THE 59TH KENYA SCIENCE ENGINEERING FAIR
CATEGORY: APLIED TECHNOLOGY
TITLE: FIRE ALARM
PRESENTERS: DERRICK MEITARON
JUSTUS LEYIAN
SCHOOL: OLKEJUADO HIGH SCHOOL
COUNTY: KAJIADO
VENUE: BARAKA ONTUYIE GIRLS’ SCHOOL
DATE: 7TH & 9TH MARCH 2024
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DECLARATION
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
This project is our original work and has not been presented in previous science and engineering
fair.
Signature................................................... Date............................
Name.........................................................
Signature.................................................. Date.............................
Name.......................................................
SCIENCE PATRON’S DECLARATION
I have checked this document and confirmed that it is good for presentation. The work was done
under my supervision.
Patron.....................................................
Signature................................................
Principal..................................................
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PLAGIARISM
CATEGORY.....................................TITLE....................................................................................
REGION/COUNTY/SUB-COUNTY/ZONE.............................................
KSEF places specific emphasis on integrity and ethical behavior with regard to the preparation of
all written work to be submitted for science fairs as per its rules and regulations.
Although science personnel will provide you with information regarding reference techniques as
well as ways to avoid plagiarism, you also have a responsibility to fulfill this regard.
You are guilty of plagiarism when you extract information from a book, article or web page
without acknowledging the source and pretend that it is your own work. In truth, you are stealing
someone else’s property. This doesn’t only apply to cases where you quote verbalism, but also
when you present someone else’s work in a somewhat amended format (paraphrase), or even
when you use someone else’s deliberation without the necessary acknowledgement. You are not
allowed to use other student’s previous work. You are furthermore not allowed to let anyone
copy your work with intention of presenting it as their own.
Students who are guilty of plagiarism will be disqualified. In addition, the matter will be referred
to SRC for a decision to be made.
Declaration
1: We understand what plagiarism entails and we are aware of the KSEF policy in regard.
2: We declare that this project is our own, original work. Where someone else’s work was used
(whether from a printed source, the internet or any other source) due acknowledgement was
given and reference was made according to KSEF requirements.
3: We did not make use of other students’ previous work and submitted it as our own.
4: We did not allow and will not allow anyone to copy our work with the intention of presenting
it as their own.
1: Name........................................................ Signature.................................. Date....................
2: Name........................................................ Signature................................. Date.....................
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ABSTRACT
With the rapid development of new building techniques, there is an increased need for improved
early-warning fire alarm systems. Fire disaster is a great threat to lives and property. Fire alarm
system provides real-time surveillance, monitoring and automatic alarm. It sends early alarm
when the fire occurs and helps to reduce the fire damage. Large numbers of small fire detectors
should report their information to the control center of a building or a block.
Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren Sound or
Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time and prevent
any damage to people or property. Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part of the
security systems which help in detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire Alarm Systems
and Smoke Sensors in commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and
other public places is compulsory. There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm
Circuit in the form of stand-alone devices, but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm
Circuits using common components like. This is a very simple alarm circuit. The primary
purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that people can be.
Evacuated & immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire effect as soon as
possible. Alarm can be triggered by using detectors or by manual call point (Remotely).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank the almighty God for giving us the opportunity and idea to come up with this
project and have a chance to share it with the world. We would also like to thank the KSEF for
allowing us to present the project.
We acknowledge our patron Ms. Sila Faith for the guidance and support he has given us since we
began this project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
PLAGIARISM
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Chapter 1: BACKGROUND INFOMATION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objectives / Hypothesis
1.4 Justification and significance
1.5 Limitations
1.6 Assumptions
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Apparatus
3.2 Procedure
3.3 Variable
3.4 Observation
Chapter 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Data analysis
4.2 Data interpretation
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1Background information
A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through
visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are
present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors and heat detectors or
may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull
stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can
also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which
warns people inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to
certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the
country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems sound like a siren with
alternating frequencies.
They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as pulling a lever or breaking
glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any number of
detectable physical changes associated with fire: convicted thermal energy; heat detector,
products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion gases; fire
gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector. The newest innovations
can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyses the visible effects of fire and movement in
applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods.
The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as Fire
Wardens Stations, or from a single location designated as the building Fire Command Center.
Speakers are automatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire event, and following a pre-
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alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages directing
the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or more languages. Trained
personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of
automated messages in order to initiate or relay real-time voice instructions.
The fire alarm working principle is based on thermistor used in the fire alarm circuit. This fire
alarm circuit is used to identify and indicate an increase in temperature beyond certain value
(temperature of an enclosed area). All Fire Alarm Systems essentially operate on the same
principle. If a detector detects smoke or heat, or someone operates a break glass unit, then alarm
sounders operate to warn others in the building that there may be a fire and to evacuate. A
thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive resistor; thermistor
working principle is its resistance depends upon the temperature. When temperature changes, the
resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. The benefits of using a thermistor is
accuracy and stability
1.2Statement of Problem
According to world fires statistics and facts -on 10th January 2024, extreme world fires were
forecasted and had increased by 40%. They stated that by 2030 the world fires will increase by
30% and by 2050 they will increase by 40%. In 2021, there were 19 large fire disasters
worldwide.
Integrated fire management in Africa stated that on 3rd November 2023 that the proportion of
area burnt by these 8 countries is 11% forest, 55% savannah, 33% shrub land and grassland.
In Kenya, the number of fire alerts was at taita-taveta with two fire alerts. This represents 9.5%
of all alerts detected in Kenya and is normal compared to the number of fires in the same period
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going back to 2012. Between 8th February 2024 Kenya experienced a total of 11,628 VIIRS fire
alerts.
1.3 Objectives
• To make a mechine that will detect fire before it becomes uncontrollable.
1.4Justification and Significance
This project will reduce lose of property and death of people due to fire outbreaks and also to
make people ready for handling fire at the right time.
1.5MERITS AND DEMERITS
Merits
Low cost
• Reliable
• Fast response
• Circuit can be easily constructed
• High level security
• Easy to design
• Easy to modify
• Low power consumption
• Early warning benefits
• Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings
• Early warning is essential to effective fire safety because fires can occur at any time
any place
• Detection distance
• Speed of response
• Sensitivity
• Range of applications
• Portable.
Demerits
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It cannot detect fire over long distances.
It cannot help put out fire but can only detect.
False alarm
Blinded by thick smoke
Senses near range heat(fire) only
Uses continuous power supply
1.7Assumption/precaution
The bimetallic strip would not bend on immediate effect.
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2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW
As from the previous work in the field of flame retardancy and fire warning sensors, fabricating
a flame retardant GO-based coating is considered to be a promising way to overcome the danger
of fire hazards. For instance, Wu et al. used the dip-coating method to fabricate hierarchical
GO/silicone on combustible materials. On fire encounters, silicone offers the necessary flame
retardancy while GO nanosheets undergo thermal reduction and provide a conduction path for
the warning circuit in 2–3 s. Functional cellulose and GO were fabricated on wood,
polyurethane, and polypropylene foam using the self-assembly dip-coating method by Xie et al.
Another research reported by Xie et al. showed an ultra-sensitive signal time that is 0.83 s, by
fabricating a coating containing GO, silver nanowire (AgNW) and fluoride polyvinyl butyral
(FPVB) using the spray-coating method. Xu et al. fabricated melamine-formaldehyde sponge
coated with GO wide-ribbon using the facile dip-coating method. The coating has good
hydrophobicity, structural stability, and reversible compressibility, and can complete the alarm
circuit in about 2 s. Huang et al. reported silane-GO papers that display outstanding flame
resistance, acidic/alkaline tolerance and mechanical flexibility, having a rapid flame detecting
response time of about 1.6 s. Qu et al. designed a composite film using black phosphorene-MoS 2
nano-filler and GO that can detect fire in 1 s, and also developed a highly flexible film from
black phosphorene and GO that can trigger the fire alarm in less than 1 s
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3.0:METHODOLOGY
Apparatus
• Box
•bimetallic strip
•super glue
•success card with an alarm
•red LED lights
•Connecting wires
•battery
•battery holder
Procedure
1. Cut boxes of measurable length and width to represent walls of a house.
2. Attach the boxes into their respective positions using super glue thus creating a structure
of a house.
3. Take the bimetallic strip and attach it on one of the walls.
4. Mount a battery either at the wall or outside.
5. Connect the negative terminal of the wire to the bimetallic strip.
6. At the space between the wall and the bimetallic strip attach a switch.
7. Attach the negative terminal of the alarm to the switch and the positive terminal direct to
the battery.
8. Have joints on the wire connecting the alarm to connect the LED lights.
Observation
The alarm rung immediately the bimetallic strip bent and touched it.
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4.0: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This project will identify fire three times faster than a normal human being.
The machine will help alert the fire brigade about the fire outbreak before a normal human being.
Destruction of property will be reduced four times as normal because people will be alerted.
The bimetallic strip will expand and contract making the alarm to ring because of the bending of
the strip completing the circuit.
percentage of accidents
world
Africa
Kenya
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Block diagram of the fire alarm
Negative
terminal
Power source Bimetallic strip
switch
Positive
terminal
Alarm and LED
lights
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DISCUSSION
Many new fire detection technologies developed over the last decade have strong potential to
reduce false alarms, increase sensitivity and dynamic response to a fire and improve fire safety.
The Brillion scattering-based distributed fiber optic sensors has a long sensing range, responds
quickly to temperature fluctuation and is immune to all kinds of interference emission. It has the
potential to provide fire detection in applications where small fires might be encountered (e.g.,
telecommunication facilities), and areas with restricted access or with difficult ambient
conditions (e.g., tunnels, underground railways and stations, nuclear and petrochemical plants).
However, further research efforts are needed to improve its spatial resolution, and establish a
cost-effective and reliable distributed fiber optic system for fire detection. Video fire detection
systems have also demonstrated great advantages for use in sensing and monitoring a fire as well
as on multi-function applications. Cameras and corresponding facilities required in the video
sensor system are already standard features of many buildings. With further development in
microelectronics and information technologies, video information can be sent out or accessed via
Internet or a wireless network. It is expected that the video sensor system will play a more
important role in providing cost-effective fire safety and other building management and
services.
Variables.
The dependent variable is electricity while the independent is size of the fire alarm.
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5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION
Thus, we conclude from this fire alarm is used for safety and emergency purpose. This is not
only use in houses but also in any type of buildings.
The integration of fire detection and alarm systems with other building systems should increase
fire safety in the building. The fire detection system will be able to communicate with other
building systems, correctly discriminate between fire and non-fire threats, identify the exact
location of a fire in the building and provide continuous estimates on smoke and fire spread in
the building. However, the integration technology may also create new risks. Sensor
technologies, for example, will need to be robust enough to prevent false alarms, and ensure that
vital information such as the location of occupants is not lost due to data overload during a fire.
Integrated building systems will need to be designed not only to give fire safety priority over
other building activities but also that fire emergencies do not crash the building service system.
RECOMMENDATION
There is need for the government of Kenya to find a way to improve our project so as to reduce
fire out breaks in Kenya.
We also recommend the integrated fire management in Africa and the whole world to take note
of our project so as to minimize fire disasters.
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