Tuguegarao Archdiocesan Schools System

Saint Joseph’s College of Baggao, Inc.

MODULE 8A
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
And
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
I. Overview
The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails and glands. Its function is to
protect the body from outside stressors. This system likewise protects the body from microorganisms
that causes diseases retain bod fluids, remove waste products, and regulates body temperature.
The circulatory system is the transport system of the body, because all other systems of the
body depend on this system for nourishment, distribution of oxygen and removal of their waste
materials.
II. Intended Learning Outcomes
a. identify the parts and functions of the integumentary and circulatory system;
b. state the common ailments and disorders of the integumentary and circulatory system;
c. cite ways on how to take care of your integumentary and circulatory system.
III. Learning References:
1. T.R.E.K. 6 Technology. Research. Experiment. Knowledge
By: Emely J. Lagdamen
IV. Content/ Lecture: (2 hours)
Hello kids! Good day.
For today’s lesson, you will learn about the integumentary and circulatory system.
The Integumentary System
The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails and glands. Its function is to
protect the body from outside stressors.
The Skin
The skin is the biggest organ of the body. It is made up of three layers;
 Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It is made up of flat and dead cells. The dead cells
contain the substance called keratin. Keratin prevents water and microorganisms from entering
the body. The skin also has tiny openings or hole-like structures known pores. Sweat and oil
passes out the body through the pores. Another type of cell fount beneath the epidermis
produces the substance called melanin. Melanin is the pigment that determines the skin color
of person.
 Dermis is the next layer. The cells located at this part are alive and have the ability to multiply.
They also contain collagen. It contains the sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels
and nerve endings. Due to the presence of the different nerve endings, one can react to the
different stimuli the skin is exposed to. Sebum is the oil produced by the oil glands. It acts as a
 natural moisturizer of the skin. It prevents the skin from drying up and has the ability to repel
water to some extent, making the skin waterproof.
 Subcutaneous layer is the innermost layer which layer of fat tissues. It serves as the storage of
food and energy and also acts as heat insulator of the body.
Hair
Hair is made of keratin. The root hair starts from the subcutaneous layer and grows out of a
tiny tube in the skin called follicle. As it grows from the dermis and through the epidermis., it
protrudes to the surface of the skin. A hair strand is made up of both living and dead cells. The living
part is located at the bottom where new cells are produced and the rest of the parts are already dead
cells.
Nails
Your nails are also made of keratin like your hair. Their root cells are found in the epidermis.
New cells are produced in the nail bed and as they mature, they are pushed away. Fingernails and
toenails grow at different rates. Fingernails grow faster than toenails. Nails protect and serve as
support for the sensitive tips of fingers and toes.
Glands
The sweat glands and oil glands are the glands found on the skin. The sweat gland helps in
regulating body temperature and removes excess water and salts. The oil glands provide natural
moisturizer to the skin.
Common Ailments and Disorders of the Integumentary System
For the ailments and disorders of the Integumentary System, refer on your Science book, page 91-92.
How to Care for the Skin
On how to take care of your skin, read on page 92.
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is also called cardiovascular system. The term cardio refers to the heart
and vascular refers to the vessels where the blood flows.
The circulatory system is the transport system of the body, because all other systems of the
body depend of this system for nourishment, distribution of oxygen and removal of their waste
materials.
Parts and Functions of the Circulatory System
The Heart
The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system. It is a hollow muscular organ that is as big
as your clenched first. It is located just behind the breastbone and between your lungs. It beats
continuously as it pumps blood to all parts of the body. The whole heart is enclosed in a protective sac
called pericardium. The pericardium contains fluid that enables the heart to contract and relax
smoothly. Below the pericardium is the wall called myocardium. The myocardium is a muscle that has
a definite cycle of contraction and relaxation. This definite cycle of contraction and relaxation becomes
the heartbeat of a person. A normal person’s heart beats 75 times a minute or about 4500 times an
hour.
The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels are tube-like structures that serve as the passageway for blood to reach the
different parts of the body. There are three kinds of blood vessels:
 Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They carry oxygen-rich
blood except for the pulmonary artery which carries blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs.
Aorta is the largest artery hat has a diameter about 2.5 centimeters. The thick artery wall has
 three layers which surround the hollow interior. The inner layer is made-up of flattened cells.
The middle layer consists smooth muscle that helps regulate the flow of blood. The outer layer
consists of connective tissue that prevent the arteries from being damaged. Arteries are
located deep within the body to protect from the injury. If an artery is cut, a person can bleed
to death in just a few minutes. Arteries vary in size. Those that are near the heart are bigger,
while the ones farther from it are smaller. The smallest arteries are called arterioles. They are
thinner than a piece of thread. Arterioles are connected to finer vessels called the capillaries.
 Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that serve a network throughout the body, from body
systems to organs, to tissues and cells. They allow the exchange of food nutrients and oxygen
from the blood to the cell and the waste materials from the cell to the blood through the
process called diffusion. Diffusion is the flow of particles from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration. Food nutrients, oxygen and waste materials like carbon
dioxide have higher concentration than the surrounding tissues so they can diffuse in and out
of the capillaries.
 Veins are the blood vessels that carry block back to the heart. They carry deoxygenated blood
or blood rich in carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells. The pulmonary vein is the only
vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Like the arteries, the walls of
the veins are also made of three layers. However, they are inner, les elastic and less muscular
than the walls of the arteries. They possess these characteristics because the blood pressure
with them is lower than the blood pressure in the arteries. Like the arteries, veins vary in size.
Some are big, while others are small. The smallest veins are called venules that are also
connected to the capillaries. The two largest veins of the body are the superior vena cava and
the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava carries blood to the heart that comes from the
upper part of the body, while the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart that comes from
the lower part of the body. Both of these veins empty blood to the right atrium.
The Blood
Blood travels throughout the body bringing oxygen and nutrients to every cell to perform life
processes. Without it, a person would die. This is the reason why blood is being referred to as “the
river of life”. It also carries carbon dioxide and other wastes from the cells for proper excretion. It also
protects the body from infection and diseases, regulates body temperature and carries hormones and
other substances needed for activating different body processes.
Blood consists of a liquid and a solid or cellular part. The liquid part called plasma makes up
55% of the blood while the cellular part is 45%. Plasma which is a pale yellow substance, is made up of
90% water and 10% dissolved substances such as food nutrients, waste products, antibodies and
hormones.
The cellular part consists of the:
 Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes contain a substance called hemoglobin, which is rich in
iron and gives blood its red color when it combines with oxygen. The red blood cells carry
oxygen from the lungs and transport it to all cells and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes
of the body.
 White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes are larger and fewer than the red blood cells. The
ratio of the red blood cells to white blood cells id 500:1, meaning for every 500 red blood cells
there is only one white blood cell. These cells are referred to as “the soldier of the body”,
because they protect and defend the body against the infections and diseases. White blood
cells are classified into two:
1. Phagocytes engulf the bacteria that cause diseases and worn-out cell of the body.
2. Lymphocytes produce antibodies that help fight infection. In case of infection or injury,
there is an increased production of the white blood cells in the bone marrow.
 Platelets or thrombocytes are fragment of cells. Their function is to clot the blood. In case
blood tissues are damaged due to a cut, the platelets gather together to form blood clots,
preventing the loss of blood, which may put the life of a person a risk.
Blood Circulation
Circulation is the process by which blood flows continuously throughout the body. There are
three types of circulation that take place in the body:
 Systemic circulation is the biggest circulation because the whole body system is involved. In
this circulation, the flow of blood starts from the left of the heart. Then, it goes to the different
parts of the body and return to the right side of the heart. During the circulation, the blood
that leaves the left side of the heart carries oxygenated blood. The oxygenated blood passes
through the biggest artery, which is the aorta, then it flows the smaller arteries, the arterioles,
and then the capillaries. In the capillaries, the exchange of oxygen and carbo dioxide take place
between the blood and the cells.
From the capillaries, blood flows to the venules carrying deoxygenated blood and other wastes
of the body. Then, blood goes back to the right side of the heart passing the two largest veins,
the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. Deoxygenated blood from the outer part of
the body will pass the inferior vena cava.
 Pulmonary circulation is the movement of the blood from the blood to the lungs.
Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart goes to the lungs. In the lungs, the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Then, oxygenated blood from the lungs
will pass through the pulmonary vein and return to the left side of the heart.
 Coronary circulation is the flow of blood through the tissues of the heart. Like the other organs
of the body, the heart also needs oxygen and nutrients for the nourishment of its cells so they
can function properly. Coronary circulation happens when oxygenated blood enters the
coronary arteries the it flows to the coronary capillaries to supply oxygen and the food
nutrients to the cells of the heart and collect back the waste materials. From the coronary
capillaries, it flows to the coronary veins, then back to the right side of the heart.
Common Ailments and Disorders of the Circulatory System
For the ailments and disorders of the Circulatory System, refer on your Science book, page
102-103.
How to Care of Circulatory System
On how to take care of your Circulatory system, read and study on page 103-104.
V. Learning Activity/Supplementary Activity
On your book, answer page 94-95 letter A-C
VI. Generalization
 The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails and glands. Its function is to
protect the body from outside stressors.
 The skin is the biggest organ of the body. It is made up of three layers: the epidermis, dermis
and subcutaneous layer.
 Hair is made of keratin. The root hair starts from the subcutaneous layer and grows out of a
tiny tube in the skin called follicle.
 The circulatory system is the transport system of the body, because all other systems of the
body depend on this system for nourishment, distribution of oxygen and removal of their waste
materials.
 The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system. It is a hollow muscular organ that is as big
as your clenched first.
 Blood travels throughout the body bringing oxygen and nutrients to every cell to perform life
processes.
 Circulation is the process by which blood flows continuously throughout the body.
VII. Assessment
Identify what is being described in the statement.
__________ 1. It is the biggest organ of the body.
__________ 2. The only vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
__________ 3. It is a disorder of the skin formed by pimples found either on face, chest and back.
__________ 4. The biggest circulation where in the whole body system is involved.
__________ 5. A disease of the circulatory system caused by the build-up od plaque inside the arteries.
VIII. Application
On your book, answer page 105-107 (letter A and B).