Last year Paul and Joanne had a holiday by the sea. Ir rained a lot, bur they enjoyed themselves. You can say: Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= Ir rained a lor, but they In spite of Despite | the rain, they enjoyed themselves. After although we use a subject + verb: 1 Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. 10 I didn’t get the job although I had the necessary qualifications, ‘Compare the meaning of although and because: 2 We went out although it was rainin 3 We didn’t go out because it was raining. Alter in spite of or despite, we use a nour, a pronoun (thisithatiwhat etc.) or -ing: 1 In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. 1 I didn’t get the job in spite of having the necessary qualifications. 8 She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work. 1G In spite of what I said yesterday; I still love you. Despite is the same as in spite of. We say in spite of, bur despite (without of): G She wasn’t well, but despite this she went to work. (not despite of this) ‘You can say in spite of the fact (that) ... and despite the fact (that) ... : ‘ in spite of the fact (that) ” 2 I dida’t get the iob{ oe tad the necessary qualifications. Compare in spite of and because of: © We went out in spite of the rain. (or ... despite the rain.) 1 We didn’t go out because of the rain. ‘Compare although and in spite of / despite: 1D Although the traffic was bad, Ta ele of he ale } wwe arrived on time. (not In spite of the traffic was bad) although I was very tired. ‘despite Being very ved, 72" despite I was tired) DL couldn't sleep { Sometimes we use though instead of although: 1 I didn’t get the job though I had the necessary qualifications. In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence: 13 The house isn’t very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden) 15 I see them every day. I've never spoken to them though. (= but I've never spoken to them) Even though (but not ‘even’ alone) is a stronger form of although: 10 Even though I was really tired, I couldn't sleep. (rot Even I was really tired ...) Even > Unit 112Exercises Unit 113 113.1 113.2 113.3 134 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box. T didn’t speak the language Thad never seen her before we don’t like them very much it was quite cold the heating was on rd met her twice before we've known each other a long time + he isn’t particularly well-paid. , L recognised her from a photograph. She wasn't wearing @ 6086 o.--mnn 7 Sn We thought we'd berter invite them (0 the party coro Susu y Lmanaged to make myself understood. —eennnmnnnnnnen » the FOOM Wasn't Warm, Ankene 7 1 didn’t recognise her iin AUREUS 8 We're not very good friends ‘Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of. 1 Although... it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. 2a - all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong. bn we'd planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong. 3. aT went home early was feeling unwell. bb went to work the next day — was still feeling unwell. 4 a She only accepted the job some the salary, which was very high. She accepted the job scien nnn the salary, which was rather low. 5 a Tmanaged to get to sleep there was a lot of noise, b Teouldn’t get to sleep = _.. the noise. Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences: 6 a He passed the exam although — ne. b- He passed the exam Because ee nee 7 a I didn’t eat anything although - bb I didn’e eat anything in spite Of ene Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences. 1 Teouldn’t sleep. I was very tired. (despite) \ couldn't, sleep, despite, being very tired... “2 sacuseaseanas 2 They have very letle money: They are happy. (in spite of) In spite 3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although) 4 Tenjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of) We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite) 6 I got very wet the rain, Iwas only out for five minutes. (even though) Use the words in brackets to make @ sentence with though at the end. 1 The house isn’t very nice. (like / garden) —| like. the. garden Enough 2 Its warm today. (very windy) i 3. We didn’t like the food. (ate) — 4 Liz is very nice. (don’t like / husband) I si as as — Aaditional exercise 22 (page 321) 227Uilhs a B 228 In case Study this example situation: Your car should have a spare wheel because itis a possible you will ave a puncture Your car should have a spare wheel in case you have a puncture, ny In case you have a puncture = because it is possible you will have a puncture, Some more examples of in case: 13 P'll leave my mobile phone switched on in case Jane calls. (= because it is possible she will call 10 P'll draw a map for you in case you have difficulty finding our house. (= because it is possible you will have difficulty) © P'll remind them about the meeting in case they've forgotten. they have forgotten) because it is possible We use just in case for a smaller possibility © Tdon’t think it will rain, but I'll ake an umbrella just in case. (= just in case it rains) Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future (see Unit 25) 1 P'll leave my phone switched on in case Jane calls. (ot in case Jane will call) In case is not the same as if, We use in case to say why somebody does (or doesn’t do} something. You do something now in case something happens later. Compare: in case if 1 We'll buy some more food in case We'll buy some more food if Tom ‘Tom comes. comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; we'll buy (= Perhaps Tom will comes if he comes, some more food now, whether he comes we'll buy some more food if he doesn’t ‘or not; then we'll already have the food come, we won't buy any more food.) if he comes.) © I'll give you my phone number in case © You can phone me at the hotel if you ‘you need to contact me. need to contact me. © You should insure your bike in case it 5 You should inform the police if your is stolen. bike is stolen You can use in case + past to say why somebody did something: 15 [left my phone switched on in case Jane called. (= because it was possible thar Jane would call) 1D Idrew a map for Sarah in ease she had difficulty finding the house. © We rang the doorbell again in case they hadn't heard it the frst time. In case of is not the same as in case. In case of ... = if there is ... (especially on notices ete.) 1G In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fie) 15 In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency) If Units 25, 38-40Exercises Unit 114 "44 42 43 144 Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. You think she should take: somechocolate. amap — ananorak a camera__ some water You think she should take these things because: it's possible she'll get lost she might get hungry pethaps she'll be thirsty maybe it will rain she might want to take some photographs What do you say to Barbara? Write sentences with in ease. 1 Take some chocolate with you in. case you get hungry. 2 Take - - — 4 m Se oe s oe — What do you say in these situations? Use in case. 1 It’s possible that Mary will need to contact you, so you give her your phone number. You say: Here's my phone number —in.case you need. to contact me. 2. friend of yours is going away fora long time. Maybe you won't see her again before she goes, so you decide to say goodbye now. You say: I'll say goodbye now... - You are shopping in a supermarket witha friend. You think you have everything you need, but perhaps you've forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask her to check You say: Can you 2 4 You are giving a friend some advice about using a computer. You think he should back up (= copy’ his files because the computer might crash (and he would lose all his data). You say: You should back up en Write sentences with in ease. 1 There was a possibility that Jane would call. So I left my phone switched on. Tleft ..my phone. switched on in case. Jane. called. Mike thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down. He wrote down... [thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them. phoned — 4 sent an email to Liz, but she didn’t reply. So I sent another email because perhaps she hadn't received the first one. sent sce I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London ‘one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address. Tgave " . 2 7 mene Put in in ease or if. 1 T'll draw a map for you" <45¢.. you have difficulty finding our house. 2 You should tell the police you have any information about the crime. 3 Thope you'll come to London sometime. you come, you can stay with us. 4: This letter is for Susan. Can you give it to her... you see her? 5 Write your name and address on your bag, ...-——-n-—-ew» YOU lose it 6 Go to the lost property office you lose your bag, 7 The burglar alarm will ring... Somebody tries to break into the house. 8. You should lock your bike to something ...-—=-». Somebody tries to steal it, 9 Twas advised 0 get insurance -.——mn-——-v=- I needed medical treatment while I was abroad. + Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 229Unless Study this example situation: ‘The club is for members only. You can’t go in unless you are a member. ‘This means: You can’t go in except if you are a member. or You can go in only if you are a member Unless = excepr if ‘Some more examples of unless: 1 Pill see you tomorrow unless I have to work late. (= except if | have to work late) 10 There are no buses to the beach. Unless you have a car, it’s difficult to get there. (= except if you have a car) 10 ‘Shall I tell Liz what happened?” “Not unless she asks you.” (= only if she asks you) 10 Sally hates complaining, She wouldn't complain about something unless it was really bad. (= except if it was really bad) 10 We can take a taxi to the restaurant ~ unless you'd prefer to walk. (= except if you'd prefer to walk) Instead of unless itis often possible to say if ... not: 15 Unless we leave now, we'll be late. or If we don’t leave now, we'll. As long as etc. as long as or so long as | ; rs (that) or providing (that) All these expressions mean ‘if’ or ‘on condition that’. For example: 1 You can borrow my car (us you promise not to drive too fast. ‘chee :| (= you can borrow my car, but you must promise not to drive too fast ~ this is a condition) provided (that) providing (that) it only if you have somewhere to park) a eet the room is clean, I don’t mind which hotel we stay at. © Travelling by car is convenient { you have somewhere to park. (= the room must be clean ~ otherwise I don’t mind) ‘When you are talking about the future, do nor use will after unless / as Long as / so long as / provided / providing. Use a present rense (see Unit 25): 13 P'm nor going out unless it stops raining. (vot unless it will stop) 1 Providing the weather is good, we're going to have a picnic. (not providing it will be good) If Units 25, 38-40Exercises Unit 115 115.1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning, Use unless in your sentence. 1 You must try a bit harder or you won’t pass the exam, You won't. pass. the exam unless. you try a bit harder 2. Listen carefully or you won't know what to do. You won't know what t0 40 .--.n- 3. She mast apologise to me or Ill never speak to her again. 4 You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able ro understand you. 5 Business must improve soon, or the company will have to close. 115.2 Write sentences with unless. 1 The club isn’t open to everyone. You are allowed in only if you're a member. ‘You aren't allowed. in the. club unless. you're... mer 2 Idon’t want to go to the party alone. I'm going only if you go too, 'm not going So 3 Don’t worry about the dog. It will attack you only if you move suddenly The dog, - Hn Se 4 Ben isn’t very talkative. He'll speak t0 you only if you ask him something. Ben -—- si . : 5 Today is a public holiday, The doctor will see you only if it’ an emergency. The doctor 115.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence. 1 You can borrow my car unless /as long as you promise not to drive too fast. (as long. as is correct) I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless / providing it rains. I'm playing tennis tomorrow unless / providing it doesn’t rai I don't mind if you come home late unless /as long as you come in quietly. I'm going now unless / provided you want me to stay. I don’t watch TV unless /as long as I've gor nothing else to do. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool unless / provided they are with an adult. 8 Unless /provided they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool. 9) We can sit here in the corner unless /as long as you'd rather sit over there by the window. 10 4: Our holiday cost a lor of money ni: Did it? Well, that doesn’t matter unless /as long as you enjoyed yourselves. 115.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. We'll be late unless We get. taxi Tike hot weather a$ 100g, a ene Ie takes Kate about 20 minutes to drive to work provided I don't mind walking home as long as I ike to walk to work in the morning unless... ee en We can meet tomorrow UNLESS oo.-—-nnssnennnnennnne ian © You can borrow the money providing You won't achieve anything unless = Additional exercise 32 (page 321) 231iam As (As | walked along the street ... / sulci As | was hungry ...) PHM) = heme sine as You can use as when two things happen at the same time: 1 We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away. (We waved and she drove away at the same time) 1G I watched her as she opened the letter. 1 As I walked along the street, I looked in the shop windows. 15 Can you turn off the light as you go out, please? ‘Or you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (in the middle of doing something else}: © Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus, © We met Paul as we were leaving the hotel. For the past continuous (was getting / were going etc.), see Unit 6. You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment): © Just as I sat down, the phone rang. 1 Thad to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting. We also use as when two things happen together in a longer period of time: 1 As the day went on, the weather got worse. hadi wel Oa 1 [ began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it. the weather got worse Compare as and when: We use as only if ewo things happen at the Use when (not as) if one thing happens after same time. another. © As we walked home, we talked about © When we got home, we started cooking. what we would have for dinner. the dinner, (= at the same time) . (not As we got home) HR) ss = because ‘As also means ‘because’ As I was hungry, I decided to find somewhere to eat. (= because I was hungry) © As it was a public holiday last Thursday, most of the shops were shut. ( because it was a public holiday) © As we have plenty of time before our flight, let’s go and have a coffee. © Yesterday we watched television all evening as we didn't have anything better to do. © As I don’t often watch television any more, I've decided to give my TV set to a friend of mine. You can also use since in this way: 1 Since we have plenty of time, let's go and have a coffee. Compare as and wh 12 Teouldn’t contact David as he was away 5 David's passport was stolen when he on holiday and he doesn't have a mobile was away on holiday. phone. (= because he was away) (= during the time he was away) 1 As they lived near us, we used to see When they lived near us, we used to see them quite often. them quite ofte (= because they lived near us) (= at the time they lived near us) 232 AS ue 8 = Unit 107 Like and as — Unit 117 ASif — Unit 118Exercises Unit 116 116.1 (Seetion A) Use as to join sentences from the boxes. 1 weall-waved goodbye to-Liz wwe were driving along the road 2 we all smiled |Lwas taking a hot dish out of the oven 3 Lburnt myself “she drove away. 4 the crowd cheered swe posed for the photograph 5 a dog ran out in front of the car the two teams ran onto the field 116.2 (Section B) Join sentences from the boxes. Begin each sentence with as. Jiewas a public holiday, Tent in 1 2 ir was a nice day swe came in very quietly 3 we didn’t want to wake anybody up 4 5 _most-of the shops-were shut the door was open swe didn’t know what time it was none of us had a watch _we went for a walk by the sea 1 As. it was. public, holiday, most of the shops. 4 5 " 2 ae 5 - - - 116.3 What does as mean in these sentences? because at the same time as [As they live near me, I see them quite often. Kate slipped as she was getting off the bus. As I was tired, I went to bed early. Unfortunately, as I was parking the cay, I hit the car behind. As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tied. We decided ro go out ro eat as we had no food at home. [As we don’t use the car very often, we've decided to sell it. - 1164 In some of these sentences, you need when (not as).-Correct the sentences where necessary. Julia got married as she was, when she was. 22. As the day went on, the weather got worse, Ok. He dropped the glass as he was taking it out of the cupboard. ‘My camera was stolen as I was asleep on the beach. As I left school, I went to work in a shop. " The train slowed down as it approached the station. T used to live near the sea as I was a child. = Ian Rw 116.5 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. I saw you as ws . - Ir started to rain just as... = As I didn’t have enough money for a taxi, De, ee aD one — Aadtional exercise 22 (page 321) 233itis a, 234 Like and as Like = ‘similar to’, ‘the same as’, You cannot use as in this way: 10 What a beautiful house! It's like a palace. (rot as a palace) 10 ‘What does Sandra do?” “She's a teacher, like me.’ (not as me) © Be careful! The floor has been polished. It’s like walking on ice. (not as walking) 0 It’s raining again. I hate weather like this. (not as this) In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a nou (like a palace), a pronoun (like me / like this) or -ing (like walking). You can also say *... like (somebody/something) doing something’ 1D ‘What's that noise?” ‘It sounds like a baby crying,” ‘Sometimes like = for example 1 Some sports, like motor-racing, can be dangerous. You can also use such as (= for example): 15 Some sports, such as motor-racing, can be dangerous. As the same way as, or in the same condition as. We use as before subject + verb: © didn’t move anything, I left everything as it was 15 You should have done it as I showed you. Like is also possible in informal spoken English: 5 [left everything like it was. ‘Compare as and like: © You should have done it as I showed you. (or like I showed you) 15 You should have done it like this. (not as this) Note that we say as usual / as always: 15 You're late as usual. 1 As always, Nick was the first to complain. Sometimes as (+ subject + verb) has otber meanings. For example, after do: 1 You can do as you like. (= do what you like) 1 They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.) We also say as you know / as I said / as she expected / as I thought etc. 5 As you know, it’s Emma’s birthday next week. (= you know this already) 18 Andy failed his driving test, as he expected. (= he expected this before) Like is not usual in these expressions, except with say (like I said): As I said yesterday, I'm sure we can solve the problem. or Like I said yesterday As can also be a preposition, but the meaning is different from like. Compare: 1 Sue Casey is the manager of a company. Mary Stone is the assistant manager. ‘As the manager, she has to make many Like the manager (Sue Casey), she also important decisions. has to make important decisions. (As the manager = in her position as the (Like the manager = similar to the manager) manager) As (preposition) = in the position of, in the form of ete. : A few years ago I worked as a taxi driver. (not like a taxi driver) 3 We haven't got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop. 5 Many words, for example ‘work’ and ‘rain’, can be used as verbs or nouns. 5 London is fine as a place to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there. 15 The news of the tragedy came as a great shock. ‘As... a8 > Unit 107 As (= at the same time as / because) Unit 116 Asif —» Unit 118Exercises Unit 117 117.1 In some of these sentences, you need like (not as). Correct the sentences where necessary. Tes raining again. I hate weather as this, weather Ue BS nae Andy failed his driving test, as he expected. Ok ” Do you think Caroline looks as her mother? Tim gets on my nerves. I can’t stand people as him. peace Why didn’t you do it as I told you to do it? 7 Brian is a student, as most of his friends. sn You never listen. Talking to you is as talking t0 the -ase-vniene— wall. 8 As I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job. pentane 9 Tom's idea seems a good one. Let's do as he suggests. -—vma-—emeneo— 10 T'll phone you tomorrow as usual, OK? Se 11 Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was as a bomb exploding, 12 She's a very good swimmer. She swims as a fish. itn 117.2 Complete the sentences using like or as + the following: -apalace a birthday present a tourist guide 1 This house is beautiful. Irs like. 4. palace 2 My feet are really cold. They're... 3 T've been playing rennis for years, but I still play 4 Marion once had a part-time job... 5 Twonder what that building with the tower is. It looks - : 6 My brother gave me this watch eee " —- a long time ago. 7 Its very cold for the middle of summer. Irs 8 He's 22 years old, but he sometimes behaves 117.3 Put in like or as. Sometimes either word is possible, We heard a noise xe _ a baby crying. Your English is very fluent. [ wish I could speak you. Don't take my advice if you don’t want to. You can do You waste too much wish I had a car yours. You don’t need to change your clothes. You can go out - you are. My neighbour's house is full of lots of interesting things. It’s ...... a museum, We saw Kevin last night. He was very cheerful, always. 9 Sally has been working _. a. waitress for the last two months. 10 While we were on holiday, we spent most of our time doing energetic things sailing, water skiing and swimming. 11 You're different from the other people I know. I don’t know anyone you. 12, We don’t need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them a study. 13. ‘The news that Sue and Gary were getting married came... a complete surprise to me. 14 ossnne her father, Catherine has a very good voice. 15 At the moment I’ve got a temporary job in a bookshop. It’s OK . but I wouldn't like to do it permanently, you like. ¢ doing things . sitting in cafés all day. a temporary job, 16 nennmn YOU CaM imagine, we were very tired after such a long journey. 17 This tea is awful. It tastes water, 18 I think I prefer this room it was, before we decorated it. 235Unit sitsi As if / as though / like cea You can use as if or as though to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels: © That house looks as if it’s going to fall down. © Helen sounded as if she had a cold, didn’t she? 1 I've just come back from holiday, but I feel very tired. I don't feel as if I've just had a holiday. You can use as though in all these examples: © I don't feel as though I've just had a holiday. In informal spoken English you can also use like: © That house looks like it’s going to fall down, Compare: © You look tired. (look + adjective) You look as if you haven't slept. (look as if + subject + verb) You can say It looks as if... / It sounds as © Sandra is very late, isn’t she? It looks as if she isn’t coming, © We took an umbrella because it looked as if it was going to rain. © Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they are having a party Tt sounds as if they‘e having a party next door You can also use as though or like: 1D It looks as though she isn’t coming. or It looks like she isn’t coming. You can use as if or as though with other verbs to say how somebody does something (© He ran as if he was running for his life 15 After the interruption, the speaker went on talking as if nothing had happened. © When I told them my plan, they looked at me as though I was mad. In informal spoken English, you can also use like in these examples. After as if (or as though), we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example: © Idon’t like Tim, He talks as if he knew everything. ‘The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (as if he knew) because the idea is nor real: Tim does not know everything. We use the past in the same way in if sentences and after wish (see Unit 39), Some more examples: 1D She's always asking me to do things for her ~ as if I didn’t have enough to do already. (1.do have enough to do) © Gary’s only 40, Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn’t an old man) When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was: 15 Why do you talk abour him as if he were (or was) an old man? 1 They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I'm not their son) 236 IF was/were —> Unit 39C Look/sound etc. + adjective —> Unit 99 Like and as — Unit 117Exercises Unit 118 8.1 118.2 1183 a4 What do you say in these situations? Use look/sound/feel + as if... Use the words in brackets to make your sentence. 1 You meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face. (be /a fight) You say to him: ...You look as. uf, you've, been. in. a fight. 2 Christine comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified. (see /a ghost) You say to her: What's the matter? You —. — 3 Joe is on holiday: He's talking to you on the phone and sounds very happy. (enjoy / yourself) You say to him: You Se 4 You have just run one kilometre, You are absolutely exhausted. (run / a marathon) You say to a friend: 1 Sen Ao ‘Make sentences beginning It looks as if ... / It sounds as if... you should see a doctor there's been an accident they are having an argument i's going to rain -she isn't coming. we'll have to walk 1 Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say: It looks as. if she isn't coming. The sky is full of black clouds. You says Te So 3 You hear two people shouting at each other next door. You say: - 4 You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars atthe side ofthe road. You say: You and a friend have just missed the last bus home. YOU SAY one a 7 ceca 6 Dave isn’t feeling well. He tells you all about it You say: - a nee Complete the sentences with as if, Choose from the box, putting the verbs in the correct form. she / enjoy /it 1/ go / be sick he / not / eat / for a week she/needta-good-rest she / hurt /her leg he / mean / what he / say 1/ nor / exist she / not / want / come 1 Mark looks very tired. He looks ...0% if. ne needs a. goed. rest. ou sit 2 Ion think Paul was joking. He looked — scene ~ : 3 What's the matter with Liz? She's walking — Ho - 4 Peter was exteemely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly. He at nee Caroline had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didn’t look : —— 6 Ive just eaten too many chocolates. Now I don’ feel well. L feel os I phoned Liz and invited her to the party, but she wasn’t very enthusiastic about She sounded enn a 8 L went into the office, bur nobody spoke to me or looked at me. Everybody ignored me .... These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if. 1 Brian is a terrible driver. He drives _#.f he..were... the only driver on the road. 2 Pm 20 years old, so please don't talk t0 me @——nenm ns Venn a child 3 Steve has never met Nicola, but he talks about her _— his best friend. 4 Ie was a long time ago that we first mer, bur I remember it — _.. yesterday. 237For and during ‘We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on: for two hours foraweek for ages © We watched television for two hours last night. © Diane is going away for a week in September. 10 Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages. © Are you going away for the weekend? ‘We use during + nowt to say when something happens (not how long): during the film during our holiday during the night © [fell asleep during the film. (© We met some really nice people during our holiday. (© The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night. ‘With ‘time words’ (for example: the morning / the afternoon / the summer), you can usually say in or during: (© Te must have rained in the night. (or during the night) Til phone you sometime during the afternoon. (or in the afternoon) You cannot use during to say how long something goes on: 10 It rained for three days without stopping. (not during three days) ‘Compare during and for: © [fell asleep during the film. I was asleep for half an hour. During and while ‘Compare: We use during + notn: We use while + subject + verb: © Tell asleep during the film. © Tell asleep while I was watching TV, Com! Lubiect + verb © We met a lot of interesting people © We mer a lor of interesting people ‘during our holiday. © Robert suddenly began to fee! ill «during the exam. while we were on holiday. © Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the exam. Some more examples of while: © We saw Clare while we were waiting for the bus. © While you were out, there was a phone call for you. © Chris read a book while I watched television. ‘When you are talking about the future, use the present (wot orl London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there. (1ot while I will be there) 0 What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not while you will be waiting) See also Unit 25. For and since -* Unit 124 While + ~ing > Unit 688Exercises Unit 119 119.1 Put in for or during. 1 It rained for... three days without stopping. 2 [fell asleep ..4uring .. the film. 3. Lwent to the theatre last night. I met Sue. the interval. 4 Martin hasn't lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil... four years. 5 Production at the factory was seriously affected win--snnoninm the strike, 6 [felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything o--—o--wew thee days. 7 Lwaited for you...» half an hour and decided that you weren't coming. 8 Sarah was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to me... a. week 9 We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go Out a.» the week. 10 Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work poi six months. 11 I need a change. I think Pl go away... a few days. 12 The president gave a long speech. She spoke two hours. 13 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat ..... the journey. 14 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat ...... ow @ight hours. 119.2 Put in during or white. 1 We met a lot of interesting people ...whide._. we were on holiday. 2 We met a lot of interesting people ..4H"™"._ our holiday 3 Tmet Mike Iwas shopping, 4 ~~» Las on holiday, I didn’t read any newspapers or watch TV. Seve neem OUF Stay in Paris, We visited a lot of museums and galleries. 6 The phone rang three times oon. we were having dinner. 7 The phone rang three times so. the night. 8 Thad been away for many years... that time, many things had changed. 9 What did they say about me 1 was out of the room? 10 1 went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately I began t0 feel ill soem» the meal and had to go home. 11 Please don’t interrupt me rm speaking. 12. There were many interruptions oma the president's speech. 13 Can you lay the table... get the dinner ready? 14 We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat we were travelling. 119.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. 1 1 fell asleep while ..\ was matching, teley . 2 fell asleep during ..2€, $10. oe aad 3 [hurt my arm while Se Sn 4 Can you wait here while = " acer = 5 6 Most of the students looked bored during —.— was asked a lot of questions during — - - Sn Don’t open the car door While sen.em-m-mnanmn 8 The lights suddenly went our while — 9 It started to rain during = = 0 Ir started to rain while os = Additional exercise 33 (page 321) 239240 By and until By the time . By (+ a time) = not later than: © [sent the letter to them today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before Monday, nor later than Monday) © We'd better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o'clock. (= at or before $ o'clock, not later than 5 o'clock) © Where's Sarah? She should be here by now. (= now or before now ~ so she should have already arrived) This milk has to be used by 14 August. ‘We use until (or till) to say how Jong a situation continues: 1 ‘Shall we go now?” ‘No, let’s wait until (or tll) it stops raining. I stayed in bed until half past ten. 1 I coulda'e get up this morning. | 1 “ide get up until hall post ten ‘Compare until and by: Something continues until a time in the Something happens by a time in the future: future: 15 David will be away until Monday. © David will be back by Monday. {so he'll be back on Monday) (= he'll be back not later than Monday) 1 Pll be working until 11.30. © Tllhave finished my work by 11.30. (s0 I'll stop working at 11.30) (= Pll finish my work nor later than 11.30.) You can say ‘by the time something happens’. Study these examples: 2 It’s too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed. (= the bank will close between now and the time we get there) © (froma posteard) Our holiday ends tomorrow. So by the time you receive this postcard, T'll be back home. {= will arrive home between tomorrow and the time you receive this postcard) © Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started. ‘You can say ‘by the time something happened” (for the past): 1 Karen's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left. (= it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time) 1G Thad a lor of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished (cit took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired during this time) 13 We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started. Also. by then or by that time: 12 Karen finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the guests had left. Will be doing and will have done —> Unit 24 By (other uses) —» Units 428, 608, 128Exercises Unit 120 120.1 Make sentences with by. 1 We have to be home not later than 5 o'clock. We. have. tobe home. by. 5_ o'clock Thave to be at the airport not later than 8.30. Thave to be at the airport o.oo ee —— Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party. Let me know ~ a a ceocpee 4 Please make sure that you're here not later than 2 o'clock. Please make sure that i If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime. If we leave now, Se 120.2 Put in by of until, 1 Steve has gone away. He'll be away 4" Monday. 2 Sorry, bur I must go. I have ro be home 5 o'clock. 3 I've been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide Friday: 4 Uthink Pl wait Thursday before making a decision. 5 fs t00 late to go shopping. The shops are open only ns 5.30. They'll be closed 6 Td better pay the phone bill I has to be paid un tomorrow 7 Don’t pay the bill today. Wait tomorrow: 8 4: Have you finished redecorating your house? Nor yet. We hope to finish the end of the week. 94: F'm going out now. Fl be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here? f: don’t think so. I'll probably have gone out. ---—-a-- then, 10 I'm moving into my new flat next week. '™m staying with a friend — then. 11 Tye got a lot of work 10 d0. nu. the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed. 12 If you want to take part in the competition, you have t0 apply --—-n-———» 3 April 120.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until. 1 David is away at the moment, He'll be away ...§nti.. Monday... David is away at the moment. He'll be back ..b4.MO AH annem rm just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here pa Tm going out 10 buy a few things. I's 4.30 now. I won't be long. I'll be back ~ If you want to apply for the job, your application must he received : 6 Last night I watched TV - 7 120.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time .... 1 1 was invited to a party, but I got there much later than I intended. By the, Hime |_ got te. the party, most of the other guests had left. 1 intended to catch a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station. my train had already left. 5 I wanted to go shopping after finishing my work. But {finished much later than expected. it was too late to go shopping. 4 I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. [called the police, but it was some time before they arrived. the two men had disappeared. ve climbed a mountain and it took us a very long time to get to the top. There wasn't much time to enjoy the views So smeenee » We had to come down again. = Additional exercise 33 (page 321) 241