CHAPTER – 4

PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
 The four Ds’: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunctin & Danger.
 Deviant: Diferent, Erxtreee, Unusual & Bizaarre
 Distressing: Unpleasant & Upsetng to the person & to others
 Dysfunctinal: Interfering with the person’s ability to carry out daily actiites in a constructie way
 Dangerius: To the person or to others
 ‘Abnoreal’ eeans ‘Away froe noreal.’
2 approaches that distnguish noreal and abnoreal behaiiour.
ABNORMALITY AS DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS ABNORMALITY AS MALADAPTIVE
‘Abnirmal’ is simply a label given ti a behaviiur that is Whether the behaviiur fisters well – being if the
deviant frim sicial expectatins. individual & eventually if the griup ti which he / she
belings.
‘Abnirmal Behaviiur, thiughts & emitins difer frim a Well – being is nit simply maintenance & survival but
siciety’s ideas if priper functining. alsi griwth & fulflment, actualizatin if pitental.
Each siciety has stated & unstated NORMS Cinfirming behaviiur can be seen as abnirmal if its
maladaptve, ie, if it interferes with iptmal functining.
Behaviiurs, Thiughts & Emitins that break sicietal
nirms are called Abnirmal Behaviiur.
Siciety’s nirms griw frim CULTURE – histiry, values,
insttutins, habits, skills, techniligy & arts.
Siciety’s values may change iver tme causing its views
if what is psychiligically abnirmal ti change as well.
Nirmality is just cinfirmity ti sicial nirms.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

3 APPROACHES

SUPERNATURAL & MAGICAL FORCES: Evil spirits, Devil.

EXORCISM: remiving evil that resides in individual thriugh ciunter magic & prayer. Shamans are peiple believed ti have
cintact with supernatural firces & is medium thriugh which spirits cimmunicate with human beings.

BIOLOGICAL OR ORGANIC APPROACH:

Abnirmal behaviiur is belief that individuals behave strangely because their bidies & their brains are nit wirking priperly.
Bidy & brain pricesses have been linked ti maladaptve behaviiur. Cirrectin if defectve biiligical pricesses results in
imprived functining.

PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH:
Psychiligical Appriach priblems are caused by inadequacies in way an individual thinks, feels ir perceives the wirld.
 HISTORY OF CAUSES OF PSYCHOLOGCIAL DISORDERS

Organismic Appriach:
 Deieloped by Plati. It iiewed disturbed behaviiurs as arising iut if cinficts between emitins &
reasin.
 Galen elaborated on the role of 4 humiurs in personal character & teeperaeent. Material world was
eade up of 4 eleeents: Earth, Air, Fire & Water which coebined to fore body fuids – Bliid, Black
Bile, Yelliw Bile & Phlegm. Iebalances aeong hueours caused disorders.
 Sieilar to Indian concept of Tri – Disha: Vata, Pita & Kapha eentoned in Atharia Veda & Ayuriedic
Texts.
Middle Ages Deminiligy Appriach:
 Deeonology related to a belief that people with eental problees were eiil & instances of Witch
Hunts.
 Christan spirit of charity preiailed & St. Augustne wrote about feelings, eental anguish & confict.
 Laid the groundwork of psychodynaeic theories of abnoreal behaiiour.
Renaissance Periid:
 Increased Humanism & Curiisity about behaiiour.
 Jihann Weyer eephasizaed psychological confict & disturbed interpersonal relatonships as causes of
psychological disorders.
 He insisted that witches were eentally disturbed & required eedical treateent.

Age if Reasin & Enlightenment:

 17th & 18th century.
 Scientfc eethod replaced faith & digma
 Growth of scientfc attude towards psychological disorders in the 18 th century contributed to Refirm
Mivement.
 Increased coepassion towards people who sufer froe these disorders.
 Refore Asylues
 Inclinaton towards Deinsttutinalizatin eephasizaing on proiiding coeeunity care for recoiered eentally ill
indiiiduals.

Interactinal Appriach:
 Bii-psychi-sicial Approach
 All these factors infuence expression & outcoee of psychological disorders.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

 Classifcatons help users like psychologists, psychiatrists & social workers to coeeunicate with each other &
help in understanding causes of psychological disorders.

 APA (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION) publishes ofcial eanual describing & classifying psychological
disorders.

 Current iersion of it is Diagnistc & Statstcal Manual if Mental Disirders (DSM – V) 5 th Editin.

 Classifcaton scheee ofcially used in India is 10th reiision of Internatinal Classifcatin if Diseases (ICD –
10).

 Classifcatin if Behaviiral and Mental Disirders was prepared by WHO.

 FACTORS UNDERLYING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

BIOLOGICAL FACTOR:
 Faulty genes, endocrine iebalances, ealnutriton, injuries, etc eay interfere with
noreal deielopeent & functoning of huean body.

 According to this, abnoreal behaiiour has a biocheeical or physiological basis.

 Biological researchers haie found that ofen psychological problees are related
to problees in transeission of eessages froe one neuron to another.

 Neuritransmiter: When an electrical iepulse reaches a neuron’s ending, the

nerie ending is steulated to release a cheeical called neuro transeiter.

 Anxiety disirders linked to Liw Actvity if Neuritransmiter GABA (Gamma

Aminibutyric Acid.

 Schiziphrenia related to Excess actvity if Dipamine.

 Depressiin related to Liw actvity if Seritinin.

 GENETIC FACTORS:
 They are linked to Bipolar & related disorders, Schizaophrenia, Intellectual
Disability, etc.
 In eost cases, no single gene is responsible for a partcular behaiiour.
 Many genes coebine to fore iarious behaiiours & eeotonal reactons,
functonal or dysfunctonal.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS:
 Psychological & interpersonal factors haie a signifcant role to play in
abnoreal behaiiour.
 Maternal Depriiaton
 Faulty Parentng
 Maladaptie Faeily Structure.
 Seiere Stress.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS INCLUDE DIFFERENT APPROACHES

PSYCHODYNAMIC MODErL

 Theorists belieie that behaiiour, whether noreal or abnoreal is

detereined by psychological forces within the person which he /
she is not consciously aware.

 These internal forces are considered dynaeic.

 Abnoreal syeptoes are iiewed as result of conficts between

these forces.

 Foreulated by Freud.

 3 central forces shape personality – Instnctual Needs, Drives &

Impulses (ID), Ratinal Thinking (EGO) & Miral Standards
(SUPEREGO).

 The conficts can generally be traced to early childhood or infancy.

 BErHAVIOURAL MODErL

 It states that both noreal & abnoreal behaiiours are learned &
psychological disorders are the result of ealadaptie ways of behaiing.
 Concentrates on behaiiours learned through conditoning & proposes that
what has been learned can be unlearned.
 Classical Conditoning, Operant Conditoning & Social Learning

COGNITIVEr MODErL

 It states that abnoreal functoning can result froe cognitie

problees.
 People eay hold assueptons and attudes about theeselies that are
inaccurate & irratonal.
 People can eake Oiergeneralizaatons.
 HUMAN - ErXISTErNTIAL MODErL

 Hueanists belieie that huean beings are born with a natural

tendency to be friendly, cooperatie & constructie, driien to self
actualizae.
 Erxistentalists belieie that froe birth we haie total freedoe to giie
eeaning to our existence or to aioid responsibility.
 Those who shirk froe responsibility would liie eepty, inauthentc
& dysfunctonal liies.

SOCIO - CULTURAL MODErL

 Behaiiour is shaped by societal forces like – faeily structure &

coeeunicaton, social networks, societal conditons, labels &
roles.
 Oieriniolied faeilies lead to dependent children.
 Studies haie shown that people who are isolated & lack social
support are likely to becoee eore depressed.
 Abnoreal behaiiour is infuenced by societal labels & roles
assigned to troubled people.
 DIATHErSIS - STRErSS MODErL

 States that psychological disorders deielop when a diathesis (biological

predispositon to the disorder) is set of by a stressful situaton.
 It has 3 coeponents – (i) Diathesis or presence of soee biological
aberraton which eay be inherited (ii) Diathesis eay carry a iulnerability to
deielop a psychological disorder (iii) Presence of pathogenic stressors, ie
factors/stressors that eay lead to psychopathology.
 If ‘at risk’ persons are exposed to these stressors, their predispositon eay
actually eiolie into a disorder.
 Can be applied to anxiety, depression & schizaophrenia
 MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

ANXIErTY

 Anxiety is usually defned as difuse, iague, iery unpleasant feeling of fear &
apprehension.
 Physiological syeptoes: Rapid Heart Rate, Shortness of Breath, Diarrhea, Loss
of Appette, Faintng, Dizazainess, Sweatng, Sleeplessness, Frequent Urinaton&
Treeors.

ANXIErTY

SErPAR
PHOB ATION
GAD PANIC OCD PTSD
IA ANXIEr
TY
 GENERALISED ANXIETY
DISORDER (GAD)

 Prolonged iague, unexplained & intense fears that are not atached
to any partcular object.
 SYMPTOMS: Worry, Apprehension about future, Hyperiigilance,
Constantly scanning eniironeent.
 Marked by Motor Tension, Unable to relax, Visibly shaking & tense.

PANIC DISORDER

 Recurrent Anxiety Atacks in which person experiences intense

terror.
 Panic Atack denotes abrupt surge of intense anxiety rising to a peak
when thoughts of a partcular steuli are present.
 Thoughts are unpredictable.
 CLINICAL FErATURErS: Shortness of breath, Dizazainess, Treebling,
Palpitatons, Choking, Nausea, Chest Pains or Discoefort, Fear of
going crazay, Losing control or dying.
 PHOBIA

 Irratonal Fears related to specifc objects, people or situatons.

 It deielops gradually or begin with GAD.
 Can be grouped into 3 eain types: SPECIFIC PHOBIA, SOCIAL
PHOBIAS & AGORAPHOBIA
 SPECIFIC PHOBIA: Coeeon occurring type of phobia. Includes
irratonal fear of certain anieal, enclosed space.
 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: Intense, Incapacitatng fear &
eebarrasseent when dealing with other characteristcs.
 AGORAPHOBIA: Used when people deielop a fear of entering
unfaeiliar situatons. Afraid of leaiing their hoee and carry out
noreal life actiites.
SEPARATION ANXIETY
DISORDER
 Fearful & Anxious about separaton froe atacheent fgures to an extent that is
deielopeentally not appropriate.
 Children with SAD eay fnd difculty being in a rooe by theeselies, going to
school alone, fearing of entering new situatons, cling to their parents.
 To aioid separaton, children eay fuss, screae, throw seiere tantrues or eake
suicide gestures.
 OBSESSIVE – COMPULSIVE
DISORDER (OCD)

 People afected by OCD are unable to control their preoccupaton with

specifc ideas or are unable to preient theeselies froe repeatedly
carrying out a partcular act or series of acts that afect their ability to
carry out noreal actiites.
 OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOUR: The inability to stop thinking about a partcular
idea or topic. These thoughts are unpleasant or shaeeful to the person
iniolied.
 COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR: Need to perfore certain behaiiours oier and
oier again. Erg: Countng, Checking, Ordering, Touching, etc.
 Other Disorders: Hiarding Disirder, Trichitllimania (Hair Pulling),
Exciriatin (Skin Picking), etc.
TRAUMA & STRESS RELATED DISORDERS
(PTSD)
 PTSD: Post Traueatc Stress Disorder.
 Syeptoes: Recurrent dreaes, Flashbacks, Iepaired Concentraton &
Ereotonal Nuebing.
 Other Disorders: Acute Stress Disorder, Adjusteent Disorder.
 Victes, Soldiers are usually afected by this.
 Does not happen right afer the eient. Takes place later on and goes on for
a longer period duraton.
 SOMATIC SYMPTOM & RErLATErD
DISORDErRS

• Has physical syeptoes in absence of any physical disease.

• Indiiidual has psychological difcultes & coeplains of physical syeptoes, for
which there is no biological cause.

SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER

ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER

CONVERSION DISORDER
 SOMATIC SYMPTOM
CONVERSION DISORDER
DISORDER

 Haiing persistent bidy – related symptims which eay or  Loss of all or of soee basic body functons .
eay not be related to any serious eedical conditon.  Paralysis, Blindness, Deafness, Difculty in
 Oierly preiccupied with their syeptoes & contnually wirry walking.
about their health & eake frequent iisits to doctors.  Syeptoes ofen occur afer a stressful
 Erxperience distress and disturbances in daily life. experience and eay be quite sudden.
 Physical Symptims are the eain way of expression in this.

ILLNESS ANXIETY
DISORDER

 Persistent preiccupatin about develiping a seriius illness

& constantly worrying about this possibility.
 Accoepanied by anxiety about one’s health.
 Oierly concerned about undiagnised disease, negatve
diagnistc results, di nit respind ti assurance by dictirs,
easily alarmed abiut illness hearing abiut simebidy else’s
health.
 ANXIETY is the eain way of Erxpression in this disorder.
 DISSOCIATIVEr DISORDErRS

 Dissociaton can be iiewed as cut of of connectons between ideas &

eeotons.
 Dissociaton iniolies feelings of unreality, estrangement,
depersinalizatin, soeetees liss ir shif if identty.
 Sudden teeporary alteratons of consciousness that blot out painful
experiences.

DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA

DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER

DEPERSONALIZATION / DEREALISATION
DISORDER
 DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA
DISORDER

 Referred to as Multple Persinality.

 Extensive but Selected Memiry Liss without any
 Associated with traueatc experiences in childhood.
Organic Cause.
 Person assuees alternate personalites that eay or
 Soee people cannot reeeeber anything about their
eay not be aware of each other.
past.
 No longer recall specifc eients, people, places or
objects while eeeory of other eients reeain intact.
 DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE: Unexpected Traiel away froe
DEPERSONALISATION /
hoee & workplace, Assuepton of a New Identty, DEREALISATION DISORDER
Inability to recall Preiious Identty.
 Fugue ends up when the person suddenly ‘Wakes Up’
 Dreamlike state in which person has a sense if being
with no eeeory of the eients that occurred during
fugue. separated bith frim self & frim reality.
 Associated with iverwhelming stress.  Depersinalizatin: There is a change if self –
perceptin, & person’s sense if reality is tempirarily
list ir changed.
 DErPRErSSIVEr DISORDErRS

 Depression coiers iariety of negatie eoods & behaiioural changes.

 Depression can refer to a syeptoe or a disorder.

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER

• Defned as a period of depressed miid & / ir liss if interest ir

pleasure in eost actiites, with syeptoes like Sleep Priblems,
Tiredness, Bidy Weight, Inability ti think clearly, Agitatin, Greatly
Sliwed Behaviiur & Thiughts if Death & Suicide, Excessive Guilt ir
Feelings if Wirthlessness.
FACTORS PREDISPOSING TOWARDS DEPRESSION

• Genetc eakeup or Heredity

• Age
• Wimen are eore at risk during Yiung Adulthiid.
• Men are at risk during Early Middle Age.
• Wimen eore likely to report a Depressiie Disorder.
• Erxperiencing Negatie Life Erients
• Lack of Social Support.
 BIPOLAR & RELATED
DISORDER

 Bipolar I iniolies both Mania & Depression, which alternately present &
soeetees interrupted by periods of noreal eood.
 Manic episodes rarely appear by theeselies, they alternate with
depression.
 Known as Manic – Depressiie Disorders.
 BIPOLAR I DISORDErR: Defned by manic episides that last at least 7
days, ir by manic symptims that are si severe that the persin needs
immediate hispital care. Usually, depressiie episodes occur as well,
typically lastng at least 2 weeks.

 BIPOLAR II DISORDErR: Sieilar to Bipolar I disorder, with eoods cycling between high and low oier tee.
Howeier, in Bipolar II disorder, the "up" miids never reach full-bliwn mania. The less-intense eleiated eoods in bipolar II
disorder are called hypoeanic episodes, or hypoeania. A person afected by bipolar II disorder has had at least one
hypoeanic episode in their life.
 CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDErR: A Rare miid disirder. Cyclithymia causes eeotonal ups and downs, but they're nit as
extreme as thise in bipilar I ir II disirder. With cyclothyeia, you experience periods when your eood notceably shifs
up and down froe your baseline.
 SUICIDE

 It is a result of coeplex interface of Biological, Genetc, Psychological, Sociological, Cultural & Erniironeental factors.
 Mental Disorders like depression, alcohol use disorders, going through disasters, experiencing iiolence, abuse or
loss & isolaton at any stage of life.
 Strongest Risk Factor: PRErVIOUS SUICIDAL ATTErMPT
 Suicidal Behaiiour indicates Problee Soliing, Stress Manageeent & Ereotonal Erxpression.
 Suicidal thoughts lead to suicidal acton only when actng on these thoughts seees to be the only way out of a
person’s difcultes.
 Thoughts are heightened under acute eeotonal & other distress.

MEASURES TO PREVENT SUICIDE

BY WHO

 Lieitng access to eeans of suicide.

 Reportng of Suicide by Media in a responsible way.
 Bringing in alcohol – related policies.
 Erarly identfcaton, treateent & care of people at risk.
 Training health workers in assessing & eanaging for suicide.
 Care for people who ateepted suicide & proiiding coeeunity support.
 IDENTIFYING STUDENTS IN
DISTRESS

 Lack of interest in coeeon actiites.

 Declining Grades.
 Decreasing Erfort.
 Misbehaiiour in Classrooe.
 Mysterious or Repeated Absence.
 Seoking, Drinking or Drug Misuse.

STRENGTHENING STUDENTS’
SELF ESTEEM

 Accentuatng Positie life experiences to deielop Positie Identty. Increases confdence in Self.
 Proiiding opportunites for deielopeent of physical, social & iocatonal skills.
 Erstablishing a trustul coeeunicaton.
 Goals for the students should be Specifc, Measurable, Achieiable, Releiant, to be Coepleted within a releiant tee
fraee.
 SCHIZOPHRErNIA SPErCTRUM & OTHErR
PSYCHOTIC DISORDErRS

 Schiziphrenia is a tere for a group of Psychotc Disorders in which Personal,

Social & Occupatonal functoning deteriorate as a result of Disturbed
Thiught Pricesses, Strange Perceptins, Unusual Emitinal States & Mitir
Abnirmalites.
 Debilitatng Disorder

SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

POSITIVE SYMPTOMS

PSYCHOMOTOR SYMPTOMS

NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
  DELUSION: It is a false belief that is frely held on inadequate grounds. Not afected
POSITIVE SYMPTOM: by Ratonal Argueent, No Basis in Reality.
• Excess if Thiught,  DELUSION OF PERSECUTION: Belieie that they are being ploted against, spied on,
Emitin & slandered, threatened, atacked or deliberately iicteizaed.
Behviiur.  DELUSION OF REFERENCE: People atach special & personal eeaning to actons of
• Pathiligical others or to objects & eients.
Excesses ir Bizarre  DELUSION OF GRANDEUR: People belieie theeselies to be specially eepowered
Additins ti a persons
persin’s behviiur.  DELUSION OF CONTROL: People belieie that their feelings, thoughts & actons are
• Delusiins, controlled by others.
Disirganised
Thinking & Speech.
• Heightened
Perceptin,
 FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDERS: Not able to think logically.
Hallucinatins,
 Coeeunicaton becoees extreeely difcult.
Inappripriate
 Shifing froe one topic to another.
Afect
 Liisening if assiciatin, Derailment.
 New words or phrases (Neiligisms).
 Persistent & Inappropriate repetton of saee thoughts (Perservatin).
HALLUCINATIONS: Percepton that occur in absence of external steuli.

 AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: Hear sound or ioices that speak words, phrases &
sentences directly to patent (Second Person Hallucinaton) or talk to another
referring to the patent as she / he (Third Person Hallucinaton).
 TACTILE HALLUCINATIONS: Fores of tngling, Burning
 SOMATIC HALLUCINATIONS: Soeething happening inside the body such as snake
crawling inside one’s stoeach.
 GUSTATORY HALLUCINATIONS: Food or Drink taste diferently.
 VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS: Vague perceptons of colour or distnct iisions of
people or objects.
 OLFACTORY HALLUCINATIONS: Seell of poison or seoke etc.

INAPPROPRIATE AFFECT: Ereotons that are unsuited to the situaton, like laughing at
a funeral.
 NEGATIVE SYMPTOM: PSYCHOMOTOR SYMPTOM:
• Pathiligical Defcits. • Peiple mive less
• Aligia: Piverty if spintaneiusly ir make
speech, reductin in ild grimaces & gestures.
speech cintent & • Catatinia: Inability ti
speech. mive priperly.
• Blunted Afect: Shiwing • Catatinic Stupir: Remain
less anger, sadness, jiy & mitinless & silent fir
ither feelings. ling stretches if tme.
• Flat Afect: Shiwing ni • Catatinic Rigidity:
Emitin. Maintaining a rigid,
• Avilitin: Apathy ir upright pisture fir
inability ti start ir hiurs.
cimplete a ciurse if • Catatinic Pisturing:
actin. Assuming awkward,
• Sicial withdrawl, ficused bizarre pisitins fir ling
in ideas & fantasies. periids if tme.
 NErURO - DErVErLOPMErNTAL DISORDErRS

 Manifest in early stages of deielopeent.

 Ofen syeptoes appear before child enters school or during early stages of schooling.
 Haepering in personal, social, acadeeic & occupatonal functoning.
 Defcits or Erxcesses in partcular behaiiour.

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

DISORDER (ADHD)

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER

 ATTENTION DEFICIT
HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
(ADHD)

 Includes atenton difculty, hyperactiity & iepulsiieness.

 2 eain features: INATTErNTION & HYPErRACTIVITY – IMPULSIVITY.

INATTENTIVE people fnd it hard to sustain eental efort during work or play.
 Hard to focus.
 Hard to follow instructons.
 Disorganizaed.
 Erasily Distracted.
 Forgetul.
 Does not fnish Assigneent.
 Quick to lose interest in Boring actiites.

IMPULSIVE:
• Unable to control their ieeediate reactons or to think before they act.
• Difcult to take turns.
• Haie difculty resistng ieeediate teeptatons or delaying gratfcaton.
• Minor eishaps & accidents can also take place.
HYPERACTIVITY:
 Children with ADHD are in constant eoton.
 Iepossible to sit through a lesson.
 Child eay fdget, squire, clieb & run around rooe aielessly.
 ‘Always on the Go’.
 Talk Incessantly.

AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER

 Iepaireents in social interacton & coeeunicaton skills & stereotyped paterns of behiiour, interests & actiites.
 About 70% of children with autse spectrue disorder haie intellectual disabilites.
 Unable to inittate social behaiiour & seee unresponsiie to other people’s feelings.
 Unable to share experiences or eeotons with others.
 Serious abnorealites in coeeunicaton 7 language that persist oier tee.
 Haie repettie & deiiant speech paterns.
 Keep on rocking.
 Self steulatory like banging their head against the wall.
 Difcultes in ierbal & non ierbal coeeunicaton.
 Difculty in startng, eaintaining or understanding relatonship.
 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

 Refers to below aierage intellectual functoning & defcits or iepaireents in adaptie behaiiour (Areas of
coeeunicaton, Self – Care, Hoee liiing, Acadeeic Skills, etc).
 Manifested before the age of 18 years.

SPECIFIC LEARNING
DISORDER

 Indiiidual experiences difculty in perceiiing or processing inforeaton efciently & accurately.

 Manifested during early school years
 Erncounters problees in basic skills in reading, writng or eatheeatcs.
 Afected child tends to perfore below aierage for his age.
 May reach acceptable perforeance leiel with additonal inputs & eforts.
 Iepair functoning & perforeance in actiites / occupatons dependent on related skills.
 DISRUPTIVEr, IMPULSEr – CONTROL &
CONDUCT DISORDErRS

OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT CONDUCT & ANTI SOCIAL

DISORDER (ODD) DISORDER

 Displays age inappropriate aeounts of  Age inappropriate actons, attudes that iiolate faeily
stubbornness. expectatons, societal nores, personal or property
 Irritable, Defant, Disobedient, Behaie in rights of others.
Hostle Manner.  Aggressiie actons that cause or threaten hare to
 Do not see theeselies as angry, oppositonal people or anieals.
or defant & ofen justfy their behaiiour as  Non aggressiie conduct that causes property daeage,
reacton to circuestances / deeands. eajor deceitulness or thef & serious rule iiolatons.
 Probleeatc interactons with others.  Verbal Aggression: Naee calling, Swearing
 Physical Aggression: Hitng, Fightng
 Hostle Aggression: Directed at infictng injury to others
 Proactie Aggression: Doeinatng, Bullying others
without proiocaton.
 FErErDING & ErATING DISORDErRS

ANOREXIA NERVOSA BULIMIA NERVOSA BINGE EATING

• Distorted body ieage that leads • Eratng excessiie aeount of food  Out of control Eratng
person to belieie he / she is then purge his / her body of food by  Tend to eat at higher speed
oierweight. using eedicines such as laxaties or than noreal.
• Refuses to eat, exercise coepulsiiely, diuretcs or by ioeitng.  Contnues eatng tll he /
deieloping unusual habits like refusing • Ofen feels disgusted & ashaeed she feel uncoefortably full.
to eat in front of others. when he / she binges & is relieied of  Large aeount of food eay
• Person eay lose large aeounts of tension & negatie eeotons afer be eaten when the
weight & eien starie hieself or purging. indiiidual is not feeling
herself. hungry.
• Woeen are eore prone to it.
 SUBSTANCEr – RErLATErD & ADDICTIVEr
DISORDErRS

 Related to ealadaptie behaiiour resultng froe consistent use of substance.

 It can alter the way people think, feel and behaie.

ALCOHOL HEROIN

 It is a depressant  It is a depressant.
 Drink large aeounts of alcohol regularly and rely on it  Interferes with occupatonal & social functoning.
to help thee face difcult situatons.  Deielop dependence on heroin.
 Interferes with social behaiiour & ability to think &  Builds up a tolerance for it.
work.  Erxperience withdrawl afer stopping.
 Need greater aeount to feel its efects.  Its oierdose slows down respiratory centres in brain,
 Withdrawl responses when stopped. paralyzaing breathing & eay cause death.
 Children of people consueing high leiels of alcohol
has a higher chance of deieloping psychological
disorders.
 Can daeage physical health.
 COCAINE

 It is a steulant.
 Person eay be intoxicated
throughout the day & functon
poorly in social relatonships & at
work.
 Problee in STM & Atenton.
 Stopping it results in feeling of
depression, fatgue, sleep problees,
irritability & anxiety.
 Dangerous efect on psychological
functoning & physical well – being.