulot (trade palay for some honey ).

Ex. (rf):
To sellor eat pickled fish. Magbagoon.
To eat fruit or to sell it. MagbuiTija. Ex.: Nagbubunga siyd
(she is selling fruit).
To eat or sell tish. Maglsdd. Ex.: Nagiisdd sild (they
are selling fish). Umisdd, to have
fish once more in a river or creek,
etc. Ungmii.sdd ngayon sa Hog
(there are fish now in the river).
To eat or sell eggs. Magitlog. Ex.: Nagiitlog siyd {she is
selling eggs).
To eat bananas or to sell them. Magsaging. (Already explained).
To drink chocolate. Magsiculale (from Mex.-Sp., cJioco-
late; from Xahua Aztec) , chocolatl,
choco, cacao; and littl, water).
To use tobacco. Magtabaco (from Sp. and originally
a West Indian word).
Ex. (e):
To have property. Magari. Muari, landowner. Arkt-
rian, small farm; also household
furniture.
To have anvthing of one's own. Magsarili.
Ex. (/):'
To know how to treat a father. Magamd. Ex.: Si Juan ay maalam
magamd (Juan knows how to treat
a father [i. e., how to be a good
son] ). Magamd also means father
and child.
To know how to treat a child, i. e., Maganak. Ex.: Si Juatt. ay marunong
how to be a good parent. maganak (Juan knows how to treat
a child [i. e., how to be a good
parent] ). Also child and parent.
Ex. ((/):
To have as yours. Magiyo.
To have as theirs. MagkaniUi.
To have as mine. Magakin.
XIX. Words signifying articles of wearing apparel may be verbalized
with 'mag to express the wearing of the same. Ex.
Mirror; (2) spectacles; glasses. Salamin. 3fagsalamin, to look in the
mi r ror ( 2 ) to wear glasses or spec-
;

tacles. Aug salaminan, what seen

in the mirror.
Trousers. Salawal. Magsalawal, to wear trou-
sers.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 191

Hat. SamhalUo (from Span, sombrero).

Matjs(uiil)(tlllo, wear a hat (occa-
to
sionally). Manamhalilo, to wear a
hat habitual!}-.
Shoe, sandal. Sap'in. Magsajvn, to wear shoes;
also to line.
Apron. Tapis. Magiapis, to put on or wear
an apron.
XX. Maff generally governs all Spanish, English, and other foreign words
not incorporated into the language. Ex.
To play baseball. Magbesbol. Ex. Nagbebeshol avg
:

marTgd bald (the boys [children]

are playing baseball.)
To gamble. Maglnigal (iromf^pan. jiigar). Sugal
is the usual term. Jjird is the na-
tive word and means, like the
Spanish, either to play or togamble.
XXI. Roots denoting officials may take mag to express the dis(;harge of
duties pertaining to the office named. Ex.
To be governor. Maggoberuador.
To be mayor (presidente). Magpresidente.
To be a councilman. Magconsejal.
To be secretary. Magsecretario.
To be treasurer. Magtesorero.
To be prosecuting attorney. Magfiscal.

XXII. Mag, prefixed to abstracts beginning with ka. and ending in an,
signifies to do what is expressed by the abstract. Such words are used
only in the infinitive, and should be clearly distinguished from those root^
prefixed by the particle magka, which hick the suffixed an with the in-
definite infinitive. Ex.:
To do deeds of virtue or justice. Magbanalan (from kabanalan, virtue,
justice).
To do right. Magkatuiran (from kaiuiran, right,
justice). Ex.: Hatolanmosildnang
katuiran (.Vdvise them what is
right).
To act chastely or in a cleanly man- 3fagkaMnisnn {irom kalinisan , clesin\\-
ner. ness).
To behave obscenely. Magkahalayan (from kahalayan, ob-
scenity).

XXIII. With adjectives formed by prefixing ma to the root, mag signi-

fies to assume or boast of what is expressed by the adjective, if the mean-
ing permits such assumption or boasting. In some cases mag means to
regard as signified by the adjective. Ex.:
To boast of good judgment. Magmabait. Ex.: Xagniamabait si.
Juan (Juan boasts of his good
judgment [or prudence]). Ma-
bait, judicious, prudent.
To boast of knowledge. Magmarunong. Ex. NagmamanX-:

noyig si Andres (Andres boasts of

his knowledge). Marunong, wise,
.

learned (from dnnong). Kanino-

ngan, wisdom, knowledge.
To boast of beauty. Magmarikit. Ex. Xagmamarikit si
:

Biangoy (Maria boasts of her

beauty). Marikil, pretty (from
dikit). Dumikit, to grow pretty.
Magdikit, to beautify.
192 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To boast of elegance, beauty. MagiiuKjanda. Ex.: Nagnunnaganda
si Lolevg, Dolores (Lola) boasts
of her elegance; beauty. Ma-
gandi'i, elegant, beautiful. Kagan-
dahan, elegance, l:)eauty.
To boast of bravery; to swagger. MagiiKiU'ipaiuj. Ex. Nagmatupang
:

.si Fuustiiio (Faustino boasted of

his bravery; or Faustino swag-
gered). Matapang, brave. Kata-
pcuTgan, bravery.

XXIV. If an action does not admit of boasting, mag used with a m«

adjective denotes becoming, growing, etc., what may be signified by the
adjective. The definite particle in is generally suffixed to the roots in
these cases. Ex.
To become forgetful. Magmalimotin. Lumimot, to try to
forget. MakaUmot, to forget. Ma-
I'lmot, forgetful. Aug naliinolan,
w hat forgotten. Mnlilimotin, a for-
getful person. Kallinotmi, forget-
fulness.
To grow infirm. Magniasakihi. Ex.: Nngmainasakt'm
siyd{\le isgrowing infirm). May
sakit, to be ill. Masasakl'm, an in-
firm, sickly person. Sumakil, to
feelpain anywhere. Ang sakitan,
theseatof pain. (SeePar. XXVI).
XXV. Verbs with mag are made diminutives by repeating a bisyllabic
root or the first two of a longer one, and suffixing an, han, or nan, as
required. Ex.:
To write a little; to scribble. ^fags ula tsi daian {Ivom sulat.). (Al-
ready used).
To cry a little; to snivel. Magiyakiyakan (from iyak). Ex.:
Nagiii/akiydkan iynng batang iydn,
that child is sniveling.
To nibble. Magkainkuinan. (Already used.)
XXVI. The same form as the above also signifies feigning, inntation,
mockery, playing at, etc. Both these and those mentioned in Par. XXV
can only be distinguished by the context from intensive reciprocal verb.s
formed in the same way. (See Par. X).
To affect virtue, i. e. to play the Maghanalhanalan ( from banal). Ex .

hypocrite. Nagbahanalbanalan siyd (He is a

hyixjcrite).
To play at building houses (as chil- Magbaltaybaliayaii (from bi'iliay).
dren). (Already used.)
To play at biting (as dogs). J\[iigk(igatkagaktii ( from kagat). ( Al-
ready used.)
To malinger; feign illness. Afagsakitsakilan (from sakit). Ex.:
Nagsasakitsakita)! ka (you are ma-
lingering).
To tempt a little or to pretend to Magtuksotuksohan (from tukso).
tempt. (Used V)efore.
To sham insanity. MagabdiduUin (from I'dul). Vmnlul,
to drive another crazy. Mai'dnl, to
become insane. Ang ikai'did, the
cause of insanity. Kaulidan, in-
sanity.
To feign deafness. MagbingibiyTijihan ( from bingi). Ex.
Houag kang ma^jbiiTgibiirgihan
(Don't try to sham deafness).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 193
XXVII. Some vm verbs admit prefixed may, the combination denoting
the action to be executed with earneistnessj endeavor, enterprise, etc.
(//) Snrne roots with vxikd also take the prefix ma;/, with the same signifi-
cation. The infinitive form of tlie root with um or ma ku is always retained.
Ex. («):
To make haste. MagduiiiaJi (from dumalt, to do
quickly). J/ado^t, quickly. Mag-
madali, to do sometliing quickly.
(Idiom.) Magdumaling drao, a
short while.
To force, oblige, compel. Magp'dif. In Manila, putnUit. Mag-
pumlUt, to endeavor.
To exert one's self; to work etfi- idagsakit. Suinakit, to oblige another
ciently. to work; to use force toward an-
other. Magsnmdkit, to exert
greatly for the carrying out of an
object. Ex. Ang tauong nagsusu-
:

mdkit matutu navg mabiihuting

kaasalan, ay igagalang navg lahat
(the man who exerts himself
greatly to learn good manners will
be respected by everyone). (-S'»-
makit regarded as a new root.
To follow closely, etc. Magsumimod. (Already explained.
To l)e able to move to compassion. (6) MagmakaauCi. (Already used. ) See
aud.
To be able to shame greatly. (/;) Magmakahli/d (from makaliigd, to
make ashamed). Ex.: Bdkit mo
ipinagmamakahiyd ang manga ma-
gulangf (What is the reason you
cause so much shame to your
parents?) Wahmg ]iii/d, without
shame, shameless. (See Par. VI,
under ma. )
To be able to placate another; to Magmakaamoamb (from amb, idea of
supplicate. (6) placating). Ex.: Nagmamakaa-
moambang iauotig ito sa inyo (This
man is supplicating you). Amb is
generally reduplicated, and it will
be seen that mokaanKKunb is re-
garded as a new root, the ma of
maka being reduplicated for the
present tense.
XXVIII. Mag also forms nouns indicating plurality, totality, and agency,
which have been used many times heretofore. The article is usually pre-
fixed to the compound word. Mag is the antithesis (or opposite in inean-
ing) of ka, which limits the idea to unity.
XXIX. Mag prefixed to noun roots which are generally used with the
dual sense denotes such duality without the use of maiTgd or other particles,
which rather indicate plurality. Ex.
The married couple, the husband Aug magasdua. Magasdua, to marry,
and wife. (See also Par, XV, under man.)
The brothers-in-law (two). Ang magbaydo.
The two enemies. Ang magdtoay. Magdurty, to quarrel
with each other,
The parents; ancestors. Ang magulang, from gulang. Kagu
langan, ancestry, descent. Gumu
lang, to grow old.

6855—OS- IS
194 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
The two pi?terp-in-]aw. Ang maghipag.
The betrothed couple; the sweet- A^ig magihigan. Mngihigan, to like
hearts. each other. ( See next paragraph .

XXX. A root capable of expressing plurality is strictly limited to the

dual sense by the insertion of ka between mag and the root. Ex.:
The two friends. Ang magkaibigan.
The two companions. Ang magkasama.
XXXI. If plurality is to be indicated with words sometimes used in the
dual sense, ka is reduplicated. Ex.
The friends (several). Ang magkakaibigan.
The companions (several). Ang magkakasama.
XXXII. Correlative nouns are expressed with mag prefixed to the root
of the principal word. (See also Par. XVIII.) Ex.:
Father and child. Magama.
Mother and child. Magind.
Father (or mother) -in-law and son Magbiandn.
(or daughter) -in-law.
Master and man. Magpanginoon.
XXXIII. the second correlative is expressed, especially by a proper
If
noun, jointly with the first, the particle is prefixed to the principal, the
subordinate taking the genitive case. Ex.
John and his father. Magama ni Juan.
Jose and his father-in-law. Magbianan ni Jose.
Lola and her mother. Magind ni Loleng.
XXXIY. J/or/ denotes totality with some roots of time. Ex.:
The whole night; all night. Magdamag. Ex.: Magdamag akong
natidog ( I slept all night). Gobi is
the usual word for night.
The whole day; all day. Maghapon. 7/i"r;>o?i alone means the
time from noon until dark.
XXXV. Mag prefixed to roots conjugated with if m and mag forms verbal
nouns signifying the agent. The first syllable of the root is reduplicated
and the article generally used. Ex.
Tlie thief. Ang magnandkao. (Already used.)
The laborer. Ang magsasaka. Magsaka, to work
in the fields.

XXXVI. Mag pa^ with the definite in certain cases, but with
retains
these exceptions, which have been pointed out from time to time, the
definite of mag roots follows the same rule as the definite of um. (See Par.
II, under pag.)
THE DEFINITE PARTICLE "PAG."

I. As true auxiliary verbs are not found in Tagalog, the participle as-
sumes as many forms as there are tenses, the imperative excepted. By
prefixing the article of common nouns, a7ig, "the," or a demonstrative
pronoun to the proper tense of a verb a particle is formed which may be
translated in several ways, even by a clause in P^nglish.
Pag and pagka are commonly used in Tagalog where the idea would be
expressed in English by the indefinite particle, but the best way to obtain
a clear understanding of the variations to which Tagalog verbal nouns may
be subjected is to make a close study of the examples following or referred
to. Ex.
To die. Mamatay. Ang pagkamatay, the act
of dying.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 195
To fall. Mdhulog. Ang pagkahiilog, the act
of falling.
To eat. Kumain. Ang pagkain, the act of
eating.
II. Pag (definite) corresponds to mag (definite) in certain cases. As a
rule verbs with mag have the same definites as urn, except as noted. When
pag is prefixed, in is inserted for the present and past tenses, forming
pinag. Pag only is prefixed for the imperative and future tenses, in being
suffixed at the same time. The first syllable of the root is reduplicated
for the present and future tenses. (See the tables.
III. Pag sometimes expresses place in combination with suffixed an,
where an alone is used to express the person who may be the object of the
action. (See ha napan and paghanapan, Par. V, the definite.
(b) This rule also applies where the object takes an instead of in.

To collect; to dun. SumirTgil. Ang sim/ilan, the unpaid

debt. Ang pagsing Han, the place of
asking for a debt. Maningil, to
collect or dun as an occupation or
habitually.
IV. The particle pag is also used with the definite when place is directly
expressed in the sentence, but not when implied or metaphorically (fig-
uratively). This use of ^^a//, however, is only with those verbal roots which
admit an for the person or object of the action of the verb, and with other
verbal roots pag is not used in this sense, even if place be expressed. Ex.
To bury; inter. Maghaon. Angpagbaonan, the buri-
al place. Ex.: Ill') ang pinagbaonan
nang sundalo (This was the burial
place of the soldier).
To endure hardships. Maghirap. Angpaghirapan,thehard-
ships. Ex. Ang bayang pinaghi-
:

rapan nild (The town in which

they endured the hardships).
To place. Maglagay. Ex. Lagydn mo nang
:

tubig itong bangd (Put some water

in this vase). Wald akong pagla-
lagydn nitong salam'm (There will
be no place for me to put this mir-
ror).
To embark or travel. Sumakay. Ang sakaydn or sasakydn,
boat or vessel of any kind. Ex.
Ito'y ang baiigkang pinagsasakydn
nang marami (This is the canoe in
which many have embarked).
{b) See also magpulong, " to assemble, " andmagtayS, "toeiect, set up."
V. Pag is also combined with i definite, forming ipag, ipinag, as a pre-
fix, when the person for whom an act is performed is mentioned. (See
Par. VIII, the definite.)
VI. W
henever the sentence expresses plurality of acts or agents, or of
feigning or reciprocal actions, pag (and ipag when required) must be used
with the definite. The article ang being generally used, gives the com-
pound the idea of a verbal noun in the majority of cases. For examples
see Par. IX under the definite.
VII. Pag is retained with the definite of the mag form when roots
which differ in meaning with um and viag are used. See Par. X, the defi-
nite for examples.
VIII. The participle is formed from um verbs or roots by prefixing pa^
to the root, the compound preceded by the article or its equivalent. The
196 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
lirst syllable of the root in reduplicated for mag vferbs or roots. See also
under ma, pa, and pan for other forms of the participle.

To teach. Umdral. Ang pagaral, the teach-

ing.
To study. Magaral. Ang pagadral, the study-
ing.
To descend; to fasten upon. Humitlog. Ang paghnlog, the de-
scending; fastening upon.
To throw or das^h down. Maghulog. Ang paghnhulog, the
dashing down or throwing down.
IX. Pag sometimes indicates tlie present tense. Ex.: Pagsabi ko sa
kaniyct (as soon as I told him).
X. There is occasionally a tone of menace in its use. Ex.: Paghindl
siyd piimarito' y hindi ko siyd babayaran (if he does not come here, I shall
not pay him). "If" is generally understood, the idea being a future
condition.
XI. Pag, with verbal roots of some kinds, indicates action as transpiring.
Ex.:
Light; clearness. Liwdnag. Ang pagliwdnag, the grow-
ing light (of the day, etc.). Aiig
Ihrdnag nang drao, the light of day
or of the sun.

XII. For verbal changes, see tables:

THE INDEFINITE PAKTICLE "mA."

I. The indefinite verbalizing particle ?na is used with roots which do

not require an object when verbalized, or with those verbs expressing
involuntary action. J/a changes to na for the past and present ten.ses.
Tlie fir.it syllable of the root is reduplicated for the present and future
tenses. Ma generally expresses a state or condition of being, but there is
also a possessive idea of "to have," and hence many roots are made
•adjectives when prefixed by this particle, as is already familiar to the
reader.
II. Such adjectives in ma must express intrinsic states or conditions,
and states or conditions which may or can be attained by the voluntary
effort of an agent can not be expressed with ina.
III. Actions which require an object when conjugated with other parti-
cles may be conjugated with ma if they take place unconsciously or by
chance on the part of the agent.
IV. The conjugation of roots with ma (na) has naka and maka of the
pluperfect and future perfect respectively replaced by na and ma. Xa is
also repeated after the verb in both these tenses. Some roots beginning
with p soften it to m after ma. (See tables for examples.)
V. Sga added to ma forms the particles naiTgd and manga used to
express plurality when prefixed to a verbal root. MaiTgd, as has been
seen, is the usual indication of pluraUty when used as a separate word
before nouns, etc. Ex.
To be liungry. Magutum. Ex.: Marami nga ang
nangagiUum (many were hungry).
Marami wja ang nawjagugutum
(many are hungry). Marami iTga
ang mayTgagagutum (many will be
hungry). The root is gutum, the
idea of ])eing hungry.
VI. Ma is used to express actions of an involuntary nature or b'-yond the
control of the subject. A few anomalous words also take ma. Ex.
To fall. Mahidog. Ang nahulogan, the per-
son or object on whom anything
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 197

falls accidentally. Nahulog siyd,

ho fell. Aug kaJmlogan, the place
of falling. Ang
kcdndogdn, the
meaning (range of
expression).
Ang kaiahulogan, the place where
something fell or has fallen. Ang
kinahuhulogan, the place where
something is falling. Angkahuhu-
logan, the place where something
will fall. (See index for /(»/0^ with
other particleH.
To fall on the face. Madapd. (Already used.)
To stumble. Matisod. Ex.: Natisod siijd'lnadapd
(he stumbled and fell on his face).
Saan natisod siyu'f (Where did
he stumble?) lyang batung iydn
ang kinatisuran niyd (that stone
was where he stumbled, or over
which he stumbled.
Toslip; to slide (invol.); (adj.) slip- Madulds; maridds. Ex. Falakarin :

pery; slimy. mo siydng marahan makd mandds

(tell him to go slowly lest he slip).
To stick in the throat; to choke. Mahirin. Ex. Nahirinan siyd nang
:

tinik, (she [he] was choked by a

fish bone).
To lose one's way. Maligdo. Aug kaligaoan, the place
of being lost.
To go astray. Malihis. Lumihis, to be away pur-
posely. PaliJiis daan, to go out of
the road for any reason.
To loose; to miss; to lack. Maic<dd. Nmcaldn ako iiang lakdn (I
lost [or lacked] the strength).
Nawaldn siyd nang luoh (he lost
heart [or the spirit]). Magwald,
to get rid of; to flee; to put out of
sight; to conceal anything.
To die. Mamatay. Ang pagkamaiay, the act
of dying. Ang mamataydn, the
mourner; the bereaved. (See Par.
XII, in. )
To be proper or appropriate. Mahdgay. ( See index for examples.
This verb is rather anomalous.
VII. (rt) Uncontrollable states are generally conjugated with 7?ia. These
forms are also adjectives in the majority of cases. (6) Acts which are
more or less controllable take the particle most suitable to express the
degree. If uncontrollable, ma is used. Ex.
To be angry. Magdlit. (See index.)
To be cold; chilly. Magindo. Also adj. Maginauin, a
chilly, cold person.
To be terrified. Magalangtang. Ang ikagalangtang,
the cause of being terrified.
To be afraid. Matdkot. Ex.: JVatatdkot kaf (Are
you afraid?) MataUikotin, a faint-
hearted person. (See index.
To be astonished. Magulat. Ex.: Nagulatsiyd? (Was
he astonished?)
To be hungry. Magnturn. Magugutumin, a very
hungry or starved person. (See
index.)
198 TAGALUG LANGUAGE.

To be ashamed. Mahiyu. Mahihiyin, a bashful per-

son. (See Par. XV, ma.) For
Jiiyd with other particles, see index.
To be pleased. Malugod. Lnmngod, to please; to
recreate. A'a/u^oran, friend; com-
panion in recreation.
To be sad. Malnmbay. Ex.: Tila nalulumbay
kayo, you seem to be sad. (See
index.)
To be glad; amused. Matua. Ang katuaan, the person or
object over whom or which one is
pleased or amused. (See index.)
To be asleep. Matnlog. Angtulogun, sleeping place.
Matulog'm, a great sleeper; also
mapagti'dog. Ttimidog, to go to
sleep; to sleep (little used). Mag-
tulog, to sleep a great deal. (See
index.)
To be thirsty. Mauhao. (Already used.)
To cry; to weep (uncontrollably). Malangis; manangis. (Already used.)
To giggle; to laugh uncontrollably. Mataua. Tnniaua, to laugh, ^fag-
taua, to laugh (two or three).
Mangagtaua, to laugh (many).
Magtaua, to laugh much. Maka-
taua or niagpataua, to cause to
laugh. Matauanin, a laughing,
smiling person.

VIII. Unconscious or uncontrollable states of the mind are expressed

with ma. Conscious or controllable states are expressed with um or mag.
Ex.:
To forget. MaUmot. (Already used.)
To forget to do. Malisun. Lnmisan, to omit to do (on
purpose).
IX. (rt) Ma {na) is used to express accidental or internal acts of a de-
structive nature, or when reference is made to an actual state of destruc-
tion. Deliberate acts of destruction take um or mag.
To break up; to split up. MahaJl. Ex. Nahali ang tungkod
:

(the cane broke). Nabalkin siyd

nang pad (he dislocated his foot).
MagbaVi, to break up, to split, as
wood, cane, etc. Ex. Baliin mo :

iyang tubu I ako'y baliannang mimti

(break up that piece of sugar cane
and break me off a little).
To break up (from internal causes Mabdsag. Ex. Nabasag ang vaso
:

or accidentally). (the glass was broken). Magba-

sag, to shatter; break up, as glass,
crockery, etc. Nagbamg siyd nang
maraming vaso (he broke many
glasses [purposely]).
To spoil; to become putrid. Mabid'ik. Ex. : Bulok na ang isdd
(the tish is spoiled now)- (See
magpa. )
To break (int. or ace). Malagot. Ex.: Malalagot itong sinu-
lid this thread will break )
( Nala- .

got ang sinulid (the thread broke).

Maglagot, to break, as thread; to
tear up, as vegetables, etc.
To part; to break in two. Mapaiid. (Already used.)
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 199

To spoil; to be destroyed. Masini. (Already used.)

To burn up. Masunog. (Already explained.)
To dry out. Matuyo. (See index.
(/>) Na following the root with verbs of destruction gives the adjectival
idea with "already" or "now." Other actual states are also expressed
with the root and mi if the contex clearly indicates an actual state of being.
(See under baaag, buluk, sird, patay, tapus, luyu, and yari for examples.)
X. With verbs expressing situation of posture ma (na) indicates the
actual state of being in such posture or position, or else the involuntary or
unconscious taking of such position. Ex.

To be lying down; to be in bed. Mall iff d. (Already used; see index.

To be on the knees; to kneel Maluhod. (Already used; see in-
voluntarily. dex.)
To be lying on the back. Matihayd. ( Already used; see in-
dex.)
To be on one's feet. Matindig. (Already used; see in-
dex.)
To be seated. Maupo. ( Already used; see index.

XI. Conditions or states reached by slow transition in most cases or a

return thereto are expressed by ma (na).
To be deaf. Mahingi. Ex. : NahihiiTgi siyd he is
deaf). (See under magin.)
To be stuttering. Magaril. Ex.: Nagagaril siyd (he ia
beginning to stutter again ) Mag- .

stammer. Ga-
garil, to stutter; to
rilin, stuttering; stammering.
To be insane; crazy. Maulul. Ex.: Naulul siyd (he went
crazy ) Nauulid siyd (he is crazy )
.

Mauulul siyd (he will go crazy).

Nagidulidulan siyd (he was sham-
ming insanity).
To lose the mind (lit., to become Malabo. Also adj. turbid; muddy;
turbid). bleared (eyes); thick (speech).
Ex. : Nalaboan siyd nang pagiisip
(his mind became clouded).
XII. The use of ma is sometimes governed by reason of the rationality
or irrationality of the agent. Ex.:
To be upright. Matayu. (Already used; see index.
XIII. Mal-a (naka) is sometimes used in place of ma (na), these parti-
cles having many analogies. (See maka, Par. XIX.)
XIV. Other uses of ma have been explained under the adjective, q. v.
XV. Jl/rt prefixed and in (fiin, nin) suffixed to roots signifying mental
emotions, passions, and involuntary actions form adjectival nouns, which
generally require to be exjiressed in English by an adjective and a noun.
Ex.:
A humane person. Maaiiain (irom and). (See index.)
An irascible person. Magalitin (irora. gdlit, wrath; ire).
A loving person. Maibigin (from ibig). (See index.)
An affectionate person. Mairogin (from irog, affection; ca-
ressing).
A loving person. Masintahin (from sintd, love).
An obedient person. Masnnorin (from sunod).
A weeper; a weeping person. MataiTgisin (from tam/is).
A smiling person. Matauanin (from taua).
A sleepy person. MatuJogin (from tdlog).
An affectionate person. Mawilihin (from wili, affection).
200 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
XVI. If the root admits of fontraction, begins with /, or an intensive
degree is expressed, the first syilaVjle of the root may be reduplicated.
Ex.:
A bashful i)erson. Mahild'in (from hiyd). (Root con-
tracts. )
A feverish person. Mdlnlagvnlin (from la(/7iut, fever).
(L. root.)
A forgetful person. Malilimotin (from Umot, forgetful-
ness). (L. root.)
A joyful person. Malulugdin (from lugo<l, joy; pleas-
ure). (L. root.)
An infirm, sick person. Mas(isakt'm (from sakit). (Con-
tracted root.
A faint-hearted person. Malatakotin (from iakol). (Intensive
degree.

THE DEFINITE PARTICLES MA AND KA.

I. the fact that ma verbs do not generally require an object, there

From
is littleuse for some forms of the definite. Every action, however, may
have a reason, time, or place, and thus i definite and an definite are to l)e
found, ma being replaced by ka as a rule, and always with i definite.
Ka an, as has been seen, forms abstracts and places, as well as standing
for persons and objects of the action. Ex.
To be glad; amused. Matua. Aug kaluaan, the person or
object over which one is glad, etc.
A)ig ikutnd, the cause of gladness
or amusement. Ex. Katuaan mo
:

aiig viamjd hath (amuse yourself

with the children). Kuiatuaan
niyd any maiTga butd (she amused
herself with the children). Kina-
tuluaan riihi nng mamia hath (they
are amusing themselves with the
children). Katutuaan ko ang
mauga hata (I will amuse myself
with the children).
To die. Mamalay. (8ee index.)
To 1)6 afraid. Matakot. (See index.)
To stuml^le. Matisod. (See index.)
To be deaf. MahliTgi. Aug ikabiiu/i, the cause of
deafness. KabiiTyihan, deafness.
To be blind. Mabulag. Ex.: Nahulagansiydnang
ydlil (he was blinded by wrath).
Kahnlagan, blindness.
To be poor. Madukhu. Ang ikadiikltd, the cause
of poverty. KadukJtaan, poverty.
Dumukhd, to become poor. Ang
dukhain, the person becoming
poor thus. (See index.)
To be ruined (as in Imsiness). Maliigi. Ang ikaliigi, the cause of
being ruined. Lumnyi, to decline
(as from age or natural causes).
To be lame. MapUay. Ang ikapihjy, the cause of
lameness. KapUayun, lameness.
To faint away; to swoon. Mahilo. Ex.: Xahi/u i^i yd {ahe fainted
away). Nahihilu siyd (she is faint-
ing away ). Ang kah ilnan, the place.
To drop off; to drop something ac- Malaglag. Ang kalaglagan, the place
cidentally. of dropping. Ang ikalaghig, the
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 201

cause. Maglaglay, to drop some-

thing purposely. Ang Ua(jl<tg,\\hsit
dropped. Ang laglagan, the place
or the person to whom dropped.
Lumaglag, to drop down pur-
posely. Ang luglagin, the person
thus dropping down.
To be drowned. Mah'mod. .hi^A-o/wnorcni, the drown-
ing place; hence the we^t, "the
drowning place of the sun."
To be tired out. Mapdgod. Ang ikapdgod, the cause.
Ex.: Ann ang ikinnpapdgod mof
(Why are you tired out? [Lit.,
" What is the cause of your being
tired out?"] ). Syn. palcang. The
word ugod means great weakness,
and looks as if it were a variation.
To be included; to be contained. MasalJiio. Aug kasakianan, the \)\&ce
where contained. Ex. Aug manga
:

utos nang Jiokho' g kinasasaklaiian

ititong lihrong ito (the orders [reg-
ulations] of the army are con-
tained in this book).
To be finished; also concluded and ^fautds. Var. liitds. Maglutds, to
extinguished. finish or conclude anything. Mag-
kaluiaslutds, to finish completely.
Ang kalutasan, the place.
II. Ka is omitted with an when the person affected is meant, and not
the place or deliberate act. See mahirin, mamatay, and mavulA for
examples.
III. Pagka is generally used to form verbal nouns for roots conjugated
by ma, although jjag may be used with some roots and pagkaka is occasion-
ally found. Ex.: Ang pagkati'dog or ang pagtidog, the act of sleeping.
(See tulog.)

THE INDEFINITE VERBALIZING PARTICLE "mAN."

I. This particle, known as the third to Spanish writers on Tagalog, has

pan for the definite and is one of the most important of the modifying
verbal particles. It admits //;, /, and an with the definite.
II. The great attention paid by Tagalog to euphony or smoothness in
sounds is well illustrated by the changes demanded of the initial letter of
a root when man (pa))) is prefixed. This grammatical peculiarity is found
most fully developed in western languages, in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, in
which it is known as "ellipsis." English has this tendency to a slight
degree, as shown by a, an, according to a following vowel or consonant
sound.
III. Whenpreceded by man the following changes take place in initial
latters of roots, the final n of the particle being either dropped or modified.
B and P
to M.
K (and hard Cor Q) to Ng.
S, T, and i> ^generally) to K
M, N, and Xg cause final n to drop out.
A, I, 0, U inod'iiy n to )Tfj.

IV. Man has nan for the present and past tenses, the first syllable of the
root being reduplicated for the present and future tenses. There is a I and
a II pluperfect tense, the former adding na to the past tense and the
latter prefixing naka to the root. The future perfect has also two forms,
the first formed by adding na. to the future tense, and the second by prefix-
ing maka to the root. The present particijile (verbal infinitive) is formed
202 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

by prefixing pan to the root, the first syllable of which is reduplicated.

The use of the definite particles in, i, and an follows the general rule.
To ridicule; mock; scoff; hoax; abuse, Manlibak. Aug llbakin, what or
etc. whom ridiculed, abused, etc. Aug
libakxm; also ao)g mapagllbak, the
scoffer,hoaxer, mocker, etc. For
indef. with man see tables. Ex.
Baku ka nanlilibak sa kaibigan mof
(Why are you ridiculing your
friend?) Syns. Uroy; uyam,uyao,
and tlyan.
To give much; to lavish. Mamigay (from bigay). For definite
with i see index, also the tables.
To buy much. Mamil'i ( from bil'i). For definite with
in see tables.
To be nauseated or disgusted. Mandiri. For definite with han see
tables.

V. Man used to express plurality of acts rather than of persons with

is
those roots which denote the simple action with um or mag. With some
roots of colors man denotes intensity, and with some other roots indicates
continuousness. It is essential for these ideas that the meaning shall not
be changed by man from what it is with uvi or mag.
Ex. (B roots):
To divide up among others. 3Iamahagi {from bahagi). Ex.: Ano
kai/a ang ipinamamahagi mof
(What are you dividing up?) Ang
ipinamamahagi ko^y naaalaman
nang maiTgd piiiamama haginan ko
(What I am dividing up is known
to those for whom I am dividing).
To habituate; to accustom. Mamihasa (from bihasa). Ex.:
Houag kang mamihasang mamintds
sa ma)7gd kapidbdhay mo (Do not
accustom yourself to complaining
about your neighbors).
To pull up continually or continu- Mamunot (from bunot). Bumunot, to
ously. pull up. Magbunot, to pull up
much.
Ex. (Droot):
To pray constantly. Manaldngin (from daldngin). See in-
dex.
Ex. (G roots):
To imitate much or habitually. Mangagad. Gumagad, to imitate.
Maggagad, (many).
to imitate
To mix habitually (as a druggist). Mangamao. Ang pangamauin, what
so mixed. Ang ipangamdo, what
used to mix with thus. Ang pan-
gamaudn, the place of habitual
mixing. Gunianido, to mix. Ang
gamanin, what mixed. Ang ig-
amdo, what added or the instru-
ment used to mix with. Ang
gamauan, the place; the mortar;
dish, etc. Maggamdo, to mix
much. Ang paggamauin, what
mixed much. Aiig ipaggamdo, the
instrument thus. Ang pagga-
maudn, the place of much mixing.
To clear off (as land). Gumamas. Ang gamasin, what
cleared off. Ang gamasan, the
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 203
land cleared off. Maggamds, to
clear off (l)y many). Mangamas,
to clear off much. Ang panga-
masan, the land thus cleared.
To reap; to cut rice. Gumapas. A ng gapasin, what reaped.
Ang gapasan, the field. Aug gin-
apasan, the stubble left. Magga-
pds, to cut or reap much. Maii-
gapas, to cut or reap (many).
Ang pangapas, the sickle. Ang
mangagapas, the reaper, harvester
(person).
To quarrel with; to reprimand (rnmasci. Ang gasaan, the person so
lo'udly. quarreled with or reprimanded.
Maggasd, to quarrel with nrnch, or
to reprimand much or many.
Mangasd, to quarrel with or to
reprimand habitually.
To cut down underbrush; to clear Gumasak. Ang gasakin, what clear-
off land; also to speak freely. ed, i. e., the underbrush. Ang
gasakan, the place. Ang gasakin
is also the person spoken to freely.
Mangasak, same actions as fore-
going by many.
To thresh (by many). Mangiik. (See index: giik.)
Ex. (H roots):

To scout. Manhdnap. (See index: hdnap.)

To sow much rice; or by many. Manhasik. (See index: hasik.)
To wash one's face (habitually). Manhilamos. (See index: hilamos.)
To predict habitually. Manhuld. Ang manhuhuld, the
prophet; soothsayer. Humuld, to
predict; foretell. Ang hnlain,
what foretold. Ang hulaan, the
person to whom told.
Ex. (I roots):

To like (many); also to flirt. Mangibig. (See ibig.)

To avoid entirely. Mangilag. (See Hag.)
Ex. (K roots):
To devour; to eat continually. Mangain. (See kain.)
To take habitually. Ma iTguh a. {i^ee kidut.)
To cling to with hands and feet (as Mangnydpit (from kuydpit). Ang
a monkey does). paiTguyap'dan, what clung to, i. e.,
tree, etc. Kumdydpit, to grasp
thus. Ang ikuydpit, what with,
i. e., the hands, feet, etc. No old-
world monkeys have a tail which
can be used for grasping, the Phil-
ippine Islands species included.
To nibble much; to bite with the MatHjibit (from kibit). Kumibit, to
front teeth nibble.
To tremble much or frequently with Manginyig (from kinyig). See index.
cold or fear.
To break off (as flowers or fruit) as Mangitil (from kitil). KumiiU, the
an occupation. simple action. MagkitU, to break
off thus much. Syn. Puti; and :

see also pdtol.

Ex. (P roots):
To pluck or break off much; or by Mamitds {irom pitds). See index.
many.
204 TAGALOG LAKGUAGE.

To break off. (by many); to gather Mamnii (from jnUi). Punntii, to

habitually (as flowers or fruit). break off. Maf/'puli, to break off
much. ManujiKjinitl, off to break
(by many). Syn. Kilil; and see
:

putol. Ang pulihin, what broken

off. Ang pagputihnn, the branch
from which much is broken off.
To whiten intensely. Mainnti {iromputt). See index.
To grow very pale. Mumutld (from puild). See adjec-
tive. Pnmutld, to grow pale.
Putlain, a person who isalways
pale; pallid. Maputld, a person
who may become pale or pallid.
Kaputlaan, pallor. Makaputld, to
cause pallor.
To cut up (as cloth). Mamutol (already used. ) See index.
PiitoL

Ex. (S roots):
To disperse; also to scatter much in Manamhulat (from sambidat). See
the air. index.
To bite much (as a mosquito). Manigid. Ang sigdin, the person,
etc., bitten. Ang jxtgsigddn, the
place. Surnigid, to bite (as one
mosquito). Masigkl, to be bitten.
Ex.: Naninigid ang maiTj/a hnnok
(the mosquitoes are biting hard [in
plenty]).
To destroy completely. Manird (from sird). See index.
To curse habitually. Manumpd (iromsumpd). See index.
Ex. (T roots):
To peck much (as a bird). Manuhl (from tuM). See index.
To tempt habitually. Manukm (from tukso). See index.
VI. With roots which admit of the idea of making a living by exercis-
ing the acts denoted by the roots, mem expresses the idea of an occupation,
trade, or profession. Ex.
To preach. Maw/dral (from dral). Ang maiuj-
angaral, the preacher, but ang
inamjadral, the master or teacher
(of a doctrine, etc. ). Ang ipanga-
ral, what preached. Ang ipi-
namjadrai, what is being preached
the subject of the sermon. Ang
pinaiTi/aiujaraldn, the persona being
preached to (the congregation) or
the pulpit. (See index for omL)
To care for. Mamahald, (from bahald). This word
is from Sansk. bhara, the root of
the English "to bear," Lat. ferre.
Kayo bahald, p6 (you take care,
sir [i. e., pay what you like]).
Siiio ang naniainaJiald sa bdhagf
(Who is taking care of the house?)
Si Juan (.luan).
To practice medicine. Mang(niiot{lvo\\\ gamot). See index.
To milk (as occupation). Mangatas (from gntas). Ang nanga-
gntai^, the milkman (or maid).
Gtuiudaa, to milk (occasionally).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 205

To cook or do anything habitually Macjarni. (See index; grm/.vl)

To live by robbery. Manhnl'i (from ladi). See index.
To sew nipa (for a living) Munauid {horn pi'ndd). Ex.: And
ang (finacjawd nbujo diydnf (What
are you doing there?) Kaitii'y va-
mamduid (we are stitching nipa
[thatch]).
To collect bills (as an occupation) Manimjil (from simjil). See index.
To dive (as an occupation). Manisid (from sisid). See index.
To write (as an occupation). Manidat (from salat). See index.
To spin (as an occupation). Manulid (from siVld). Aug manu-
nulid, thespinner. iSinuUd, thread;
anything spun. Sumidid, to spin
(simple act).
To sew (as a tailor). M(in(dit (from tahi). See index.-
To go first; to guide. MuiTgima (from una). See index.
YII. Some roots with man have the idea of running around doing the act
exjiressed bv the verbalized root going about in a certain manner, etc.
Ex.:
To advance, clinging to something. MaiTgapit (from h'lph). This verb
would be used if bamboo rail, etc.,
was clung to crossing a bridge, etc.
Kiimdpit, to cling to; to support;
to hold up from falling.
To run around biting (as a vicious Mangagat (from kagat). See index.
dog).
To go about sadly and mournfully. Mangulila (from ulUa, an orphan).
VIII. Man, with roots denoting animals or birds, expresses their chase;
with roots meaning fish, etc., their seeking, and with other animal or
vegetable names, the gathering of what is denoted by the root. The idea
is generally that of an occupation or habitual engagement in such hunting,
fishing, gathering, etc. Ex.
To gather the rattan called "bil- Mamaging. This is a species of ivy.
ging."
To hunt or catch birds. Mangibon (from ibon). Ebon is
"egg" in Pampangan.
To catch fish; to fish for a living. MaiTgv^dd. (See index fsdt:?.)
To cut or gather wood. Mangdhoy (from kdhoy). KakaJio-
yan, woodland, (ruftai is "forest;
timber, etc."
To gather tortoise shell. MaiTgala (from kala). Mangangaln,
tortoise-shell hunter. Magkala, to
sell tortoise shell,
To gather nacre or "kapis" (the Ma)7gapis (from kapls). Magkapls,
shells used in windows). to sell nacre. Aug kapisin, the
nacre. A7ig kapisan, the place
used, i. e., the window.
To gather rattans (oejuco). Mangioay (from vxty).
To hunt tortoises. Mamagong (from pagong).
To gather " pajos" (a kind of Mamaho. Magpaho, to deal in "pa-
mango). jos."
To hunt frogs. Muiiudakd (from palakd, frog; syn:
Kabkab).
To gather the rattan called 'pala- Mamalasan. Kapalasanan, place
san." where the palasan is found.
To gather ])alm leaves. Mamalaapds (from palaspas, "palm
leaf"). Magpalaspas, to adorn
with palm leaves.
206 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To fish for eels. Mainuli'js {irova palos, eel).
To hunt sea turtles. Mamawikan (from pawikan, sea tur-
tle).
To gather or hunt for honey. Mamulot (from honey). Man-
pulot,
pxdot, to buy honey. Magpulot
(1) to make honey; (2) to deal in
honey. Ang pulotin, the honey
made. Pinulotan, what has been
made from honey (from pulutdn,
sweets made of honey). Pulotin
is also a term of endearment. Ex.
with an: llouag mo akong pulotan
( Don' t flatter ( honey ) me Pulot-
) .

guid, honey and cocoanut milk.

To gather oysters. Manalabd (from talaba). Katalaba-
han, oyster bed.
To hunt deer. Mangusa (from usa, deer).

IX. Similarly any instrument, weapon, utensil, or animal which can be

so used is verbalized with the idea of hunting, fishing for, or catching by
man. Ex.
To hunt with dogs or hounds. Mangaso (from a^o, dog). See
index.
To hunt with or to use a gun. Mamaril (from haril, a shotgun).
Malay, bad'il. Aug mamamaril,
the hunter.
To fish with a hook. Maminuit (from binidt). See index.
To fish with a small hook. J/omm'«s ( f rom biwas). This means
to use a rod and line. Bumiwas,
to lift the hook by the line. Mag-
biwas, to do this much. Ako'y
mamimm-as (I am going fishing
with a rod and Une).
To fish or hunt with a light. IfaiTijdao (from dao, a light). Ex.:
MniTgiiTjplao ka baga f (Are you
going fishing with a light?) 06
(Yes). Al'ing bukid ang pinang-
ingUauan mof (In wliich field
are you going to fish with a light?)
lyang bukid igang malayo sa manga
hdhag (In that field over there far
away from the houses). VmHao,
to light up. Magdao, to carry a
light. Ayig ilauan, the lamp or
place of light.
To use or hunt with a spear called Mangalawit.
"kaliiwit."
To fish with the hook. Manlambang (from lambang, a
hook).
To fish with a seine. Manlambat. See index: lambal.
To fish with anything that may be Mumalakaya (from palakaya). Pu-
used to catch fish. malakaya, to fish occasionally.
To seine M-ith the large net called MatnangCi.
"pangtf."
To seine with the net called "piikot." Mamukot.
To fish with rod, line, and hook. Maniit (from s'dt, a thorn or hook).
Magsiil, to make anything out of
thorns or liooks; to make abbatis.
Syn., tiriik. Tinik also means fish
bone.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 207
X. With roots denoting arms, tools, or instruments man indicates the
habitual use or wearing of the arms and the constant use of tools or instru-
ments. Ex.
To use a dagger. Mangiwa (from iwa). See index.
To use a sickle. Mardilik (from lilik, sickle).
To use an axe. Mamalukol (from palakol, axe).
Magpalakol, to have an axe.
To use arms. Manandata (from sandatn, arm,
weapon). Magsandala, to bear
arms. Aug suiidatahan, armed
forces; levy en masse.
To use a syringe. Manumpit (from siDiipii).
To use a knife. Manundang (from sundang, knife).
Magsundang, to carry a knife.
To use a "war bolo" (tabak). Mannbak. Magtubak, to wear a war
bolo. Tumabak, to cut off with a
war bolo.

XI. With roots denoting certain places man indicates the living in such
places, earning the living from the products thereof, or traveling in such
localitv. Ex.
To live (general idea). Mamuhay (from buhay). Idea is to
reside, etc. Magbuhay, to live.
Bumuhay, to give life to. Buhay,
alive; living.
To dwell in a house. Mamdhay (from bdhay). See in-
dex. Ex. Saan kayo nainamayanf
:

( Where do you live?) Ang bdhay

ko, p6, dito sa bayang ito ( My house,
sir, is here in this town).
To live in town. Mamayan ( from bayan). Kababayan,
fellow-townsman, also country-
man. Magbayan, (1) to look for
a town site; (2) to found or build a
town; (3) to apportion by towns
and not by inhabitants. Bay an
also means space between earth
and sky, day (rare), and weather
( rare )
To live in the mountains; to wander Mamundok (from bundok). This
there; to gain a living from the word may also mean to travel in the
products thereof. mountains. Taga bundok, moun-
taineer; sometimes used insult-
ingly, as "hayseed," in English.
To the open country.
live in Mamukkl (from bukid, "field").
To leada seafaring life; to be a Managat (from dagat, "sea"). Man-
deep-sea fisher. andgat, sailor or deep-sea fisher.
Also taga ragat; tauong dumdgat.
Magddgat, to travel by sea. Du-
mdgat, to flood the land.
To live in the timber; to lay the Mangnbat {irom gubat, "tunber; for-
timber waste; to wander in the est"). Ang ipangubat, yvha.t car-
woods; to live by wood chopping, ried in the timber; or the cause of
etc. wandering, etc. Ang pangxdjatan,
the place of working, devastating,
wandering, etc., in the forest.
Gumubat, to become a forest.
Gubatan, timber land or forested
country.
To travel or live on the bank of a Manlambay (from lambay). Mag-
river or the seacoast. lambay, to carry anything to coast
208 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
or bank. Luniamhay, to go to or
along the bank or coast (single
act).

XIJ . With roots denoting certain articles of wearing apparel man indi-
cates their habitual use or wearing. Ex.
To wear a shirt habitually. Mamuro (from baro). See index.
See also sambalilo, hat; sap'in,
shoe; and tajyis, apron.
XIII. With roots denoting vehicles, boats, or other means of artificial
locomotion, man signifies to travel by what is denoted by the root. Ex.:
To travel by canoe. Mamangkd. Ex.; Hang arao bang-
Team mula dito haiigan Mayn'ddf
( How many days by banka [canoe]

from here to Manila?) Maghajwn

kayang bangkain (Perhaps all of
one day by banka).
To travel on horseback. Maiigabago (from cabayu, " horse").
To travel
'
by quilez. '
'
MangUes (from kiles, a vehicle named
from Guillermo Quilez, of Vigan,
Ilocos Sur, who suggested it to his
carriage maker, a native of Yigan).

XIV. Man also denotes self-sui^porting and slowly developing actions

from within such as the growth of flowers, fruit, etc. Many roots com-
mencing with b, which would otherwise be conjugated with uin, take man
for euphonic reasons. (See nm, Par. VII.) Ex.:
To sprout; to put forth shoots (as Manlabong (from labong). Also
the bamboo). luriiabong. Maglabong, to have
shoots.
To open (as a flower). Mamukadkad (from bukadkad). Vis-
ayan, bukad.
To bloom; to blossom (as a flower). Mamuluklak (from bulaklak, flower).
Visayan, burak; also applied to
the ilangilang. Ex. Namumidak- :

lak ang manga halaman (the plants

are blooming).
To bear fruit. Mamitmja {horn bunga, irait). Ex.:
NamumwTga na ang manga kcthoy
(the trees are already bearing
fruit).
To bear fruit; to be full of fruit. Mamumksak {irom busaksak). Ex.:
Namtunusaksak ifong punonglukban
(this lukban tree is full of fruit).

XY. Some roots have differing meanings with um, mag, and man. In
some cases the variation is great, but in others little or none. Maii, how-
ever, looks to the effect or result more than to the simple action, which is
expressed by um or mag. The examples will best show these differences
and resemblances. Ex.
Words differing in each case:

To teach. Umdral. Magdral, to study. MangA-

ral, to preach. (See index: dral;
also talo and sahunin.)

Words agreeing with um (if used) and man; but differing with mag:
To intrude or steal in. Dumikit; manikit. Magdikit, to fas-
ten; to paste together.
To throw a lasso or rope. Snmild. Manilo, to lasso; to rope;
to ensnare. Magsilo, to make a
lasso or snare.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 209
Words agreeing with ton and man, mag being Httle used:
To a(hnire; to *vonder at. Gumilalas; mang'dalas. Ex.: Ahing
pinangigilalasan ang kunkUan nang
mamjd bituin sa latTijit (I admire
[my admiration is] the beauty of
the stars in the sky).
To drag along; to arrest. Jlumik't; manhilu. (See index: hila.)
To shake (as a tree to get the fruit). Lumoglog; mavloglog. (See also in-
dex for libak, idea of ridicuhng,

Words differing witli um and man, mag being httle used:

To afflict. Dumaig (from daig). Manaig, to
overcome; to surpass; to vanquish.
To kill. Pumatay. Mamatay, to die. (See
index: patay.)
XVI. Some few words which do not admit of frequency have the simple
idea with man. Others are generally used with the particle in a seemingly
arl)itrary manner. Ex.
To bear a child. MaiTganak
To die. Mamatay.
The following are arbitrary:
To allow light to pass (as glass or Manganinag. Maaninag, transpar-
anything transparent). ent (from aninog).
To feel nauseated. Mandiri (from diri).
To have; to possess. Mandoo)! (iromdoon). (See index).
To originate from; to come from; to Mangdling. Ang pinangalingan, the
descend from : to arise. place or source of rising; origin;
etc. Ang galing na drao, the sun-
rise. Galing is the idea of doing
good. (See index.)
To look at wrathfuUv, Manlisik. Ex.: Naydilldk ang matd
nang poot narilat (fixing the eyes
wide with anger).
To lind fault with; to complain of. Mamintds {trom pintdf:). Ex.: IJindi
mo hagd alam na mahdlay ang pam-
imintds sa ibdf (Don't you know
the dishonesty of complaining
about others?) Ang pintasin; ang
pintasdn; ang mapamintds, the
critic; thefault-finder; complainer.
Ang pamintasdn. ^/vh.o or what found
fault with. Ang pagpintasdn, who
or what found much fault with.
(See also index: iilawa, to confide
in.)

XVII. Although pan, the definite corresponding to man, generally has

a verbal meaning, there are several instances in which pan, prefixed to a
root, signifies an instrument, utensil, or article. These roots then admit,
although they do not always require, the euphonic changes, as have
already been explained in Par. III. Ex.
The razor. AngpangdMt ( from nunTguhit). ( See
index: dhit.)
The auger. Ang pamutas (from butas). Magbu-
tas, to bore; to make a hole in.
The mop. Ang panguskus (from kuskits). Ku-
mtiskus, to mop up.

6855—05- -U
210 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

The sickle. A)ig pangapas (from gnpns). (See

index gapas. )
:

The 8pa(le. Ang punhukay (fn^in hnkag). (See

index.
The Ijrush, ruler, etc. Ang pangi'ilih (from giiliit). Guma-
to line, mark, or paint.
Jiit,

The pocket handkerchief, napkin, Ang puinnhiil (iron). pumdhid, to rub;

towel, etc. to clean).
The hammer. Ang paniiikpuk (from piunnkpnk or
magpnkpuk, to strike).
The pen, pencil, etc. Ang piini'ilat (from niani'ilat, to write,
[fora living] ). (See index: si'ilal.

The string, cord, rope, etc. Ang panull (from tali). Magtall, to
tie, fasten, bind.

XVIII. With names the days and nouns like "arao"

of (day) pan
denotes something used daily or on the day named. Ex.
Something for daily use. Ang pangaraodrao. (Noun redupli-
cated. )
Something for use on Mondays. Ang panh'ines.
XIX. In manner, man, with the reduplicated initial syllable of the
like
root, indicates the habitual agent with those roots capable of denoting
occupation, trade, or profession. It n)ay also be used with some other
roots. In some cases the particles are repeated with occasional euphonic
changes. Ex.
The following have a simple reduplication:
Barber. Manadh'd (from dhit), usually Muwj-
aiTgdhit in Manila.
Hunter (with gun). Mamamaril (from baril).
Sailor. Manandgat (from ddgat).
Physician. Mangagamot (from r/amot).
Reaper. Mangaga]}as (from gapas).
Weaver. Manliahabi (from liabi). Iluinabi, to
weave.
Tinsmith, plumber, etc. ManliUi hiang ( from h inang). Hum'i-
nang, to solder.
Sawyer. Manlalagarl (homlugari). (See in-
dex.)
Writer; clerk. Manunulat (from sulut).
Spinner. Manundlid (from sulid).
Tailor; seamstress. Mananaht (from talit).
Winner; conqueror. Mananalo (from talu).
Rescuer; redeemer. Mununubus (from tnbdi^). Tumubos^,
to rescue, to redeeni (simple act).
Tempter. Ma)iunusksu (from ^d-.so).
In the following examples the root as conjugated with man has the ini-
tialsyllable of the new word inserted between the nia and the iTg of the
particle. Ex.
Mam/aiTgdral (from matTlidral, to
Preacher. preach).
Hunter with dogs or hounds. MaiTijuiTgaso (from matigaso, to hunt
with dogs).
Fisherman. MamjliTijii^dd (from mangisdd, to fish.
for a living).

XX. With weights, measures, and similar nouns, man prefixed signifies
"to each," or "apiece," amounts as may be denoted by the noun. (See
under the numerals.
XXI. With many roots man signifies a resemblance to what may be
denoted by the root, which is redui)licated. Ex.:
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.. 211

Hurricane; typhoon. Bagyu. Ex.: Manbagyobagyo ilong

hangia (This wind seems Uke a
typhoon) . NagUilnyag slk'i'y bina-
gyo sila sa dagat (They were coast-
ing and were caught at sea by a
typhoon).
Anger. Gdlit. Ex. MangalitgdlU yaong
:

pangungusap (That way of talk-

ing resembles anger).

THE IXDEFIXITE PARTICLE "jIAKA."

I. This particle {naka in the past and present) has two distinct mean-
ings, the first being that of cause and the second that of power, ability, etc.
For this reason there are two definites, that corresponding to the idea of
cause being ka, and that to the idea of power being ma
(na).
In both cases the true pluperfect and future ])erfect tenses are formed by
na following the verb as existing in the past and future tenses, respectively.
The idea of cause is indicated by )iiaka with roots denoting conditions,
torts (wrongs), and betterments, which have only one definite; that with
i, which has in with the past and present tenses, forming ika, ikina. Ika
and ikina also indicate time (not tense) in certain cases. (See index.)
II. The difference in syntax between the.se maka verbs in the sense of
cause and all others must be noted. In the definite these verbs have the
agent in the nominative and the recipient or o])ject of the action in the
genitive. In the indefinite the agent is in the usual nominative also, but the
recipient or object takes the accusative, which is invaria})ly preceded by s«
(never by nun;/). This use of sa is also found with some other verbs.
III. Mag and man roots retain the definite forms pag and pan when con-
jugated with niaka, as will be seen from examples.
To be able to learn or study. Makapagaral. Ex. Nakapagdral ako
:

(I was able to study). Nukapa-

gadral siyd (He [she] is able to
study). Makapagadral sild (They
will be able to study). Hindi ako
makapagadral (I shall not be able
to study). Napagdral ko ung idral
(I was able to learn the lesson).
Napagadral niyd ang idral (He
[she] is able to learn the lesson).
Mapagadral nild ang idral (They
will be able to learn the lesson).
To be able to teach. Makadral. Ex.: Nakadral ako (I
was able to teach). The other
tenses, both of the indefinite and
the definite are formed in the
same way.
To be able to preach. Makapa)Tgdral. Nakaparu/dral ako
(I "was able to preach). Naka-
paiTgaiTgdral siyd (He is able to
preach). MakapangaiTgdral siyd
(He will be able to preach). The
definite is formed in the same way
as with jmgdral.
IV. Roots verbalized by maka reduplicate the first syllable of the root in
the present and future tenses. In some districts the second syllable of the
particle is reduplicated, but this is a provincialism. Ex.
To cause damage. MakapaiTganyayd (from unyaycL and
pan). See index.
To cause anguish. Makaballsa.
212 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To cause satiety. Makabutiog. Busog is a bow
(weapon).
To beautify or adorn. MdkabiUi. Burmdi, to grow hand-
some. (See huti in index.)
To cause disgust. 3fakadimarim or makurimdrim.
Mandbnarim, to disgust. Ex.
Nandimdrim aku sa pagkain niyd.
(His manner of eating disgusted
nie).
To do good. Makafjaling. (.See index: galing.)
To hinder. Makagamhald.
To adorn; to embellish. Makagandd. Ex.: Ang kahinhina'y
nakagagandd sa maiTga dalaga
(Modesty is a beauty in girls).
(Def. ): Ang kalimhinun aij i^igang
ikinagagandd nang maiTj/n dalaga.
To cause relief. Makaginhdua. Ex. Makaginhdiia sa :

inj/o ang gamot (Let the medicine

relieve you ) NakaginJidua sa akin
.

ang gamot (I was relieved by the

medicine). Nakagiginhdua sa ka-
niyd ang gamot (He is being re-
lieved by the medicine). Makagi-
ginhdua sa inyo ang gamot (You
will l)e relieved by the medicine).
Ang pagkagbihdua,i\iereVwi (act).
To cause sadness. Makahdpis. (See index: hd/il.^.)
To hinder. Makalibang. (See index: libang.)
To cause another to tremble with Makapangildbot (from kildbot and
fear. pan). Kakilakildbot, horrible.
To cause to tremble with cold or Makapanginijig. (See index: kinyig).
fear.
To cause (jr do evil. Makasamd. Makasasamd, noxious;
malignant. Also future tense.
Ex.: Houag mong kavjn Hong
buiTgiV t makasasamd sa iyo (Don't
eat this fruit, because it will in-
jure you [be noxious to you, in-
def. ]). Ang ikinasasamd nang
dking loob ay ang kaniyang pag-
mumurang walang ligil ( What puts
me in bad humor is his everlasting
slanderinsf Tlie cause of
[lit., my
bad humor his slandering with-
is
out cessation, def. J ). Sumamd, to
become bad or evil. (See index:
samd. )

To cause disgust; weariness; annoy- Makasaud.

ance.
To dazzle (as the sua or lightning). Makasilao. ( Syn pidag. )
:

To cause anxiety. Makasukal.

To cause nausea. Makasuklam.
To wound (lit., to cause to be Makasdgat. (See index: siigat.)
wounded).
To cause to be set afire. Makasunog. (See index: sunog.)
To cause loathing (as food). Makasuyd. (Syn. smtok.)
To cause fear. Makatdkot.(See index: tdkot.)
To cause laughter. Makatana. {See tana: index.)
To cause pleasure. Makatuu. (See index: iud.)
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 213
V. The indefinite forms will be clearly seen by the conjugation of
VKikai/inhnua in the i)rece(ling paragraph, there being no irregularities
and there is but one definite with Act, forming ilea as a prefix to the root
for the infinitive and future and ikina for the past and present tenses, in
being inc()rporated in the latter cases. For the conjugation of this definite
see liapis in index.
VI. Prefixed to roots denoting actions maka signifies power or ability to
perform what may be denoted by the root. Roots which are conjugated
in the simple idea by mag or man retain pag or pan before the root in all
tenses.
VII. Ma is the corresponding definite to maka potential, and when used
with the idea of attraction toward, etc., suppresses in completely. Ma
becomes na for the past, pluperfect, and present tenses. Pag and pan are
retained with those roots requiring it to preserve the meaning, as explained
in the preceding paragraph. The definites with i and an also exist. The
particle i is inserted between the particle n/o (na) and the root, contrary to
its use with ka, where it is prefixed to the latter particle. Ex.:
To be able to go away. Makaal'is. Makapagalis, to be able
to take away.
To be able to teach. Makadral. Makapagdral, to be able
to learn or study. Ex. Napagd-
:

ral ko ang idral ( I was able to learn

the lesson). Napugdral na ko ang
idral (I had been able to learn the
lesson). Napagadral ko ang idral
(I am able to learn the lesson).
Mapagadral ko ang idral (I shall
be able to learn the lesson). (See
dral in index. ) To be able to
preach, makapangdral.
To be able to do or make. Makagawd. (See index: gawd.)
To be able to take. Makakuha. With idea of attraction
toward, in is suppressed. Ex.
Nakuha ko iijang huiuja (I was able
to take that fruit) . Nakukuha niyd
iyang huiTga. (He [she] is able to
take that fruit). Makukuha ko
iyang bwTj/a ( I shall be able to take
thatfruit). (See also index: kiUia.)
To be able to go or come out. Makalahds. Makapaglabds, to beable
to take out. (See index: lahds.
To be able to walk; march; etc. Makaldkad. (See index: /('/Ayu/. ) Ex.
with maka. (indef. ) Nakaldkad ako
:

(I was able to walk). Nakalaldkad

siyd (He is able to walk). Maka-
lalakad sild (They will be able to
walk).
To be able to write. Makusidat. With i inserted between
ma (na) and root with definite.
Ex.: A\dsulat ko itong panulat (I
was able to write with this pen).
Naisusulat ko Hong panulat (I am
able to write [can write] with this
pen). Maisusulat ko Hong panulat
(I will be able to write with this
pen). Bukas maisusulat ang si'dal
na ipadadald mo sa iyong anui sa
Mayndd, (To-morrow I will beable
to write the letter which you will
214 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
have to send to your father in
Manila). Aalis ako nang maisnlat
na viya anr/ inintos ko .sa kanii/d
(I will go when he writes down the
orders I have given him). (8ee
index: sulat.
To be able to run away. Makatakho. (See index: takb'i).

Wl\. With negative particles the imperative is largely used instead of

the present tense, although the meaning is the same as that of the latter,
i. e., hiiidt akong tnakasi'dui, I cannot write; 1 am not able to write; instead

of ]tini:li ukong iiakasusi'dat. The definite is sometimes used in the same

way with the negative, and even with the afhrmative. Examples: Hhtdi
akong makapagdral (I can not [am not able to] study [or learn] ). Hindi mo
madampotf (Can' t you pick it up [grasp it] ?) Hindi ko malpahdjiag ( from
hayag, ma, i, andj^a) (I cannot reveal it [make it public]). Hindi ako
makaluds sa 3faynllcVt aku'y may saklt (I can notgo down to Manila, because
I am ill). With um this may be expressed hlndi ako mangyarlng Inmndssa
MaynilaH ako may sakit. Hindi kayo makajmiTijusapf (Can't you talk?)
Hindi ko matclkd, (I can not pronounce it). Hindi ko masaysay (I can not
explain it). Hindi ko masahi (J can not tell it).
IX. Maka (lutka) with the indefinite and ma (na) with the definite sig-
nify to do what is denoted by the root mechanically, casually, involun-
tarily, or suddenly (occasionally), especially acts of the mind and physical
senses. Ex.
To smell. Makaamoy. Nakaaamoy kayof (Do
you smell anything?) Naaamoy
ninyo bagd ang hamjonglslnusambu-
lat nang mangd bulnklakf (Do you
smell the fragrance shed by the
flowers?)
To feel. from damdam. Na-
Ilakaranidani,
ramdamdn nio.^ (Did you feel it?)
On, nadaramdamdn ko jxi (Yes, 1
feel it yet).
To hear. MakarliTijlg (from dhigig). See in-
dex: dliTgig.
To taste. Makalasap. (See index: lasap.)
To see. Makakltd. Ex.: Ako'ynakakitd nang
imng tauong diydn (I saw a person
there). Naklld bagd slldf (Did
you see them?) Hindi m/unl'trna-
kiklid ko sana (No, but I may be
able to see [them]).
Acts of the mind:
To know (something). Makadlam. Walang nakaadlam (No
one knows). Hindi ko naaalaman
(I do not know it.
To think. Makalslp. Hindi ma'islp, incompre-
hensible. Ex. And ang isip mo
:

or A^aiislp mo or Nailslpan inof

(What do you think about it?)
Kalslpan, opinion. Ang pagkaisip,
the act of thinking.
To comprehend somewhat; to feel; Makamalay.
to untlerstand.
To understand (naturally). Makatalaslds. Ex.: Natatalasids
ninyd bagd? (Do you underetand
it? ) Walang nak at at a la da ( No one
fit

understands). Titmalastds, to un-

derstand (by an act of volition).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 215

To remember (casually, etc. )• Malualmda. (See index: uluulu.)

To forget. Makolimot. (See index: limot.)
Miscellaneous:
To like (naturally). MakaiJjig. (See index: ibi;/.)
To ascend or go up (cas. ). Makapanltik. Ex.: N(i])an}iikan ko
cmg baltay nang kaihii/aii -ixithi. (I
went up by chance into the house
of our friend).
To enter (casually). Makapu^ok. (See index: pnsok.)
To fall asleep. Makaiulog. Ex.: Jlmujuinxa akny
riakati'ilog ako (I was reading
and fell asleep). Ang ikatulog,
the cause or time of sleeping.
Ang ipagti'dog, the cause or time
of sleeping a great deal.

X. Ma (na) is used in connection with an (sometimes in) to express

being overtaken by wind, weather, night, etc., and also to express the
casual advent of a season, date, etc.
Some phrases of this nature are used with in only.
The definite onlv is found.
To be caught out in the sun. Mai'irao. (See index: urao and init
for exs.
To be overtaken \)y night. Magah'i. Ex.: Gagabihin ka sa daan
(You will be overtaken by night
on the road).
To be caught in the rain. Mauh'in. (See index: uh'm.)
To be blinded. Mabulag. (See index: bulag.)
To be hot (warm). Mainlt. Ex.: KaUnitan aku (I am
warm). Unnnit, to become hot.
Maginit, to heat. Magpainit, to
allow to become hot.
To be clouded; turbid. Malabo. (See index: labo.)
To be overtaken bv Julv. Majulio. Ex.: Kam?y najidiohaa sa
Tarlac (July found us in Tarlac).
(Any month may be used in this
manner.)
To be found at Easter. Mapascua; mapasko. Ex. : Napas-
kuhan ako sa MaynUd (Easter
found me in Manila).
XL Maka also signifies the possible accomplishment of a purpose with
the indefinite; 7/»/ being used with the definite. (Naka; na.) The accom-
plishment of the end sought is always expressed in the past tense.
To be able to lift. Makahuhat. Makabubuhal, liftable.
Ex. : Bubuhatin ko itong bayong
kuvg viabt'that (I will lift this sack
if it be liftable).
To be able to overtake by running. MakaJiabol. JJtuiidbol, to run alter
another in order to overtake him
(her). Ex.: Hinubol ko siyd'y
hindi, nahdbol{l ran after him [her]
but could not overtake him [her] )

To be able to find. Makahdnap. {See'hdnap: index.)

To get by asking. MakahbTgi. (See hl)~gi: index.) _
To be able to catch fish. Makapanglsdd. Ex.: Ako'y niang-
iniijisda kung makapangisdd I am (

going to fish if it is possible to

catch any fish).
To be able to i)ass an examination. Makasulit. Ex.: Sinulit siyd nang
siiperintendenle ay {hindi) nakasi'dil
216 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
(He was examined by the superin-
tendent and ]iassed [did not pass] )

MakasuKulif. kdijnl (Will you be

able to pas8?) Snmnlit, to examine;
to give an account of.
To l)e able to hit with arrows. Mal:apaua. PHmc/nd, to shoot at with
bow and arrow. Ex. Pungmand :

siyil sa mawja ihon, in/ioii't hindt

nakapana siiji't ( I le shot at tlie birds

with bow and arrow, but was not

able to hit them).
XII. Makn, correctly used, expresses physical power or ability as a
general rule, snkat and iiiangi/ari being used to express moral ]jower or
ability. By the uneducated, these words are used almost indiscriminately.
(See sdka and mangi/ari: index.)
XIII. Maka is also used to verbalize kaya; "perhaps, may be," etc.,
which is conjugated as in the following examples:
Dili ko makaydnang dalh'in (I do not know if I will be able to carry it).
Dili ako makakayd ibigay Ho sa kaniyd (I do not know if I will be able to
give this to him). Wald akong ikakuyd (I have no way to do it). Maka-
kayd ka bagd bumili nituf (Will you be able then to buy this?) Di ko
makayanang labanan kayo (I am not al)le to fight against you [plural]).
linnmin ko, kun makayanan ko (I will drink it, if 1 can).
Bagd, "perhaps, by chance," etc., has a stronger meaning than kayd.
XIV. Maka (ma) is sometimes used in reluctantly admitting afact or in
avoiding too direct an injury to the feelings of another. Ex.: (Indef.
Nakapagnakao siyd (he may have stolen); (Def. ) napagnakao niyd ito (he
may have stolen this).
XV. 3faka is also used colloquially in conversation as follows: Makata-
nong kayd.^ (Is there anything more to be asked about it?) Makakitd
bagdf (Is there anything more to be seen?)
A more usual form is made with lalo, "more," and the root with ///,
viz: Lumalo sa tono)7^iH.^( Is there anything more to ask aboutit?) Luiiuilo
sa kitain/ (Is there anything more to be seen?)
XVI. Maka forms certain adjectives in Tagalog, which have the inher-
ent idea of potentiality. These adjectives, which in English are generally
formed by the suffixes able and ible or hy ful, have three distinct forms in
Tagalog.
XVII. (a) Roots expressing qualities which maybe felt by the mind
are made adjectives by prefixing ka, the casual definite of maka, to the
root, which is reduplicated to the second syllable. Ex.: Kaayaaya {aya)
"delightful"; kaginliaginhdua (ginhdua), "wholesome; salubrious;" kaibi-
gibig (ibig), "amiable;" kakilakildbot (kildbvt), "horrible;" katakoUdkot
(tdkot) "fearful; dreadful."
(6) Adjectives of similar meaning are also formed by maka with the
future indefinite. Ex.
Makahililyd {hiyd), "bashful;" makamamatay {matay), "mortal" (death-
causing); makasisird (sird), "destructive;" makatataitd (tana), "laugha-
ble;" riiakatulud (titd), "pleasant, agreeable."
(r) When the roots may express aptitude or inaptitude or facility or dif-
ficulty in doing anything; if affirmative the adjective is formed with the
future definite of the potential particle nut, and if negative with the impera-
tive ma (without reduplication of the first syllable of the root), which is
generally preceded by the negative particle di, "not." Ex.
Makakain, "edible;" di mukain, "unedible, uneatable;" magagawd,
"practicable;" dl magaicd, "impracticable;" inaiinum, "potable, drinka-
ble;" dimainum, "undrinkable;" makikitd, "visible;" dt makild, "invisi-
ble;" masasabi, "tellable;" dimasabi, "untellable, unspeakable;" man-
gyayari, "possible;" dl mang;/ari, '^imponi'ihle;" di mabala, "intolerable;"
dtmakalag, "indissoluble;" dt magamit, di malapitan, "inaccessible;" dt
mntiis, "insufferable;" di matingkala, "incomprehensible;" dt masalang,
"untouchable."
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 217
(d) Adjectives of the classes above described take the "tie" ng when
united to a following noun or verb if ending in a vowel, l)ut remain
unchanged if ending in a consonant. The following verbs take the defi-
nite imperative, which is best translated into English by the infinitive
with "to." Ex.: Kagakmygnlanc) ama "respected father;" kadnmaUh'i-
mal tignan, "disgusting to see;" kangaayang pakingdn, " delightful to listen
to;" madaling gaiv'm, "easy to do or make;" ma?h«agf saiZ/tm, "difficult to
say;" mahirap kcimtdn, "hard to accomplish."
XVIII. Maka may be compounded with mag, resulting in rnagniaka,
denoting the idea of a great or excessive degree of what may be indicated
by the root, which is generally reduplicated. (See par. 27, mag.)
Ex. Magmakaauaaud (niid) " to be able to move to compassion; " magma-
:

kagalitgdllt (gdlit), "to be able to njove to anger;" magniamakngaUtgdlit

ako iyang tado, "that man will be able to anger me;" makagalit, "to
cause anger;" mugmakahiyd, "to be able to shame greatly " (see par. 27,
mag ) magmakalurnhaylumbay ( iumbay ) " to be able to move to grief
; , 7iag-
; '
'

viakahimbaylumhay ako ang baliid, "the notice was enough to move me to

grief;" makalumbay, "to cause sadness; to make melancholy;" bdkit vio
ikinalulumbay ang mami<amang balituf or Ano't wikalulumbay sa iyo ang
masasamang baliid!' "Why does the bad news sadden you?"
XIX. Muka (naka) is sometimes used in the place of ma (na) indefinite,
the two particles having many analogies. Ex.: Nakabukds ang pinld,
"the door is open;" nakal'tmot s'lyd, "he forgot;" nakatayu siyd, "he is
standing up;" nakaiipo siyd, "he is sitting down."
XX. Mahd and its synonym bakd express fear or apprehension of pos-
sible danger, hurt, or injury. They are written as separate words and not
as prefixes. Bakd is more common. These two words may be best
rendered into English by "lest," "for fear that," etc. Ex.: Ako'
nagdalaiig tnkut, bakd marimjig (I was afraid lest I should be heard.)
Houag mong gawin iydn, makdmapalMinak ka (do not do that, because you
may lose). Houag kavg magdaan sa bundok, makd hararu/in ka nang m.ar~gd
tulisdn (do not travel in the mountains, because you might be stopped by
the "ladrones"). Ilumarang, to stop another on the highway. Makd
may tuuo diydn (lest there be people there).
(b) Makd also denotes partial resemblance, as in comparing speech,
fruit, flowers, etc. Ex.: Makd Tagdlog ang capiidn nang paiTguiTgusap
(the captain is like a Tagalog in his speech). Makd bulaklak sa A») erica
itong bulaklak nang amoy (this flower is like an American flower in odor).
XXI. In addition to the meanings of maka as a verl)al particle, it
indicates completed verl)al action, best translated by the adverb "after"
and a verb. Ex.: ^^akamisa nang pare (after he had said mass the
priest ). Makai/ari nito'y paroon ka sa (after you do this go there
to ).
It also used idiomatically.
is Ex. Makasakdling may dangmaling,
:

bumili ka nang kakanin (in case anyone should arrive, go buy something
[for him] to eat).

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "mAGPA."

This particle, signifying the ordering to do or make or permitting to be

I.
done what is denoted by the root, reduplicates the last syllable of the
particle for the present and future indefinite tenses. The definite, pa,
being a monosyllable, causes thefrst syllable of the root to be reduplicated
for the same tenses. The definite has all three forms of in, i, and an.
Mag and man roots retain this between magpa and the root. Pag
sometimes precedes magpa in the definite form (pagpa).
Sa is generally used before the person commanded. Ex.
To order to teach. Magpadral. Magpadral ka kay Pe-
dro, order Pedro to teach. Mag-
papagdral, to order to study.
Magpapagdral ka kay Juan, order
Juan to study. Papagaralin mo
218 TAGA*LOG LANGUAGE.

ang iyoivj anak (order your child

to study). PinajKujdral pa ako
nmuj akinij iiid (my mother or-
dered me to keep on studying).
(1) to order to
Mag})(i]>aillj(\r(d
preach; (2) to request to preach
(if not competent to order).
To order to read. Magpabusa. Nngixijiuhasa aiig vuiesi-
tro sa tnmlgd batd (the teacher is
ordering the children to read).
To order to do or make. Magpagaml. Nagjxiganu ako (I or-
dered [something] done or made).
Nagpajjagavd ^ii/d (he [she] is or-
dering [something] to be done or
made). Nakapagpagand ako (I
was able to order [something] to
be done or made). Magpapagaicd
ako (1 will order [something] to be
done or made). Makapagpagaicd
ako (I shall have ordered [some-
thing] to be done or made). The
definite with is: Tpagawd mo itosa
/

kanigd (order him to do [make]

this). Jpinagavd ko sa igo iio (I
ordered you to do [make] this).
Iphiugagaud niya sa iyo ito (he or-
ders you to do this). Ipagagau-d
ko sa iyo ito (I shall order you to
do [make] this). (See index:
gau'd. )
To order to come or go out; (2) to Maf/jHilabds. Magpalabds ka kay Juan
order to take or bring out. (order Juan to get out). Magpal-
abds ka kay Juan nang darnil (order
Juan to get the clothes out). Fal-
abasin mo Hong aso (have this dog
put out).
To order to ascend. Magpapanhik. PapanJtlkin mo ang
maiTgd batd (tell the muchachos to
come up). Makapugpapanliik, to
be al)le to order to ascend. Xaka-
pagpapanhik ako (I was able to
order to ascend). Nakapagpapa-
panhik ako (I am able to order to
ascend ) .Makapagjiapapa nh ik ako
(I will be able to order to ascend).
Magpapagpanhik, to order some-
thing brought upstairs, hoisted,
etc.Papagpanhikin mo ang maiTjjd
batdnang tubig (tell [order] the
muchachos to bring up some
water). (See index: panhik.)
To order to go or come down; to Magpapandog. A Iso means to spend
order to descend. to use up. Magpapagpandog, to
order something to be brought
down. (See index: pandog.)
To order to get into or enter. Magpapdsok. (For examples see in-
dex: pdsok.)
To order to write. Magpasdlat. A)ig manajddral ay nag-
pasi'i/at sa iyo (indef. ) pinasdlat ka
;

nang maiTgddnd (def. ) (the teacher

ordered you to write). The definite
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 219
with mis: I'asnhtiin mo 8uid nilong
sulnt (order him to write tiiis let-
tei). The dual (two) is used in
the followinji; exuiii]>ie.s, l)nt they
are translated as usual into Kn<:lish'.
P'masi'il<it.titariitm)</si'ihil{l ordered
you to write this letter). Phia.vi-
sulat lata lutoiKj Hulut (I am order-
ing you to write this letter). Pa-
susnlatin. l-ala nilunr/ sulat (I will
order you to Avrite this letter).
(See index: sulat.)
To order to lock. Magpunusi. To \o{:\i; magsusl. Su-
sifln mo lYo (lock this). Iloimg mo
susinn itt) (don't lock this). Ito
hindi nal-asud (this is not locked).
Alisln mo avg j^fdrisusl nito (un-
lock this [lit., "release this condi-
tion of being locked"]). Susian
mo ang jnnto (lock the door). Ang
isu-v, the key. Ang siisidn., what
locked. A ng pagsusl, what locked
much, or the act of locking. Ang
ipagsusi; what used to lock much
with. Sufil, derived from Chinese,
is distinct from snsl, meaning clear,
pure, or neat, which comes from
the Sanskrit, cnchi.
To order to sew. Magjudnlu. Ito ang paiahi nigd sa
akin (this is what she told me to
sew). (See index: iaJti.)
II. Magpa reverses the meanmg in sentences where an inferior addresses
a superior, or in which the subject has no power to command, the ])article
then meaning "to request, ask," etc. Ex.: Magpagavd ka nito sa ingong
amd "a.sk your father to do this," not "order your father to do this."
Magpadrul kagd pa m. inyong anak sa escvelahan (indef. ) or Papagaralln
n 1711/ 6 pa ang anak ninyd sa escnelahan (def. ) (let your child study for a
while yet at school).
III. The indefinite form will be seen by the conjugation of magpagaud
"to order to do or make;" there being but one irregularity of note, viz:
In the pluperfect and future perfect tenses naka and maka, with pagpa pre-
fixed to the root and na following, express these tenses, respectively. (See
tables for conjugation.)
'IV. Pn, the corresponding definite verbal participle to magjia, and
formed by dropping the first syllable of the latter, forms the three defi-
nites regularly. The examples given in the tables are magpasuktt (sdlat),
" to order to write " (in); magpagawd {gawd), " to order to do or make"
(/); and hiagpalanini {taiiini), " to order to sow " (an).
V. Magpa may be preceded by maka, forming niakapagpa, the com-
pound giving the idea " to be able to order to." (See under magpaixxn-
hik in Far. I, magpa.)
VI. Magpa also denotes what is suffered willingly or what is done with-
out restraint by others upon the subject; to allow or permit, with those
roots which admit such ideas. The context serves generally as a guide to
distinguish the idea of "to order to " from " to permit to." Ex.
To allow deception; cheating. Magparagd {Ivomdayd). (See index:
dayd.
To allow oneself to be crucified. Magparipd (from dipd). (See index:
dipd. )

To allow oneself to be whipped. 3fagpahampds. (See index :/i(irmp«.s".)

220 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To allow oneself to be flatly con- Magpaxuat.
tradicted.
To allow one's hair to be combed. Magpasitklay. Also "to order to
comb." (See index: siikkuj.)
To allow oneself to be slapped. MagpaUimpal. Tmnampal, to slap.
Magtampal, to slap much.

Vil. Magpa, with a root denoting a state or condition resulting from

gradual intrinsic action, indicates the purpose of the subject either to accel-
erate or allow the transition.

To allow to become putrid. Magpabulok. Houag mong kabulokin

ang matTgd sdging (don't let the
bananas rot).
To order to throw down; raze; (2) Magpagibd. Gumibu, to do away
to allow to fall into ruin. with; to level; to throw one's self
down. Angginibd, (1) what thrown
down or leveled; (2) what done
away with. Maggibd, to throw
down many things.
To allow to become hot. Magpaiiiit (from init). Magpapaginit,
to order something to be heated.
(See index: iuit.)
To allow to become cool; to cool any- Magpalamig. Palamigin natin ang
thing. drao (let us wait until the day is
cooler). Magpalamig ka nang tubig
(let some water cool [i. e., put some
water out to cool]). Ipa/amig mo
ang tubig (put the water some-
where to cool). Baku hind ka I

nagpapalamig nang tnbig:' (Why

don't you cool some water?) Saan
ako magpapalamig nang tubig?
(Where shall I put the water to
cool?) Iijang batalang iydn ang
pagpapalamigdn mo nang tubig (let
the water cool out there on that
porch ) Kahapon ay ang ibang silid
.

ang pinagpalamigdn ko nang tubig

(yesterday I let the water cool in
the other room )• Magpapaglamig,
to order something to be cooled).
To allow to dry up or out; to put out Magpatuyo. Houag mong patuyoin
to drv. ang matigd halaman (don't let the
plants dry up). Tuyo na p6 (they
are dried up already, sir). Hindi
ko wja pinatutuyu (indeed, I am not
letting them dry up). Patuyoin mo
iydn, dry that or let it dry.

VIII. Magpa is also used to express acts of the Creator; of nature, and
of persons beyond the control of the speaker, mainly with the idea of
cause. Ex.:
To cause waves. Magpadlon. Am'» ang nagpapadlon sa
ddgatf (What causes the waves
at sea?) Ang haiTgiti (the wind).
To cause the flowers to bloom. Magpa bula kla k.
To cause it to thunder. Magpakulog.
To rear; bring up (as a child). Magpalaki. (See index: laki.)
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 221

IX. Magpa, used with reference to tlie effect of such actions as the fore-
going, which are beyond the power of a human agent, signifies "to ex-
pose to;" "to put in," etc. Ex.:
To expose to the sun; to sun one- Magpaarao (accent on the last sylla-
self. ble). (See index: arao.)
To expose to the wind or air. Magpahangin. (See index: hangin.)
To expose to the rain. Magpaulan. (See index: ulun.)
X. Magpa coupled with meteorological phenomena and astronomical
occurrences, connected with a human agency, denotes a waiting on the
part of such agent until the condition has changed or the event taken
place. The context generally serves to give the correct idea. Ex.
To wait until the typlioon ceases. Magpahagyo.
To wait for a change of wind. Magpahangm.
To wait for the day to become cooler. Magpalamig nang arao. (See Par.
VII.)
To wait until the sun (or moon) Magpasilang. (See index: sUang.)
rises.
To wait for a change (as in bad Magpatila. Patllain mo muna ang
weather). uldn (wait until the rain ceases).
The root is iila, which alone means
"to seem." Tild tauo or anaki
tduo (it looks [seems] like a per-
son ) Tiki naparoon sila ( it seems
.

they went there ) Tilci napaparito

.

Slid (it seems they are coming

here).
To wait until the rain ceases. Magpaulan.
To wait until davbreak. Magpaiimaga (from nmaga, "to
dawn;" root, aga).
XI. With roots expressing the indefinite idea of what may be given
viagpa expresses acts which benefit another than the agent. These roots
are generally those conjugated primarily with um. Ex.
To give food; to feed. Magpakain. (See index: kain.)
To send; to forward. MagiKtdala. ltd ang padald nigd .>-•«

akin (this is what he ordered me

to bring [carry] ) Iti')'}/ padald sa
.

akin ni i»(( (this is what my mother

sent [brought] me). Aug ipina-
dald (what was ordered brought
[i. e., what was sent] ). Magdald,
to carry, bear, bring or take (over).
Ang dinald, what so brought, etc.
(See index: dald.)
To clothe; to furnisli clothing. Magparamit (from dam it). (See in-
dex: damit.)
To give something to drink; to wa- Magpainum (See index: init m )
.

ter (as animal or fowl).

To put at interest; to invest. Magpatubo. (See index: tubu.)
To give lodging. Magpatidoy. (See index: ti'doy.)
To lend willingly. Magpautang. (See index: I'ltang.)
There may be mentioned magpakild, to restore the sight.
XII. With roots expressing definites with mag in the primary verbal
sense, magpa expresses the idea of compulsion, exaction, or request, as
shown by the intrinsic meaning or the context. Definites exist with in, i,
and ail. Ex.
To collect taxes; to demand (or col- Magpabuis (from buiii, "poll tax,"
lect) tribute. etc. ) . Pabuis ko si Pedro nang piso
222 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
(I asked Pedro to pay one peso in
taxes) Isang piso ang iplnabu'iH ko
.

kay Pedro (one peso was what I

asked Pedro to pay in taxes).
Itong bnyan ay ang pinagpabuisan
ko (this town was where I col-
lected taxes). Magbuis, to pay
taxes.
To beg; to ask for alms. Magpalimos (from Span., Ihnosna).
To ask for a pledge or pawn. Magpumnla. Sangpisos ang sanladn
ko n itong singmng ( I want to pledge
this ring for one peso).

XIII. Actions in which the agent has a passive part are also explained
by mngpa. Ex.
To hear confession. Magpacumpisal (from Sp. confesar).
Saan naroon ang pare f ( Where is
the " padre? ) Nagpapacumpisal
'

'

siyd (He hearing confessions).

is
Magcumpisal, to confess.
To pardon. Magpatauad. (See index: tawac?.)
To get shaved. Magpadli'd. (See index: ahit.)
To have the hair cut. Magpagnpit. (See index: gupit.)
To have cleaned (as shoes). Magj)almis. (See index: Unix.)
XIV. Magpa also expresses the idea of repeating something many
times, or reciting the same much, and sometimes by many. Pagpa is
—
treated grammatically in many cases like magpa i. e., the last syllable of
the particle is reduplicated for the j^resentand future tenses. Ex.: Magpa
"we" kaigu (All of you say ''we" many times). Xagj)adiablo ako sakaniyd
(I called him a devil many times), ^ino o)tg ipiiiagpapadiablo ninyof
(Why do you say devil so much?) Jloiiug ninyong jiagpapadiablohan ang
kapoua ti'nio (Don't say devil so much to those around you).
XV. In some cases magpa signifies to do voluntarily what is denoted b)-
the root. Ex.
To adorn one's self. Magpamuti (from buti). Nagpapa-
bidi yaong dalaga (That girl is
adorning herself).
To praise one's self. Magpamuri (from pnri). At yaong
isd'y nagpapanmri (and that one
is [doing the same] for the praise).
Ang malrinliing dalaga'' y pi'»»joiu'i
nnng lahat (A sensible girl is
praised by everyone ) . Kapurihan,
praise; honor; fame. Syn.-.bunyi.

XVI. Magpa with some datives and all adverbs of place signifies "to go
orcome intentionally," where denoted by the root, etc. Ex.:
To come to me. Magpasa akin.
To go to you. Magpasa inyo.
To go (come) to the person. Magpasa tduo.
To go to Pedro. Magpakay Pedro.
To come here (near by). Magpadini.
To go there. Magpadoon.
To go up the river, or up country. Magpa ilaya.
XVII. Mapa, formed by dropping the g of magpa, signifies " to go in some
direction naturally or accidentally, and without intention on the part of
the subject." /generally precedes the root. Ex.:
To run off or lower (as water). Mapaibabd. Xapapaibabd ang tubig
(The water is becoming low [or is
running off] ). (See index: babd.)
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 223
To ascend (as smoke). Mapaitaas. jVapapaitaasanga~s6 {The
smoke is Di man viakild
rising).
ang ang magpapalu'tyag
nttigas, aso
(Althougli the flame may not be
seen, tiie smoke will reveal it.
T. P., 50).
To fly u]) in the air (as a bird). Mapailandang. Ang bdnoy ay napai-
landang sa impapauid (The eagle
a.scended into the clouds).
XVIII. It will be observed that the greater part of the roots verbalized
by inagpa require i in the definite to express "what is ordered done, given,"
etc., and in or an in the same form to express " the person commanded,"
etc. Ex.
To give food to another. Magpakain. (See index: Irdn.)
To allow to be punished; or to cause Magparusa (ironidusa) Ilonagmong
.

or order to be punished. parusahan ang walang kasalanan

(Do not permit the innocent [not
guilty] to be punished).
To permit to pass. Magpadaan (from daan, "road").
See index.
To give another something to drink; Magpainum. (See index: inum.)
to water animals or fowls.
To cause to walk up. Magpaldkad. (See index: lukad.)
To cause or order another to stand Magpatindig. (See index: tindig.)
up.
XIX. A sense may
be given to roots not having such an
of ordering
idea by it is clearer to use mag with a fol-
inserting a second pa, although
lowing infinitive. This second pa ( which remains in all tenses) with roots
having the idea of ordering signifies to order a person to order another,
although simpler forms are generally used. Ex. Ang capilan ay nagpa- :

painurn sa maiTgd cabayo (The captain orders the horses to be watered); or,
Ang capitan ay naguidos uminum sa manga cabayo [same meaning]. (2)
Magpapasulat ka kay Juan kay Pedro; or, Magidos ka kay Juan na magpa-
sulat. siyd kay Pedro (Order Juan to order Pedro to write).
XX. The tendency of Tagalog, like all languages, to simplify itself, is
shown by the use of the root with pa prefixed, with the significance of a
verbal noun. The agent takes the genitive and the object or person acted
upon the dative. Ex.: Pabaiu/d, "perfume;" pamuti (buti), "holiday
or parade appearance;" padald, "burden or what carried;" jmhiyds,
"jewel;" jmmana, "inheritance;" patago, " what hidden."
ltd ang patago uiyd sa akin (This is what he ordered me to hide). Pan-
' '
tang, ' credit.
THE PARTICLE " PA."
I. This particle has many affinities with magpa, as will be seen by the
examples. It reduplicates the first syllable of the root for the present and
future tenses, except when sa i» attached to and incorporated with it. With
roots of place, which require po.so, the first syllable of the particle is redu-
plicated for these tenses. Na is prefixed to pa in the indefinite past and
present tenses with both pa and pasa. This latter particle should not be
confounded with roots beginning with sa conjugated withpa. (See tables:
t along. )
II. of the principal significations of pa is to ask or beg for in refer-
One
ence to the subject, while magpa is generally applied under like circum-
stances to the object. Ex.
To ask for protection. Paampon.
To ask for mercy or compassion. Paaud. (See index: and.)
To ask for shelter or support. Pakupkup. Kumupkup, to press to
the breast or shelter under the
wings.
224 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To ask for aid, succor, or a favor. rasianguluiuj. MarjaaiigaUirxj, to aid,
favor, or succor.
To ask for defense. Patangol. TumangoJ, to defend.
To ask for help. Pati'dong. (See tables: ^uZonr/.)
III. At times pa signifies "to permit" the action indicated by the rcjot
"upon one's self," and sometimes "to ask," as above explained. It de-
notes greater willingness by the person affected than magpa does. Ex.
To consent to be deceived. Parayd, (from daya). (See index:
daijd.
To ask to be kissed. Pahalik. (See index: /(a///..)
To consent to be whipped. Pahampds. (See index: humpus.)
To consent to be vanquished. Patalo. (See index: talo.)
To consent to be slapped. Patampal. (See index: tatnjxd.)
IV. («) With the adverbs of place, and roots expressing place, pa sig-
nifies movement to or from what is denoted by the root, {b) With roots
of place sa is added to the particle, forming pum, which bisyllabic parti-
cle reduplicates the last syllal)le of the particle for the present and future
tenses. The initial d of the advei'bs changes to r after />«. Ex. {(t): Pa-
rini, "come here;" ])aritu, "come here;" pariydn, "go there;" jxirooti,
"go there." (See index: dim, d'do, diyan, doov.) These four adverbs
admit the definites i and an. That in i is compounded with ka, forming
ika, ikina. In may be used if compounded with magpa, signifying "to
order to come or go." (See tables and index: dito. )
Some localities are to be found where the last syllal>le of the particle is
reduplicated with these adverbs of place for the present and future tenses,
but this is irregular and incorrect. The practice is unknown to the earlier
writers.
The four adverbs which have been considered are also further conjugated
with um, making infinitives, etc. Ex.: Pumarini, pumarito, "to come
here;" pumariydn, pumaroon, "to go there."
(6) P«s((6d/m//, "to go to the house." (See tables: bdhay.) Pasabukid,
"to go to the country" {^elds) pasaddgat, "to go to sea;" pasailog, "to
;

go to the river;" jjasabundok, "to go to the mountains;" pasa Anitrica, "to

go to America;" pasa Kast'da, "to go to Spain." Xapasaan siya^ {Saan
ang tango niydf) (Where did he go?) Napatumjo sa Mayndd (He went
to Manila).
V. Pa also indicates to say what may be denoted by the root, but with-
out tlie plurality indicated by magpa. Ex.
To say "yes." Paoo. Paoo ka! (Say "yes!") Na-
paoo ka ,sa kaniydf (Did you tell
him "yes?")
To say "no." Paddi. Padill ka.' (Say "no")
Ddl rin (No, indeed); var. dlr).
Ang piimdiri ian; person to whom
"no" is being said. Magpadiri;
to say "no" repeatedly. Aitg
plnagdirian; person to whom " no "
has been said often.
To say "no." Pahlndi. Pahindl ka (kai/d) (Say
"no").
To say not to wish. Paayao. (See index: ayau.)
To say "devil." Padiablo. (See index: diat/o.)
To call "<!hicky-chicky." Pakorukid.

VI. Pa, prefixed to roots denoting bodily positions, forms words ex-
pressing the position taken. Ex.
Lengthwise; lengthways. Pahabd. Putlin mo Ho nang paliabd
(cut this lengthwise). Mahabd,
long.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 225

Crosswise; crossways. Pahdlang.

Lying down; j)rone (position). PaliUja. (See index: lugd.)
Lying on the side (jjosition). Pahtg'did.
Lying on the face (position). Putaoh.
Joying on the back (position). PatUuuin. (See index: tihaya.)
On foot; afoot. Patindiy. (See index: tindig.)
Seated (position). Paupu. (See index: upu.)
VII. Pa, prefixed to roots denoting articles which may be bought, sent,
carried, sewn, left, lent, etc., forms nouns indicating what affected by the
action. In composition these nouns take the nominative, the agent the
genitive and the recipient the dative. Ex.
What brought. Padala. (See index: dala.)
What borrowed or lent (not money) . Pahiram. Ito^y pahiram .sa akin vang
kaibigan ninyo (this is what your
friend lent me).
What left as an inheritance. Pamann. (See index: vuma.)
What sewn. Pataht. (See index: talii.)
Some roots, such as knin, eating; and /jimhi, drinking, are not clear
VIII.
when used with pa alone in this sense, and are conjugated with both the
particle j>a and the definite of magpa (pa) forming papa. Ex.: Papakain
ka kay Jiuni (ask Juan to give you something to eat). Papainum ka kay
Tonuts (ask Tomds to give you something to drink).
IX. Formerly mapa, with roots indicating relatives, signified to call
others by such names. This custom exists to some degree yet. Ex.:
Mapaali, to call "aunt." }[ap)animo, to call "grandfather" (or "grand-
mother").
THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "MAGPAK.\."

I. This particle, which may be analyzed into paka with mag prefixed,
generally signifies to do, suffer or voluntarily allow what may be denoted
by the root, and has two forms for the definite, pagpaka and ]>aka. Mag-
pakd and pagpaka form the present and future tenses in a peculiar manner.
The last syllable, ka, adheres to the root in all tenses, and pn is redupli-
cated for the present and future. The Diag of vragpaka changes to nag
for the past and present tenses. When7)((Aa is used with a root it is not
divided, ihe first syllable of the root being reduplicated for the present and
future tenses. Paka also retains pag with verbs conjugated primarily with
mag, forming the prefix pakapag. Paka admits in as well as i and an.
Roots conjugated with magpaka may have either a reflexive or transi-
tive meaning, or both, according to the context.
II. For the conjugation of roots with magpaka, see the tables: niatay, huti,
sisi, and aral.
JII. Some verbal roots conjugated in the foregoing sense by magpaka are:
To allow one's self to be insulted; Magpakaapi.
patronized.
To humble; humiliate or lower one's Magpakahahd. (See index: hahd.)
self.
To satiate one's self. Magpakabusog
To adorn one's self. Magpakahati. Aug kahinhinan ay
nagpapakahuti sa dalaga (modesty
befits a girl). Ang ipinagpupaka-
buti nang dalagang iydn ay nang
siyd'y mapuri ( the reason why that
girl is adorning herself is to be
admired).
To impoverish one's self voluntarily. Magpakadukhd. Mapakadukhd, to
come to poverty.
To improve or reform one's self. Magpakagaling. (See index: j/dZ/m/.)

6855—05 15
226 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To diminish (voluntarily). MagpakaVdt. Mal'dt, small; little.
To esteem one's self highly. Mar/pnkamahal. ( See index maJtal. ):

To allow one's self to be killed; Mcuipakamalny. Ncujpalcamatay aiit/

(2) to commit suicide. tdno kusa nii/d (the man allowed
himself to be killed). Nagpaka-
matui/ ang taga ILtpdn sa kaniyang
sarin (the Japanese voluntarily
killed himself [committed sui-
cide] ).

To despise one's self. Magpakammd. (See index: saind.)

To repent (deeply). Magpakasisi. (See index: sisi.)
To exert one's self; to make efforts. Magpakatdpang. TapcoTgan {pakata-
pang'in) mo ang looh mo (exert
yourself; "brace up"). (See in-
dex: tdpang.)
To enrich one's self. Magpakaydman. (See index: yd-
man.)
IV. As usual, stands for cause, reason, or instrument of the action with
/

magpaka, and an for the place or the object, according as the verb for the
direct object admits it or not for the direct object. Ex.:
To take exact notice. Magpakatandd. Pakatandaan mo ang
sinasahi ko sa lyd (pay exact atten-
tion towhat I am telling you).
(This word should not be con-
founded with its homonym tandd,
idea of age.
V. The foregoing sense of magpaka generally applies to actions which do
not go beyond the subject or to verbs which do not require an oljject to
complete the meaning; but when used with verbs admitting a direct com-
plement other than the subject or capable of voluntariness, 7nagpaka gives
greater force or intention to the root. In this signification the particle
admits in, i, and an, the reduplication being generally from the first
syllable of the root, as jmka is the usual form of the definite in such cases.
Roots conjugated thus must be capable of expressing the idea of more or
less. Pag is retained in this sense with mug roots, forming pakapag or
pagpaku, as the case may be, and in certain cases pagpakapag may be
formed. Ex.
To teach earnestly. Magpakadral. Pakaaralan ninyo ang
maiTgd batd (try to teach the chil-
dren earnestly ). Magpakapagdral
to study earnestly. Pagpakapa-
garalan ninyo ang wikang Tagdlog
(try earnestly to study the Tagalog
language). MagpakapaiTgdral, to
preach earnestly.
To have great prudence. Magpakabait.
To go very slowly. Magpakarahan (from dahan). Mag-
pakaralian kang Inmdkad (walk
very slowly). Pakarahnnin mo
ang paghila (throw it very delib-
erately). Dahanan mo iijang gawd
mo (do that work of yours slowly
[carefully]). Mapakarahan, to
slow down; to become quiet.
Napakarahan na (it has become
quiet already; has slowed down
it
now). Dumaftan, to go away
slowly. Magdahan, to go slowly.
(See index: dahan.)
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 227
To love greatly. Magpakagillo. Pinakagigilio komj
Icapalid na babaye (my dearly be-
loved sister J.
To guard one's self well. Magpakahujat.
To think earnestly, deeply. Magpakamp. Magpakauipisip, to
think very deeply. (See index:
isip. )
To arrange well. Magjmkahusay (See index: /(((w?/.)
.

To rectify well. Mwipabdiud. (See index: tuid.)

To tenqit greatly. Magpakatnkso. (See index: tukm.)

VI. By reduplicating the root, roots capable of expressing the idea of

more or less aotjuire still greater force or intensity with magpaka. They
are generally used in the delinite with this construction, and the redupli-
cation does not extend beyond the first two syllables of the root, according
to the general rule. Ex.: }fagpakadaUdali(d, "to suffer intensely or to
endure greatly. Paka tKipisipIn mo, think intensely.
'
'
'
' Pakasipagsipagin,
'
'

"take the greatest of care; care for it sedulously."

YII. Dropping the ka from jKika, there remains pa, which pronounced
long and almost as paa, has the same meaning as paka, but should not be
confounded with pa (the definite of magpa), pa (the particle), nor with
pa, "yet." It is generally used in the imperative. Ex.: Pabuksan mo
(open wider [or quicker]). Papalo mo (strike harder). Pataponan mo
(throw it with more force [or quicker]). (See index: Bukds; paid; and
tapon.)
Vlli. Afurther use of magpaka with nouns or verbs expressing time is
to signify to persevere or remain until such time, doing what may be
denoted by the root used. This signification admits of in, i, and an. JEx..
To until morning. Magpakadrao. (See index: drao.)
To until evening. 3fagpakahapon. (See index: hapon.)
To all night awake. Magpakapuyat. Ang ipinagpapaka-
puyat ko'y itong gawd (This work is
the cause of my having to remain
awake all night). Itong silid ifo'y
ang piaagpakapuyatan ko (This
room is the place where I remained
awake [or watched] all night).
IX. When an accidental or fortuitous action is to be expressed with
magpaka the g is dropped, making mapaka, an analogous particle to ma.
Pinaka, formed from paka and in, should not be confounded with pinakd
used in a very different sense. (See index: pinakd.) Ex.:
To multiply. Mapakarayni (from dami). Applied
to animals, etc. (See index: dami.)
To come to poverty. Mapakadukhd. (See index: dukhd.)
To grow greatly. Mapakalaki. (See index: Za^-?.)
To be delayed more than usual. Mapakaldwig.

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "mAKI."

I. This particle, known as the sixth to Spanish grammarians, has

^«A-iforthe definite, and reduplicates the second syllable {ki) of the par-
ticle for the present and future tenses. The pluperfect and future perfect
tenses are wanting, ^faki changes to naki for the past and present tenses,
and paki takes in for the same, forming pinaki.
II. The principal signification of maki with roots capable of expressing
companionship, etc., is joining with, accompanying another, interference
or intermeddling in what may be denoted by the root.
III. Maki may be combined with mn, mac, man, magpapa, and ]>a, as well
as with itself (paki). There are some verbs which resemble maki in form.
228 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
such as pakindbang, ixtkm'uj, etc., which are classed as um verbal forms,
and should be carefully distinguished. Ex.:
To join with or interfere in writing. MaMsulat (frum numulat). Ijnnaki-
kisuhit ko ito doon (I am putting
this in so it may be written there).
lyang maiTijd sulat in/ pakimilatdii
mo nito (Put this in to Ije written
wdth those letters). Muktj>acj]>(i-
sulut; to join (or interfere with) in
ordering to write (from magpani'i-
lat).
To join with in play or gaming. Makip<iglur6{irova.7naglar6; to play or
gamble; see tables: laru). Also:
I'akipaglaroan tiw si Pedro (Play
with Pedro). (With pa) Papaki-
laroinmo si Pedro sa kan'njn (Tell
[make] Pedro play with him).
To join in fishing with a casting net Makipandain (from mandcda; to fish
called " dala." for a living thus). Ditmala; to fish
(occasionally) with a "dala."
Magdala, to use a "dala." Maka-
dala; to be able to catch anything
with a "dala."
To join with in saying "yes." Makipauo {irom ])a6o; to say "yes.")
To join in a conversation uninvited. Makij^akiitsap (from makiusaj)).

IV. See tables: nmaral; magdrcd, and siimakai/.

V. Maki by itself admits only of i and an in the definite, /represents
the reason, cause, or object of the action, and an the jserson interfered or
meddled with, or joined, accompanied, etc. For the conjugation with /'

see the tables: sulat and humatid. For the definite with an see maglaru.
VI. In is only used with maki in combination with magpa (j>a). Ex.:
Papakigawhi mo ang alila mo sa vunlgd tduo ii/dn (Tell your servant to join
those men in their task). See also makipaglaru in Paragraph III, preced-
ing, and tables.
VII. Some roots conjugated with the principal signification of maki are:
To join or meddle with teaching. Mnkidral. (See tables.) Makipagd-
ral, to join or meddle Avith study-
ing. (See tables.) Makipanijdral,
to join or meddle with preaching.
To pick a quarrel. Makipagduaij. (See index: duay.) .

To claim a ]iart in; to participate. Makirdmay (from ddmay).

To carry along with; to join; to in- Makihatid. (See tables.)
terfere.
To embark with. Makisakay. (See tables.)
To tlirust oneself into the com- Makisamd.
pany of another.
To thrust oneself into a dispute or Makitalo. (See index: talo.)
argument.
To join with in weeping. Makilatigis (See index: taiigis.)
To join (or meddle) in pleasure. Makitud. (See index: tud.)
VIII. An is sometimes suffixed to roots conjugated with maki to express
intensity of the idea denoted by the root. Pag is generally retained in
expressions of this class. Ex.
To mock greatly; to make fun of, Makipagbiroan. (See index: bird.)
maliciously.
To join eagerly in play or gambling. Makipaglaroan. (See index: laru.)
To thrust oneself into an alterca- Makipngsagutan. And^t nakikipagsa-
tion; to answer with vehemence gxdan sa kapidbdhay mof ("Why
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 229
are you getting into an altercation
with your neighbor?) Sumuyut;
to answer; to reply.
To thrust oneself into a conversa- Makipagmlitaan. (See index: saH/tJ.)
tion ;to interrupt a report.
To hate intensely; to detest. Makipagtaniman {iromtanim). Not
to be confounded with its homo-
nym, tanim, "to sow." Nakikita-
nhnan si Juan kay Pedro (Juan de-
tests [hates] Pedro intensely).
Houag kaiig niakipagtaniiiian sa ka-
pidhdhay 7no (Do not detest [hate]
your neighbor so).

IX. The asking such articles of food, etc., as are generally exchanged
for
among neighbors cooking and household work is expressed by maki,
for
with the root denoting what may be asked for. A small quantity is always
understood. The cause is expressed with l and the person asked by an,
should the definite be used. In is used only in combination with magpa
{pa). Ex.:
To ask for a little wine. Makidluk (from dlak). This word is
from the Arabic araq, from araqa,
"to sweat; perspire." It is found
in English as arrack.
T(i ask for a few coals (fire). Maklapuy.
To ask for a little salt. Makiasin. (See index: asm.)
To ask for a little rice. Makibigds. Ankikibigds ako sana sa
inyo, pu (I would ask you for a
little rice, sir). Sino ang ipinakiki-
bigds mof (Who are you asking it
for?) Aking ipinakikibigds ang ina
koiig may sakit (I am asking for the
rice for my mother, who is ill).
Paid/ (Is that so!)
X. With roots verbalized into actions, maki denotes asking that the
action expressed by the root be done for the subject. Ex.
To ask another to reach something. Makidbut. (See index: abut.
To thank for. Matihim]t {ironxliumimjt; to request;
see index: Jringi).

XI. With nouns denoting partition vtakl signifies to ask for what may
be denoted by the root; and with ordinal numbers, in using which the
initial letter i is dropped, maki signifies to ask for the part designated by
the ordinal used. Ex.
To ask for an inheritance. Makimana (see index: mana).
To ask for a part or piece of any- ^[akipi.'^allg. Magpisavg; to break
thing (as bread). up and divide a cracker or bread.
Magjiisdtig kild (let us break it up
and divide it).
To ask for a fifth, tenth, etc. Makikalima; viakikapuo.
XII. With roots denoting work which may be joined in by more than
one, maki sometimes expresses the idea of asking to join in such work.
Ex.: Si Juan ayvakikatutig sa dkin (Juan asked me to help him in getting
some water). The particle ka, expressing companionship, is prefixed to
the root.
XIII. Some roots commencing with h, p, s, and t change with maki in a
similar manner as with man] when used in the signification of "to ask, re-
quest," etc. Ex.:
230 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To ask for news. MdJdmalitd (from halitd; see index:
hnlitd).
To ask for a passage (as on a vessel). Makinakay (from sakay).

XIV. With roots signifying nationality, race, state, condition, occupa-

tion, profession, etc.,maki is sometimes used to signify that one acts like,
bears himself like, or resembles what is denoted by the root. This idea,
however, is generally otherwise expressed, as some roots used thus are not
clear unless fully explained by the context.
XV. With ma, maki has a neuter meaning similar to that borne by ma
alone. Ex.
To appear like a noble (casually). Xapakimnhal. XapakikimaJuil ang
alipin(The slave looks like a noble
[has become so casually] ).
To act like or resemble an American. Makiamericano.
To act like or resemble a Spaniard. Makicastxla.
To act like or resemble a Tagalog. Makitagctlog. Nakikitagalog Hong
tauo sa pa)7gu)Tl/dsap (This man
resembles a Tagalog in his man-
ner of speaking).
To act like or resemble a person. Makitauo. Nakikitauo ang amo (lui-
goy) (The monkey acts like a j^er-
son).
To act like a woman. Makibabaye. Xakibabaye si Juan
(Juan acted like a woman) . This
also means to run after women.
To act like a man; to run after men. Mukilalaki. Xakihdaki Hong baba-
ye)ig ito (This woman acted like a
man).
To act like a beast. Makihdyop. Nakihayop itongthio ltd
(This man acted like a beast).
To conform to in customs. MakiugaU.

THE INDEFINITE PAKTICLE MAGKA.

I. Magka, the ninth particle of the Spanish writers upon Tagalog, may
be analyzed into inag and /.r/, one of the definites of via. This particle
generally expresses the idea of having (or being) what was not had or pos-
sessed (or existed as a state) before. As a rule, magka refers to condition
or state, while man refers more to the action by which a state or ccmdi-
tion is brought about.
The second syllable of the particle is reduplicated for the present and
future tenses, while m
changes to n for the past and present, following the
usual rule. There are a few exceptions, the first syllable of the root being
reduplicated in some words. (See tables: utang.)
/definite expresses the cause or reason of the action, while an stands for
either place or person, according to the nature of the action. (See tallies:
utang. )
Some very correct and widely used expressions are made by using an
with magka. Ex.
To look much at things; to inspect Umaninao. Wald akong mkat pagka-
closely. kaaninaiian (There will be noplace
where I will be able to look at it
[inspect it; study it out]).
To amuse one's self. Mtgkalibang. Waht siUtng pinagka-
libangan (There was no place where
they could amuse themselves).
Malilibang, to be anuised diverted.
;

(See index: pisan; tipcm.)

 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 231
Some roots conjugated in the foregoing signification with iriaijka are:

To have children. Mnykaanak.

To possess prudence. Magkabait.
To have crocodiles again (as a river). Magkahuaya. Nagkakabuaya va itorig
'dog (This river is infested with
crocodiles again).
To be laden with fruit. MagkabuiTija. NagkabiuTIja na liong
kalioy iia itof ( Has this tree borne

fruit already?) Jlindt ]>a nagka-

buwja (As vt't it has not borne
fruiit).
To have (there). Magkaroon. (See index: doon.)
To have reason. Magkaisip. Nagkakamp na Hong
b(dang itof (Has this child reason
yet? [i. e., has it yet arrived at the
age of reason] ).
To be lucky; to have luck. Md'/kdpalad.
To have rice again (also to have much Magkapdlay.
rice).
To err; to sin. Magkasala.
To forbid. Magkakasala.
To have monev again. Magkasalapi.
To be ill. Magkamkit. Avg ipagkasakit, the
cause of illness. Ano ang ipinag-
kasakit mof ( What made you ill?
Pasaktcui, to be pained. Ang
papagkasakt'm, one ill from his own
fault, also a sick person.
To have enough. Magkasiyd. Waldpu, hindt nagkaka-
siyd sa kaniyang pagkabi'thay (No,
sir; he does not get enough to live
on).
To have gray hair. Magkai'iban.
To owe a debt. Magkautang. (See tables: utang.)

n. The chance assemblage of many people or

casual, accidental, or
things, even though immaterial, is sometimes expressed by viagka. The
particle denotes a plurality of subjects in such cases, as opposed to a plural-
ity of acts, as expressed by some other particles. Ex.

To quarrel (as two or more). Magkaauay (See index: dnay.)

To be equal; to coincide; to accord. Magkaayon.
To meet casually; to gather (as a Magkasalubong (See index: skIh-
crowd). bong. )
To assemble casually (as a crowd). MagkasciDia. (See index: ftmiia.)
To meet casually (as a crowd). Magkatipon. (See index: Upon.)

III. Magka also indicates universality or plurality of subjects suffering

from or afiected in some way by what is denoted by the root. Ex.

To suffer from a typhoon. Magkabagyo.

To suffer from an epidemic of small- ikigkabuli'itong.
pox.
To suffer from a famine (also fur Mugkagidum.
many to be hungry).
To suffer from a conflagration. Magkasnnog.
To enjoy a holiday. M<igk(dud.
To have a riot or tunnilL Magkagido.
To be squeezed or pressed in a crowd. Magkadagon.
282 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

IV. Another use of viagla is to express an nnintentional or casual error

in what niaj* be noted by the root. The imperative is made with maid
or bakd ((j. v.). Ex.:

To say one thing accidentally for MdCfkaihA. Nagknihd siyd (He acci-
another. dentally said one thing for an-
other).
To err in counting. MagkaUmang.
To equivocate accidentally. Magkumalt. Nagkaimtli ako (I
equivocated accidentally).
Houag rnoiig akalaing ako'y nag-
kakaniali (Don't you think f made
any mistake).
V. Magka is also used to express self-deception l)y the sight, hearing, etc.,
the definite past tense with an sufhxed being taken as the root. For the
present tense the first syllable of the root is reduplicated and not the second
syllable of the particle. Ex.

To be deceived bv the hearing. Magkarijigan. XagkarirhTgan ako

(My hearing deceives me). (See
index: diwjig.)
To be deceived by the sight. Magkakita. (See index: kitd.)

YI. A
further use of magka is with the urn infinitive of some verbal
roots and some adverbs of place, with which infinitives magka expresses
the idea of making the said movement or going to or from the place indi-
cated by the adverV) for some particular reason or cause. Ex.

To follow (or obey) for a particular Magkasumunod (from sunod). Also

cause or reason. to follow wherever another may
go. (See index: sunod.)
To be here for a i>articular cause or Magkaduiiiito. (See index: dito.)
reason.
VII. Doubling the root intensifies the meaning with magka in some
cases. Ex.
To be verv late or tardv. Magkabdlambdlam. Xagkakahalam-
halam ka (You are very late
[tardy]).
To be broken into very small pieces. Magkalansaglansag (from lansag).
Litmansag, to break anything into
small pieces.
To be finished or concluded com- Magkalutaslutaa (from IuIuk).
pletely.
To be completely broken up (as a Magkapatidpaiid (from patid; see
rope or cord). index).
To be completely destroyed. Magkasirdmra (from )ilrd; see index).
To be torn into tatters (as clothes, Magkawindangiclndang (from wind-
etc.). dng).
VIII. Sometimes ka, the definite of ma, combines with jxxg to denote
the source of something. (See index: sira.

THE IXDEFIXITE PARTICLE "m.\GIX."

I. Magin, which Minguella thinks a "disguised passive" in conception

reduplicates the gi of the last syllable of the particle for the present and
future tenses. It also changes m to n for tlie past and ]>resent indefinite.
It expre.«ses the conversion or transformation, either gradual or sudden, of
one thing into another, as a general rule, the root being tbat into which
the other thing is converted or transformed. Magin is also used to express
 TAGALOa LANGUAGE. 233
such ideas as "to beget," etc. Being a neuter particle generally there is
no imiierative in such cases, as there can be no volition in the action ex-
cejit with personal pronouns.
II. For slow, self-converting processes udi is generallj' used, but in some
cases the use of magin is correct. Besides the indefinite the definites with
i and an exist. (See tables: alak.)
As magla generally denotes a state or condition, it admits ika with some
roots, and in combination with jja, the definite of magpa, it also admits i)i
with others. (See tables: dapat.)
III. As will be noted, magin is commonly used to express such acts as
the turning of wine into water by miraculous agency, etc., as well as natural
processes. Some of the roots usually conjugated with magin are:
To be converted into wine. Maginalak. (See tables: dlak.)
To be converted into gall or bile. Maginapdu. Nagiginapdo avg a king
bibig(my mouth tastes like gall).
To be turned into stone; to become Maginbato. Ang asana ni. Loth ay
petrified. naginbatong asm (the wife of Lot
became a rock of salt).
To be converted into vinegar. Maginsukd. (See tables: sukd.)
To be begotten. Maginanak (from anak, "child").
Naginanak ni Abraham si Isaac; at
naginanak ni Isaac si, Jacob; at na-
ginanak ni Jacob si Judd at kani-
yang matTgd kapatid (Abraham be-
gat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob;
and Jacob begat Judas and his
brethren)— Matth. U, 2.
To be made man. Magintduo. Ang anak nang Dios ay
nagintduo (the son of God was
made man). (But if volition is in-
cluded other jiarticles or exjjres-
sions must be used. ) Ang anak
nang Dios ay nagkatauang tduo (the
son of God assumed the form of
man).
To become a Tagalog. Magintagdlog. Nagigintdgalog ang
capita n sa paiujatTgusap (the cap-
tain resembles (or seems to be) a
Tagalog by his speech).

IV. It should be noted that nagin in the past tenses is the only sense
which can really be said to denote complete conversion, etc., the present
and future tenses conveying the idea of "seems to Vje," "may be," and
"might be," respectively.
V. Magin is also used in a neuter sense to express the assumption of
conditions of mind, morals, or body,
office, states, etc., if intention is not
meant, in which case other particles are used.

To become "presidente." Maginpresidente. Naginpresidenie si

Gat Simeon sakd nagingobernador
at
(Don Simeon became presidente
and afterwards governor).
To become just or virtuous. Maginbanal.
To become a miser. Maginmardmot (from ruardmot, mi-
ser; see ddinot).
To become worthy. Maginddpat (from ddpat; see tables:
ddpat). Mardpat, fair; just; de-
serving. Karaptan, merit; deserts.
Ang ikapagin ddpat, the reason or
cause of being worthy.
234 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To be converted into an animal. Magi)ili('n/op. Matjlinyo/), to sell, deal
in, or raise animals. Ilayopan, cor-
ral for animals; j)en. Knhnyopan,
))rntishness. A)ii/ jxigkahtn/aj),
brntality.
To become an habitnal litigant (bar- Naghipulausup sign
MfKi'nijKdw'isap.
rator). (he has become an habitual liti-
gant).
To become deaf. Maginhingi.
To become blind. Maginbulag.
To become dumb. Maginpipi.
VI. With some routs magin may express the idea of "to be." Ex.:
To ])e the motive or cause. Magindahikhi. ang nagindahi-
ltd
Idn (this was the reason). Ito ang
nagigindaliilnn (this isthe cause).
To befall. Maginpalad. An Lagn
) magighi-
(tug
jialdd kof (What will mv luck be?
[What will befall me'?])"
To turn out to be true. Maginlotoo. Xagintotno ang sinabi mo
sa akin (what you told me turned
out to ))e true).
To be a servant. MaginalUa. Jtnng taiio it(j'y magigin-
cdilci ninyij (this man will be your
servant).

VII. The idea of volition is sometimes admissible with magin when used
with personal pronouns. Ex.:
To be thine. Maginiyo.
To be mine. Magindkin. Ak(V y maglginiyo't iki'io
ay magigindkin (I will be yours
and you will be mine).
VIII. (a) Magin is also used in combination with the interrogative
adverbs ildnf (how many?) and magkanof (how much?) and with the
answers thereto, (h) With magin prefixed to a number and na following
it the completion of the period named is denoted. Magin expresses the
idea of "about" in these cases. Ex.: (a) MagiginiJdn sUdf (about how
many will there be?) Magiginildn ang puroroonf (about how many will
go there?) Magigindalavang puo (about twent}-). ^[agiginmagkano itdf
(How much will this be worth?) (/>) Rung maginisang budn na (After
about a month). Nang maginilang drao (after a few days). Kiing magin-
sangtaon na (after about a year).
IX. Magin may be used sometimes in the sense of "belt" or
"either" "or." Ex.: Maginito; maginiydn (be it this or be it
that). Maginlalaki siyd; maginbabaye (he it man or be it woman). Ma-
gimTgayon; maginbukas ay paroroon aku (either to-day or to-morrow 1 will
have to go there).

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "MAGSI."

I. This particle, which changes initial m to n for the indefinite past and
present, reduplicates the last syllable of the particle for the present and
future tenses. It has all three definites, and may be combined with all
other particles, which are placed between it and the root, except maka and
ma definite in the sense of power, which precede it. (See tables: alis;
gawd; tapon, and kidia. ) It has no other signification than to denote a
plurality or universality of subjects in connection with the verbal action.
Naturally there is no singular number. Xgd may be inserted after the
first two letters of the particle to indicate an extreme degree of plurality.
See iahles: pagdral. Ex.:
To teach (many). Magsidral. Magsipagdral, to study
(many). ^1»^ ma)~gd batd dito sa
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 235
magsisipagaral na laliat
h(ii/<in ito'j/
the children herein this town
(all
are studying). Aug mniTi/d hala
nitong esruelahdnuaiTgagxiaipdgaral
(all the children in this school
are learning [or studying]). Mag-
sipaiu/dral, to preach (many).
MoigagsipaiTgdral, to preach (by a
great number).
To confi'.-s (niiiiiy). Magsipagcumjnsal. To hear confes-
sions (many priests(; mag.^lpagpa-
cumpisal. (See index: ciunpl><ul.)
Togo <uit (many). Magsilabds. MagsUahds haiioiig laliat
na naririto so looh (all of you who
are inside go out).
To look; behold, etc. (many). Magsipanood. Bdkit ipinagsisipandod
nild (dig ddgat igavg mam/d tdvo
iydn/ (Why are those men look-
ing at the sea for?)
To enter; come in (many). Magsipdmk. Magnpdsok kagong lahat
na naririyang icalang ga wd ( Come
:

in all ofyou who are out there

doing nothing [or without work] ).
To laugh (many). MagxiUma.

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE MAGPATI.

I. This particle is little used, and besides the usual change of m to n for
the ])ast and present indefinite reduplicates the second syllable {pa) of the
particle for the present and future tenses. It is used with roots express-
ing the idea of motion or positions of the body, and signifies to perform
such motions or take such positions voluntaril}-, and with briskness or
suddenly. If such sudden motion occur or jiosition be assumed involun-
tarily, the g is dropped, forming mapaii, equal in meaning to majxt. The
definites with i (ika) in the sense of cause, and an (Jiun) for place exist.
(See tables: luhod.) Ex.:
To prostrate one's self quickly. Magpatirapd (from dapd).
T<i lie down quickly; to throw one- Magpatihigd. Mngpalilugd ku (lie
self down. down quickly).
To fall on one's knees. Magpatiluhod. Ang ikapagpatilvhod:
the cause or reason for falling on
the knees. Ang pagpatduhordn:
the place where or person knelt
to. (See tables.)
To turn the back abruptly. Magpatdalikod. To do the same
without intention, mapalitalikod.
To spring to the feet. Magpatitin d ig. Xagpupa I it in dig s ii/d
(he is springing to his feet). Xa-
papafitindig ako (I sprang to my
feet unconsciously).
To sit down suddenly. Magpatiupo. To sit down suddenly
without meaning to: mapatiupu.

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "mANHI."

I. This particle beside the change from m

to n for the past and present
indefinite, reduplicates the second syllable (/)/) of the particle for the present
and future tenses. This particle is used to express verbs of searching for
minutely, for those expressing the idea of removing dirt, etc., from the
face or body, and for miscellaneous ideas which will be better seen from
the examples. Certain letters beginning roots are UKjdified by manlii, the
same as they are by man. The definites with i and panhi, in the sense of
 236 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
cause, with an and either panhl or hi in the sense of place, and with In
mid either panhi or hi for ordinary definite sentences exist. (See tables:
matay; rnalay; tiny a.)
II. A reciprocal form of many of the verbs conjugated with manhi may
be formed with an suffixed or with maylii in place of manhl, retaining an as
a suffix, however. Ex.
To search for carefulh'; to glean. Manhimalay (from pdlay, " un-
husked rice " ). Panhimalayin ( hi-
malayin) mo any iyony kakanin
(look for [glean] what you have
to eat). Any gutma ay any ipi-
nanhihimdlay niyd (hunger is the
cause of his gleaning). Any biikid
ni Juan ay any pinanhimalayan niyd
(he was gleaning [he gleaned] in
the field of Juan).
To peck here and there (as a bird in Manhinukd (from tukd).
search of grain).
To search for grains of metals or Manhimidos {irom pulos, "all of one
mineral.*. color"). Fiilos also means the
grains themselves.
To wash one'.s face; to remove stains, Manhddmos (from Idmos, "stain,
smudges, etc. smudge"). The root hildmos is
from this combination.
To comb the mustache. ManJiiinisai/ (from mviay, " mus-
tache").'
To pick the teeth. Manldnim/a (from tiiTya, "what ad-
heres to the teeth". See tables).
To clean the ears. Manhi nidi (from tutuli, "earwax").
To clean the eyes. Manhimutd (from mutd, "secretion
of the eye").
To treat swelled eyelids or wash Manhimokto (from pokto, "swelling
them. or inflammation of the eyelids")^
Fanioktohin, a person frequently
afflicted thus.
To clean the nails. 3IanhiiTyok6 (from koko, "nail,
claw").
To cleanse from head lice. ManliiiTgiita (from kidu, "head
louse " )ManhiiTgutuhan or may-
.

hiiTyiduhan, to cleanse each other

thus. Manhinoma, to cleanse of
. body lice. Tomahin, person af-
flicted thus.
To follow by trailing; to hold in Manhimakds (from bakds, "footprint,
memory (met.). sign, trail, etc."). Bakasin mo at
naito any ydpak (follow it, here is
the footprint). Mayliimakasan, to
follow each other on the trail, etc.
To rebel: revolt. Manhimagsik (from bagsik, "cruel,
tyrannical").
To avenge or take revenge. Manhiyanti (from ganti, "reward,
premium " ) Pinanhiyanti
. nild
siya (they avenged him [her]).
Sild any panhihiyantihan niyd (he
will take revenge on them).
To peddle; to sell bad goods. Ma)dti/<iko (from lako).
To act like a child. Manlilnio.wti'ts (from mosmos,
"child"), ^fosm6s mo itof (Is
this your child?)
To tell the fortune l)y the palm. Manhimdlad (trom pdlad, "palm").
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 237
To pretend to work, or to work Mnnhimamhnj (from panda;/,
without purpose. "smith"). PiDKlay wlkci, great
talker, "wordsniith."
To be uneasy on account of solitude. ManJumanglao (from pawjldo., sad-
ness, fear, or uneasiness caused by
being alone) . Mapanfjido na hdhaii
(a lonely [solitary] house).
To meddle; intrude. Manliimdsok (from pdsok). Honatj
mong panhimaKuhtn ang bi'iJiay
nang ibang inaiTgd tduo (don't med-
dle with what passes in the life of
other people).
To faint; swoon. Manhimalay (from matay, "idea of
dying." See tables: ma<«y.)
To suspect evil. Manhimula (from pula, "idea of not
believing and blaming another ). '

'

Puld is the idea of redness.

To beat about the bush. Manliimilhig (from pnling, "bank,
shore"). Houag mo ako)tg pand-
linggmlluigan (Don't beat about
the bush with me; don't tr)' any
red tape on me).
To change color or the expression of Manh im uti ( homjmti, '
' idea of white-
the face. ness").
To feel badly for lost work. Manh mdyang ( from sdyang )

To embark in the boat of another. Manhinaka (from sakaij, "boat,

I/ ves-
sel").
To exert one's self. ManJdndpang (from tdpang).

THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE MAGSA.

I. As usual, this particle has the past and present indefinite take n in
place of VI, while the xecond syllable {m) of the particle is reduplicated for
the present and future tenses. All three definites exist. See tables; msik.
The signification of this ijarticle is imitation, adoption or following the
customs, dress, or language of another people. It is little used, maki being
more customary. Ex.
To follow American customs. Magsaamericano.
To follow Bicol customs. Magsahikol.
To follow Visayan customs. Magsabisaya.
To follow Spanish customs. Magsacastila.
To follow Ilocano customs. Magsailoko.
To follow Moro customs. Magsakamorosan.
To follow Tagalog customs. Magsatagdlog. Ang sinasatagdlog,
what followed or imitated, etc.;
Ang ipagsatagdlog, the reason or
cause of such adoption. Pag is
dropped with in.

II. Magsa; the expressions magsadrao ka nang damit; put the

isa; as in
clothes in the sun isahaiujin mo itong bard; hang this shirt in the wind, etc.
:

are not from this particle but from sa, the preposition "in," conjugated
with mag and i respectively.

III. The may be expressed by other

signification of magsa particles
than mo/./, among them being ma gka and via with «?i suffixed. Ex.: Si
Juan ay nagkakasliladn (Juan is very Spanish in his ways [speech, etc.]).
Nataiagalogan siyd ( He
very Tagalog in his ways). By doubling the root,
is
if a bisyllabic one, or the first two syllables thereof if longer, a diminu-

tive meaning is imparted. Ex.: Natatagatagalogan «i/d (He is somewhat

Tagalog in his ways).
238 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE ".MAGKAPA."

This particle changes m to u for the past and present indefinite,

initial
and reduplicates the syllable {pa) of the particle for the present and
last
future tenses. The sole use of the particle is to express, prefixed to roots
denoting positions of the body or motions of the parts thereof, the invol-
untary remaining in such position, etc., as the result of fright, surprise, or
other violent emotion. The definites with r, toexpref^s the cause, and with
07I, to express place, exist. (See tables: ?«?(/«/.) Ex.:
To remain with staring eyes. Magkapadilat. Dumllat, to open the
eyes. Madilat, to be open (as the
eyes). Syn., riKigJcapantiUa), to re-
main with the eyes open. Ang
ipugkapam /(/o/, the cause of remain-
ing with staring eyes. Aug jiagka-
parnulutan, the place of remaining
thus.
To be left with the mouth open; to Magkapanganga, from ngangd. Xgu-
stand with open mouth. rnaiTga, to open the mouth.
To stand showing the teeth (as an MagkapaiTgisi (from iTgisi).
animal, etc.
THE INDEFINITE PARTICLE "mAGKAN."

I. This particle takes n in the past and present indefinite in place of ui,
and has the peculiarity of reduplicating the initial syllable of all routs con-
jugated by it. For the present and future tenses the second syllable {ka)
of the particle is reduplicated in a similar manner to the reduplication of
the ^; of ?no(7m. (See tables: luhd.) Magkan signifies primarily the in-
voluntary flowing out of the secretions of the body, and has the definites
of i for tile cause and an for the place. In a metaphorical sense magkan is
also used to express involuntary emotions, actions, etc., as will be seen by
the examples:
To bleed. Magkandudug6{iYomdug6,'''h\ood^^).
To sweat from fear or illness. Magkanpapawis (from jjd"'(s).
To slaver; to drool. Magkanlalaway (from Idvxtg, "sa-
liva").
To weep or shed tears unconsciously Magkanlidithd {troni luhd, "tear").
(as from a wood fire).
To blush. Magkanhihiyd (from hiyd). Kahi-
ydhiijd, a shameful thing.
To undress or lose the clothes (in- MagkanJiohobb. Nagknkanhohohb si
voluntarily). Juan nang pagtaxKi (Juan is shak-
ing his clothes off with laughter).
To overflow; to exceed. Magkaidalahis. Linabisan mo ang
utos ko sa iyo (You exceeded my
orders to you).
To drop off. Magka n lalaglag.
To burst into laughter. Magkaiit<itaua.
To be stunned bv a blow. Magka ntit'dap.

COMBINATIONS OF PARTICLES.

The combining called "transcendency" by the

of various particles is
writers upon Tagalog, and may be said to have the following characteris-
tics: With two exceptions, double or triple combinations of particles
prefixed to a root demand that the one immediately before the root take
the definite form. (See tables, dual; dlak.)
First exception. Some roots conjugated by mag and magka admit um.
(See tables, p'dit; dull; sunod. )
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 239
Second exception. The particle maka precedes other particles, a prop-
erty also possessed by magsi, except when in combination with itifikn,
which goes before magsi in such cases. (See tables, lard; gmni; linloq;
dito; alls. It must further be borne in mind that roots which are primarily
conjugatexl by via;/ retain pag as a prefix invariably, as do also those roots
differing in meaning with um and mag.

THE DESIGNATION OF PARTICLES.

For convenience of reference to the Spanish works and also to the work
of Hmnboldt, the numbers given by the early writers to the various
particles modifying roots are of use. They are:
Ist. Um. No def. 10th. Magin. Pagin.
2d. 'Mag. Pag. 11th. Magsi. Pagsi.
3d. Man. Pan. 12th. Magsa. Pagsa.
4th. Maka. Ma. . . . Ka. 13th. Manhi. Panhi.
5th. Magpa. Pagpa. 14th. Magpaka. Pagpaka.
6th. Maki. Paki. 15th. Magpali. Pagpati.
7th. Pa. Pa. 16th. Magkapa. Pagkapa.
8th. Ma. Ka. . . . Ma. 17th. Magkan. Pagkan.
9th. Magka. Pagka.
In, i and an are the three particles always accompanying the definite.

THE PARTICLES "KAPACj" AND "kaPAGKA."

These particles are much used in Tagalog to express the ideas given in
the following examples. The agent takes the genitive (or possessive) case
and the object or effect of the action the accusative. Ex.:
When my father left, I left also. KapagaUs nang dking amd'g ako^y
uiiginalis din.
After he finished his work, he came Kapagkatapus niya nang kanvjang
to where I was. gawd'y pinaritohan niyaako.

THE PARTICLES " PAG " AND " PAGKA."

The same expressions as the above may also be rendered by pag and
pagka. Ex.
When my father had gone away, they nang dking arnd'y siyang
Pagal'is dito
arrived. pagddting nild.
When it strikes twelve, we will rest. Pagtuglug nang a las doce ay magpa-
pahingd tayo.
After you pay your respects to him, Pagbati mo sa kaniyd'y parini ka.
come here.
After I eat, I shall go for a walk. Pagkakain ko'y ako'y magpapasial.

THE PARTICLE "PINAKA,"

This particle, prefixed to roots, signifies to be held or reputed in what

may be expressed by the roots. It may also mean "number of times
made" in some cases. Ex.:
Rice is considered to be the bread of Ang kanin ay siyang pinakalindpay
the Tagalogs. nang maiTgd tagalog.
We regard you as a parent. Kayo po^y pinakamagulang namin.
He is regarded as their leader. Siyd ang pinakapuno nild.
240 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
FORMATIONS OF NOUNS FROM ROOTS.

Nouns are formed in various manners in Tagalog from roots.

I. Some nouns are formed by prefixing inapag to the root. Ex.
Mocker; scoffer. Ma-paghiru. Respectful person. Mapagpitagan.
Generous person. Mapaghij/aija. Destructive person. Mapagsird.
Scoffer; hoaxer. Mapaglibak.
Proud; arrogant Mapar/palalu.
person.
II. Paid prefixed to roots forms other nouns. Ex.
Quarrelsome person. Palaauay. Blaspliemer. Palasumpd.
Drunkard. Palainum. Barrator (litigant to Paldi'isaj).
Glutton. Palaknin. excess).
Loving (amorous) Palasintd. Boaster; great talker. Paluwikd.
,
person.
Some of the above may l>e verbalized by changing the initial jo to n or rn.
Ex.: Nalakain shjd (he became a glutton). Naldlainum sii/d (he is be-
coming a drunkard). Malalairikdsii/d (he will become a l)oaster). This
is now provincial.
III. Some nouns of the classes under consideration are formed by pre-
fixing ma either to the imperative or future of the root, as combined with
in. Ex.:
Friendly person. Maibigin.
Amorous person. Mairogm; masintah in.
Disobedient person. Masua'm (from suay).
Obedient person. Masunorn) (from sunod).
A jolly person. (from iaiia).
3[atai(aiii»
An affectionate person. MawUiliin.
A timid, bashful person. Mahihiy'm (from Jiigd).
A forgetful person. Malilimutin (from livtot).
A pleasant person. Malulugd'm (from lugod).
A sorrowful person. Maluluinbayhi (from linnbay).
A delicate, sickly person. Masasakt'm (from sakit).
A timid person (cowardh^). Matatakutin (from tdkol).
IV. Other nouns indicating occupations, professions, trades, etc., are
formed by man with the future tense of the indefinite. See list of such at
€nd of section three.
V. Nouns indicating a person suffering from a chronic disease or fault
are to be found formed by suffixing in to the root denoting such disease
or fault. (See Par. XXIII, in.) These nouns may be verbalized by
in. Ex.: Siyd'y Jiiuihikd (he suffers from asthma). Sild'y tinatamad {they
are lazy).
VI. Some nouns with an idea of place inherent are formed with the
future tense of some roots with an. Ex.: Pagbabaonan, cemetery; burying
place (from barm). Pagbibinyagdn,haY)istry (irom binyag). Pagpaputaydn,
abbatoir. Place of execution, Pagbibitaydn (from bitay).
VII. Some nouns indicating occupation are formed by taga combined
Vi'iih p)ag {tugapag) heiore a root. Ex.: Tagapagbantaij, sentinel, watch-
man. Syn. Tagapaglniiod. Tagajiagming, cook (from ming, "cooked
:

rice"). Sometimes /«gra alone indicates this. Ex.: Ta(/a^<'(;ao, wanderer,

stroller.

MISCELLANEOUS WORDS.

The following words arranged alphabetically by roots in Tagalog will

show the use of many idiomatic phrases, etc.
Occupation ; employment. Abala (syn.: garni).
To try; to intend. Magakala (from akala).
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 241

Rancid. Ala (rare). Ang plnaala, what is

rancid. Ang pagala, the rancid-
ity. Umala, to become rancid.
Makaala, to make rancid. Mag-
papaala, to let everything become
rancid.
To look after and follow a person. Mayaldghni/ (from alaghay). [Rare].
To heed; to note. Umanii)!, from amin.
The. Ang. Sometimes used as "be-
cause. Hindi ako makapagharujon,
'
'

ang aka'g may sakit (I am not able

to get up, because I am ill).
Plural ang manga.
To reap or cut rice. Maganl ( from ani, harvest " ) '
'

What? Ano.^ Ano hagaf ( What then?) .1 no

pa.^ (What else?) Aii6f I'ugkak-
asdlaan kHaf (What? Must we
speak in Spanish?)
Unaccounted for; without reason; An(kin6. Walang uuoann ang salapt
at random. ito (this money is unaccounted
for). Tinapal siyu niyd walang
anoano (he slapped him without
reason).
Rancid (usual word). Antd (same changes as ala).
To growl. UniaiTj/il, var. umimjil (from aiTijil;
iiTgil).
To sing. Magawit (from auit). Silang lahat
ay nagawit (they all sang).
New. Bago. Bagonglauo; bachelor. Ba-
gong damit, new clothes. Kaha-
gongtauohan, youthfulness; bache-
lorhood. Bagong paiVjinoon, ha-
gong ugali, new lord, new cus-
toms. Magbugo, to renovate.
Mamago, to wear for the first time;
also to renew. (See bago, ad-
verb. )
To arise; to get up. Magbangon (from bangon, a Java-
nese word; see tindig). Mag-
bangon ka (get up). Also means
to lift. Hnidi ako makabaiTgon
nang tapayan (I am unable to lift
the jar).
Widower or widow. Bauo, var. Bala.
To change the clothes. Magbih'is.
To launch or put a vessel into the Mabungi<od. Bungsoran mo ako nang
water; also to place a ladder. hagddn (place the ladder for me).
To travel on horseback or by means Mawjabayo (from cubayo, "horse").
of horses. Derived from Sp. caballo, which in
turn is from L. Lat. caballus, "nag;
pack horse."
To palpitate. A'u»/rt/>o_(7 (from kdbag). Nagkakdbag
ang di'bdib ko (my heart [lit. chest]
is palpitating). Kakabagkdbag, to
palpitate greatly.
To weigh anchor. Kuinabag (from kabag). Note the
difference in accent.
A kind of rice. Kabog.
To clear off timber in order to culti- Magkaiwjhi (from kauujin).
vate the land.

6855—05- -16
242 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

To pirk (as a guitar); to twang; to M(ujk<ilithit (fnjm kdlahit, var kalbit).

pluck at.
To snatch; to take by force; to pull Kumdmkuin (from kainkdiii).
up by the roots.
Iron or other cliain or wire. Kduad. Ma'jkauud, to use a chain
or wire.
"What's his name. What do you Si kii/iii. Ang kudu. This word can
call it. be verbalized bj' um, ma;/, magpa,
nuiki, etc.
To catch on the wing. Dumdkit (from ddk'tl).
Bad or stagnant water along a shore. Dikyi't. MadiHyd Idmg ddlampasig ito
(there is stagnant water along this
shore).
To seal or close a letter. Magdiil. Pandiit, seal, wax, gum.
To belong to. Gumnndn {Iroia gavdn). (kiudnsa
akin ito (This belongs to me).
To be restless. Gumaso ( from gaso, rare) (jasohan,
.

person disturbed. Mangaso, to

disturb another. Gagasohan, rest-
lessness. Gayasogaso, very rest-
less.
To order to elect. Magpahalal (from halal).
Girdle. Iligpit. Mahigpit, tight. Maghigpit,
to tighten to cinch up (as a girdle,
;

strap, etc.). Walang higpithigjiit,

slovenly.
To recline; to lean against. Hum dig (*'rom hiUg).
To dig a hole. HiDiiukuy (from hnkay). Ang pan-
hiikay, the spade.
To cease; to end. ITuniuinpay (from Jmmpay).
To wash the hands or feet. Maghugas ( from hugas ) ( See lamos,
.

ligu).
To speak nasally. MaliuhiunaUuimal (from Innnal).
To unite or bind together. Magltnigkdj) (from hiugkap).
To look blankly (as a blind person). Magldiiug (from liking).
To sparkle (as the eyes in excite- Lumilap {irora lilap) [rare].
ment).
To roll up (as sleeves or trouser legs) Maglilis. Bdkit kn naglililis nang sc-
to lift the skirt. lawaU (Why are you rolling up
your trousers?)
To give alms. Maglimos (from Sp. litnoi^na). Mag-
jicdimos, to ask for alms.
To look first at one thing and then Lumiwjap (from litJgap, var. UiTga-
another. nap.
To avert the eyes. LurniiTgcd (from liiTgat).
To look here and there on account LumiiTgingig (from liiTgiiTgig, rare).
of noise. Probably a combination of diiTgig,
idea of hearing.
To look here and there hurriedly. LuuiiiTijos (from li)T(/os).
To glare in a wild manner. Ln)iiii/<tp (from liyap).
To act foolishly. MainaiTijal. Magma mai~jdma)~gahan,
to feign stupidity.
To relish. Numamnam (from nammnn).
To wish; to desire. Magnasa {see pita).
Wmg (of bird). Pakpak. Lumipad, to fly.
To pardon; forgive. Magpaiduad (from patduad, syn.,
tduad). Magpatauarau, to forgive
each other.
Without respect; limit or considera- ]Valang jmtomangd.
tion.
 TAGALOa LANGUAGE. 243
To choose; to select. I'umill. Ang pUiin, what chosen or
selected out. Aug pinilUni (sing.)
or A>ni pinagpUian {p\ur.), what
selected or chosen from.
To pick up. Magpi'iloi.
To become dull (as a knife or i izor). Ptuiiorol {Irom purol). Ang purolin,
what dulled. Taniomal (from
tomal), to be dull (as business).
Kaluinalun, dullness. Angitomal,
the cause of such dullness.
To boil rice. Summng (from sding). Sinding, boil-
ed rice.
Pest; epidemic; to suffer from. Magkasdlot.
To pFofess; to vow; to believe in. Su inu mpa lataya. A ig su nt asa mpa la-
/

(aija, the creed, faith or believer.

To pass between rocks, hills, etc. Sumilang (from silang).
To peep. Snmilip (from siiip).
To care for most diligently. Ifagpakaiiipagsipag (from sipag).
To grasp; take hold of; pinch. Snm'tpit {from sipit, "tongs"). iSini-
l»t, an anchor.
To put vinegar on anything. Magsuka. Aug sukacm, what dipped
in or flavored with vinegar.
Can be. Sukat. 1)1 siikat, can not be. Stikat
hagd si gang pagkaliwalaan? (Can
he be trusted?) Sukat [dt sukat'\
siyang paniivalaan (He can [can
not] be trusted).
To run away from or hide froi i. Tumakds (from takas).
To betray. Tvmak.fi/ (from faksil). Taksil na
tauo, a traitorous or treacherous
man. Kataksilan, treason, treach-
ery.
To cut grass; to mow. Tumagpas (from tagpafi).
To patch. Magtagpi.
To be gaping stupidly. TalangutaiTlid. Magtangatangdhan, to
feign stupidity.
To look upward. Tumimjuld (from tingald). Ang
tingalain, what seen thus.
To stare at. Timiillg (from titig).
Friend. Katoto. Katotohin mo niyd (befriend
him).
Pleasure. Tud. Ang jMgddting ninyo'y naka-
tutud Ka dkin (Yourarrival causes
me jileasure). Ikindtulud ko ang
pagddting ninyu (Your arrival is a
source of pleasure to me).
To do anything swiftly. Tumulin (from tulin). MagtnUn, to
go swiftly. Ang ipagtulin, the
cause of going swiftly.
To look down. TumuiTiji') {irom tungo). Also to bow
or incline the head. Ang twujhdn,
what looked at thus or the person
bowed to.
To assign to; to turn over to. Magukol. Si Pedro nagukol nang
kaniyang gagaiv'm kay ,hian (Pedro
turned over the work to be done
by him to Juan).
To sprinkle. Magwisik. Ang pamvisik, the
sprinkler.
Orphan. Uiila.
244 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.
To order. Mar/utos. Snnd'in mo aufj I'ltos ko sa
ii/d (follow my orders to you).
The following example?, taken from the Tagalos; edition of the Ilcnari-
miento, a paper of Manila, will give an idea of ordinary Tagalog composi-
tion as applied to modern conditions, and the use of foreign words in con-
nection therewith:
Singapore, U:a 12 (dalawd) ng (nang) Abril {1905).
I. Ang paraan 7ii
Rodjeslvenjtkyay makardiing siya sa cabo {loiTgos) Padaran na nas^a bagbai/in
ng Jndo-China, at loO mUla ang agivat sa Saigon. Doon i~ga magpipisan ang
nagkahiivalay na hukbong-dagat iig riigd (matTgd) ruso, kun sakdling sild'y
hindi mahdrang kapunu ng mgd japon.
Ang isang pangkat i~g hukbong-ddgat na pinaiTgunguluhan nl Rodjedvensky
ay nasa haybayin ng Muntok iTgayon na iilang milla ang agwat sa Sumatra.
Ang ibang vTga sasakydn ay nasa pagiian pa ng Banka. Ang mgd sasak-
yang iti?y nasa raang tiv:asay sa pugitan ng Malaca.
liindi Slid nahdrang, sapagka't ang mgd japon mardhil ay nasa malapit sa
Formosa na doon nild ibig makilaban.
Mardhil ang Batavia ang susunod na daraungan ng mgd ruso, sapagka't
doo'y may cableng dbut hdngang Rusia.

[Translation.]

Singapore, 12th of April. The plan of Rodjestvensky is to try to (arrive

at) make Cape Padaran, on the coast of Indo-China, and 150 miles distant
from Saigon. There the separated fleets (sea armies) of the Russians will
unite, if the two are not encountered by the Japanese.
One division of the fleet commanded by Rodjestvensky is now off the
coast of ]Muntok a few miles from Sumatra.
The other vessels are yet in the region of Banka. The other vessels of
this (fleet) are remaining in the route (or neighborhood) of Malacca.
They were not molested, because the Japanese continued to remain near
Pormosa, where they wish to commence the struggle.
Russian vessels continue to follow each other into Batavia, because there
is a cable connecting with Russia there.

II. Newchwang, ika 7 ng Abril. Ang 300,000 kataong bumubuo ng hukbo

ni Oyama ay sumasalakay na maigi sa hukbo ni Linevilch na nakapagtibay sa
Kirin.
Mabull ang paraan iTg pagkakalusob mj m/a japon at ang habd ng kanilang
lupang naliahanayan ay may dpat na puo a limang puong milla. Inaakala
ni Oyama na itaboy untiunti ang vTgd ruso hdngang sa kanilang madaig na
lubusan.
Ang hukbong pinamamahalaan ni general Linevitch ay hindi hihigit sa bilang
na 200,000, sapagka't bukod sa namatayan siyd ng marami sa labanan, ay
marami pa ang nabihag ng mgd japon.
[Translation.]

_ Newchwang, 7th of April. 500,000 men composing the army of

The
Oyama are advancing in good order upon the army of Linevitch now in-
trenched at Kirin.
The plan of advance of the Japanese is good (excellent) and the length
of their front (ground) is 40 or 50 miles. Oyama is trying to push the
Russians gradually until he can vanquisli them all (unitedly).
The army under the charge of General Linevitch does not number more
than 200,000, especially because l)esides the many who have been killed in
battle there are many also M'ho have been captured by the Japanese.

III. San Petersburgo, ika 6 iTg Abril. Ang mgd japon ay nakasu-^ulong na
unti-unti sa dakong kinalalagydn ni general Lineritcit at mj kaniyang hukbo.
Isang drao paH ang Harbin ay }iindi na marahil jnatidalianan )Tg nigd ruso,
sapagka't pinagiislpang gibain ng kadway. Hindi na pinaiTgangalawanan ng
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 245
mgd rusn avrj pagpapal-atihai/ sa Harbin, sapagka't may naldhinikinila silamj
malaLiiK/ /miTijiiiiih na t<(i.-<(ij)ilin doon. Aug dakuug nuruiTgun tTijingd rusoay
ang Vladiivxtok na hi ii Hang inamhang niaj/aglitibai/ang rnaigi hangang sa
magkarooa i~g kapayapaan. Masamd ang iayo iTg ragd hukbong rum, data-
puiva't Idndl namdn niapahi'isag, il6 daliil sa gulong nangyagari sa Rusia.
Marami sa- Rusia ang naniniwald na madadaig ang hukho ni general Llnerilch,
at hung magkagayon ay magkakaroon iTg kapayapaan.

[Translation.]

6th of April. The Japanese are advancing httle by Hltle

St. Petersburf»,
upon the position of General Linevitch and his army. One day more, and
Harbin may possibly not be remaining to the Russians, because they think
it may l)e destroyed by the enemy. The Russians are making no efforts
to strengthen themselves in Harbin, because they believe themselves to
1)3 in great danger of capture there. The place of retreat for the Russians
is Vladivostok, which they hope to fortify so well as to hold it until peace.
The situation of the Russian armies is bad, but it can not be bettered on
account of the riots taking place in Russia. Many in Russia believe that
the army of (General Linevitch will be defeated, and that in that event
there will be peace.
IV. Manila ika 14- i~g Ahril. Ibinabalitd iTg Gobemador Dancel {Lalawigang
Rizal), na noong umagcl mj ika 5 t~g buuung lumaJdkad ay may nadakip sa
Bagbagin no tatlong tduong labds at siyam na kalabao na ninanakao sa Nova-
liches, dalawang bard at dalawang revolver. Noong ika 11 ay may nadakip
na isnng tduong labds na may dalang, isang kalabao, at isang rifleng mauser,
dalawang puong cartucho't dalairang puong rifleng remington. Noong ika 10
ay may nasumpungan ang presidente sa Taytay na isang remington na may
sampuong cartuclio. Ang vTgd kalabao ay dinald sa tosoreria municipal.
Noong ika 11 ay nakadakip din namdn si Gobemador Dancel iig isang nag-
ngangalang Pedro Fio, na do umano'y si gang nangbagabag na maigi sa
Baranka at Mankina noong viernes. Ito'y ibinigay kay mayor Haskell ng
constabulario. May nadakip pa ring dalawang tduong labds na may isang
revolver colt at sampuong cartucho.

[Translation.]

It is announced by Governor Dancel (Rizal Province) that on the morn-

ing of the 5th of the current month tiiere were captured at Bagbagin three
outlaws and nine of the carabao stolen from Novaliches, two shotguns, and
two revolvers. On the 11th there were captured one armed outlaw, one
carabao, and one Mauser rifle, twenty cartridges, and twenty Remington
rifles. On the 10th the presidente (mayor) of Taytay secured a Reming-
ton and ten cartridges. The carabao were sent to the municipal treasury.
On the 11th Governor Dancel was also able to capture one called Pedro
Pio, said to be the person who made trouble at Baranka and Mariquina
last Friday. This person was turned over to Major Haskell, of the con-
stabulary. There were also two outlaws captured who had a Colt revolver
and ten cartridges.
T'. Hindi malalaunan at magtatayo ritd sa Maynild, ng bagong hospital.
Ito'y isang ambagannahiningi ng Rt. Rev. Opispo Brent ng siyd' y nasa Estados
Unidos.
Ang salaping gugugulin ay kaloob ng limang universidad sa Harvard, Yale,
Pnnceton, Pennsylvania at Columbia.
Ang maiigangasiiva nito ay ang Iglesia Episcopal, datapuwa't tantangapin
ang sinomang naukol sa ibang religion.
[Translation.]

not be long until there will be erected here in Manila a new hos-
It will
pital. This will be from a subscription solicited by the Right Reverend
Bishop Brent when he was in the United States.
240 TAGALOG LANG TT AGE.
The money to be offered is from the funds (interior) of five universities:
Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Pennsylvania, and Columbia.
The direction of this (hospital) will be under the Episcopal Church, but
anyone will be received belonging to another faith.
VI. Ang gohernador sa Bataan si G. Toincis del Rosario aij nag ah.ty sa Ba-
langa i~g isang lupang may 15 hectarea at T'4,000, ang halagd, xipang mapag-
tayuan i~g isang " secondary school." Ang yaong lupang yuan ay magagamit
sa pagadral t~g agricnltura 6 i~g mga dnnong tunglcol sa pamumukid, at magin-
garalan din namdn iTg vTgd pagsasanay ng pangpalah'ts /Tg katawan.
Sa akalarin namdn mj Gobernadoray rnabutingmagkaroonng isang maestrong
arnericano sa bayan bayan upang maitanyag ang nTgd paraan at ugaling ameri-
cano sa nTgd filipino.
[Translation.]

The governor of Bataan, Hon. Tomas del Rosario, has given a piece of
land comprising 15 hectares and worth ^"4,000, in Balariga, in order that
there may be a site for the erection of a "secondary school." That land
may be used for teaching agriculture or for sciences or occupations per-
taining to the land, and for instruction in the means of strengthening the
body (manual training school).
The endeavor of the governor will be to have one American teacher in
each town in order to show the customs and habits of the Americans to
the Filipinos.
VII. Di umano'y hihilingin ng Compania iTg tranvia eledrico na tulutun na
ang sasakyang ito'y marapdting jMiratiiigin hangan sa Palani/ag.
Ipinagbibigay alam din namdn ngayon sa gohernador general mj naiTgawja-
siwa sa tranvia electrico na sa limes ay 2ifisisimidang patakbulian ang daan sa
Santa Ana.
[Translation.]

It is said that the electric street-car company will ask that the line be
permitted to be extended to reach as far as Parafiaque.
Notice has also been given to-day to the governor-general by the man-
agement of the electric railway that on Monday it will commence the
operation of the road to Santa Ana.
VIII. Paunawa. —
Ipinamanhik sa sinomang nakapulot iTg isang dsong
lalaki na may balalubong kulay cafe at may put i sa dibdib at sa dulo iTg paang
kanan sa unahdn, may taglay na collar sa liig at isang chapa na may numerong
{bilang) 196-5, ay mangyaring ibalik 6 isaidi sa, daang Arranque bilang {big.)
158 at doo'y kakamtan ang isang pahuya at dakilang pasasalamat.

[Translation.]

Notice. —It requested that anyone w'ho may pick up a male dog with
is
coffee-colored hair and with white on the breast and the end of the right
front foot, bearing a collar on the neck and a tag with the number 1965,
will be able to return or restore him to No. 158 Arranque street, where a
reward will be given, together with many thanks.
IX. Nairald. Sa bdhay na bilang 74 sa daang Rada, Tondo, ay nawald
ang isang manuk na sasahunging balalubong lasak, maitim ang tahid, maputi
ang padH baldado ang datu sa kanan. Sinoman ang makapagdald 6 maka-
pagturo ng kinalalagydn iig naturang manuk ay bibigydn tig pabuyung halagang
walo 6 sampuong piso.
[Translation.]

Lost. — From the house No. 74 Rada street, Tondo, there has been lost
a gamecock with white and red (lasak) plumage, black spurs, and white
feet, with the middle claw of the right frjot crippled. Anyone who may be
able to bring or point out the whereabouts of the said fowl will be given a
reward to the amount of eight or ten pesos.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 247

A careful study of the foregoing examples will enable one to elearly

understand the general run of the modern language. Keading the native
press, both for practice and keeping trac-k of what is of interest in native
circles, is recommended to all who may l)e stationed in the Tagalog region.

Section Eight.

The following table of the contractions and variations of the roots of

Tagalog words will be found of use in quickly finding the form:

Contraction, variation,
English. Root.
etc.

To salute; hail AJki .46m.

To remember Alduki Akdahdnin.
To be lazv AH saga AHsagdn.
What?..'. Ani')f AnJdnf
Spouse; to marry Amu a . .. Asau'm.
Salt; to salt As'ni Asndn.
Roof; cover; to roof Aiip Aptdn.
To carry on the shoulders Babd Babhin.
Uneasiness Balim Kabalisanhdn.
To moisten Bam Basin; basdn.
To suffer; endure Biita Bathin.
To pound rice Bai/o Bay in.
To give Byjaij . Bigydn.
To ac:custom Biha.m Bimnhin.
To buy Bin Billiin; bilhdn.
To change the clothes Blh'ts Bisin; bisdn.
To open Bukds Bukmn.
To separate Biikod Bukdin.
To spill Bull OS Busdn.
To pass Daan Dandn; danin.
To l)ring; carry Dald Dalhin; dalhdn.
To seize; arrest; detain Dakip Dakpiii.
To arrive Di'ithui Datnin; datndn.
To stick Dlkit '..... Diktin; diktdn.
To stretch out the arms Dipd Dip-Jdn; dip-hd)i.
To hear DiiTi/'n/ Ding-gin; ding-gdn.
Blood DlKJU Dugin; dugdn.
To do one's duty (t'dtxij) Gampdn.
To work (lava Gawin; gawdn.
To pull down; destroy thus. . (libd Gibin; gibdn.
To awake Gimng Gisndn.
Deposit Habilin Habinldn.
To kiss Ilalik Hagkan.
To substitute Haim Halinhdn.
Ribbon ; band Ila)) in Hapndn.
To so w scatter seed
; Ifasik ITaskdn.
To conduct; escort Ilatid Hatddn.
To lie down Iligcl Higdn; hihigdn.
To blow JliJi ip Hipan.
To complain Jlitiatiakit IIi)ianaktdn.
To wait for '
Unilaii Hintin.
To ask for '

IlliTl/l , Hiwjin; hirTgdn.

To borrow except money
( Jlirmn Hirmin; Idrmdn.
To change . Jbd . . Ibhin; ibln'tn.
To go for water J</ih . . Igbin; igbdn.
The other side KabUd Kabilin; kabildn.
248 TAGALOG LANGUAGE.

Contraction, variation,
English. Root.
etc.

To bite Kagat Kagtin.

To deny ; cloak Kailci Kailau.
To eat Kain . Kanin.
To untie ; loor^en Kalag Kalg'in; kalgdn.
Left Ka/hcd Kaliv/m; kaliwdn.
To obtain Kamit Kamtdn.
To grope for Kapd Kap'in; kapdn.
To grasp; embrace Kapit Kapt'in; kaptdn.
To nibble Klbit Kihthi; kibtdn.
To cut off KHil Kitl'm; kitldn.
To know; be acquainted with. K'dala Kdanl'in.
To exceed Labis Ljahhdn.
To place Lagaij Lagydn.
Strength Lalas Laksdn.
To grow Laki Lakhin; lakhdn.
Contents; pulp Laman . Lamndn.
To soften Lata Latin; latdn.
Far; distant Lmju Laydn.
Five Lima Limhdn.
To err; to make a mistake Malt Malin; maldn.
To observe; experience Masid Masddn.
To begin commence ; Muld Muldn.
To settle; appease Pnlagay . Palagydn. Fr(im lagay.
To contain; include, etc Falumdn Palamndn. From lamdn.
To listen Pakinig I
Pakingdii.
To dream Panaqnup Panagimpdn.
Name Pa i~Id Ian . Pam/anld».
To break (as a rope, etc.) Pati'd Patddn.
To squeeze Pigd Pigin; pigdn.
To wring Pisd Pid'm.
To cut Pi'dol PuU'm; jnitldn.
To embark; to mount Sakai/ Sakyd.i.
To 1)6 ill >SV,/:y7' Sdktin; sakldn.
To err; sin ,Saki Saiddn.
To tell; report SalUd Salitin.
Evil Samd Samin; samdn.
To come back; to give back .. SaoU Saolin; saoldn.
To burn rubbish Slgd Sigdn.
To devour eat ; Sild Sit in; sildn.
To put into Sdid Sidldn.
To follow; obey Sunod Sundin.
To wonder at Takd Takhdn.
To cover Takip Takpdn.
To turn the back Talikod ;
Talikddn
Tosow Taniin |
Tamndn.
To grasp ; to hold to Taiu/an. Tampidn.
To stand Tayo . . Taydn.
To taste; trv
.
Tiicim . Tikmdn.
To look . . ". Tinght . Tingndn.
To redeem Tubos . Tubs'in; tubmn.
Todry Tuyb . . Tuy'm; tuydn.
To move Uqd.--- Ugin.
To return; repeat Uli Vl'm; Uldn.
To sit down Upu Upd)t.
To lack Wald I
Wal'm; waldn.
 TAGALOG LANGUAGE. 249
II. For names of animals, birds, fishes, and invertebrates not given in
this work the student is referred to Jordana's Boxi/uejo Georjrdjico Jfis-
(•

torifo Natuntl del ArdirpHiago Filipino, INIadrid, 1885; to the work of Friar
Casto de Elera, Dominican, entitled Vatdlogo iSistematico de Toda la Farina
de Filijiinas, Manila, 1895; and to the book of Montero y Vidal, El Archi-
piiiago Filipino y las islas Marianas^, Carolinas y Palaos, Madrid, 1886. For
the fauna the great work of Friar Blanco, Augustine, will be of great aid,
as well as the reports of the forestry and agricultural bureaus at Manila.
The work of Father Delgado, S. J., Manila, 1892, deserves attention as
revised and annotated.
In conclusion, it is hoped that a careful study of the language under dis-
cussion will lead the student to explore for himself, and note the localisms
and changes in each province. Any suggestions, corrections, or criticisms
will be welcomed by the author.
250 TAGALOO LANGUAGE.

(Si

1^

Oh
f

CO-^J

J and II future perfei

I
)ra na. 1 shall (will) 1

iNl I'l aria. '

'You will have
Iml Maria. "He (she) wil
iNll Maria. " We(incl.) w
iNl Maria, "We(excl.)\^
;

In! i Maria. "You (ve) w

1ni ,M iiria. "They will ha'
.Vt^ia
la.
,ria.
Nil
aria. Same meanin
klaria.
Ni
ISUal
No [aria.
T^fJlSL

IVhat AnJ'ioim?" What will V

^j, iTio? "What will you 1

Im 7agawiIN na niyd. "H

Ist »«gawrdniyd. "He wil J

What Ai nio H«? "What Willi

Alio? "What will have
1

What Ai niny6 na? or Ano

have taken?"

te this Ai? o na nito? or An6 a

have written this with'

or " 1
/al)ng palay or MaiaA]
ave sown this rice."

/ .J
a ito? or Mmpagksda^
 • ^>

COKJUUATION OF THE TAGALOG VEKB AND VERBAL NOltti.

I'nrt. AuKibtei», •Ui»lwiD|t"i'U-.

Virrlnl oil), nAp». "btlOvM." uU-.
iKitblRiiIydwMiiri.. "HuCHhi^rMaLlf».-
iKirbignntinw Mario. "Woanel,] MHluu /IblgiH naUn «1 Mario. "We (ind.l dinll like Macii
IvIUt! f!^iii'i^n' AllIriiL "We (oxci. ) liudlovod Mario!' /iMgis ^h. d MatU. ; We (e.cU «ball Ukc Mor
Istthig ninv6 Ma n Marin. " You (ye) ittd loved Maria/ iKlfblg nlnvO f i Marin. Vou (yo) foaiUrio
UlU^nit&n'iri Moriv. "Tbey hud loved Mktja." /lblpxSE?alMori^"Thc5^"W^UkoMari».""
Yarbid mo ei MkriK.
A.T

1 and II future perfect]

Ini
Tomds nang liniang p
j^mang piso. "I will h

^ laka&ral siya. '

' He wil

^'* Jfrt/iYf bill ako. I will ha>

'
'

-'^ **!
I or iMTa/caPAGbili ako. '
 CONJUGATION OF THE TAOALOG VERB ANT) VERBAL NOUN— Continued.

^.
 I and II futi

:aw:l aku. "I sll

I and II future
 -PrtW./t/inalayiN mo
niN. "Glean out 1

Hunofi /pnnhinhiga, rao

teeth with this.'
Jfin'u^^iihan mo ai
"Clean your teeth

lese."
Maf/stnuHik ka. '

like a Chinaman.'
 CONJUGATION OK THE TAQALOG VERB AND VERBAL NOUN—Continued.
r
 INDEXES

GRAMMATICAL INDEX.
Accent, change of, 18.
Changes meaning, 19.
General rules of, 18.
Accents, 18, 19.
Acute, 18.
Grave, 18.
"Circumflex, 18, 19.
Active (voice), 20.
Adjectives, 20, 38, (full analysis of) 55, 5fi, 57.
Prefixed to noun, 31.
Adjectives, comparison of, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76.
Equality, 72, 73.
Inferiority, 73.
Superiority, 73, 74.
Superlative, degree of, 74, 75, /6.
Adjectives (regarded as to meaning)
Colors, 63.
Of condition, 61, 62.
Of phvsical conditions of bodv, 63, 64. ,

Of quality, 58, 59, 60.

Of quantity, 62.
Mental, moral, or personal attributes, 64-71.
Miscellaneous, 71, 72.
Adjectives, negative, 57.
Adjectives, plural of, 57.
Adjectives, position of, 57.
Adjective, predicate, 32.
Adverl)ial numerals, 79, 80.
Adverbs, 20, 38, (with adjective) 74, 75, (fully discussed) 83-86, (definition
of) 83, (verbaUzing) 83, 84.
Adverbs:
Aflirmative, 99.
Negative, 99, 100.
Of degree, 72, 75, 98.
Of measure, 72, 75, 98.
"Flat," 83.
"Flexional," 83.
"Phrasal,'/ 83.
Interrogative, 32, 33.
Of doubt, 100.
Of manner, 93, 98.
Of quality, 93, 98.
Of motion, 84.
Of place, 34, 84, (list of many) 86, 87.
Of time, 87-92.
Of succession, 87-92.
Affirmative adverbs, 99.
251
252 INDEXES.

Affirmative particles, 37.

alangan, (adverb), 73.
an (suffix), 18, 56, 108, I\^ 141, I, II (full discussion), 142-153.
Antonym, definition of, 57.
Arabic element in Tagalog, 14, 38.
Article, indefinite
Substitute for, 31.
Article (of common nouns, places, countries, etc.), 28.
With possessive jironouns, 37.
Article (of proper nouns, nouns of relationship, etc.), 27, 28.
Declined, 27.
Plural, 27.
Special plural, 27.
Syntax, 28.
Articles, instruments, etc., -vfiih. pan prefixed, 209, XVII.
ay (particle), 32, (with antonvms), 106, VI.
Be to, (verb) 32.
To be there, 85.
Cardinal numerals, 76, 77, 78.
Cases, 20, 38.
Chinese words in Tagalog, 14, 38.
Clauses of equal force, two, 32.
Comparative :

Of adjectives, 72, 73, 74,

Of equality, 72, 73.
Of inferiority, 73.
Of superiority, 73, 74.
Conjunctions, 102-104.
"And" 32.
Adversative, 102, 103.
Alterative, 102.
Binding, 102.
Causative, 103, 104.
Conclusive (illative), 104.
Conditional, 104.
Contractions, 247, 248.
Definite, the, 20, 30, (discussion) 108, I, II, III.
Which definite, 108, IV to XV.
Dialects 35.
Diminutives, 110, IX, («?») 180, {mag) 192.
Direct object, 109, V, VI.
One, 109, V.
Distributive numerals, 80.
Do (make) to, 108, I, II, 110, XI, XIII.
Do not, 100.
Dual number, 35, 36, 38.
Endings, 31.
Consonant, 31.
In diphthong, 31.
In "n," 31.
In vowel, 31.
Euphonic changes, 32, 34, 81, (with man and pan) 201, 209.
Exclamations, 104, 105.
"Exclusive (editorial) we," 35, 36, 38.
Future perfect tense, 106, X.
Future tense, 106, X.
ga (interrogative particle), 74.
gaalin, 74.
gaano, 74.
ganga, 74.
gaya, 74.
 INDEXES. 253
Gender, lack of, 38.
General terms, lack of, 19.
Genitives, douljle, of personal pronouns, 35, 36.
han (suflix), 18, 56, 141, I, II, (full diHcussion) 142-15.3.
hin (suffix), 18, 56,. (with weights, measures, etc.) 82.
Homonym, definition of, 57.
i [particle], 108, IV, (cause, instrument or time) 109, V, (combined with
in) 110, XII, (fully discussed) 132-141.
Idioms, 20.
ika [compound particle] (wdth adverbs) 84, 85, (meaning cause) 108,
IV, 138, XVIII, 211, I.
ikina [compound particle] (with adverbs), 84, 55, (meaning cause) 108,
IV, 138, XVIII, 211, I.
ikimqxi [compound particle] (with adverbs), 85.
Imperative, 105, II.
^ Intensity, quicknesss, with, 105, III.
Imperfect tense, 106, X.
in (suflix) 18, 56, (inserted) 57, (with weights, measures etc.) 82, (with
pa) 84, 85, (motion toward or control of) 108, IV, (combined with i)
110, XII, (discussion) 112, I, to 114, VI (idea of attraction toward)
114-115, (possession) 115, (verbs of calling, 115, (of reaching for) 116,
(verbs of carrying, cutting, measuring or weighing) 116-119, (verbs of
destruction) 119, (verbs of receiving) 120, (of inviting) 120, (of eating,
drinking, etc.) 122, (acts of senses) 123, 124, (acts of will or mind) 124,
125, (verbs of making) 125, (of w^earing) 125, (various) 126, (suffixed)
127-130.
In cm, 130.
Inclusive "we," 35, 38.
Indefinite, 20, 30, (discussed) 111, I, to 112, V
Principal particles of, 111, I.
Indicative, 106, IX.
Indirect object, 109, VI.
Infinitive, 106, IX.
ini [compound particle], 110, VIII.
Intransitive verbs, 107, XI.
ipa [compound particle] (explained), 109, VIII.
ipag [compound particle], 109, IV (explained), 109, VIII.
ipagka [compound particle], 109, VIII.
ipagkaka [compound particle], 109, VIII.
ipina [compound particle] (with adverbs), 85 (explained), 109, VIII.
ipinag [compound particle] (explained), 109, VIII (example), 110, IX.
ipinagka [compound particle], 109, VIII.
ipinagkaka [compound particle] (with adverb), 85 (explained), 109, VIII.
ka (particle expressing likeness), 72.
kasing (compound particle), 72.
ka (imparting idea of intensity, etc.), 105, III.
(linking opposite ideas), 106, VI.
ka [particle], 211.
ka o?i [compound particle], 200, 201.
kapag [particle], 239.
kapagka [particle], 239.
kiilang (adverb meaning "less"), 73.
ma (adjective forming particle), 55, (use) 111, I, (fullv discussed), 196-
201, (def. oimaka) 211.
ma in {hin), 131, 132.
mag {nag), 56, (verbahzing adverb) 84, 85, (use) 110, X, 111, I, (fullv dis-
cussed) 180-194.
magin [particle], 232-234.
maqka [particle], 38, 85, (combinations) 109, VIII, (use) 110 X, (fully
discussed) 230-232.
magkan [particle], 238.
254 INDEXES.

vuff/Jxdp'i [particle], 238.

(compound particle), 73.
vtdijka/HUitdi/
iiKujkapard (compound particle), 73.
magkaparis (compound particle), 73.
ma^^asing' (compound particle), 73.
laar/ma (compound particle), 56.
ma'gpa [particle], 109, VIII, (use) 110, X, (fully discussed) 217-223.
magpaha [particle], 225-227.
magpatl [particle], 235.
magsa [particle], 237.
imgsi [particle], 235, 236.
maka [particle], 201, IV, (fully discussed) 211-217, (when meaning
"cause") 56, (peculiar construction with) 112, VIII, (indicating com-
pleted action) 93.
tnaki [particle], 227-230.
mala (forming adjectives), 56.
man [particle], 37, (with weights, measures, moneys) 81, (with adverbs)
85, (fully discussed) 201-211.
manhl [particle], 235-237.
mapa (as adjective forming particle), 56.
mapag (as adjective forming particle), 56.
may (use) 110, XIII.
mayroon (vise), 110, XIII.
mina (minama) [particle expressing opinion], 56.
na (as adjective forming particle), 56, (use) 111, I, (fully discussed) 196-
201, (def. of maka) 211, (with irregular form of verb) 171-175.
nag [particle] (with adverb), 85, (use) 111, I, (fully discussed) 180-194.
nagin [particle], 233.
nagka [particle] (with adverb), 85.
nagkaii [particle], 238.
nagkapa [particle], 238.
nagpaka [particle], 225, I.
nagpati [particle], 235.
nagsa [particle], 237.
7iagsi [particle], 235.
naka [particle], 201, IV, (fully discussed), 211-217.
naki [particle], 227, I.
nan [particle], 201, IV.
napa [compound particle], 223, I (with adverbs), 85.
napasa [particle], 223, I.
Negative adjectives, 57.
Negative adverbs, 99, 100.
Negative verbs, 30.
Nominative case:
Preceded by article and followed by genitive, 28.
With genitive inserted between nominative and article, 28.
Noun
In genitive modifying nominative, 31.
Nouns, 20, (common) 28, (exp. ), 38.
Source, 28, (from roots) 240.
Numerals, 76-80.
Adverbials, 79, 80.
Cardinals, 76, 77, 78.
Distributives, 80.
Ordinals, 78, 79.
Occupations (with man prefixed), 205, 210.
Ordinal numerals, 78, 79.
pa, the 66 roots beginning with, 175-180.
pa (with adverbs), 84.
papa (do.), 84.
pa (yet, still), 73.
pa [definite of TO«OT9a], 109, VIII, 217, I, (fully discussed) 223-225.
 INDEXES, 255
2xi(j[particle], 110, VIII, IX, (retention) 110, X, 194.
jKvjht [particle], 194, 201, III, 230.
jKigpdkd [particle], 225, I.
j)aka [jiarticle], 225, I.
2xiki [particle], 227, I.
pala (forming adjectives), 56.
pan [particle], 201, 209, XVII.
panhi [particle], 235, 236.
para (particle of comparison), 72.
Participle, 106, X.
Particles, combinations of, 238, 239.
Designation of, 239.
Particles, verbal, 19, 20, (most important) 106, YIII.
Particularizing verbs, 19.
Passive, 20.
Past tense, 106, X.
Phrases, ordinary, some, 20-27.
pinag [compound particle], 110, IX, 195, II. .
pinag an [compound particle and suffix], 110, VIII.
pinagbi [compound particle] (with adverbs), 85, (discussed) 230.
pinakd, 227, IX.
pinakd [particle], 239.
jnnaki [particle], 227, I.
pinapa [compound particle] (with adverbs), 84, 85.
Place (how expressed), 141, II.
Pluperfect tense, 106, X.
Plural (of adjectives), 57.
Plural (of nouns), 28, 38.
Special plural of si, 27.
Prefix, retention of, 106, VII.
Prepositions (fully discussed), 100-102.
Present tense, 106, X.
Pronouns, demonstrative, 33,34, (idiomatic use) 34.
Pronouns, indefinite, 37, (exp. ) 38.
Pronouns, interrogative, 32.
Pronouns, personal, 35, 36.
dialects, 35.
idioms, 35.
Pronouns, possessive, 36, 37.
"With ((/*'/ and ang sa, 37.
Syntax and order, 37.
Pronouns, relative, 38.
Proper nouns (article of), 27.
puma [compound particle] (with adverbs), 85.
Eeduplication of roots, 56.
With ka an (han), 75, 76.
(])f first syllable of numerals, 77.
To form diminutives, 110, IX.
Respect, great, how indicated, 37.
Root words in Tagalog, number, 13.
Roots, reduplication of, 56.
Roots, differing with ^^rn and mag, 154.
Roots, the 66 V)eginning with pa, 175-180,
Sanskrit words in Tagalog, 13, 38.
Sex, how indicated, 31.
Sing (particle meaning "as"), 72.
Spanish element in Tagalog, 14, 38.
Superlative:
Of adjective, 74, 75, 76.
Absolute, 75.
Relative, 75.
Simple, 74, 75.
256 INDEXES.

S\-nonym, definition of, 57.

Synonyms, 19.
Tagalog language, importance of, 13.
Dialects of, 13, 35.
Relationship of, 13.
Preservation of verbal system of, 13.
Number words in, 13.
of root
Sanskrit element in, 38.
Chinese element in, 14, 38.
Arabic element in, 1-1, 38.
Spanish element in, 14, 38.
English element in, 14.
Lack of Japanese element in, 14.
Tagalog:
Pronunciation of, 15.
Structure of, compared, 107, XIV, XV.
Verb, compared, 107, XVI.
Tenses, 106, X.
Lack of change within, 107, XII.
"Ties," euphonic, 31.
Transitive verbs, 107, XI.
f, when considered as consonant, 31.
Uni (particle), (with adverb), 84, (Use shown), 110. X, 111. I, (Fully dis-
cussed), 153-170, (Diminutives), 180.
Verb (understood), 32.
Verbs, 20, 38, (discussion) 105-108.
Completeness of Tagalog verb, 107, XVI.
Definite, 108, I, II, III.
Definition of, 105, I.
Intransitive, 107, XL
Modes, 106, IX.
Particularizing, 19.
Superlative form, 76.
Tenses, 106, X.
Transitive, 107, XL
Wold (with adjective), 74, (use) 110, XIII.
Words, number of in Tagalog, 19.

ENGLISH INDEX

Able to to be, 211, III, 213, VII.

,

Able to do, to, 177.

Accept, to, 120.
Accompany, to, 133, 165.
Act like a to, 230.
,

Acts of the senses, 123, 124, 214.

Acts of will or mind, 124, 125.
Add, to, 137.
Advise, to, 134.
Afraid, to be, 129.
Aid, to, 185.
Animals, domestic, 28, 29.
Approach, to, 184.
Arrange, to, 120.
Arrive, to, 140.
Ascend, to, 174.
Ashamed, to be, 198.
Ask, to, 121.
Asleep, to be, 198.
Assemble, to, 184.
Attraction toward, idea of, 114.
 INDEXES. 257

Bathe, to, 150.

Bed; bedding, 28, 29.
Bed, to be in, 199.
Bed, to go to, 151.
Bite, to, 122, 123.
Blow, to, 162.
Bodv, parts of, 49, 50, 51.
Borrow, to, 114, 115, 137, 164.
Breaking, verbs of, 198.
Bridges, 43.
Bring, to, 114, 115.
Build a house, to, 133.
Buildings, kinds of, 43.
Bury, to; inter, to, 195.
Buy, to, 114, 131, 133, 164, 172, 182, (at retail) 1.38.
Calculate, to, 124.
Call, to, 115, 173.
Calling, verbs of, 115.
Capture, to, 173.
Care for, to, 169, 204.
Carrv, to, 116, 133, (different wavs) 116, 117.
Cause , to, 211, lY, 212.
Charitable, to be, 145.
Choose, to, 114.
Civic dignities, 53.
Clothing, articles of, 52.
Cold, 47.
Come down, to, 130.
Come here, to, 147.
Come in, to, 173.
Come out, to, 129.
Coming or going, 20.
Communication, means of, 43, 44.
Compare, to, 141.
Compass, points of, 47.
Compel, to, 193.
Complain, to, 114.
Conform, to, 140
Conquer, to, 176.
Consider, to, 124.
Contend with, to, 172.
Contradict, to, 172.
Cook, to, 133.
Cooking utensils, etc., 40.
Cooking, verbs of, 135.
Country, character of, 44.
Cover, to, 142.
Curse, to, 185.
Cursing, Tagalog, 105.
Cut, to, 117, (different ways) 117, 118.
Cut hair, to, 168.
Dark, to become, 163.
Dawn, to, 162.
Deceive, to, 144.
Descend, to, 176.
Desire to, 169, 170.
Desire, to, 124.
Destroy, to, 119, 138, 156.
Destruction, verbs of, 119, 120.
Die, to, 119, 141.

6855—06 17
258 INDEXES.

Dignities, civil and military, 53.

Directions (of compass), 47.
Disappear, to, 136.
Diseases, names of, 51.
Disentangle, to 120.
Disobev, to, 172.
Dive, to, 128.
Dream to, 176.
Drink, to, 122, 127, 159, 175.
Drinking, 24, (drinkables) 28, 29.
Drowned, to be, 201.
Dwell, to, 175.
Earthquake, 47.
Eating, 24, (materials) 28, 29, 39, (verbs of) 122, 127, 159, 172.
Edifices (list of), 43.
Embark, to, 140, 195.
Empty out, to, 141.
Endure, to, 185.
Enter, to, 173.
Envy, to, 175.
Equalize, to, 141.
Erect, to, 152.
Evil, to do or cause, 212.
Exchange, to, 120, 164.
Explain, to, 125.
Extinguish, to, 119, 156.
Faint awav, to, 119.
Fall, to, 196.
Fall back, to, 175.
Feel, to, 123.
Ferry, ford, 44.
Fight, to, 184.
Finished, to be, 201.
Fire, 40, (conflagration) 43, (signal fire) 43.
Firewood, 40.
Fish, edible kinds, 39.
Fish, to, 121, 122, 206.
Fishing, terms used in, 49.
Fly, to, 128.
Follow, to, 139, 172.
Foodstuffs, 28, 29, (cooked) 113, V.
Forage, grass, 43.
Forbid, to, 189.
Force, to, 193.
Ford, ferry, 44.
Forget, to, 198.
Fractions, how expressed, 79.
Fruit (kinds), 29.
Game, names for, 39.
'Gather, to, 141.
Get readv, to, 140.
Get rid of, to, 136.
Give, to, 136, 143.
Give back, to, 134.
Glad, to be, 198.
Go, to, 129.
(Jo away, to, 133, 174.
(io back, to, 175.
Go down, to, 130.
Go far, to, 173.
Cro in, to, 173.
 INDEXES. 259
Goinj? or coming, 21, 22.
Good, to do, 212.
Grasp, to, 147.
Grass; forage, 43.
Graze, to, 127.
Greetings; salutations, 20.
Grin, to, 160.
Guard, to, 144, 181.
Guide, to, 208.
Have, to, 30, 85, 86, (not to have) 30.
Hear, to, 123.
Hearing, verbs of, 145, 146.
Heap lip, to, 137.
Heat, '47.
Heavenly bodies, 45.
Help, to, 185.
Horses and horse equipments, 42.
House, 40 (parts of) 40, 41.
Household furniture, 28, 29, 41, 42.
Hungrv, to be, 128, 196, 197.
Hunt, to, 121, 206.
Inquire, to, 121.
Insult, to, 182.
Inviting, verbs of, 120..
Join with, to, 165.
Join with in to, 228.
,

Jump, to, 186.

Jump down, to, 130.
Kick, to, 185.
Kill, to, 119, 156.
Kiss, to, 145.
Kneel, to, 158.
Knees, to be on, 199.
Land (features of), 44, 47.
Laugh, to, 160.
Lead, to, 175.
Leave, to, 133, 174.
Leavetaking, 23.
Lend, to (monej- onlj'), 1<^8-
Lend willingly, to, 138.
Lie down, to 151, (various postuTes of) 159.
Like, to, 124, 170.
Listen, to, 123.
Look, to, 186.
Look at, to, 123, 148, 172.
Look for, to, 133, 169.
Looking for, verbs of, 116.
Look out of, to, 127.
Lose, to, 129.
Love, to, 124, 125.
Make (do), to, 108, I, II.
Make haste, to, 193.
Making, verbs of, 125.
Malinger, to; plav sick, to, 192.
March, to, 166.
Maritime terms, 45, 48.
Meals; food, 39.
Measure, to, 118.
Measures, moneys, weights, 81, 82.
Meet, to, 184.
Metals, minerals, 49.
 2<)0 INDEXES.

Military grades, 53.

Miss, to, 129.
Mock, to, 185.
Moneys, weights, measures, 81, 82.
Months, names of, 46; days of, 79.
Moon, 45.
Motion to, to, 115.
Moving, verbs of, 116.
Mutter, to, 189.
Natural divisions (of islands), 48.
Nautical terms, 45, 48.
No, 99.
Not, 99.
Numerals, how expressed, 76-80.
Obey, to, 139, 172.
Occupations, etc., 54, 55.
Open, to, 142.
Order, to , to, 217-219.
Overtake, to, 131.
Pass, to, 182.
Pay for, to, 147.
Persevere, to, 177.
Personal possession, 115.
Physical acts, 160, 161.
Pierce, to, 147.
Place, how indicated, 148-151.
Place, to, 136.
Plant, to, 136.
Political divisions, 48, 49.
Poor, to be, 200.
Positions, to be in certain, 199,
Pour out, to, 137.
Practice medicine, to, 204.
Preach, to, 204.
Professions, 53, 54.
Promise, to, 177.
Pronounce, to, 189.
Proper, to be, 184, 197.
Provoke, to, 175.
Push, to, 186.
Put, to, 136.
Quarrel, to, 184.
Rain, to, 162.
Eeach, to, 131.
Read, to, 170, 171, 173.
Reap, to, 203.
Receive, to, 120.
Receiving, verbs of, 120.
Recommend, to, 134.
Relatives, kin, 31, 113, V.
Remain behind, to, 139.
Remember, to, 124.
Remit, to, 133.
Report, to, 134.
Reprimand, to, 121.
Request, to, 114, 132, 146.
Resist, to, 172.
Resolve, to, 177.
Retreat, to, 175.
Rice, kinds of, 113, V.
Rice, to trade or sell, 143.
 INDEXES. 261

Rivers, streams, 44.

Roads, trails, etc, 48.
Rub, to, 124.
Run, to, 128.
Sad, to be, 188, 198.
Salutations, greetings, 20.
Scatter, to, 137.
Scattering, verbs of, 187.
Sea, 45, (phenomena) 45.
Searching, verbs of, 116.
See, to, 123.
Seize, to, 114.
Sell, to, 132, (at retail) 138.
Send, to, 114, 133.
Servant, hiring, 25.
Sew, to, 127.
Shaking, verbs of, 116.
Shave, to, 168.
Shellfish, kinds, 39.
Signal, to, 135.
Sit down, to, 159, 172, 181.
Sleepv, -to be, 139.
Smelf, to, 123.
Snatch, to, 132.
Sorrv, to be, 145.
Sow," to, 136.
Speak, to, 134.
Speaking, verbs, of, 188, 189.
Spend, to, 176.
Spin, to, 205.
Split, to, 118.
Spreading, verbs of, 137.
Stagger, to, 183.
Stand up, to, 157, 172.
Steal, to, 145, 165.
Stir, to, 185.
Streams, rivers, 44, 45.
Stumble, to, 197.
Suffer, to, 185.
Suicide, to commit, 1 20.
Sun, 45, (setting and rising of) 164.
Sweep, to, 122.
Swim, to, 127.
Tableware, 28, 29.
Talk, to, 134.
Talk to, to, 165.
Take, to, 114, 132, 173.
Take out, to, 129.
Taste, to, 123.
Teach, to, 145.
Tear, to, 117.
Tear down, to, 119.
Tell, to, 134.
Tempt, to 174.
Think, to, 124, 125.
Thirsty, to be, 128.
Threaten, to, 143.
Throw away, to, 136.
Throw down, to, 136.
Throwing, verbs of, 187.
Time, divisions of, 45, 46, 92, 93.
2(>2 indp:xe8.

Toilet, the; (dressing) 24.

Tools, list of, 42.
Touch, to, 123, 124.
Trails, roads, etc., 43.
Translate, to, 141.
Translations, 244-246.
Transfer, to, 141,
Travel to, 140, 195, 208.
Traveling, 22.
Trees, plants, etc., 53.
Trench, to make a, 151.
Turn back, to, 175.
Uncover, to, 142.
Untie, to, 146.
Use, to, 114.
Utensils, cooking, 40.
Utensils, list of, 42.
Vegetables, kinds, 39, 40.
Verifv, to, 125.
AVait'for, to, 120.
Walk, to, 166.
Watch, to, 144.
Water, 29.
Water courses, 44, 45.
Wearing, verbs of, 125..
Weather, conditions of, 23, 47.
Weep, to, 139.
Weigh, to, 119.
Weights, measures, moneys, 81, 82.
Win, to, 176.
Wish, to, 169, (not to wish), 175.
Words, miscellaneous, 240-243.
Wound, to, 151.
Write, to, 171, 172.
Writing materials, 43, 44.
Yes, 99.
TAGALOCi INDEX.
Abut, 131.
AJiit, 168.
Alaala, 124.
Anyaija, 120.
Arao, 162.
Asin, 147.
And, 145.
Auay, 166.
Ayao, 175.
Babd (mababd), 58.
Bard, 125.
Binuit, 121.
Biro, 185.
Bulag, 200.
Buti (mabiiti), 58.
C (only retained in words of Spanish origin).
Daan, 183.
Dolian (marahan), 95.
Bald, 114, 116.
Dami {marami), 58.
Damit, 144.
Daifd (magdaraiid), 69.
Dli7f/ig, 123, 146.
 INDEXES. 263
Dipd, 82.
Dito, 34, 138, 147.
Doon, 34.
Dnkhd, 200.
E (begins Spanish words only).
GaUng, 138, 148, VII.
Gawd, 108, I, II, 110, XI, XIII.
GUI; 130.
Gupit, 118, 168.
Halik, 145.
Hainpds, 129, 168, 187.
Hdnap, 109, V, 116, 133.
Hangin, 162.
Hdpis,- 138.
Hapon, 163.
iy«S(A-, 187.
ffi'srd, 151.
*
Hilamo-'i, 167.
ifo5^i, 114, 132, 146.
Huli, 165.
f/ii.so?/, 120.
Ibig, 124, 169.
J>ii7 {mainit), 60.
/nwHi, 122, 160.
/sfM, 122.
Jsip, 124, 182.
/co, 157.
Juan, 27, 37.
kay J., 27, 28.
ni J., 27, 28, 37.
nina J., 27.
si J., 27.
sind J., 27.
Kagat, 122.
Kain, 122, 140, 159.
Klnyig, 123.
Kith, 123, 169, 184.
Lahb, 199.
Ldkad, 166.
Laki, 155.
Lambed, 122.
Limot, 192.
X??i/s (malinis), 59.
X«/iod, 158.
J/orto, 181.
/^firf/, 25,30, (exp.) 37.
Fanaog, 176.
Panhik, 21.
PdsoA-, 173.
Patoy, 119, 140, 141.
Fitds, 141.
Pidi, 155.
Pa/o?, 117.
Q (retained only in Spanish words or foreign names).
R (only begins a word in Tagalog by reason of euphonic change from "d").
rin, 37.
rito, 25, 35.
Salitd, 134.
Salubong, 120.
Sama, 165.
Snmd {masamd), 58.
264 INDEXES.

iSambulat, 187.
Silang, 164.
Sir(l, 119, 138, 156.
Sid, 139.
Sugat, 151.
Saklay, 168.
Sulat, 171.
Sumpd, 185.
;Swnod, 139, 172, 182.
Sunog, 156.
To/ii, 127.
TaA-fed, 128.
Tcikot, 129.
71u5^(s, 139.
Tdpang {mat&'pang) , 65.
Tmta, 160.
Trn/d, 152.
TlhiycL, 159.
T;nrf(>, 157.
Tipon, 184.
r«d, 200.
Tufeo, 161.
Tidd (matuid), 62.
T«M, 174.
Taksu, 174.
Titfov, 178.
Ttiyo (matuyd), 60.
C7/(in, 162.
Una, 150.
L^d, 159.
f'7to?i(/, 114, 138, 164.
V, Only retained in some Spanish words; generally changed to " B."
Ydman (maydman), 69.
'v, 32, 38.

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